专题07 阅读理解之说明文15篇（上海市高考模拟真题）（第一期）-备战2025年高考英语名校模拟真题速递(上海专用)

专题07 阅读理解之说明文15篇 (上海市高考模拟) 基础语篇巩固练 （2025·上海奉贤·一模）In the year 1669, a German trader named Hennig Brand set out on an unusual quest that would lead to one of the most fascinating discoveries in the history of chemistry. Brand, driven by the age-old alchemists’ dream of magically turning base metals into gold, conducted a series of experiments that would forever change our understanding of elements. Brand’s journey began with an assumption that the key to creating “gold” resided in human urine (尿液). This seemingly strange idea was fueled by the observation that urine shared a similar yellow color with the precious metal. Acting on this belief, Brand collected an astonishing 5000 liters of urine and allowed it to stand and ferment (发酵). After weeks of fermentation, Brand boiled the urine down to a thick, sticky substance. He then mixed this paste with sand and heated the mixture to an extreme temperature. What emerged from this process was a substance that was entirely new to the world of science — a white solid that shone with a soft light in the dark. Brand named this glowing material “phosphorus,” originating from the Greek words for “light bearer.” The discovery of phosphorus was not just a scientific breakthrough; it captured the imagination of the public and the scientific community alike. Its ability to give off light in the darkness was both fascinating and mysterious. The implications of Brand’s discovery were far-reaching. Phosphorus was not only a novelty but also a substance with practical applications. It would later become an essential component in the production of matches, fertilizers, and various chemicals. Hennig Brand’s accidental discovery of phosphorus in 1669 was more than just finding a new element; it marked the end of the era of the period of magic chemistry and the beginning of modern chemistry. Brand’s phosphorus, once sought as a means to wealth, became a cornerstone in the field of science, a clear demonstration of power of curiosity and the unexpected paths that can lead to enlightenment. 1．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The fall of ancient alchemists and the rise of modern chemists. B．The accidental discovery of phosphorus and its scientific impact. C．The importance of human urine in scientific experiments. D．The transformation of base metals into gold through magic. 2．What was Hennig Brand’s initial goal when he started his experiments? A．To turn human urine into gold. B．To discover a new element. C．To produce a glowing substance. D．To reform modern chemistry. 3．The underlined word “cornerstone” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ________. A．mystery B．symbol C．obstacle D．foundation 4．What can be inferred about Hennig Brand from the passage? A．He was a serious chemist who followed established scientific methods. B．He was a visionary scientist who predicted the future of chemistry. C．He was a curious individual willing to explore unconventional ideas. D．He was a wealthy trader with a deep understanding of chemistry. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了商人亨尼格·布兰德是如何意外发现了磷这种物质的，以及其发现的深远意义。 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段“In the year 1669, a German trader named Hennig Brand set out on an unusual quest that would lead to one of the most fascinating discoveries in the history of chemistry. Brand, driven by the age-old alchemists’ dream of magically turning base metals into gold, conducted a series of experiments that would forever change our understanding of elements.(1669年，一位名叫亨尼格·布兰德的德国商人开始了一项不寻常的探索，这项探索将导致化学史上最令人着迷的发现之一。长久以来，炼金术士梦想着神奇地将贱金属变成黄金，布兰德在这个梦想的驱使下，进行了一系列的实验，这些实验将永远改变我们对元素的理解)”以及第四段“Brand named this glowing material “phosphorus,” originating from the Greek words for “light bearer.” The discovery of phosphorus was not just a scientific breakthrough; it captured the imagination of the public and the scientific community alike. Its ability to give off light in the darkness was both fascinating and mysterious.(布兰德将这种发光材料命名为“磷”，这个词来源于希腊语，意思是“光的承担者”。磷的发现不仅是科学上的突破；它吸引了公众和科学界的想象力。它在黑暗中发光的能力既迷人又神秘)”结合文章主要说明了商人亨尼格·布兰德是如何意外发现了磷这种物质的，以及其发现的深远意义。可知，这篇文章的主旨是磷的偶然发现及其科学影响。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Brand’s journey began with an assumption that the key to creating “gold” resided in human urine (尿液). This seemingly strange idea was fueled by the observation that urine shared a similar yellow color with the precious metal. Acting on this belief, Brand collected an astonishing 5000 liters of urine and allowed it to stand and ferment (发酵).(布兰德的旅程始于一个假设，即创造“黄金”的关键存在于人的尿液中。这个看似奇怪的想法是由于观察到尿液和贵金属有相似的黄色。基于这一信念，布兰德收集了惊人的5000升尿液，并让它静置发酵)”可知，亨尼格·布兰德开始实验时的最初目标是把人尿变成金子。故选A。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“it marked the end of the era of the period of magic chemistry and the beginning of modern chemistry.(它标志着神奇化学时代的结束和现代化学的开始)”以及后文“in the field of science”可知，磷的发现标志着神奇化学时代的结束和现代化学的开始，说明是科学领域的基础。故划线词cornerstone意思是“基础”，与foundation意思相近。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“In the year 1669, a German trader named Hennig Brand set out on an unusual quest that would lead to one of the most fascinating discoveries in the history of chemistry.(1669年，一位名叫亨尼格·布兰德的德国商人开始了一项不寻常的探索，这项探索将导致化学史上最令人着迷的发现之一)”以及最后一段“Brand’s phosphorus, once sought as a means to wealth, became a cornerstone in the field of science, a clear demonstration of power of curiosity and the unexpected paths that can lead to enlightenment.(布兰德的“磷”曾被视为致富的手段，如今却成为科学领域的基石，清楚地展示了好奇心的力量，以及通往启蒙的意外之路)”可知，亨尼·布兰德是个具有好奇心的人，愿意探索非传统的想法。故选C。 （24-25高三上·上海·阶段练习）Po-Shen Loh, a professor at Carnegie Mellon University and Team USA’s coach for the International Mathematical Olympiad (国际数学奥林匹克竞赛), delivered a talk called “How to Survive the ChatGPT Invasion.” And his simple practical advice applied to everyone in the hall, “Think about what makes humans human,” Loh said. He says the key to survival is knowing how to solve problems - and knowing which problems to solve. He urges math enthusiasts to focus on creativity, emotion and the stuff that distinguishes man from machine and won’t go obsolete. As artificial intelligence gets smarter, the importance on ingenuity will become greater. This is what he wants to drill into their impressionable (易受影响的) young minds: Being human will only be more important as AI becomes more powerful. But the people who will inherit the economy reshaped by the AI boom are students today. The tech they’re already using to cheat on their homework will look primitive by the time they’re in college. They belong to the first generation that will have grown up with AI, just as Gen Z came of age with the iPhone and millennials barely remember a time before they were online. These children and teens of the ChatGPT era will have a better intuitive understanding of this disruptive force than adults because they will have never really experienced life without it. After his talk, I asked how his message to a room full of fifth-graders applies to someone in an office, and he replied faster than ChatGPT. “The future of jobs is figuring out how to find pain points,” he said. “And a pain point is a human pain.” It’s his theorem (定理) of success. “You need to be able to create value,” he said. “People who make value will always have opportunities.” “This machine is the world’s most powerful tool at repeating things that have done many times before,” he tells students. “But now I want to show something it cannot do.” Loh then fed ChatGPT a question that it almost certainly hasn’t seen before and it messed up the answer. This might sound familiar to anyone who has spent enough time with a chat-bot that has a nasty habit of being confidently wrong: It made up a bunch of nonsense and apologized for its errors. Besides, Loh is a big fan of non-obvious things. At a university known for computer science, he teaches with a piece of chalk. To improve his public speaking, he spent a year taking improve comedy classes. He found a pain point, followed his own advice and took his innate advantage over AI: He’s a human. “Is there going to be a great human-versus-robots war? The answer is, unfortunately, yes,” Loh said. “My goal is to make sure the humans win.” 1．Which of the following words is in closest meaning to the underlined word “obsolete” (para. 2)? A．extinct B．out-of-date C．unnoticed D．downhill 2．What do students today have in common with Gen Z and millennials? A．They are of the same age and will inherit the economy reshaped by AI boom. B．They all use powerful AI tools like ChatGPT to chat on their homework. C．They all grow up with a major and specific technology breakthrough. D．They understand the disruptive force of AI as none of them experienced life without it. 3．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A．What makes humans human is our innate advantage against the ever-powerful, ever-smarter AI. B．Feeding ChatGPT a tricky question that appeared in the IMO is one of the so-called “non-obvious things”. C．The future of jobs lies in the fact that we must figure out in which part of our body human pain appears. D．IMO contestants are those who have opportunities in the future as they know how to create value. 4．What is Po-Shen Loh’s attitude towards the unavoidable war between human and robots? A．Indifferent. B．Suspicious. C．Desperate. D．Confident. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了卡内基梅隆大学教授、美国国际数学奥林匹克竞赛教练Po-Shen Loh关于如何在ChatGPT入侵下生存的演讲内容。 1．词句猜测题。结合常识和划线词所在句“He urges math enthusiasts to focus on creativity, emotion and the stuff that distinguishes man from machine and won’t go obsolete. (他敦促数学爱好者关注创造力、情感以及那些能将人类与机器区分开来并且不会_____的东西。)”中“creativity, emotion and the stuff that distinguishes man from machine”可知，“创造力、情感以及那些能将人类与机器区分开来的东西”是不会过时和落后的，无论机器人如何进化，这些特质永远不会过时。所以划线词obsolete与out-of-date意思相近，意为“过时的，落后的”。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“They belong to the first generation that will have grown up with AI, just as Gen Z came of age with the iPhone and millennials barely remember a time before they were online. (他们属于伴随着人工智能长大的第一代人，就像Z世代伴随着iPhone长大，千禧一代几乎不记得他们上网之前的时代。)”可知，今天的学生、Z世代和千禧一代的共同点是他们都伴随着一项重大而特定的技术突破而成长。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第二段中“He urges math enthusiasts to focus on creativity, emotion and the stuff that distinguishes man from machine and won’t go obsolete. As artificial intelligence gets smarter, the importance on ingenuity will become greater. This is what he wants to drill into their impressionable (易受影响的) young minds: Being human will only be more important as AI becomes more powerful. (他敦促数学爱好者把注意力集中在创造力、情感和那些将人与机器区分开来、不会过时的东西上。随着人工智能变得越来越智能，独创性将变得越来越重要。这就是他想灌输给这些易受影响的年轻人的思想：随着人工智能变得越来越强大，作为人类只会越来越重要。)”可知，创造力、情感和独创性是让人类与机器区分开来的东西，让人成为人，是人类的先天优势，让我们能对抗越来越强大、越来越聪明的人工智能。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“‘Is there going to be a great human-versus-robots war? The answer is, unfortunately, yes,’ Loh said. ‘My goal is to make sure the humans win.’ (‘会不会有一场伟大的人类与机器人的战争？不幸的是，答案是肯定的，’罗说。‘我的目标是确保人类获胜。’)”可知，Po-Shen Loh可以确保人类获胜，对于人类和机器人之间不可避免的战争充满信心。故选D项。 （24-25高三上·上海黄浦·阶段练习）The budget line is an elementary concept that most consumers can understand without a need for graphs and equations (图表及等式) — it’s the household budget, for example. Taken informally, the budget line describes the line of affordability for a given budget and specific goods. This same concept — one that most consumers make many times each day with reflection on it — is the basis of the more formal budget line concept in economics. One of the interesting ways the study of economics relates to human behavior generally is that a lot of economics theory is the formalization of the kind of simple concept — a consumer’s informal understanding of the amount she has to spend and what that amount will buy. In the process of formalization, the concept can be expressed as a mathematical equation or a graph that can be applied generally. To understand this, think of a graph where the vertical axis (众轴) quantifies how many movie tickets you can buy and where the horizontal axis does the same for crime novels. You like going to the movies and reading crime novels and you have $150 to spend. In the example below, assume that each movie costs $10 and each crime novel costs $15. The more formal economics term for these two items is budget set. If movies cost $10 each, then the maximum number of movies you can see with the money available is 15. To note this you make a dot at the number 15 (for total movie tickets) at the extreme left-hand side of the chart. This same dot appears at the extreme left above “0” on the horizontal axis because you have no money left for books — the number of books available in this example is 0. You can also graph the other extreme — all crime novels and no movies. Since crime novels in the example cost $15 and you have $150 available, if you spend all the available money crime novels, you can buy 10. So you put a dot on the horizontal axis at the number 10. You’ll place the dot at the bottom of the vertical axis because in this instance you have $0 available for movie tickets. If you now draw a line from the highest, leftmost dot to the lowest, rightmost dot you’ll have created a budget line. Any combination of movies and crime novels that falls below the budget line is affordable. Any combination above it is not. 1．What is this passage mainly about? A．Guidelines for household purchase. B．The description of a daily phenomenon. C．Ways of presenting research data. D．The explanation of an economic concept. 2．The author uses the purchase of movie tickets and crime novels as an example of _________. A．the formalization of the budget line B．the formation of vertical and horizontal axes C．an informal understanding of the budget line D．a combination of budget set 3．What can be inferred from the passage about the budget line? A．The dots showing the maximum use of a budget can only be found on it. B．It is intended to indicate one’s household needs for specific goods. C．Graphs can interpret it more precisely than equations. D．It is used to explain consumers’ shopping habits. 4．In the example mentioned in the passage, if you want to buy 10 movie tickets and 10 crime novels with the same budget, where should you make the dot? A．On the horizontal axis. B．On the vertical axis. C．Above the budget line. D．Below the budget line. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了预算线这一经济概念，通过购买电影票和犯罪小说的例子来说明预算线的含义和应用。 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The budget line is an elementary concept that most consumers can understand without a need for graphs and equations (图表及等式) — it’s the household budget, for example. Taken informally, the budget line describes the line of affordability for a given budget and specific goods. This same concept—one that most consumers make many times each day with reflection on it — is the basis of the more formal budget line concept in economics(这个预算线是一个基础概念，大多数消费者都能理解，而不需要图表和等式——例如家庭预算。非正式地说，预算线描述了给定预算和特定商品的负担能力线。这个概念——大多数消费者每天都在反复思考的——是经济学中更正式的预算线概念的基础)”以及最后一段“If you now draw a line from the highest, leftmost dot to the lowest, rightmost dot you’ll have created a budget line. Any combination of movies and crime novels that falls below the budget line is affordable. Any combination above it is not(如果你现在从最左边的最高点画一条线到最右边的最低点，你就创建了一个预算线。任何位于预算线下方的电影和犯罪小说的组合都是可负担得起的。而任何位于它上方的组合则是不可负担的)”可知，文章开头介绍了预算线的基本概念，接着通过购买电影票和犯罪小说的例子进一步阐述了预算线这一经济概念，所以这篇文章主要是关于一个经济概念的解释，故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In the process of formalization, the concept can be expressed as a mathematical equation or a graph that can be applied generally. To understand this, think of a graph where the vertical axis quantifies how many movie tickets you can buy and where the horizontal axis does the same for crime novels(在形式化过程中，概念可以表达为一个数学方程式或一个通用的图表。要理解这一点，想象一个图表，其中纵轴量化了你可以购买的电影票数量，而横轴则对犯罪小说进行了同样的量化)”可知，作者用购买电影票和犯罪小说的例子来说明预算线的形式化，故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“If movies cost $10 each, then the maximum number of movies you can see with the money available is 15. To note this you make a dot at the number 15 (for total movie tickets) at the extreme left- hand side of the chart. This same dot appears at the extreme left above “0” on the horizontal axis because you have no money left for books—the number of books available in this example is 0.(如果每部电影花费10美元，那么用现有的钱最多可以看15部电影。为了记录这一点，你在图表的最左边（表示总的电影票数）标记一个点。同样的点会出现在水平轴上“0”的正上方，因为你没有剩余的钱买书——在这个例子中，可购得的书的数量是0)”和第五段“You can also graph the other extreme—all crime novels and no movies. Since crime novels in the example cost $15 and you have $150 available, if you spend all the available money crime novels, you can buy 10. So you put a dot on the horizontal axis at the number 10. You'll place the dot at the bottom of the vertical axis because in this instance you have $0 available for movie tickets(您也可以绘制另一个极端情况——只购买犯罪小说而不购买电影。由于示例中的犯罪小说每本15美元，而您有150美元可用，如果您将所有可用资金都用于购买犯罪小说，您可以购买10本。因此，在水平轴上的数字10处放置一个点。您将在垂直轴的底部放置这个点，因为在这种情况下，您没有剩余的钱购买电影票)”的内容可知，图表上表示预算最大使用情况的点只能在预算线上找到，故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据第五段“You can also graph the other extreme—all crime novels and no movies. Since crime novels in the example cost $15 and you have $150 available, if you spend all the available money crime novels, you can buy 10. So you put a dot on the horizontal axis at the number 10. You'll place the dot at the bottom of the vertical axis because in this instance you have $0 available for movie tickets(您也可以绘制另一个极端情况——只购买犯罪小说而不购买电影。由于示例中的犯罪小说每本15美元，而您有150美元可用，如果您将所有可用资金都用于购买犯罪小说，您可以购买10本。因此，在水平轴上的数字10处放置一个点。您将在垂直轴的底部放置这个点，因为在这种情况下，您没有剩余的钱购买电影票)”可知，预算线以下的组合是可负担得起的，预算线以上的组合则不可负担。如果用相同的预算购买10张电影票和10本犯罪小说，那么花费的钱会超过预算，可推理出应该在预算线以上做标记，故选C项。 （24-25高三上·上海黄浦·阶段练习）When a senior manager sits down with a prospective employee for an in-person interview, the preferred questions often stick to the applicant’s interest in the position and company, according to a survey by staffing firm Accountemps. But questions can sometimes be a bit more... wacky. “What kind of animals would you be?” is one of the unique questions mentioned by senior managers in the survey. It is a way to keep interviewees on their feet and stimulate interesting discussion. However, such questions are asked less frequently, the research shows. Just 6 percent of senior managers said their favorite questions to ask are theoretical questions, the lowest total except for “other, ” which also came in at 6 percent. A lot of senior managers said their favorite questions are ones “relating to the position or company,” at 39 percent. These questions include “Why do you want to work here?”, “What do you know about this company?” etc. They are meant to determine if candidates have done their homework and how enthusiastic they are about the position. Questions about “previous or current experience” were referred to by 22 percent of senior managers as their favorite type of question. These inquiries — “Why did you leave your last job?” and “What did you like or dislike about your last job?” for instance — are meant to look into applicants’ work history patterns and their overall fit for the position. Further down the list, 18 percent of senior managers’ favorite questions had to do with personalities and characteristics. They prefer, for example, “What are your strengths and weaknesses?” and “What’ re your hobbies?”. And 10 percent had to do with personal goals and interests (“Where do you see yourself in five or 10 years?”) . That means that managers strongly prefer to ask candidates questions about their interest in the position and work history. But there’s always room for a sudden surprise. 1．In this passage, the word “wacky” (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to “_________”. A．common B．aggressive C．inevitable D．weird 2．According to the survey, senior managers’ most preferred questions are meant to find out _________. A．what work experience candidates had B．how well- prepared candidates are C．what candidates are most interested in D．how knowledgeable candidates are 3．What will senior managers ask to determine low suitable a candidate is for the position? A．What kind of animal would you be? B．Why do you want to work here? C．What did you like or dislike about your last job? D．Where do you see yourself in five or 10 years? 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．Interview questions favoured by managers. B．Managers’ attitudes to interview questions. C．How managers prepare interview questions. D．How managers make interview questions interesting. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一项关于高级经理在面试中喜欢提问的问题类型的调查结果，包括不同类型问题的目的以及经理们最倾向的问题类型。 1．词义猜测题。根据第一段“When a senior manager sits down with a prospective employee for an in-person interview, the preferred questions often stick to the applicant's interest in the position and company(当一位高级经理与潜在员工进行面对面面试时，他们喜欢问的问题通常集中在应聘者对该职位和公司的兴趣上)”以及第二段““What kind of animals would you be? ” is one of the unique questions mentioned by senior managers in the survey.(“你希望成为哪种动物？”这是调查中高级经理提到的一个独特问题。)”可知，高级经理在面试时通常会问一些关于应聘者对职位和公司的兴趣的问题，但有时问题可能会有点不同寻常。“weird”意为“奇怪的；怪异的”，与“wacky” 意思最为接近。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“These questions include “Why do you want to work here?”, “What do you know about this company?” etc. They are meant to determine if candidates have done their homework and how enthusiastic they are about the position(这些问题包括“你为什么想在这里工作？”，“你对这家公司了解多少？”等。它们旨在确定候选人是否做好了准备以及他们对这个职位的热情程度如何)”可知，高级经理最喜欢问的问题是与职位或公司相关的问题，目的是确定应聘者是否做了准备以及他们对职位的热情程度。即这些问题是为了了解应聘者准备得有多充分。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“Questions about “previous or current experience” were referred to by 22 percent of senior managers as their favorite type of question. These inquiries — “Why did you leave your last job?” and “What did you like or dislike about your last job?” for instance — are meant to look into applicants’ work history patterns and their overall fit for the position(关于“以前或当前经历”的问题被22%的高级管理人员认为是他们最喜欢的问题类型。这些问题，例如“你为什么离开上一份工作？”和“你喜欢或不喜欢上一份工作的哪些方面？”旨在探究申请人的工作历史模式以及他们与职位的整体匹配度)”可知，高级经理会问关于应聘者上一份工作的喜欢或不喜欢之处等问题来确定应聘者是否适合这个职位。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“When a senior manager sits down with a prospective employee for an in- person interview, the preferred questions often stick to the applicant’s interest in the position and company, according to a survey by staffing firm Accountemps. But questions can sometimes be a bit more... wacky.( 当一位高级经理与潜在员工进行面对面的面试时，根据人事公司Accountemps的一项调查，他们喜欢问的问题通常围绕申请者对职位和公司的兴趣。但有时候问题可能会有些古怪)”、第二段““What kind of animals would you be?” is one of the unique questions mentioned by senior managers in the survey.(“你希望成为哪种动物？”这是调查中高级经理提到的一个独特问题)”以及最后一段“That means that managers strongly prefer to ask candidates questions about their interest in the position and work history. But there’s always room for a sudden surprise(这意味着经理们更喜欢询问候选人关于他们对职位的兴趣和工作历史的问题。但总有可能出现意外情况)”可知，文章主要介绍了高级经理在面试中喜欢提问的问题类型，包括与职位或公司相关的问题、关于工作经验的问题、关于个性和特点的问题以及关于个人目标和兴趣的问题等。所以这篇文章主要是关于经理们喜欢的面试问题。故选A项。 （24-25高三上·上海·期中）The secret history of spies You might have seen spies in movies, dressed in cool outfits and using high-tech gadgets, but did you know that spying has been around for thousands of years? Check out this timeline to learn about spies from different periods in history. 1. ca (大约) 3100 B．C． -332 B．C． Ancient Egyptian spies were some of the first to use poison to get the job done. To silence their enemies, they used killer methods which included poisons from plants and snakes. 2. ca 1185-1600 The Japanese used spies called ninjas. These ninjas were experts in gathering secret information from enemies and competitors. They were trained since childhood in sneaking around and assassinating, but female ninjas would sneak into enemy locations by dressing up as dancers or servants. 3. ca 1325-1521 Aztec spies, called quimichtin, lived in what’s now central Mexico. They were nicknamed “mice” because they worked at night to hide while spying. Their job was really dangerous, because if they got caught, they could be enslaved or even killed. That’s why they were paid more than most Aztec workers. 4. 1573 to 1590 Sir Francis Walsingham helped protect Queen Elizabeth I of England by creating a network of spies. They were skilled at reading coded letters and secretly opening and resealing envelopes containing information. 5. 1775-1783 Before he became president of what would soon become the United States, George Washington had a group of spies called the Culper Spy Ring during the Revolutionary War. One of its members, Anna Strong, sent coded messages through her laundry. She hung clothes according to color and number to tell soldiers where secret messages were hidden. For example, a black dress and two handkerchiefs might have meant “check the second closest river.” 6. 1861-1865 Harriet Tubman is famous for helping enslaved people in the United States escape North, where slavery was illegal. But she was also a spy during the Civil War. She made maps of the land so northern troops could safely travel through Southern states. 7. 1960s During the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union (now Russia), spy activities on both sides increased. To help, intelligence agencies developed sneaky gadgets for spies to eavesdrop and collect information. One popular device was the buttonhole camera, which could be controlled-from inside a coat pocket. It allowed spies to secretly take a photo by opening a fake button on the coat. 8. 1916 During World War Ⅰ, there was a Dutch dancer called Mata Hari. She accepted an assignment to spy for France in 1916 but actually worked for their enemy, Germany. She was found guilty of telling the Germans secrets about a new weapon that the French were using — the tank — and was put to death in 1917. 9. 2024 Today, spies don’t even need to leave their homes to collect secret information. They use computer programs called spyware from anywhere in the world to track activity and access top- secret information on faraway devices such as computers, tablets and smartphones. Many companies consider cyber espionage to be their number-one threat. 1．Aztec spies were nicknamed “mice” due to their ______. A．small and quick movements B．nighttime activities for spying C．expertise in hiding in dark places D．use of underground spaces for secret operations 2．Which of the following spies used secret codes to send messages to fellow spies? A．Mata Hari B．Harriet Tubman C．Anna Strong D．Sir Francis Walsingham 3．What can we know about spies throughout history? A．Spying bas been around for a thousand years. B．Modem spies depend heavily on cool tools and outfits for the operations. C．The ways of spying have remained unchanged throughout history. D．Different cultures had their own spies with unique methods. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了历史上不同时期、不同国家的间谍。 1．细节理解题。根据表格中第三部分的句子“Aztec spies, called quimichtin, lived in what’s now central Mexico. They were nicknamed “mice” because they worked at night to hide while spying.(阿兹特克间谍，被称为quimichtin，生活在现在的墨西哥中部。他们的绰号是“老鼠”，因为他们在夜间工作，在间谍活动中隐藏起来。)”可知，阿兹特克间谍被称为“老鼠”是因为他们在夜间进行间谍活动。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据表格中第五部分的句子“Before he became president of what would soon become the United States, George Washington had a group of spies called the Culper Spy Ring during the Revolutionary War. One of its members, Anna Strong, sent coded messages through her laundry. She hung clothes according to color and number to tell soldiers where secret messages were hidden.(在乔治·华盛顿成为即将成为美国的总统之前，他在独立战争期间有一群被称为卡尔珀间谍网的间谍。其中一名成员安娜·斯特朗通过她的洗衣店发送编码信息。她把衣服按照颜色和号码挂起来，告诉士兵秘密信息藏在哪里。)”可知，安娜·斯特朗使用密码向其他间谍发送信息。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据文章介绍的不同时期、不同国家的间谍可知，他们都有自己独特的从事间谍工作的方式。故选D项。 （24-25高三上·上海·期中）Emotional manipulation (情感操控) has been referred to as the dark side of emotional intelligence by psychological scientist Elizabeth Austin at the University of Edinburgh. But what does that mean? Austin and her colleagues created the Emotional Manipulation Scale in 2007. According to the scale, people who are high on emotional manipulation say yes to behaving in ways that have no obvious negative consequences such as “I know how to embarrass someone to stop them behaving in a particular way”, and “I know how to play two people off against each other”. Less obviously negative behaviours can also result in a high score, including agreeing with statements like “I can pay someone compliments to get in their good books”, and “I am good at reassuring people so that they’re more likely to go along with what I say”. The researchers also found that the higher people scored on the Emotional Manipulation Scale the higher they scored on Machiavellianism, a trait that includes being cold, morally indifferent, and manipulative. Framing manipulation as a bad thing that is only done by bad people is, however, incorrect. There are many reasons why people want to massage a social situation so that it works out well for themselves that don’t result in negative consequences for others. Self-interest can agree with the interest of others and can lead to prosocial (亲社会的) behaviour. For example, sometimes I do things to make other people feel good because I know it will make me feel good. It’s win-win. This complexity is also what Austin and colleagues showcased when in 2013 they created the Managing the Emotions of Others Scale on the basis of their original scale. Moving from the term “manipulation” to “managing” encourages a different way of talking about this type of behaviour. The most recent short version of the Managing the Emotions of Others Scale was published in 2018 by Austin and colleagues. It breaks down the diversity of ways in which people try to emotionally manage people into five types. The first two are generally prosocial, the third and fourth are non-prosocial, and the fifth is considered neutral. Enhancing: strategically offering help, reassurance, or showing understanding to improve someone’s mood. Diverting: being positive or using humour to improve someone’s mood. Worsening: using criticism or negative comments, undermining confidence, or being angry to gain something. Being inauthentic: flattering someone, sulking or guilt-tripping to get what you want. Concealing: hiding how you really feel, particularly hiding negative emotions. 1．According to the passage, what is the primary focus of the Emotional Manipulation Scale? A．Measuring the moral implications of emotionally manipulative behaviors. B．Defining the prosocial aspects of emotional manipulation in a modern way. C．Identifying behaviors associated with manipulating others’ emotions positively. D．Assessing tendencies toward emotional manipulation through certain behaviors. 2．What can be learned about those scoring high on the Emotional Manipulation Scale? A．They are more likely to show their sympathy. B．They may well lack a sense of moral concern. C．They may well focus primarily on prosocial behavior. D．They are likely to avoid using humor in social interactions. 3．Why did Austin and colleagues create the Managing the Emotions of Others Scale in 2013? A．To shift to a broader understanding of emotional influence. B．To replace the previous scale with a more accurate measure. C．To emphasize the negative consequences of emotional manipulation. D．To lead people to pay more attention to emotional management skills. 4．Which of the following is an example of “diverting”? A．At a tense family dinner, you tell a funny story to lighten the mood. B．When your sister is frustrated, you hide your stress to keep her calm. C．After a disagreement, you give your friend a compliment to make things right. D．You remind a coworker of his good work when he is upset about missing a deadline. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。这篇文章主要介绍了爱丁堡大学的心理学科学家伊丽莎白·奥斯汀提出的情感操控的概念，包括情感操控量表、情感操控的多样性及奥斯汀和同事创建的“管理他人情绪量表”等内容。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Austin and her colleagues created the Emotional Manipulation Scale in 2007. According to the scale, people who are high on emotional manipulation say yes to behaving in ways that have no obvious negative consequences such as “I know how to embarrass someone to stop them behaving in a particular way”, and “I know how to play two people off against each other”.(奥斯汀和她的同事在2007年创建了情绪控制量表。根据该量表，情绪控制能力强的人会对没有明显负面后果的行为方式表示肯定，比如“我知道如何让别人难堪，阻止他们以某种特定的方式行事”，以及“我知道如何让两个人相互对立”)”可知，情绪控制量表的主要重点是通过某些行为来评估情绪操纵的倾向。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“The researchers also found that the higher people scored on the Emotional Manipulation Scale the higher they scored on Machiavellianism, a trait that includes being cold, morally indifferent, and manipulative.(研究人员还发现，在情绪控制量表上得分越高的人，他们在马基雅维利主义上的得分也越高，马基雅维利主义的特征包括冷漠、道德冷漠和控制欲强)”可知，那些在情绪控制量表上得分高的人很可能缺乏道德关怀。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“This complexity is also what Austin and colleagues showcased when in 2013 they created the Managing the Emotions of Others Scale on the basis of their original scale.(2013年，Austin及其同事在原始量表的基础上创建了“管理他人情绪量表”，也展示了这种复杂性)”以及第五段“Moving from the term “manipulation” to “managing” encourages a different way of talking about this type of behaviour.(从“操纵”一词到“管理”一词，鼓励了一种不同的方式来谈论这类行为)”可知，奥斯汀和同事创建“管理他人情绪量表”是为了转向对情感影响的更广泛理解，故选A。 4．细节理解题。根据倒数第四段“Diverting: being positive or using humour to improve someone’s mood.(转移：积极的或用幽默来改善某人的情绪)”可知，在紧张的家庭聚餐中讲了一个有趣的故事来缓和气氛是“diverting”的例子，故选A。 （24-25高三上·上海·期中）When people take with them their own expectations about tipping as they travel around the world, it generates no small amount of confusion. Norwegians, who come from a culture where wages are high and tips are low, could burn through Las Vegas leaving a trail of outrage with their tiny offerings. Meanwhile, high-tipping Americans might offend everyone in Tokyo because good service in Japan is a matter of honour, as in: “How dare you suggest I be rewarded for handing you a plate of sashimi without dropping it in your lap?” We’re all in an embarrassed mess because there’s no consistent logic to any of this. None! Tipping, as we know it, started in Tudor England when noblemen visited each other’s country homes and gave extra money to the servants as a thank-you for helping them with their clothing. Hundreds of years later, the tradition has become totally random. A recent study found that people are twice as likely to tip a grocery delivery person than a grocery store clerk, and roughly twice as likely to tip a waiter than a fast-food restaurant worker. Why is that? A paid job is a paid job, right? The grocery deliverer is paid to deliver and the grocery clerk is paid to clerk. So tipping one and not the other only makes sense in terms of what has become customary. No one expects a tip in much of Southeast Asia or Australia, beyond saying “keep the change.” Compare that to the United States, where restaurant tips of up to 25 percent are now expected for very good service; in Canada, it’s 15 to 20 percent. Sometimes, that too can feel tense. “Even when the server tells you about it up front, it’s awkward,” one friend who encountered this custom said. “Do you tip more if they were really good? What if they weren’t good?” It’s enough to make your head hurt — but will we soon have to worry about tipping with bitcoin? I don’t even understand the notion of cryptocurrency (数字加密货币), much less how to use the new tipping apps that are popping up around it. Maybe that’s how people used to feel about money itself, back when they traded goods and services with shells and weapons and rice. Back when there was no tipping. 1．The first paragraph is intended to ______ . A．emphasize the universal importance of tipping B．illustrate the global variations in tipping practices C．argue that tipping customs are outdated in certain cultures D．describe the economic impact of tipping on different countries 2．By origin, a tip was ______ . A．a customary part of grocery delivery B．an expected payment for essential services C．a gesture of gratitude from the upper class D．a modern concept in cryptocurrency transactions 3．What can be learned about Americans’ tipping practices from the passage? A．Americans are used to give tips wherever they go. B．Americans give fatter tips in restaurants than elsewhere. C．Americans are generally unwilling but forced to give a tip. D．Americans mainly tip those who provide very good service. 4．The author mention bitcoin when talking about tipping in order to ______ . A．argue that traditional tipping methods are outdated B．suggest that cryptocurrency may complicate tipping customs C．criticize the idea of using virtual currency for everyday purchase D．emphasize that digital payments have simplified the tipping process 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了全球范围内小费文化的差异、起源、现状以及未来可能的发展趋势（如使用数字货币支付小费）。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段内容“When people take with them their own expectations about tipping as they travel around the world, it generates no small amount of confusion. Norwegians, who come from a culture where wages are high and tips are low, could burn through Las Vegas leaving a trail of outrage with their tiny offerings. Meanwhile, high-tipping Americans might offend everyone in Tokyo because good service in Japan is a matter of honour, as in: “How dare you suggest I be rewarded for handing you a plate of sashimi without dropping it in your lap?”(当人们带着自己对小费的期望环游世界时，这会产生不小的困惑。挪威人来自一个工资高、小费低的文化背景，他们在拉斯维加斯可能会因为给的小费太少而招致一片愤慨。与此同时，出手阔绰的美国人在东京可能会得罪所有人，因为在日本，良好的服务是一种荣誉的象征，就好像在说：“你怎么敢暗示我为你递上一盘没掉到你腿上的生鱼片而索要报酬？”)”可知，本段通过挪威人和美国人在不同地方给予小费的习惯，来展示全球小费习惯的多样性。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Tipping, as we know it, started in Tudor England when noblemen visited each other’s country homes and gave extra money to the servants as a thank-you for helping them with their clothing.(我们所知道的小费制度起源于都铎王朝时期的英格兰，当时贵族们互相拜访乡间宅邸，会给仆人一些额外的钱，以感谢他们帮忙整理衣物。)”可知，小费最初是上层阶级对仆人的一种感激之举。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第第一段“Meanwhile, high-tipping Americans might offend everyone in Tokyo because good service in Japan is a matter of honour, as in: “How dare you suggest I be rewarded for handing you a plate of sashimi without dropping it in your lap?”(与此同时，给高额小费的美国人可能会冒犯东京的所有人，因为在日本，良好的服务是一种荣誉，比如：“我递给你一盘生鱼片，而没有把它掉到你的腿上，你怎么敢建议我得到奖励？”)”和第四段“No one expects a tip in much of Southeast Asia or Australia, beyond saying “keep the change.” Compare that to the United States, where restaurant tips of up to 25 percent are now expected for very good service; in Canada, it’s 15 to 20 percent. (在东南亚或澳大利亚的大部分地区，除了说“不用找零钱了”之外，没有人指望得到小费。相比之下，在美国，现在餐厅的小费高达25%，因为服务非常好；在加拿大，这一比例为15%至20%)”可推断，美国人在餐馆给的小费比其他地方多。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“It’s enough to make your head hurt — but will we soon have to worry about tipping with bitcoin? I don’t even understand the notion of cryptocurrency (数字加密货币), much less how to use the new tipping apps that are popping up around it.(这足以让人头疼——但我们很快就要担心用比特币付小费了吗？我甚至都不理解数字货币的概念，更不用说如何使用那些围绕它而出现的新款付小费应用程序了。)”可知，作者提到比特币是为了暗示数字货币可能会使小费习俗变得复杂。故选B。 （24-25高三上·上海·期中） WAKING A SLEEPWALKER IS BAD FOR THEIR HEALTH ① Sleepwalking typically occurs during the non-rapid eye movement stage of sleep. Several factors can lead to walking while sleeping, including alcohol use, stress and even brain injury. However, there is a genetic explanation for sleepwalking. Studies have shown that children with one or both sleepwalking parents are 40 to 60 per cent more likely to sleepwalk themselves. As for the consequences of waking a sleepwalker, there is no evidence that it will hurt or harm him, but will likely cause disorientation and confusion. LYING ON YOUR BACK MAKES YOU SNORE MORE ② Snoring, namely breathing noisily, is caused by airflow being restricted through the body’s airways during sleep. When you lie on your back, gravity pulls tissues that surround your airways downwards, narrowing them. As air passes through the passage through the nose, it causes tissue to vibrate (振动) with every breath and can create a snoring sound. When you sleep on your side this tissue doesn’t move downwards, opening up the airways s and reducing the volume of snoring. YOU ONLY USE TEN PERCENT OF YOUR BRAIN ③ This common theory in question dates back to the early 1900s, when the philosopher and founder of American psychology William James suggested that we only use a small portion of our potential. In a 1907 paper titled The Energies of Men, James wrote: “We are making use of only a small part of our possible mental and physical resources.” It’s sustained by a book How to Win Friends and Influence People, where American writer Lowell Thomas wrote that “professor William James of Harvard used to say that the average person develops only ten per cent of his potential 1mental ability”. However, the truth is that your brain is firing on all cylinders (气缸) and not limited to just ten percent of its power. 1．Which section of a magazine does this passage probably belong to? A．Educational features. B．Medical science. C．Psychology forum. D．Classified ads. 2．Which of the following pictures best illustrates SNORING SCIENCE? A． B． C． D． 3．Which of the following best fits into the numbered blanks ①-②-③? A．MYTH—FACT—FACT B．FACT—MYTH—FACT C．MYTH—FACT—MYTH D．FACT—MYTH—MYTH 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍三个关于身体的传言并鉴定其真假。 1．推理判断题。根据三个小标题“WAKING A SLEEPWALKER IS BAD FOR THEIR HEALTH (叫醒梦游者对他们的健康有害)”，“LYING ON YOUR BACK MAKES YOU SNORE MORE (仰卧会让你打呼噜)”和“YOU ONLY USE TEN PERCENT OF YOUR BRAIN (你只使用了大脑的十分之一)”以及对这些现象的解释，揭穿错误观念，这更符合医学的内容，故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据LYING ON YOUR BACK MAKES YOU SNORE MORE中的“Snoring, namely breathing noisily, is caused by airflow being restricted through the body’s airways during sleep. When you lie on your back, gravity pulls tissues that surround your airways downwards, narrowing them. As air passes through the passage through the nose, it causes tissue to vibrate (振动) with every breath and can create a snoring sound. (打鼾，也就是呼吸有噪音，是由于睡眠时气流通过呼吸道受到限制造成的。当你仰卧时，重力会把你呼吸道周围的组织向下拉，使它们变窄。当空气通过鼻腔通道时，每次呼吸都会引起组织振动，从而产生打鼾的声音。)”在结合选项中的图片可以看出D选项是睡觉时打鼾的情况，故选D。 3．推理判断题，根据WAKING A SLEEPWALKER IS BAD FOR THEIR HEALTH中的“As for the consequences of waking a sleepwalker, there is no evidence that it will hurt or harm him, but will likely cause disorientation and confusion. (至于叫醒梦游者的后果，没有证据表明这会伤害他，但可能会导致定向障碍和混乱。)”可知，第一个传言WAKING A SLEEPWALKERIS BAD FOR THEIR HEALTH (叫醒梦游者对他们的健康有害)是不真实的事(MYTH)；根据LYING ON YOUR BACK MAKES YOU SNORE MORE 中的“When you lie on your back, gravity pulls tissues that surround your airways downwards, narrowing them. As air passes through the passage through the nose, it causes tissue to vibrate (振动) with every breath and can create a snoring sound. (当你仰卧时，重力会将气道周围的组织向下拉，使其变窄。当空气通过鼻子时，它会导致组织随着每次呼吸而振动，并产生打鼾的声音。)”可知，第二个传言LYING ON YOUR BACKMAKES YOU SNOREMORE (仰卧会使你更容易打鼾)是事实(FACT)；根据YOU ONLY USE TEN PERCENT OF YOUR BRAIN中的 “However, the truth is that your brain is firing on all cylinders (气缸) and not limited to just ten percent of its power. (然而，事实是，你的大脑正在全速运转，而不仅仅局限于10%的能量。) ”可知，第三个传言YOU ONLY USE TEN PERCENT OF YOUR BRAIN (你只使用了大脑的十分之一)是不真实的事(MYTH)。故选C。 （24-25高三上·上海·期中）Like previous leaps in technology, Artificial Intelligence (AI) will make the economy more productive but will also probably hurt some workers whose skills have been devalued. But this time around, how quickly will these effects come about? History may provide an answer. Consider the effects of previous advances in computing. Gordon Moore was famous for his prediction that the number of transistors (晶体管) on a computer chip would double every two years. The consequences of Moore’s Law are most obvious in the powerful computers and smartphones that almost everyone carries around these days. However, for at least two decades after Moore’s Law kicked in, America suffered from a productivity slowdown. The boom kicked in only during the 1990s. Why did the advancement in computing power take so long to pay off for the economy? In 1990, the economic historian Paul David published “The Dynamo and the Computer.” It drew a parallel between the effects of information technology and those of an earlier tech revolution, the electrification of industry. As David noted, electric motors became widely available in the 1890s. But to take full advantage of electrification, manufacturers had to rethink the design of factories. Pre-electric factories were multistory buildings with crowded working spaces, because that was necessary to make efficient use of a steam engine in the basement driving the machines in the production system. It took a long time to realize that having each machine driven by its own motor made it possible to have one-story factories with wide space allowing easy movement of materials. As a result, the big productivity gains from electrification didn’t materialize until after World War II. Sure enough, as David, in effect, predicted, the economic payoff from information technology finally kicked in during the 1990s. But this history still presents a few puzzles. One is why the first productivity boom from information technology was so short-lived; basically it lasted only around a decade. And even while it lasted, productivity growth during the IT boom was no higher than it was during the generation-long boom after World War II, which didn’t seem to be driven by any new technology. In 1969, Peter Drucker published “The Age of Discontinuity,” whose title implies that the previous period of extraordinary economic growth was actually an age of continuity. Or to put it another way, the great boom from the 1940s to around 1970 seems to have been largely based on the use of technologies that had been around for decades, which should make us less confident in trying to use recent technological developments to predict economic growth. That’s not to say that artificial intelligence won’t have huge economic impacts. But history suggests that they won’t come quickly. ChatGPT and whatever follows are probably an economic story for the 2030s, not for the next few years. 1．Why did the writer mention Gordon Moore and his famous prediction? A．To introduce one of the most accurate tech-related predictions. B．To highlight the productivity slowdown that America once suffered from. C．To describe a period in history that has greatly changed people’s perception. D．To imply that it will take a long time for AI to make an impact on economy. 2．What can be inferred from Paul David’s account of the electrification of industry? A．The design of workspace depends on the number of workers involved. B．Manufacturers are usually unwilling to put a technology into practice. C．Having a technology doesn’t necessarily mean people know what to do with it. D．History shows that people tend to reject a new technology when it first emerges. 3．According to the passage, the reason for the generation-boom after World War II was that ______. A．it was based on old technologies B．it took place after a terrible war C．it was driven by new technologies D．it took place during the age of discontinuity 4．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．The Impact of AI, Great but Slow B．AI and Slow Economic Development C．The Impact of AI: Great on Economy D．The Impact of AI: Lessons from Economists 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过回顾历史上的技术革新，如摩尔定律和电气化对生产力的影响，讨论了人工智能可能对经济产生的影响，并指出这些影响可能不会很快出现。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The consequences of Moore’s Law are most obvious in the powerful computers and smartphones that almost everyone carries around these days. However, for at least two decades after Moore’ s Law kicked in, America suffered from a productivity slowdown.(摩尔定律的后果在当今几乎每个人都携带的强大的电脑和智能手机中最为明显。然而，在摩尔定律生效后的至少二十年里美国的生产力增长却放缓了)”可推知，提到摩尔定律是为了暗示人工智能技术对经济的影响可能需要较长时间才能显现。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“But to take full advantage of electrification, manufacturers had to rethink the design of factories. Pre-electric factories were multistory buildings with crowded working spaces, because that was necessary to make efficient use of a steam engine in the basement driving the machines in the production system. It took a long time to realize that having each machine driven by its own motor made it possible to have one-story factories with wide space allowing easy movement of materials. (但为了充分利用电气化，制造商不得不重新考虑工厂的设计。电气化之前的工厂是多层建筑，工作空间拥挤，因为这对于有效利用地下室的蒸汽机来驱动生产系统中的机器是必要的。人们花了很长时间才意识到，让每台机器都由自己的电机驱动，可以让一层楼的工厂拥有宽敞的空间，便于材料的移动)”可以推知，拥有某项技术并不代表人们知道如何运用它。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第六段“Or to put it another way, the great boom from the 1940s to around 1970 seems to have been largely based on the use of technologies that had been around for decades, which should make us less confident in trying to use recent technological developments to predict economic growth.(或者换句话说，从1940年代到大约1970年的大繁荣似乎主要是基于已经存在了几十年的技术，这应该让我们对尝试用最近的技术发展来预测经济增长持更谨慎的态度)”可知，战后繁荣的原因在于它是基于已经存在的技术。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章全文内容尤其是最后一段“But history suggests that they won’t come quickly. ChatGPT and whatever follows are probably an economic story for the 2030s, not for the next few years.(但历史表明它们不会很快到来。ChatGPT及其后续的发展可能会是2030年代的经济故事，而不是未来几年)”可知，文章通过回顾历史上的技术革新，如摩尔定律和电气化对生产力的影响，讨论了人工智能可能对经济产生的影响，并指出这些影响可能不会很快出现。A选项“AI的影响：巨大但缓慢”最能概括文章主旨，是文章的最佳标题。故选A。 （24-25高三上·上海·期中）Stretchable batteries worn against the skin Batteries are getting smaller, lighter and more powerful all the time. This is good news for manufacturers and buyers of products ranging from mobile phones to fitness trackers. But for some applications, the conventional shape and structure of a battery, with a rigid form and metallic components, is simply too clunky to be of use. Some personal electronics, for example, such as skin patches that monitor health conditions or brain-computer implants that decode neural signals to control electronic prosthetic devices, require more intimate contact. A number of approaches are therefore being taken to provide alternatives, including the use of pliant fibres and nanoparticles. Among the most promising, though, are water-based batteries inspired by the way an electric eel stores its charge. A group at the University of Cambridge has used the eel’s technique to come up with what it calls “jelly batteries”. These are made from hydrogels that consist of a layered structure of organic polymers that contain over 60% water. This makes them both soft and flexible. Whereas most batteries experience a loss of conductivity if the material they are made from is bent or stretched, a jelly battery can be stretched up to one-and-a-half times its length with no voltage loss, says Stephen O’Neill, a member of the research team. The jelly battery works in much the same way that biological processes, such as the nervous system, produce electricity. They rely on the different concentrations of electrically charged particles, called ions, that exist within different bodily cells. This creates a difference in electrical potential, which in turn produces a voltage. That voltage, though, is tiny. Electric eels ramp it up by having thousands of modified muscle cells, called electrocytes, acting together to produce a voltage powerful enough to stun their prey. Jelly batteries do not go that far. Each individual battery produces just 0.1 volts, in comparison with the 1.5 volts of a typical aa battery. But much as an electric eel can amplify a small voltage with the help of electrocytes, jelly batteries can increase their output by being strung together. Another feature of the jelly battery is that the strong molecular bonds that let the polymers stretch also allow the material to repair itself very quickly if it is broken, says Jade McCune, another member of the Cambridge team. This provides a self-healing ability, which could be useful for applications in extreme operating environments, such as powering sensors embedded into protective clothing. 1．In the first paragraph, skin patches are mentioned to ________. A．introduce new batteries in various fields B．demonstrate the need for flexible batteries C．illustrate the greatness of battery development D．prove that metal and clunky batteries are outdated 2．What makes possible the softness of jelly batteries? A．The eel’s technique. B．Their layered structure. C．Their water-based material. D．Their use of pliant fibres and nanoparticles. 3．The underlined words “ramp” can be replaced by ________. A．set B．mix C．build D．break 4．Which of the following is NOT true about jelly batteries? A．When united, jelly batteries can produce adequate volts. B．Jelly batteries lose no voltage even if they are stretched. C．Scientists investigating jelly batteries drew their inspiration from eels. D．Jelly batteries can recharge themselves quickly in extreme environments. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了果冻电池的优势、工作原理、特点和未来的可能性。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Batteries are getting smaller, lighter and more powerful all the time. This is good news for manufacturers and buyers of products ranging from mobile phones to fitness trackers. But for some applications, the conventional shape and structure of a battery, with a rigid form and metallic components, is simply too clunky to be of use. Some personal electronics, for example, such as skin patches that monitor health conditions or brain-computer implants that decode neural signals to control electronic prosthetic devices, require more intimate contact.(电池一直在变得更小、更轻、更强大。这对从手机到健身追踪器等产品的制造商和买家来说是个好消息。但是对于某些应用来说，电池的传统形状和结构，刚性的形状和金属部件，实在是太笨重而无法使用。例如，一些个人电子产品，如监测健康状况的皮肤贴片或解码神经信号以控制电子假肢设备的脑-计算机植入物，需要更多的亲密接触)”可推知，在第一段中，提到皮肤贴片是为了证明对柔性电池的需求。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“A group at the University of Cambridge has used the eel’s technique to come up with what it calls “jelly batteries”. These are made from hydrogels that consist of a layered structure of organic polymers that contain over 60% water. This makes them both soft and flexible.(剑桥大学的一个研究小组利用鳗鱼的技术发明了一种他们称之为“果冻电池”的东西。这些是由水凝胶制成的，水凝胶由有机聚合物的层状结构组成，其中含有60%以上的水。这使得它们既柔软又有弹性)”可知，让果冻电池如此柔软是因为它们的水基材料。故选C项。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“That voltage, though, is tiny.(然而，这个电压很小)”以及“划线单词句中Electric eels ramp by having thousands of modified muscle cells, called electrocytes, acting together to produce a voltage powerful enough to stun their prey.(电鳗通过成千上万个被称为电细胞的改良肌肉细胞ramp这些细胞共同作用，产生足够强大的电压，使它们的猎物昏迷)”可知，此处为通过改良肌肉细胞来增强这种能力。由此可知，划线单词ramp为“增强”的意思，和C选项build“增强，发展”意思一致。故选C项。 4．细节理解题。根据第三段中“A group at the University of Cambridge has used the eel’s technique to come up with what it calls “jelly batteries”.(剑桥大学的一个研究小组利用鳗鱼的技术发明了一种他们称之为“果冻电池”的东西)”以及“Whereas most batteries experience a loss of conductivity if the material they are made from is bent or stretched, a jelly battery can be stretched up to one-and-a-half times its length with no voltage loss, says Stephen O’Neill, a member of the research team.( 研究小组成员Stephen O 'Neill说，如果制造电池的材料弯曲或拉伸，大多数电池都会失去导电性，而果冻电池可以拉伸到其长度的1.5倍而不会产生电压损失)”和倒数第二段中“But much as an electric eel can amplify a small voltage with the help of electrocytes, jelly batteries can increase their output by being strung together.( 但就像电鳗可以在电细胞的帮助下放大小电压一样，果冻电池也可以通过串在一起来增加输出)”可知，关于果冻电池，ABC选项均与原文实意相符，D项“果冻电池可以在极端环境下快速充电”在文中并未被提及。故选D项。 （24-25高三上·上海闵行·期中）It is a common misconception that geology is “just” about rocks. True, geologists are trained to read what rocks tell us about Earth’s past, present and possible future structure and evolution. But, as I will explain as part of this year’s Royal Institution Christmas Lectures, geological processes and climate are closely linked. Numerous complex physical and chemical links and feedbacks exist between Earth’s surface and subsurface rocks, its atmosphere, oceans and ice caps and life in all these places. Volcanic eruptions bring carbon from deep within the planet to the surface and the air, enhancing the green-house effect. In contrast, weathering of exposed rocks at the surface and the action of shell-forming animals in the oceans remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, reducing global warming. The rocks and fossils (化石) in the geological record bear witness to these processes, showing us that Earth’s climate has changed continually since the planet formed around 4.6 million years ago. This same record also shows that atmospheric CO2 is at its highest level in at least the past 3 million years, and that the current pace of planetary warming is never before seen in Earth’s history. The geological record can also be used to assess the accuracy of complex numerical models used to predict future climate and its impact on Earth’s habitability. Geology has improved our understanding of global warming and hopefully will help us to reduce it. There is an irony to that, given geologists play a role in locating and exploiting climate-heating fossil fuels. Now, more than ever, our discipline needs to fully adopt the concept of “sustainable geoscience”. This isn’t a new idea and nor is it limited to climate change. The many and varied historical contributions of geology to tackling some of our greatest societal challenges can be seen by looking at the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. To name just a couple of examples, geologists study the origin, natural transportation and behaviour of pollutants like arsenic and lead, critical to the provision of safe and reliable water supplies, and they explore the origin of natural hazards such as landslides and earthquakes, and so help strengthen communities across the world. But geologists must redouble their engagement with other scientists and politicians to develop and ultimately help apply solutions to the many environmental and resource challenges we face. Students of geology should be made aware of the broader contributions their multidisciplinary skill set can make to global well-being, beyond just energy provision — although ensuring energy supply, we should not forget, underpins many of the Sustainable Development Goals. 1．The examples of volcanic eruptions and the weathering of rocks are intended to _____. A．demonstrate what geological activities geologists mainly study B．highlight the importance of studying volcanic activity in geology C．illustrate the enormous and destructive power of geological processes D．show the dynamic interactions between geological activities and climate 2．In the sentence “There is an irony to that”, the irony refers to _____. A．the profession’s role in both causing and solving global warming B．sustainable geoscience’s unexpected popularity across various fields C．the disagreement between geological records and current climate models D．geologists’ focus on energy provision which goes against their original goal 3．Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A．Energy supply is in critical shortage. B．Geologists are able to work across various fields. C．Pollutants spread far and wide due to modern transportation. D．Fossil fuel exploitation does not contribute to climate change. 4．What is the main point the author is making in the passage? A．Geologists primarily study rocks to understand Earth’s climate. B．Climate models are often inaccurate without the geological record. C．Geology is crucial for addressing global challenges beyond the study of rocks. D．The field of geology focuses on exploiting fossil fuels and studying climate change. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了地质学在应对气候变化等方面也能发挥重要作用。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Numerous complex physical and chemical links and feedbacks exist between Earth’s surface and subsurface rocks, its atmosphere, oceans and ice caps and life in all these places. Volcanic eruptions bring carbon from deep within the planet to the surface and the air, enhancing the green-house effect. In contrast, weathering of exposed rocks at the surface and the action of shell-forming animals in the oceans remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, reducing global warming.(地球表面和地下岩石、大气、海洋和冰盖以及所有这些地方的生命之间存在着许多复杂的物理和化学联系和反馈。火山爆发将地球深处的碳带到地表和空气中，增强了温室效应。相比之下，地表裸露岩石的风化和海洋中成壳动物的活动会从大气中去除二氧化碳，从而减缓全球变暖)”可知，火山爆发和岩石风化的例子旨在说明地质活动与气候之间的动态相互作用。故选D。 2．词句猜测题。根据第四段“The geological record can also be used to assess the accuracy of complex numerical models used to predict future climate and its impact on Earth’s habitability. Geology has improved our understanding of global warming and hopefully will help us to reduce it.(地质记录还可以用来评估用于预测未来气候及其对地球宜居性影响的复杂数值模型的准确性。地质学提高了我们对全球变暖的认识，并有望帮助我们减少全球变暖)”以及倒数第三段“There is an irony to that, given geologists play a role in locating and exploiting climate-heating fossil fuels.(具有讽刺意味的是，地质学家在寻找和开采气候变暖的化石燃料方面发挥着重要作用)”可知，在“There is a irony to that”这句话中，讽刺的是这个行业在造成和解决全球变暖方面所扮演的角色。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“This isn’t a new idea and nor is it limited to climate change. The many and varied historical contributions of geology to tackling some of our greatest societal challenges can be seen by looking at the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.(这不是一个新想法，也不局限于气候变化。通过查看联合国可持续发展目标，我们可以看到地质学在解决一些最大的社会挑战方面做出了许多不同的历史贡献)”以及最后一段“But geologists must redouble their engagement with other scientists and politicians to develop and ultimately help apply solutions to the many environmental and resource challenges we face.(但是，地质学家必须加倍与其他科学家和政治家合作，制定并最终帮助应用解决方案来应对我们面临的许多环境和资源挑战)”可知，地质学家能够在不同的领域工作。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容及第一段“It is a common misconception that geology is “just” about rocks. True, geologists are trained to read what rocks tell us about Earth’s past, present and possible future structure and evolution. But, as I will explain as part of this year’s Royal Institution Christmas Lectures, geological processes and climate are closely linked.(认为地质学“只”与岩石有关是一种普遍的误解。诚然，地质学家们接受的训练是通过解读岩石来了解地球的过去、现在和可能的未来的结构和演化。但是，正如我将在今年的皇家学会圣诞讲座中解释的那样，地质过程和气候是紧密相连的)”结合文章主要说明了地质学在应对气候变化等方面也能发挥重要作用。可知，作者在文章中想表达的主要观点是地质学对于解决岩石研究以外的全球挑战至关重要。故选C。 （24-25高三上·上海闵行·期中）    When I was 14, I began collecting all the interesting math facts and puzzles that weren’t covered in school into a notebook. This notebook eventually expanded into six volumes. These collections became the basis for my book, Professor Stewart’s Cabinet of Mathematical Curiosities.     One of the most interesting topics I revisited while writing my book was the “sausage conjecture,” a unique mathematical challenge. A conjecture is a theory that mathematicians believe could be true but hasn’t been proven or disproven yet. The sausage conjecture is about finding the most efficient way to wrap circles or spheres. For example, if you wrap a string tightly around several identical circles laid out on a flat surface, the conjecture explores which arrangement minimizes the area inside the string.     Mathematicians have long studied how to pack objects tightly. For instance, it took nearly 400 years to prove that stacking oranges in hexagonal layers is the most compact form in three dimensions. However, this area of math isn’t fully resolved, especially when considering more than three dimensions or different shapes. Consider a simple situation: if you were to wrap a ribbon around six flat, circular pies, you would find that placing the pies in a straight line (forming a “sausage” shape with the string) covers the smallest area. But if you wrap seven pies, a hexagonal layout with one pie in the center touching the others is more space-efficient. This pattern holds true for up to six circles; a linear layout is best. But for seven or more, a rounder arrangement minimizes the area inside the string. This has been proven mathematically for up to six circles. The problem becomes even more complex with spheres. For wrapping 56 or fewer identical spheres, a sausage-shaped arrangement minimizes the volume inside the wrapping. With 57 spheres, a compact shape is better, as it balances thinness with volume. This too is a proven theorem. 1．What does a conjecture in mathematics refer to? A．A fully proven mathematical theorem. B．A theory that has been proven incorrect. C．A theory that might be true but hasn’t been proven yet. D．A mathematical rule used for solving algebraic problems. 2．According to the passage, how should six flat, circular items be arranged to minimize the area enclosed by a string? A． B． C． D． 3．What is the primary purpose of the passage? A．To explain a complex mathematical theory in detail. B．To detail the author’s personal history and achievements. C．To introduce a collection of mathematical wonders in a book. D．To promote a proper way of discussing mathematical challenges. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一个复杂的数学理论——香肠猜想。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“A conjecture is a theory that mathematicians believe could be true but hasn’t been proven or disproven yet. (猜想是数学家认为可能是正确的理论，但尚未被证明或证伪。)”可知，数学中的猜想指的是这一理论可能是正确的，但尚未得到证实。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Consider a simple situation: if you were to wrap a ribbon around six flat, circular pies, you would find that placing the pies in a straight line (forming a “sausage” shape with the string) covers the smallest area. (考虑一个简单的情况：如果你用丝带缠绕六个扁平的圆形馅饼，你会发现把馅饼放在一条直线上（用绳子形成一个“香肠”形状）覆盖的面积最小。)”可知，六个扁平的圆形物品放在一条直线上时覆盖的面积最小。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第二段“One of the most interesting topics I revisited while writing my book was the “sausage conjecture,” a unique mathematical challenge. (在写书的过程中，我重新审视了一个最有趣的话题，那就是“香肠猜想”，这是一个独特的数学挑战。)”及后文对该理论的具体介绍可知，本文的目的是详细解释一个复杂的数学理论。故选A项。 （2025·上海·一模）Attempts to genetically engineer the American chestnut tree (Darling 58) have failed, exposing the risks of rushed solutions to complex problems. In December 2023, the American Chestnut Foundation (TACF) announced it was ending its years-long effort to create a blight-resistant chestnut. These trees grew poorly, failed to resist disease, and often died. The American chestnut, once abundant in Eastern U.S. forests, was destroyed by blight in the early 1900s. Some surviving trees sprouted from stumps or resisted the disease naturally. Efforts to restore the species have divided scientists into two camps: one advocating for natural restoration and the other for genetic engineering (GE). The GE approach started in 1989, led by researchers at SUNY-ESF with backing from industry players like Duke Energy, and Monsanto. In 2020, researchers sought USDA approval to deregulate Darling 58. The tree was engineered with a wheat gene to combat the acid produced by chestnut blight. However, critics argued the testing period was too short to predict the tree’s long-term impact. The proposed plan to spread GE traits through wild forests sparked fears of ecological harm. By 2023, it was revealed that years of research had mistakenly used the wrong tree variety (Darling 54). TACF withdrew support, citing poor results, reduced survival rates, and commercial conflicts involving a for-profit company. Despite setbacks, SUNY-ESF continues to push for USDA approval, claiming the trees are safe. Meanwhile, organizations like the American Chestnut Cooperators Foundation focus on natural methods, breeding pure chestnuts with blight resistance. Hybridization with Chinese chestnuts is another method under development. The Darling 58 debacle highlights the risks of genetic engineering and commercial motives behind GE trees. Critics argue that GE is less about forest health and more about profits from faster-growing or industrially modified trees. As the debate continues, the lesson remains clear: science must proceed cautiously, especially when dealing with long-living species like trees. 1．The primary purpose of this passage is to ________. A．criticize the use of genetic engineering on chestnut trees in forest restoration. B．describe the main history of the American chestnut tree’s decline since the 1900s. C．explain the controversy surrounding the restoration of the American chestnut tree. D．promote natural breeding as the best solution for chestnut tree restoration. 2．Why did the USDA petition for Darling 58 face criticism? A．The testing period was not long enough to predict long-term effects. B．The genetically engineered trees were not resistant to blight. C．The USDA was accused of favoring genetic engineering companies. D．The petition did not include input from environmental scientists. 3．According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A．Darling 58 chestnut trees were approved for widespread planting in 2023. B．Natural methods of restoring the American chestnut show no promise. C．Critics believe the genetic engineering is profit-driven rather than ecological. D．TACF fully supports SUNY-ESF’s efforts with Darling 58 chestnut trees. 4．What can be inferred about releasing genetically engineered trees into the wild? A．It may lead to deregulation and commercialization of GE trees. B．It will rapidly restore ecosystems with minimal risks. C．It proves corporate interests align with environmental goals. D．It shows GE is more reliable than natural restoration. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了美洲栗树进行基因工程达林58宣告失败，暴露了其中存在的一些问题和争议。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Attempts to genetically engineer the American chestnut tree (Darling 58) have failed, exposing the risks of rushed solutions to complex problems. In December 2023, the American Chestnut Foundation (TACF) announced it was ending its years-long effort to create a blight-resistant chestnut. These trees grew poorly, failed to resist disease, and often died.(对美洲栗树进行基因工程改造的尝试（达林58）失败了，这暴露了匆忙解决复杂问题的风险。2023年12月，美国栗子基金会（TACF）宣布，它将结束长达数年的抗枯萎栗子培育工作。这些树长得不好，不能抵抗疾病，经常死亡)”结合文章主要说明了美洲栗树进行基因工程达林58宣告失败，暴露了其中存在的一些问题和争议。可知，这篇文章的主要目的是解释围绕恢复美洲栗树的争议。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“However, critics argued the testing period was too short to predict the tree’s long-term impact.(然而，批评人士认为，测试期太短，无法预测这棵树的长期影响)”可知，美国农业部对达林58号的请愿书面临批评因为测试期不够长，无法预测长期影响。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The Darling 58 debacle highlights the risks of genetic engineering and commercial motives behind GE trees. Critics argue that GE is less about forest health and more about profits from faster-growing or industrially modified trees.(达令58的失败凸显了基因工程的风险和转基因树背后的商业动机。批评人士认为，通用电气不太关心森林的健康，而更关心从快速生长或工业化改造的树木中获利)”可知，C选项“批评者认为基因工程是利润驱动的，而不是生态驱动的”正确。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据第三段“In 2020, researchers sought USDA approval to deregulate Darling 58.(2020年，研究人员寻求美国农业部批准解除对达令58的监管)”以及最后一段“The Darling 58 debacle highlights the risks of genetic engineering and commercial motives behind GE trees. Critics argue that GE is less about forest health and more about profits from faster-growing or industrially modified trees.(达令58的失败凸显了基因工程的风险和转基因树背后的商业动机。批评人士认为，通用电气不太关心森林的健康，而更关心从快速生长或工业化改造的树木中获利)”可知，将基因改造过的树木释放到野外可能会导致放松管制和转基因树的商业化。故选A。 （2025·上海·一模）A well-designed PowerPoint presentation can help communicate your ideas effectively and engage your audience. To avoid creating text-heavy slides that bore your audience, follow these essential 4 sorts of tips compiled from PowerPoint expert Ferry Pereboom. 1. Text Tips: Keep Text Short: Stick to the 5×5 rule — no more than 5 lines with 5 words per line. Choose Readable Fonts: Use classic, easy-to-read fonts like Calibri or Helvetica. Font Size: Set headers to 20pt and body text to 18pt for better legibility. 2. Design Tips: Increase Contrast: Make text easy to read by using high contrast, such as dark text on a light background. Use Colors Wisely: Choose colors based on your audience — bright colors for informal presentations and subdued (柔和的) tones for professional settings. PowerPoint Shapes: Replace bullet points with shapes to make your message clearer and visually appealing. Select Relevant Visuals: Use high-quality images that support your message and maintain consistency. Mock-ups Over Screenshots: Use device mock-ups instead of screenshots for a more polished look. Visualize Data: Use graphs, charts, and SmartArt to represent data clearly. Simplify Tables: Avoid clutter in tables by removing unnecessary borders and colors. Industry Templates (模版): Use industry-specific templates to make your slides more relevant. 3. ____________: Minimize Transitions: Use simple transitions, like fade, to keep the focus on your content. Presenter View: Use Presenter View to monitor time, slides, and notes. Provide an Outline: Start with a welcome slide, followed by a menu slide and a summary slide to help your audience follow along.4. Hardware Tips: Back Up Your Presentation: Save your slides in multiple formats (e.g., PDF or Google Slides) to prevent technical issues. By applying these tips, you can create a PowerPoint that is engaging, clear, and professional, ensuring your message is communicated effectively. 1．Which of the following phrases can best fill in the blank? A．Standardization Tips B．Orientation Tips C．Limitation Tips D．Easy-to-Read Tips 2．According to the passage, which of the following may upset the audience’s visual experience during a rather formal meeting? A．Templates customized for the corresponding academic fields. B．Calm and soft background colors combined with texts using high-contrast colors. C．A diagram directly captured from a paper via print screen key on the keyboard. D．Ideas described in an easy form and appropriate number of technical terms. 3．Sheryl is preparing for her annual academic medical outcome presentation. Following is one of her slides. To modify the unproper place(s), she should refer to Sort ________ of tips. A．1 B．2 C．1 and 4 D．1,2, 3 and 4 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，提供了一系列关于如何设计高效、吸引人的PowerPoint演示文稿的技巧，这些技巧分为四个类别：文本技巧、设计技巧、演示技巧和硬件技巧。文章强调了简洁、对比、视觉吸引力以及技术准备的重要性。 1．主旨大意题。根据第三部分“Minimize Transitions: Use simple transitions, like fade, to keep the focus on your content. Presenter View: Use Presenter View to monitor time, slides, and notes. Provide an Outline: Start with a welcome slide, followed by a menu slide and a summary slide to help your audience follow along. (减少过渡动画：使用简单的过渡效果（如淡入淡出）以保持观众对内容的关注。使用演示者视图：利用演示者视图来监控时间、幻灯片和笔记。提供大纲：以欢迎页开始，随后是目录页和总结页，帮助观众更好地跟随演示内容)”可知，这些技巧主要涉及演示过程中的操作和设置，帮助演讲者更好地引导观众。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二部分“Use Colors Wisely: Choose colors based on your audience — bright colors for informal presentations and subdued (柔和的) tones for professional settings. (明智地选择颜色：根据观众选择颜色——非正式演讲使用鲜艳的颜色，专业场合则使用柔和的色调)”可知，在正式会议中，应使用柔和的色调而非明亮的颜色。此外，“Mock-ups Over Screenshots: Use device mock-ups instead of screenshots for a more polished look. (使用设备模型代替截图：为了使外观更加精致，建议使用设备模型而不是直接的截图)”可知，这可能会显得不专业，影响观众的视觉体验。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第一部分的“Text Tips (文本建议)”可知，建议保持文本简洁（5×5规则）、选择易读字体（如Calibri或Helvetica）以及设置合适的字号（标题20pt，正文18pt）。这些技巧直接关联到文本的可读性和视觉效果。因此，Sheryl在准备年度学术医疗成果展示时，应参考第一部分的文本技巧来修改幻灯片中的不当之处。故选A。 重难语篇拔高练 （2025·上海青浦·一模）Human doctors perform amputations, surgical removals of an arm, leg, or finger, after a serious injury. But new research shows that some ants perform amputations on injured ants to help them survive an injury. The behavior was documented in Florida carpenter ants. Two carpenter ants are seen in a laboratory at the University of Lausanne. Scientists said they either cleaned the wound using their mouthparts or amputated the limb, or leg, by biting it off. The choice of care depended on the injury’s location. When it was further up the leg, they always amputated. When it was further down, they never amputated. Erik Frank of the University of Würzburg in Germany is the lead writer of the research. Frank said the study describes “for the first time how a non-human animal uses amputations on another individual to save their life.” He believes “that the ants’ ‘medical system’ to care for the injured is the most complicated in the animal kingdom,” and compares well to human medicine. “Injuries further down the leg have an increased flow of hemolymph (血淋巴),” Frank said. So harmful bacteria can enter the body after only five minutes. An amputation would not help infection after that time. He continued, “Injuries further up the leg have a much slower hemolymph flow, giving enough time for timely and effective amputations.” The study found that after an upper leg injury, an ant that experiences amputation has a survival rate of 90 to 95 percent. For lower leg injuries in which just cleaning was performed, the survival rate was about 75 percent, compared to about 15 percent for injuries that received no care. Ants can function well without one of their six legs. And only female ants perform the treatment of wounds by cleaning or amputation. “All worker ants are female. Males play only a minor role in ant community,” Frank said. So why do ants do these amputations? Frank said, “There is a very simple evolutionary reason for caring for the injured. It saves resources.” He noted that if an ant could be saved with little effort to remain productive, “there is a very high value of doing so.” “At the same time, if an individual is too heavily injured, the ants will not care for her, but rather leave her behind to die,” Frank added. 1．The type of treatments applied to injured ants depends on ______. A．how the medical system of the ants is developed B．whether the ant still remains productive and valuable C．which kind of ants performs the treatments of wounds D．whether the ant suffers from an upper leg injury or a lower one 2．What can we infer from the survival rates mentioned in the text? A．The location of the injury and the corresponding treatment greatly affect the ant’s survival. B．Cleaning the wound is more effective than amputation for all leg injuries. C．Injured ants with no care have a similar survival rate to those with treatment in some cases. D．Amputation is always the best way to ensure the survival of injured ants. 3．It can be concluded from Frank’s study that ______. A．male ants provide medical care for the ant community B．slightly-injured ants will receive no care to save resources C．the heavily injured ants will eventually die for lack of medical care D．the cleaning of an upper leg injury greatly increases the ants’ survival rate 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．How ants perform amputations. B．How injured ants are dealt with. C．How ants evolve and reproduce. D．How amputations affect ants. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了蚂蚁如何处理受伤同伴，包括截肢和清洁伤口等。 1．细节理解题。由文章第二段中“The choice of care depended on the injury’s location. When it was further up the leg, they always amputated. When it was further down, they never amputated. (采取何种护理方式取决于受伤部位。如果伤口靠近腿部上方，它们总是会选择截肢。如果靠近腿部下方，它们则从不截肢。)”可知，对受伤蚂蚁的治疗方式取决于蚂蚁是腿部上方受伤还是腿部下方受伤。故选D。 2．推理判断题。由文章第五段“The study found that after an upper leg injury, an ant that experiences amputation has a survival rate of 20 to 25 percent. For lower leg injuries in which just cleaning was performed, the survival rate was about 75 percent, compared to about 15 percent for injuries that received no care. (研究发现，大腿受伤后进行截肢的蚂蚁存活率为20%到25%。对于小腿受伤只进行清理的蚂蚁，存活率约为75%，而未经任何护理的蚂蚁存活率仅为15%左右。)”可知，受伤的位置和相应的治疗对蚂蚁的存活有很大影响。故选A。 3．细节理解题。由文章最后一段中““At the same time, if an individual is too heavily injured, the ants will not care for her, but rather leave her behind to die,” Frank added. (“同时，如果个体受伤过重，蚂蚁就不会照顾它，而是会将其留下等死，”Frank补充道。)”可知，严重受伤的蚂蚁最终将因缺乏医疗护理而死亡。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段中“But new research shows that some ants perform amputations on injured ants to help them survive an injury. (但新的研究表明，一些蚂蚁会对受伤的同伴实施截肢手术，以帮助它们存活下来。)”和第二段中“The choice of care depended on the injury’s location. When it was further up the leg, they always amputated. When it was further down, they never amputated. (采取何种护理方式取决于受伤部位。如果伤口靠近腿部上方，它们总是会选择截肢。如果靠近腿部下方，它们则从不截肢。)”可知，文章主要关于受伤蚂蚁的处理方式。故选B。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题07 阅读理解之说明文15篇 (上海市高考模拟) 基础语篇巩固练 （2025·上海奉贤·一模）In the year 1669, a German trader named Hennig Brand set out on an unusual quest that would lead to one of the most fascinating discoveries in the history of chemistry. Brand, driven by the age-old alchemists’ dream of magically turning base metals into gold, conducted a series of experiments that would forever change our understanding of elements. Brand’s journey began with an assumption that the key to creating “gold” resided in human urine (尿液). This seemingly strange idea was fueled by the observation that urine shared a similar yellow color with the precious metal. Acting on this belief, Brand collected an astonishing 5000 liters of urine and allowed it to stand and ferment (发酵). After weeks of fermentation, Brand boiled the urine down to a thick, sticky substance. He then mixed this paste with sand and heated the mixture to an extreme temperature. What emerged from this process was a substance that was entirely new to the world of science — a white solid that shone with a soft light in the dark. Brand named this glowing material “phosphorus,” originating from the Greek words for “light bearer.” The discovery of phosphorus was not just a scientific breakthrough; it captured the imagination of the public and the scientific community alike. Its ability to give off light in the darkness was both fascinating and mysterious. The implications of Brand’s discovery were far-reaching. Phosphorus was not only a novelty but also a substance with practical applications. It would later become an essential component in the production of matches, fertilizers, and various chemicals. Hennig Brand’s accidental discovery of phosphorus in 1669 was more than just finding a new element; it marked the end of the era of the period of magic chemistry and the beginning of modern chemistry. Brand’s phosphorus, once sought as a means to wealth, became a cornerstone in the field of science, a clear demonstration of power of curiosity and the unexpected paths that can lead to enlightenment. 1．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The fall of ancient alchemists and the rise of modern chemists. B．The accidental discovery of phosphorus and its scientific impact. C．The importance of human urine in scientific experiments. D．The transformation of base metals into gold through magic. 2．What was Hennig Brand’s initial goal when he started his experiments? A．To turn human urine into gold. B．To discover a new element. C．To produce a glowing substance. D．To reform modern chemistry. 3．The underlined word “cornerstone” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ________. A．mystery B．symbol C．obstacle D．foundation 4．What can be inferred about Hennig Brand from the passage? A．He was a serious chemist who followed established scientific methods. B．He was a visionary scientist who predicted the future of chemistry. C．He was a curious individual willing to explore unconventional ideas. D．He was a wealthy trader with a deep understanding of chemistry. （24-25高三上·上海·阶段练习）Po-Shen Loh, a professor at Carnegie Mellon University and Team USA’s coach for the International Mathematical Olympiad (国际数学奥林匹克竞赛), delivered a talk called “How to Survive the ChatGPT Invasion.” And his simple practical advice applied to everyone in the hall, “Think about what makes humans human,” Loh said. He says the key to survival is knowing how to solve problems - and knowing which problems to solve. He urges math enthusiasts to focus on creativity, emotion and the stuff that distinguishes man from machine and won’t go obsolete. As artificial intelligence gets smarter, the importance on ingenuity will become greater. This is what he wants to drill into their impressionable (易受影响的) young minds: Being human will only be more important as AI becomes more powerful. But the people who will inherit the economy reshaped by the AI boom are students today. The tech they’re already using to cheat on their homework will look primitive by the time they’re in college. They belong to the first generation that will have grown up with AI, just as Gen Z came of age with the iPhone and millennials barely remember a time before they were online. These children and teens of the ChatGPT era will have a better intuitive understanding of this disruptive force than adults because they will have never really experienced life without it. After his talk, I asked how his message to a room full of fifth-graders applies to someone in an office, and he replied faster than ChatGPT. “The future of jobs is figuring out how to find pain points,” he said. “And a pain point is a human pain.” It’s his theorem (定理) of success. “You need to be able to create value,” he said. “People who make value will always have opportunities.” “This machine is the world’s most powerful tool at repeating things that have done many times before,” he tells students. “But now I want to show something it cannot do.” Loh then fed ChatGPT a question that it almost certainly hasn’t seen before and it messed up the answer. This might sound familiar to anyone who has spent enough time with a chat-bot that has a nasty habit of being confidently wrong: It made up a bunch of nonsense and apologized for its errors. Besides, Loh is a big fan of non-obvious things. At a university known for computer science, he teaches with a piece of chalk. To improve his public speaking, he spent a year taking improve comedy classes. He found a pain point, followed his own advice and took his innate advantage over AI: He’s a human. “Is there going to be a great human-versus-robots war? The answer is, unfortunately, yes,” Loh said. “My goal is to make sure the humans win.” 1．Which of the following words is in closest meaning to the underlined word “obsolete” (para. 2)? A．extinct B．out-of-date C．unnoticed D．downhill 2．What do students today have in common with Gen Z and millennials? A．They are of the same age and will inherit the economy reshaped by AI boom. B．They all use powerful AI tools like ChatGPT to chat on their homework. C．They all grow up with a major and specific technology breakthrough. D．They understand the disruptive force of AI as none of them experienced life without it. 3．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A．What makes humans human is our innate advantage against the ever-powerful, ever-smarter AI. B．Feeding ChatGPT a tricky question that appeared in the IMO is one of the so-called “non-obvious things”. C．The future of jobs lies in the fact that we must figure out in which part of our body human pain appears. D．IMO contestants are those who have opportunities in the future as they know how to create value. 4．What is Po-Shen Loh’s attitude towards the unavoidable war between human and robots? A．Indifferent. B．Suspicious. C．Desperate. D．Confident. （24-25高三上·上海黄浦·阶段练习）The budget line is an elementary concept that most consumers can understand without a need for graphs and equations (图表及等式) — it’s the household budget, for example. Taken informally, the budget line describes the line of affordability for a given budget and specific goods. This same concept — one that most consumers make many times each day with reflection on it — is the basis of the more formal budget line concept in economics. One of the interesting ways the study of economics relates to human behavior generally is that a lot of economics theory is the formalization of the kind of simple concept — a consumer’s informal understanding of the amount she has to spend and what that amount will buy. In the process of formalization, the concept can be expressed as a mathematical equation or a graph that can be applied generally. To understand this, think of a graph where the vertical axis (众轴) quantifies how many movie tickets you can buy and where the horizontal axis does the same for crime novels. You like going to the movies and reading crime novels and you have $150 to spend. In the example below, assume that each movie costs $10 and each crime novel costs $15. The more formal economics term for these two items is budget set. If movies cost $10 each, then the maximum number of movies you can see with the money available is 15. To note this you make a dot at the number 15 (for total movie tickets) at the extreme left-hand side of the chart. This same dot appears at the extreme left above “0” on the horizontal axis because you have no money left for books — the number of books available in this example is 0. You can also graph the other extreme — all crime novels and no movies. Since crime novels in the example cost $15 and you have $150 available, if you spend all the available money crime novels, you can buy 10. So you put a dot on the horizontal axis at the number 10. You’ll place the dot at the bottom of the vertical axis because in this instance you have $0 available for movie tickets. If you now draw a line from the highest, leftmost dot to the lowest, rightmost dot you’ll have created a budget line. Any combination of movies and crime novels that falls below the budget line is affordable. Any combination above it is not. 1．What is this passage mainly about? A．Guidelines for household purchase. B．The description of a daily phenomenon. C．Ways of presenting research data. D．The explanation of an economic concept. 2．The author uses the purchase of movie tickets and crime novels as an example of _________. A．the formalization of the budget line B．the formation of vertical and horizontal axes C．an informal understanding of the budget line D．a combination of budget set 3．What can be inferred from the passage about the budget line? A．The dots showing the maximum use of a budget can only be found on it. B．It is intended to indicate one’s household needs for specific goods. C．Graphs can interpret it more precisely than equations. D．It is used to explain consumers’ shopping habits. 4．In the example mentioned in the passage, if you want to buy 10 movie tickets and 10 crime novels with the same budget, where should you make the dot? A．On the horizontal axis. B．On the vertical axis. C．Above the budget line. D．Below the budget line. （24-25高三上·上海黄浦·阶段练习）When a senior manager sits down with a prospective employee for an in-person interview, the preferred questions often stick to the applicant’s interest in the position and company, according to a survey by staffing firm Accountemps. But questions can sometimes be a bit more... wacky. “What kind of animals would you be?” is one of the unique questions mentioned by senior managers in the survey. It is a way to keep interviewees on their feet and stimulate interesting discussion. However, such questions are asked less frequently, the research shows. Just 6 percent of senior managers said their favorite questions to ask are theoretical questions, the lowest total except for “other, ” which also came in at 6 percent. A lot of senior managers said their favorite questions are ones “relating to the position or company,” at 39 percent. These questions include “Why do you want to work here?”, “What do you know about this company?” etc. They are meant to determine if candidates have done their homework and how enthusiastic they are about the position. Questions about “previous or current experience” were referred to by 22 percent of senior managers as their favorite type of question. These inquiries — “Why did you leave your last job?” and “What did you like or dislike about your last job?” for instance — are meant to look into applicants’ work history patterns and their overall fit for the position. Further down the list, 18 percent of senior managers’ favorite questions had to do with personalities and characteristics. They prefer, for example, “What are your strengths and weaknesses?” and “What’ re your hobbies?”. And 10 percent had to do with personal goals and interests (“Where do you see yourself in five or 10 years?”) . That means that managers strongly prefer to ask candidates questions about their interest in the position and work history. But there’s always room for a sudden surprise. 1．In this passage, the word “wacky” (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to “_________”. A．common B．aggressive C．inevitable D．weird 2．According to the survey, senior managers’ most preferred questions are meant to find out _________. A．what work experience candidates had B．how well- prepared candidates are C．what candidates are most interested in D．how knowledgeable candidates are 3．What will senior managers ask to determine low suitable a candidate is for the position? A．What kind of animal would you be? B．Why do you want to work here? C．What did you like or dislike about your last job? D．Where do you see yourself in five or 10 years? 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．Interview questions favoured by managers. B．Managers’ attitudes to interview questions. C．How managers prepare interview questions. D．How managers make interview questions interesting. （24-25高三上·上海·期中）The secret history of spies You might have seen spies in movies, dressed in cool outfits and using high-tech gadgets, but did you know that spying has been around for thousands of years? Check out this timeline to learn about spies from different periods in history. 1. ca (大约) 3100 B．C． -332 B．C． Ancient Egyptian spies were some of the first to use poison to get the job done. To silence their enemies, they used killer methods which included poisons from plants and snakes. 2. ca 1185-1600 The Japanese used spies called ninjas. These ninjas were experts in gathering secret information from enemies and competitors. They were trained since childhood in sneaking around and assassinating, but female ninjas would sneak into enemy locations by dressing up as dancers or servants. 3. ca 1325-1521 Aztec spies, called quimichtin, lived in what’s now central Mexico. They were nicknamed “mice” because they worked at night to hide while spying. Their job was really dangerous, because if they got caught, they could be enslaved or even killed. That’s why they were paid more than most Aztec workers. 4. 1573 to 1590 Sir Francis Walsingham helped protect Queen Elizabeth I of England by creating a network of spies. They were skilled at reading coded letters and secretly opening and resealing envelopes containing information. 5. 1775-1783 Before he became president of what would soon become the United States, George Washington had a group of spies called the Culper Spy Ring during the Revolutionary War. One of its members, Anna Strong, sent coded messages through her laundry. She hung clothes according to color and number to tell soldiers where secret messages were hidden. For example, a black dress and two handkerchiefs might have meant “check the second closest river.” 6. 1861-1865 Harriet Tubman is famous for helping enslaved people in the United States escape North, where slavery was illegal. But she was also a spy during the Civil War. She made maps of the land so northern troops could safely travel through Southern states. 7. 1960s During the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union (now Russia), spy activities on both sides increased. To help, intelligence agencies developed sneaky gadgets for spies to eavesdrop and collect information. One popular device was the buttonhole camera, which could be controlled-from inside a coat pocket. It allowed spies to secretly take a photo by opening a fake button on the coat. 8. 1916 During World War Ⅰ, there was a Dutch dancer called Mata Hari. She accepted an assignment to spy for France in 1916 but actually worked for their enemy, Germany. She was found guilty of telling the Germans secrets about a new weapon that the French were using — the tank — and was put to death in 1917. 9. 2024 Today, spies don’t even need to leave their homes to collect secret information. They use computer programs called spyware from anywhere in the world to track activity and access top- secret information on faraway devices such as computers, tablets and smartphones. Many companies consider cyber espionage to be their number-one threat. 1．Aztec spies were nicknamed “mice” due to their ______. A．small and quick movements B．nighttime activities for spying C．expertise in hiding in dark places D．use of underground spaces for secret operations 2．Which of the following spies used secret codes to send messages to fellow spies? A．Mata Hari B．Harriet Tubman C．Anna Strong D．Sir Francis Walsingham 3．What can we know about spies throughout history? A．Spying bas been around for a thousand years. B．Modem spies depend heavily on cool tools and outfits for the operations. C．The ways of spying have remained unchanged throughout history. D．Different cultures had their own spies with unique methods. （24-25高三上·上海·期中）Emotional manipulation (情感操控) has been referred to as the dark side of emotional intelligence by psychological scientist Elizabeth Austin at the University of Edinburgh. But what does that mean? Austin and her colleagues created the Emotional Manipulation Scale in 2007. According to the scale, people who are high on emotional manipulation say yes to behaving in ways that have no obvious negative consequences such as “I know how to embarrass someone to stop them behaving in a particular way”, and “I know how to play two people off against each other”. Less obviously negative behaviours can also result in a high score, including agreeing with statements like “I can pay someone compliments to get in their good books”, and “I am good at reassuring people so that they’re more likely to go along with what I say”. The researchers also found that the higher people scored on the Emotional Manipulation Scale the higher they scored on Machiavellianism, a trait that includes being cold, morally indifferent, and manipulative. Framing manipulation as a bad thing that is only done by bad people is, however, incorrect. There are many reasons why people want to massage a social situation so that it works out well for themselves that don’t result in negative consequences for others. Self-interest can agree with the interest of others and can lead to prosocial (亲社会的) behaviour. For example, sometimes I do things to make other people feel good because I know it will make me feel good. It’s win-win. This complexity is also what Austin and colleagues showcased when in 2013 they created the Managing the Emotions of Others Scale on the basis of their original scale. Moving from the term “manipulation” to “managing” encourages a different way of talking about this type of behaviour. The most recent short version of the Managing the Emotions of Others Scale was published in 2018 by Austin and colleagues. It breaks down the diversity of ways in which people try to emotionally manage people into five types. The first two are generally prosocial, the third and fourth are non-prosocial, and the fifth is considered neutral. Enhancing: strategically offering help, reassurance, or showing understanding to improve someone’s mood. Diverting: being positive or using humour to improve someone’s mood. Worsening: using criticism or negative comments, undermining confidence, or being angry to gain something. Being inauthentic: flattering someone, sulking or guilt-tripping to get what you want. Concealing: hiding how you really feel, particularly hiding negative emotions. 1．According to the passage, what is the primary focus of the Emotional Manipulation Scale? A．Measuring the moral implications of emotionally manipulative behaviors. B．Defining the prosocial aspects of emotional manipulation in a modern way. C．Identifying behaviors associated with manipulating others’ emotions positively. D．Assessing tendencies toward emotional manipulation through certain behaviors. 2．What can be learned about those scoring high on the Emotional Manipulation Scale? A．They are more likely to show their sympathy. B．They may well lack a sense of moral concern. C．They may well focus primarily on prosocial behavior. D．They are likely to avoid using humor in social interactions. 3．Why did Austin and colleagues create the Managing the Emotions of Others Scale in 2013? A．To shift to a broader understanding of emotional influence. B．To replace the previous scale with a more accurate measure. C．To emphasize the negative consequences of emotional manipulation. D．To lead people to pay more attention to emotional management skills. 4．Which of the following is an example of “diverting”? A．At a tense family dinner, you tell a funny story to lighten the mood. B．When your sister is frustrated, you hide your stress to keep her calm. C．After a disagreement, you give your friend a compliment to make things right. D．You remind a coworker of his good work when he is upset about missing a deadline. （24-25高三上·上海·期中）When people take with them their own expectations about tipping as they travel around the world, it generates no small amount of confusion. Norwegians, who come from a culture where wages are high and tips are low, could burn through Las Vegas leaving a trail of outrage with their tiny offerings. Meanwhile, high-tipping Americans might offend everyone in Tokyo because good service in Japan is a matter of honour, as in: “How dare you suggest I be rewarded for handing you a plate of sashimi without dropping it in your lap?” We’re all in an embarrassed mess because there’s no consistent logic to any of this. None! Tipping, as we know it, started in Tudor England when noblemen visited each other’s country homes and gave extra money to the servants as a thank-you for helping them with their clothing. Hundreds of years later, the tradition has become totally random. A recent study found that people are twice as likely to tip a grocery delivery person than a grocery store clerk, and roughly twice as likely to tip a waiter than a fast-food restaurant worker. Why is that? A paid job is a paid job, right? The grocery deliverer is paid to deliver and the grocery clerk is paid to clerk. So tipping one and not the other only makes sense in terms of what has become customary. No one expects a tip in much of Southeast Asia or Australia, beyond saying “keep the change.” Compare that to the United States, where restaurant tips of up to 25 percent are now expected for very good service; in Canada, it’s 15 to 20 percent. Sometimes, that too can feel tense. “Even when the server tells you about it up front, it’s awkward,” one friend who encountered this custom said. “Do you tip more if they were really good? What if they weren’t good?” It’s enough to make your head hurt — but will we soon have to worry about tipping with bitcoin? I don’t even understand the notion of cryptocurrency (数字加密货币), much less how to use the new tipping apps that are popping up around it. Maybe that’s how people used to feel about money itself, back when they traded goods and services with shells and weapons and rice. Back when there was no tipping. 1．The first paragraph is intended to ______ . A．emphasize the universal importance of tipping B．illustrate the global variations in tipping practices C．argue that tipping customs are outdated in certain cultures D．describe the economic impact of tipping on different countries 2．By origin, a tip was ______ . A．a customary part of grocery delivery B．an expected payment for essential services C．a gesture of gratitude from the upper class D．a modern concept in cryptocurrency transactions 3．What can be learned about Americans’ tipping practices from the passage? A．Americans are used to give tips wherever they go. B．Americans give fatter tips in restaurants than elsewhere. C．Americans are generally unwilling but forced to give a tip. D．Americans mainly tip those who provide very good service. 4．The author mention bitcoin when talking about tipping in order to ______ . A．argue that traditional tipping methods are outdated B．suggest that cryptocurrency may complicate tipping customs C．criticize the idea of using virtual currency for everyday purchase D．emphasize that digital payments have simplified the tipping process （24-25高三上·上海·期中） WAKING A SLEEPWALKER IS BAD FOR THEIR HEALTH ① Sleepwalking typically occurs during the non-rapid eye movement stage of sleep. Several factors can lead to walking while sleeping, including alcohol use, stress and even brain injury. However, there is a genetic explanation for sleepwalking. Studies have shown that children with one or both sleepwalking parents are 40 to 60 per cent more likely to sleepwalk themselves. As for the consequences of waking a sleepwalker, there is no evidence that it will hurt or harm him, but will likely cause disorientation and confusion. LYING ON YOUR BACK MAKES YOU SNORE MORE ② Snoring, namely breathing noisily, is caused by airflow being restricted through the body’s airways during sleep. When you lie on your back, gravity pulls tissues that surround your airways downwards, narrowing them. As air passes through the passage through the nose, it causes tissue to vibrate (振动) with every breath and can create a snoring sound. When you sleep on your side this tissue doesn’t move downwards, opening up the airways s and reducing the volume of snoring. YOU ONLY USE TEN PERCENT OF YOUR BRAIN ③ This common theory in question dates back to the early 1900s, when the philosopher and founder of American psychology William James suggested that we only use a small portion of our potential. In a 1907 paper titled The Energies of Men, James wrote: “We are making use of only a small part of our possible mental and physical resources.” It’s sustained by a book How to Win Friends and Influence People, where American writer Lowell Thomas wrote that “professor William James of Harvard used to say that the average person develops only ten per cent of his potential 1mental ability”. However, the truth is that your brain is firing on all cylinders (气缸) and not limited to just ten percent of its power. 1．Which section of a magazine does this passage probably belong to? A．Educational features. B．Medical science. C．Psychology forum. D．Classified ads. 2．Which of the following pictures best illustrates SNORING SCIENCE? A． B． C． D． 3．Which of the following best fits into the numbered blanks ①-②-③? A．MYTH—FACT—FACT B．FACT—MYTH—FACT C．MYTH—FACT—MYTH D．FACT—MYTH—MYTH （24-25高三上·上海·期中）Like previous leaps in technology, Artificial Intelligence (AI) will make the economy more productive but will also probably hurt some workers whose skills have been devalued. But this time around, how quickly will these effects come about? History may provide an answer. Consider the effects of previous advances in computing. Gordon Moore was famous for his prediction that the number of transistors (晶体管) on a computer chip would double every two years. The consequences of Moore’s Law are most obvious in the powerful computers and smartphones that almost everyone carries around these days. However, for at least two decades after Moore’s Law kicked in, America suffered from a productivity slowdown. The boom kicked in only during the 1990s. Why did the advancement in computing power take so long to pay off for the economy? In 1990, the economic historian Paul David published “The Dynamo and the Computer.” It drew a parallel between the effects of information technology and those of an earlier tech revolution, the electrification of industry. As David noted, electric motors became widely available in the 1890s. But to take full advantage of electrification, manufacturers had to rethink the design of factories. Pre-electric factories were multistory buildings with crowded working spaces, because that was necessary to make efficient use of a steam engine in the basement driving the machines in the production system. It took a long time to realize that having each machine driven by its own motor made it possible to have one-story factories with wide space allowing easy movement of materials. As a result, the big productivity gains from electrification didn’t materialize until after World War II. Sure enough, as David, in effect, predicted, the economic payoff from information technology finally kicked in during the 1990s. But this history still presents a few puzzles. One is why the first productivity boom from information technology was so short-lived; basically it lasted only around a decade. And even while it lasted, productivity growth during the IT boom was no higher than it was during the generation-long boom after World War II, which didn’t seem to be driven by any new technology. In 1969, Peter Drucker published “The Age of Discontinuity,” whose title implies that the previous period of extraordinary economic growth was actually an age of continuity. Or to put it another way, the great boom from the 1940s to around 1970 seems to have been largely based on the use of technologies that had been around for decades, which should make us less confident in trying to use recent technological developments to predict economic growth. That’s not to say that artificial intelligence won’t have huge economic impacts. But history suggests that they won’t come quickly. ChatGPT and whatever follows are probably an economic story for the 2030s, not for the next few years. 1．Why did the writer mention Gordon Moore and his famous prediction? A．To introduce one of the most accurate tech-related predictions. B．To highlight the productivity slowdown that America once suffered from. C．To describe a period in history that has greatly changed people’s perception. D．To imply that it will take a long time for AI to make an impact on economy. 2．What can be inferred from Paul David’s account of the electrification of industry? A．The design of workspace depends on the number of workers involved. B．Manufacturers are usually unwilling to put a technology into practice. C．Having a technology doesn’t necessarily mean people know what to do with it. D．History shows that people tend to reject a new technology when it first emerges. 3．According to the passage, the reason for the generation-boom after World War II was that ______. A．it was based on old technologies B．it took place after a terrible war C．it was driven by new technologies D．it took place during the age of discontinuity 4．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．The Impact of AI, Great but Slow B．AI and Slow Economic Development C．The Impact of AI: Great on Economy D．The Impact of AI: Lessons from Economists （24-25高三上·上海·期中）Stretchable batteries worn against the skin Batteries are getting smaller, lighter and more powerful all the time. This is good news for manufacturers and buyers of products ranging from mobile phones to fitness trackers. But for some applications, the conventional shape and structure of a battery, with a rigid form and metallic components, is simply too clunky to be of use. Some personal electronics, for example, such as skin patches that monitor health conditions or brain-computer implants that decode neural signals to control electronic prosthetic devices, require more intimate contact. A number of approaches are therefore being taken to provide alternatives, including the use of pliant fibres and nanoparticles. Among the most promising, though, are water-based batteries inspired by the way an electric eel stores its charge. A group at the University of Cambridge has used the eel’s technique to come up with what it calls “jelly batteries”. These are made from hydrogels that consist of a layered structure of organic polymers that contain over 60% water. This makes them both soft and flexible. Whereas most batteries experience a loss of conductivity if the material they are made from is bent or stretched, a jelly battery can be stretched up to one-and-a-half times its length with no voltage loss, says Stephen O’Neill, a member of the research team. The jelly battery works in much the same way that biological processes, such as the nervous system, produce electricity. They rely on the different concentrations of electrically charged particles, called ions, that exist within different bodily cells. This creates a difference in electrical potential, which in turn produces a voltage. That voltage, though, is tiny. Electric eels ramp it up by having thousands of modified muscle cells, called electrocytes, acting together to produce a voltage powerful enough to stun their prey. Jelly batteries do not go that far. Each individual battery produces just 0.1 volts, in comparison with the 1.5 volts of a typical aa battery. But much as an electric eel can amplify a small voltage with the help of electrocytes, jelly batteries can increase their output by being strung together. Another feature of the jelly battery is that the strong molecular bonds that let the polymers stretch also allow the material to repair itself very quickly if it is broken, says Jade McCune, another member of the Cambridge team. This provides a self-healing ability, which could be useful for applications in extreme operating environments, such as powering sensors embedded into protective clothing. 1．In the first paragraph, skin patches are mentioned to ________. A．introduce new batteries in various fields B．demonstrate the need for flexible batteries C．illustrate the greatness of battery development D．prove that metal and clunky batteries are outdated 2．What makes possible the softness of jelly batteries? A．The eel’s technique. B．Their layered structure. C．Their water-based material. D．Their use of pliant fibres and nanoparticles. 3．The underlined words “ramp” can be replaced by ________. A．set B．mix C．build D．break 4．Which of the following is NOT true about jelly batteries? A．When united, jelly batteries can produce adequate volts. B．Jelly batteries lose no voltage even if they are stretched. C．Scientists investigating jelly batteries drew their inspiration from eels. D．Jelly batteries can recharge themselves quickly in extreme environments. （24-25高三上·上海闵行·期中）It is a common misconception that geology is “just” about rocks. True, geologists are trained to read what rocks tell us about Earth’s past, present and possible future structure and evolution. But, as I will explain as part of this year’s Royal Institution Christmas Lectures, geological processes and climate are closely linked. Numerous complex physical and chemical links and feedbacks exist between Earth’s surface and subsurface rocks, its atmosphere, oceans and ice caps and life in all these places. Volcanic eruptions bring carbon from deep within the planet to the surface and the air, enhancing the green-house effect. In contrast, weathering of exposed rocks at the surface and the action of shell-forming animals in the oceans remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, reducing global warming. The rocks and fossils (化石) in the geological record bear witness to these processes, showing us that Earth’s climate has changed continually since the planet formed around 4.6 million years ago. This same record also shows that atmospheric CO2 is at its highest level in at least the past 3 million years, and that the current pace of planetary warming is never before seen in Earth’s history. The geological record can also be used to assess the accuracy of complex numerical models used to predict future climate and its impact on Earth’s habitability. Geology has improved our understanding of global warming and hopefully will help us to reduce it. There is an irony to that, given geologists play a role in locating and exploiting climate-heating fossil fuels. Now, more than ever, our discipline needs to fully adopt the concept of “sustainable geoscience”. This isn’t a new idea and nor is it limited to climate change. The many and varied historical contributions of geology to tackling some of our greatest societal challenges can be seen by looking at the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. To name just a couple of examples, geologists study the origin, natural transportation and behaviour of pollutants like arsenic and lead, critical to the provision of safe and reliable water supplies, and they explore the origin of natural hazards such as landslides and earthquakes, and so help strengthen communities across the world. But geologists must redouble their engagement with other scientists and politicians to develop and ultimately help apply solutions to the many environmental and resource challenges we face. Students of geology should be made aware of the broader contributions their multidisciplinary skill set can make to global well-being, beyond just energy provision — although ensuring energy supply, we should not forget, underpins many of the Sustainable Development Goals. 1．The examples of volcanic eruptions and the weathering of rocks are intended to _____. A．demonstrate what geological activities geologists mainly study B．highlight the importance of studying volcanic activity in geology C．illustrate the enormous and destructive power of geological processes D．show the dynamic interactions between geological activities and climate 2．In the sentence “There is an irony to that”, the irony refers to _____. A．the profession’s role in both causing and solving global warming B．sustainable geoscience’s unexpected popularity across various fields C．the disagreement between geological records and current climate models D．geologists’ focus on energy provision which goes against their original goal 3．Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A．Energy supply is in critical shortage. B．Geologists are able to work across various fields. C．Pollutants spread far and wide due to modern transportation. D．Fossil fuel exploitation does not contribute to climate change. 4．What is the main point the author is making in the passage? A．Geologists primarily study rocks to understand Earth’s climate. B．Climate models are often inaccurate without the geological record. C．Geology is crucial for addressing global challenges beyond the study of rocks. D．The field of geology focuses on exploiting fossil fuels and studying climate change. （24-25高三上·上海闵行·期中）    When I was 14, I began collecting all the interesting math facts and puzzles that weren’t covered in school into a notebook. This notebook eventually expanded into six volumes. These collections became the basis for my book, Professor Stewart’s Cabinet of Mathematical Curiosities.     One of the most interesting topics I revisited while writing my book was the “sausage conjecture,” a unique mathematical challenge. A conjecture is a theory that mathematicians believe could be true but hasn’t been proven or disproven yet. The sausage conjecture is about finding the most efficient way to wrap circles or spheres. For example, if you wrap a string tightly around several identical circles laid out on a flat surface, the conjecture explores which arrangement minimizes the area inside the string.     Mathematicians have long studied how to pack objects tightly. For instance, it took nearly 400 years to prove that stacking oranges in hexagonal layers is the most compact form in three dimensions. However, this area of math isn’t fully resolved, especially when considering more than three dimensions or different shapes. Consider a simple situation: if you were to wrap a ribbon around six flat, circular pies, you would find that placing the pies in a straight line (forming a “sausage” shape with the string) covers the smallest area. But if you wrap seven pies, a hexagonal layout with one pie in the center touching the others is more space-efficient. This pattern holds true for up to six circles; a linear layout is best. But for seven or more, a rounder arrangement minimizes the area inside the string. This has been proven mathematically for up to six circles. The problem becomes even more complex with spheres. For wrapping 56 or fewer identical spheres, a sausage-shaped arrangement minimizes the volume inside the wrapping. With 57 spheres, a compact shape is better, as it balances thinness with volume. This too is a proven theorem. 1．What does a conjecture in mathematics refer to? A．A fully proven mathematical theorem. B．A theory that has been proven incorrect. C．A theory that might be true but hasn’t been proven yet. D．A mathematical rule used for solving algebraic problems. 2．According to the passage, how should six flat, circular items be arranged to minimize the area enclosed by a string? A． B． C． D． 3．What is the primary purpose of the passage? A．To explain a complex mathematical theory in detail. B．To detail the author’s personal history and achievements. C．To introduce a collection of mathematical wonders in a book. D．To promote a proper way of discussing mathematical challenges. （2025·上海·一模）Attempts to genetically engineer the American chestnut tree (Darling 58) have failed, exposing the risks of rushed solutions to complex problems. In December 2023, the American Chestnut Foundation (TACF) announced it was ending its years-long effort to create a blight-resistant chestnut. These trees grew poorly, failed to resist disease, and often died. The American chestnut, once abundant in Eastern U.S. forests, was destroyed by blight in the early 1900s. Some surviving trees sprouted from stumps or resisted the disease naturally. Efforts to restore the species have divided scientists into two camps: one advocating for natural restoration and the other for genetic engineering (GE). The GE approach started in 1989, led by researchers at SUNY-ESF with backing from industry players like Duke Energy, and Monsanto. In 2020, researchers sought USDA approval to deregulate Darling 58. The tree was engineered with a wheat gene to combat the acid produced by chestnut blight. However, critics argued the testing period was too short to predict the tree’s long-term impact. The proposed plan to spread GE traits through wild forests sparked fears of ecological harm. By 2023, it was revealed that years of research had mistakenly used the wrong tree variety (Darling 54). TACF withdrew support, citing poor results, reduced survival rates, and commercial conflicts involving a for-profit company. Despite setbacks, SUNY-ESF continues to push for USDA approval, claiming the trees are safe. Meanwhile, organizations like the American Chestnut Cooperators Foundation focus on natural methods, breeding pure chestnuts with blight resistance. Hybridization with Chinese chestnuts is another method under development. The Darling 58 debacle highlights the risks of genetic engineering and commercial motives behind GE trees. Critics argue that GE is less about forest health and more about profits from faster-growing or industrially modified trees. As the debate continues, the lesson remains clear: science must proceed cautiously, especially when dealing with long-living species like trees. 1．The primary purpose of this passage is to ________. A．criticize the use of genetic engineering on chestnut trees in forest restoration. B．describe the main history of the American chestnut tree’s decline since the 1900s. C．explain the controversy surrounding the restoration of the American chestnut tree. D．promote natural breeding as the best solution for chestnut tree restoration. 2．Why did the USDA petition for Darling 58 face criticism? A．The testing period was not long enough to predict long-term effects. B．The genetically engineered trees were not resistant to blight. C．The USDA was accused of favoring genetic engineering companies. D．The petition did not include input from environmental scientists. 3．According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A．Darling 58 chestnut trees were approved for widespread planting in 2023. B．Natural methods of restoring the American chestnut show no promise. C．Critics believe the genetic engineering is profit-driven rather than ecological. D．TACF fully supports SUNY-ESF’s efforts with Darling 58 chestnut trees. 4．What can be inferred about releasing genetically engineered trees into the wild? A．It may lead to deregulation and commercialization of GE trees. B．It will rapidly restore ecosystems with minimal risks. C．It proves corporate interests align with environmental goals. D．It shows GE is more reliable than natural restoration. （2025·上海·一模）A well-designed PowerPoint presentation can help communicate your ideas effectively and engage your audience. To avoid creating text-heavy slides that bore your audience, follow these essential 4 sorts of tips compiled from PowerPoint expert Ferry Pereboom. 1. Text Tips: Keep Text Short: Stick to the 5×5 rule — no more than 5 lines with 5 words per line. Choose Readable Fonts: Use classic, easy-to-read fonts like Calibri or Helvetica. Font Size: Set headers to 20pt and body text to 18pt for better legibility. 2. Design Tips: Increase Contrast: Make text easy to read by using high contrast, such as dark text on a light background. Use Colors Wisely: Choose colors based on your audience — bright colors for informal presentations and subdued (柔和的) tones for professional settings. PowerPoint Shapes: Replace bullet points with shapes to make your message clearer and visually appealing. Select Relevant Visuals: Use high-quality images that support your message and maintain consistency. Mock-ups Over Screenshots: Use device mock-ups instead of screenshots for a more polished look. Visualize Data: Use graphs, charts, and SmartArt to represent data clearly. Simplify Tables: Avoid clutter in tables by removing unnecessary borders and colors. Industry Templates (模版): Use industry-specific templates to make your slides more relevant. 3. ____________: Minimize Transitions: Use simple transitions, like fade, to keep the focus on your content. Presenter View: Use Presenter View to monitor time, slides, and notes. Provide an Outline: Start with a welcome slide, followed by a menu slide and a summary slide to help your audience follow along.4. Hardware Tips: Back Up Your Presentation: Save your slides in multiple formats (e.g., PDF or Google Slides) to prevent technical issues. By applying these tips, you can create a PowerPoint that is engaging, clear, and professional, ensuring your message is communicated effectively. 1．Which of the following phrases can best fill in the blank? A．Standardization Tips B．Orientation Tips C．Limitation Tips D．Easy-to-Read Tips 2．According to the passage, which of the following may upset the audience’s visual experience during a rather formal meeting? A．Templates customized for the corresponding academic fields. B．Calm and soft background colors combined with texts using high-contrast colors. C．A diagram directly captured from a paper via print screen key on the keyboard. D．Ideas described in an easy form and appropriate number of technical terms. 3．Sheryl is preparing for her annual academic medical outcome presentation. Following is one of her slides. To modify the unproper place(s), she should refer to Sort ________ of tips. A．1 B．2 C．1 and 4 D．1,2, 3 and 4 重难语篇拔高练 （2025·上海青浦·一模）Human doctors perform amputations, surgical removals of an arm, leg, or finger, after a serious injury. But new research shows that some ants perform amputations on injured ants to help them survive an injury. The behavior was documented in Florida carpenter ants. Two carpenter ants are seen in a laboratory at the University of Lausanne. Scientists said they either cleaned the wound using their mouthparts or amputated the limb, or leg, by biting it off. The choice of care depended on the injury’s location. When it was further up the leg, they always amputated. When it was further down, they never amputated. Erik Frank of the University of Würzburg in Germany is the lead writer of the research. Frank said the study describes “for the first time how a non-human animal uses amputations on another individual to save their life.” He believes “that the ants’ ‘medical system’ to care for the injured is the most complicated in the animal kingdom,” and compares well to human medicine. “Injuries further down the leg have an increased flow of hemolymph (血淋巴),” Frank said. So harmful bacteria can enter the body after only five minutes. An amputation would not help infection after that time. He continued, “Injuries further up the leg have a much slower hemolymph flow, giving enough time for timely and effective amputations.” The study found that after an upper leg injury, an ant that experiences amputation has a survival rate of 90 to 95 percent. For lower leg injuries in which just cleaning was performed, the survival rate was about 75 percent, compared to about 15 percent for injuries that received no care. Ants can function well without one of their six legs. And only female ants perform the treatment of wounds by cleaning or amputation. “All worker ants are female. Males play only a minor role in ant community,” Frank said. So why do ants do these amputations? Frank said, “There is a very simple evolutionary reason for caring for the injured. It saves resources.” He noted that if an ant could be saved with little effort to remain productive, “there is a very high value of doing so.” “At the same time, if an individual is too heavily injured, the ants will not care for her, but rather leave her behind to die,” Frank added. 1．The type of treatments applied to injured ants depends on ______. A．how the medical system of the ants is developed B．whether the ant still remains productive and valuable C．which kind of ants performs the treatments of wounds D．whether the ant suffers from an upper leg injury or a lower one 2．What can we infer from the survival rates mentioned in the text? A．The location of the injury and the corresponding treatment greatly affect the ant’s survival. B．Cleaning the wound is more effective than amputation for all leg injuries. C．Injured ants with no care have a similar survival rate to those with treatment in some cases. D．Amputation is always the best way to ensure the survival of injured ants. 3．It can be concluded from Frank’s study that ______. A．male ants provide medical care for the ant community B．slightly-injured ants will receive no care to save resources C．the heavily injured ants will eventually die for lack of medical care D．the cleaning of an upper leg injury greatly increases the ants’ survival rate 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．How ants perform amputations. B．How injured ants are dealt with. C．How ants evolve and reproduce. D．How amputations affect ants. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$