精品解析：北京市通州区运河中学2024-2025学年高三下学期开学考英语试题

2024-2025学年第二学期高三年级开学测试 英 语 (考试时间：90 分钟 试卷满分： 100 分) 第一部分 知识运用 (共两节，30 分) 第一节 (共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分) 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 Some dreams take longer to come true than others, but with the help of 21st-century social media and her great-grandson, at the age of 110, one British woman is ____1____ hers at long last. At the end of World War I, Amy Hawkins was a 7-year-old child who loved nothing more than to ____2____. As a teen, Hawkins set her ____3____ on becoming an entertainer. Hawkins was on her way, touring the country with a dance troupe - until her ambition was ____4____ by her mom, who didn’t see it as a respectable ____5____ for a young lady. All these years later, the 110-year-old lady lives at home in Monmouth, South Wales, surrounded by her loved ones. The four-generation family unit includes her granddaughter, Hannah Freeman, and Freeman’s 14-year-old son, Sacha. Even though she’s no longer doing it ____6____, Hawkins has never stopped singing. “She’s like a clock, once you ____7____ her up she won’t stop,” Freeman said in an interview. “She just keeps asking, ‘Would you like another one?’.” On Hawkins’ 110th birthday, Sacha ____8____ his great-gran singing one of her favorite WWI tunes. When Freeman jokingly suggested Sacha post it to TikTok, neither of them could have ____9____ the overwhelmingly positive response it would receive, reaching 100,000 views and a large number of emotional praises in just days. Some journeys take longer than others. Sometimes, we’re detoured (绕路) along the way. Dreams can and do come true every day. While it’s been a long time coming, Amy Hawkins is _____10_____ a whole new generation of fans. 1. A. reflecting B. realizing C. recalling D. researching 2. A. paint B. study C. sing D. film 3. A. values B. limits C. hands D. sights 4. A. cut back B. cut short C. cut through D. cut in 5. A. method B. grade C. level D. occupation 6. A. nervously B. reasonably C. professionally D. secretly 7. A. wind B. show C. bring D. cut 8. A. caught B. reported C. videoed D. remembered 9. A. suspected B. noticed C. missed D. imagined 10. A. entertaining B. becoming C. representing D. inviting 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. D 6. C 7. A 8. C 9. D 10. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了英国110岁的老妇人Amy Hawkins年少时想成为一名艺人的梦想因母亲的反对而中断，但在曾孙的帮助下，通过社交媒体实现了梦想，获得了大量粉丝的故事。 【1题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：有些梦想实现的时间比其他梦想长，但在21世纪社交媒体和她的曾孙的帮助下，一位110岁的英国妇女终于实现了自己的梦想。A. reflecting反映；B. realizing实现；C. recalling回忆；D. researching研究。根据上文“Some dreams take longer to come true”可知这里说的是梦想的实现，故选B项。 【2题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：第一次世界大战结束时，艾米·霍金斯(Amy Hawkins)是一个7岁的孩子，她最喜欢唱歌。A. paint绘画；B. study学习；C. sing唱歌；D. film拍摄。根据下文“Hawkins has never stopped singing.”可知霍金斯喜欢唱歌，故选C项。 【3题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：十几岁时，霍金斯就立志成为一名艺人。A. values价值；B. limits限制；C. hands手；D. sights视野、目标。根据下文“becoming an entertainer”可知，下文说的是成为一名艺人，可推理出这里说的是霍金斯立志成为一名艺人，set one’s sights on sth是固定短语，意为“立志做某事”，故选D项。 【4题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：霍金斯正在朝着这个目标前进，她和一个舞蹈团在全国各地巡回演出，直到她的志向被她母亲打断，母亲认为这对一个年轻女士来说不是一份体面的职业。A. cut back削减；B. cut short中断；C. cut through抄近路穿过；D. cut in插嘴。根据下文“didn’t see it as a respectable”可知下文说的是她的母亲认为不体面，可推理出母亲中断了她的志向，故选B项。 【5题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：同第4题。A. method方法；B. grade等级；C. level水平；D. occupation职业。根据上文“becoming an entertainer”可知上文说的是成为艺人，可推理出这里说的是职业，故选D项。 【6题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：尽管她不再专业地从事这个了，但霍金斯从未停止唱歌。A. nervously紧张地；B. reasonably合理地；C. professionally专业地；D. secretly秘密地。根据上文“no longer”和下文“has never stopped singing”可知霍金斯从未停止唱歌，可推理出此处说的是尽管她不再专业地从事这个了，但霍金斯从未停止唱歌。故选C项。 【7题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：弗里曼在一次采访中说：“她就像一个时钟，一旦你给她上了发条，她就不会停下来。”A. wind上发条；B. show展示；C. bring带来；D. cut切割。根据下文“she won’t stop”可知下文说的是她停不下来，可推理出此处说的是一旦让她活跃起来，她就停不下来wind sb. up是固定短语，意为“使某人活跃起来”，这里表示让她开始唱歌就停不下来，符合句意，故选A项。 【8题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：在霍金斯110岁生日时，萨查拍摄了他的曾祖母唱她最喜欢的一战歌曲之一。A. caught抓住；B. reported报道；C. videoed拍摄；D. remembered记得。根据下文“Freeman jokingly suggested Sacha post it to TikTok”可知下文说的是把内容发布到TikTok上，可推理出此处说的是拍摄了一段视频，故选C项。 【9题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：当弗里曼开玩笑地建议萨查把它发布到TikTok上时，他们俩都没有想到它会收到压倒性的积极回应，在短短几天内就达到了10万次观看和大量感人的赞扬。A. suspected怀疑；B. noticed注意到；C. missed错过；D. imagined想象。根据下文“reaching 100,000 views and a large number of emotional praises in just days”可知下文说的是10万次观看和大量感人的赞扬，可推理出此处说的是他们都没想到回应会如此积极，故选D项。 【10题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：虽然这已经过去了很长时间，但艾米·霍金斯正在娱乐新一代的粉丝。A. entertaining娱乐；B. becoming成为；C. representing代表；D. inviting邀请。根据下文“reaching 100,000 views and a large number of emotional praises in just days”可知下文说的是10万次观看和大量感人的赞扬，可推理出此处说的是艾米·霍金斯正在娱乐新一代的粉丝，故选A项。 第二节：语法填空 (共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分) A 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 The revealing of the Hangzhou Asian Games medals took place alongside the flame-lighting ceremony ____11____ (hold) in Liangzhu an archaeological (考古的) site of the ancient Chinese city, The Asian Games medals have been named Shan Shui, which translates to “lake and mountain”. The medal design ____12____ (comprise) a round medal in a square jade, similar to the ceremonial jade cong, an ancient Chinese container from the Liangzhu culture. The back side of the medal is a square seal, ____13____ (symbolize) the athletes’ mark on the Asian Games. 【答案】11. held 12. comprises 13. symbolizing 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了杭州亚运会奖牌的揭晓情况，包括奖牌的命名、设计以及奖牌背后的寓意等。 【11题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：杭州亚运会奖牌的揭晓仪式与在良渚考古遗址举行的火炬点燃仪式同时举行。空白处在句子中作后置定语，使用非谓语动词，因与其逻辑主语ceremony之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，使用过去分词，故填held。 【12题详解】 考查时态。句意：奖牌设计由圆形奖牌和方形玉组成，类似于礼玉琮，这是一种来自良渚文化的中国古代容器。空白处在句子中作谓语，因句子表示的是一个客观情况，谓语动词使用一般现在时，且主语The medal design是单数第三人称，谓语动词使用单数第三人称形式，故填comprises。 【13题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：奖牌背面是一个方形印章，象征着运动员在亚运会上的印记。空白处在句子中作伴随状语，使用非谓语动词，因与其逻辑主语a square seal之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，使用现在分词，故填symbolizing。 B 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Shi Guangyin of Shaanxi has spent decades ___14___ (fight) desertification in the Maowusu Desert. For more than thirty years, Shi led a group of tough guys in northern Shaanxi and ____15____ (plant) more than 53 million trees on the contracted 250, 000 mu of barren sand and alkali (碱) beaches, creating a “green Great Wall” in Yulin. “The ___16___ (prevent) and control of sand damage in the new era must not only solve ecological problems, but also solve the problem of poverty,” Shi said. 【答案】14. fighting 15. planted 16. prevention 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了陕西的石光银在毛乌素沙漠几十年致力于治理沙漠化的事迹。 【14题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：陕西的石光银已经在毛乌素沙漠花了几十年时间对抗沙漠化。空白处在句子中作宾语，使用动名词形式，且“spend time (in) doing sth.”是固定短语，意为“花费时间做某事”，所以此处应填“fight”的动名词形式“fighting”，故填fighting。 【15题详解】 考查时态。句意：三十多年来，石光银带领陕北的一群硬汉，在承包的25万亩荒沙和盐碱滩上种植了5300多万棵树，在榆林造就了一道“绿色长城”。空处和“led”是并列谓语，需用一般过去时。故填 planted。 16题详解】 考查名词。句意：石光银说：“新时代的防沙治沙，不仅要解决生态问题，还要解决贫困问题。”空处在句子中作主语，使用名词，“prevent”的名词形式是“prevention”，意为“预防；防止”，故填prevention。 C 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 There is one single seasonal delicacy ____17____ (prize) by Shanghai’s food lovers above all others: the hairy crab (大闸蟹). In the days of early autumn, Shanghai locals start to wander at the fish market, and, once hairy crab season ____18____ (start), it’s a nonstop three-month-long celebration. The best crabs appear early — in the ninth lunar month for females, when the roe (蟹黄) is ____19____ its peak. I’ve always found crabs difficult to eat, but the roe, ___20___ makes your lips (嘴唇) and fingers yellow, is a worthy prize. 【答案】17. prized 18. starts 19. at 20. which 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了上海美食爱好者最珍视的季节性美食——大闸蟹，包括其上市时间、最佳食用时间以及大闸蟹的美味之处。 【17题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：有一种时令美食深受上海美食爱好者的喜爱，超过其他所有美食：大闸蟹。空白处在句子中作后置定语，使用非谓语动词，因与其逻辑主语one single seasonal delicacy之间为动宾关系，使用过去分词，故填prized。 【18题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：在初秋的日子里，上海当地人开始在鱼市场闲逛，一旦大闸蟹季节开始，这就是一场持续三个月不间断的庆祝活动。这是一个包含时间状语从句的复合句，空白处在从句中作谓语，此处描述的是一个客观情况，谓语动词使用一般现在时，主语“hairy crab season”为第三人称单数，所以谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式，故填starts。 【19题详解】 考查固定短语、介词。句意：最好的大闸蟹出现得较早——农历九月是母蟹的最佳时期，此时蟹黄处于最佳状态。at one's peak是固定短语，意为“在巅峰状态；在最佳时期”，符合句意，故填at。 【20题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：我一直觉得螃蟹很难吃，但让你的嘴唇和手指变黄的蟹黄是值得一尝的美味。此处应填入关系代词引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语，先行词是“the roe”，指物，故填which。 第二部分 阅读理解 (共两节，38分) 第一节 (共14小题;每小题2分，共28分) 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A While any work environment provides opportunities to make friends, some jobs are more social than others. A Coffee Shop Thanks to Starbucks, coffee shops have never been more plentiful. Coffee places are great for opportunities to meet people because there are usually a variety of people coming in and out through the day. You can chat with customers and coworkers alike. The casual environment encourages conversation and the flexible schedule allows you to work there even if you have a full-time job already. A Book Store Book lovers are great friends to have. They’re often misunderstood as being “not social,” but they just interact with people in a different way. Bookstores are perfect for finding passionate friends and connecting you with other folks who enjoy reading and intellectual pursuits. Hospitality Jobs Jobs like bartenders, restaurant workers, and wait staff usually have flexible hours and attract a variety of people. For some, it’s their full-time career. For others, they’re working for extra money or because they’re involved with another life goal (like college) and need the flexibility. This type of diversity is a good environment to make friends in and as a bonus, you’ll see many different people coming through as customers as well. Retail Sales Stores and businesses are busy and have a wide variety of people coming in and out. This is the perfect environment to meet a few new folks. Many retail employees bond quickly with their coworkers because the jobs can be challenging and stressful at times, so they lean on each other, share stories, and find ways to relax and blow off steam outside of work. All of these are good for making friendships that will last. 21. Which of the following helps connect people thirsty for knowledge? A. A Coffee Shop. B. A Book Store. C. Hospitality Jobs. D. Retail Sales. 22. What can college students needing extra money choose to work as? A. Grocers. B. Librarians. C. Retailers. D. Waiters. 23. What do all the jobs have in common? A. They are stressful. B. They offer high salaries. C. They enhance social skills. D. They require rich experience. 【答案】21. B 22. D 23. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了四种可以提高社交技能的工作。 【21题详解】 细节理解题。根据A Book Store部分中“Bookstores are perfect for finding passionate friends and connecting you with other folks who enjoy reading and intellectual pursuits.(书店是找到充满激情的朋友的绝佳场所，还能把你和其他喜欢阅读和追求知识的人联系起来)”可知，A Book Store有助于将渴望知识的人们联系起来。故选B。 【22题详解】 细节理解题。根据Hospitality Jobs部分中“Jobs like bartenders, restaurant workers, and wait staff usually have flexible hours and attract a variety of people. For some, it’s their full-time career. For others, they’re working for extra money or because they’re involved with another life goal (like college) and need the flexibility.(像调酒师、餐厅工作人员和服务员这样的工作通常有灵活的工作时间，吸引各种各样的人。对一些人来说，这是他们的全职工作。对另一些人来说，他们工作是为了额外的钱，或者是因为他们有另一个生活目标（比如上大学），需要灵活性)”可知，需要额外收入的大学生可以选择做服务员。故选D。 【23题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“While any work environment provides opportunities to make friends, some jobs are more social than others.(虽然任何工作环境都提供了结交朋友的机会，但有些工作比其他工作更具社交性)”及下文可知，文章主要介绍了四种可以提高社交技能的工作。由此可知，这些工作的共同之处是提高社交技能。故选C。 B William had worked hard to pass the exams to enter high school. When the term began, however, his father told him that there was no money to pay for his school fees because of the summer drought. Still, William wanted to learn. He made the village library his school. One day he found a book called Using Energy. On the book’s cover was a picture of windmills, tall steel towers with blades (叶片) spinning like giant fans. He learned that wind — something of which his hometown had plenty — could produce electricity. He couldn’t help picturing his own windmill in mind, but collecting the parts and tools he needed would take months. In a junkyard, he dug through piles of used metal, old cars, and worn-out tractors, searching for anything that might help him construct his machine. He made four-foot-long blades from plastic pipe, which he melted over a fire, flattened out, and hardened with bamboo poles. Earning some money, he paid a blacksmith to attach the piston (活塞) to the pedal sprocket (踏板链轮) of an old bicycle frame. This would be the axle (轮轴) of the windmill. When the wind blew, the spinning blades would turn the bicycle wheel and spin a small dynamo (发电机), donated by his friend. When he had collected all the parts, William began putting them together. He fixed the blades to the tractor fan he found, using washers (垫圈) he’d made from bottle caps. Next he pushed the fan onto the piston joint to the bicycle frame. With the help of his two best friends, William built a 16-foot-tall tower from trunks of trees and lifted the ninety-pound windmill to the top. The big moments eventually came. He climbed up the tower and connected two wires that held a small bulb. As the wind whipped around him, the blades began to turn, slowly at first, then faster and faster. The light bulb flickered (闪烁), then flashed to life. The crowd cheered from below. “Wachitabwina (well done)!” William’s machine now powered his house. And the story of the boy who’d built a power-generating windmill to rescue his family from the drought spread across the Internet. 24. After reading Using Energy, what did William decide to do? A. Learn to survive a drought. B. Make use of wind. C. Build a village library. D. Enter a high school. 25. According to Para.3, which of the following word can best describe William? A. Determined. B. Cooperative. C. Humorous. D. Optimistic. 26. What can you learn about William’s machine? A. It was built by villagers. B. It was made from metal materials. C. It took him years to complete it. D. It worked at the first attempt. 27. What is the best title for the passage? A. Windmills for Villages B. Ideas Worth Spreading C. Winds Of Hope D. Learning from Experience 【答案】24. B 25. A 26. D 27. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇记叙文，讲述了威廉因家庭贫困无法进入高中学习，但他没有放弃学习，在村里图书馆发现一本关于能源利用的书后，决定利用家乡丰富的风能制作风车发电，经过努力最终成功的故事。 【24题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“He learned that wind—something of which his hometown had plenty—could produce electricity.(他了解到，他的家乡有大量的风，可以用来发电)”以及第三段“He couldn’t help picturing his own windmill in mind(他忍不住在脑海中想象自己的风车)”可知，读完《利用能源》这本书后，威廉了解到风能发电，决定利用风能。故选B项。 【25题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“He couldn’t help picturing his own windmill in mind, but collecting the parts and tools he needed would take months. In a junkyard, he dug through piles of used metal, old cars, and worn-out tractors, searching for anything that might help him construct his machine.(他忍不住在脑海中想象自己的风车，但收集他需要的零件和工具需要几个月的时间。在一个垃圾场里，他在成堆的废旧金属、旧汽车和破旧的拖拉机中挖掘，寻找任何可能帮助他制造机器的东西)”可知，威廉为了建造风车，在垃圾场里寻找材料，即使需要数月也坚持去做，能看出他的坚定决心，所以这表明他是一个意志坚定的人。故选A项。 【26题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“The big moments eventually came. He climbed up the tower and connected two wires that held a small bulb. As the wind whipped around him, the blades began to turn, slowly at first, then faster and faster. The light bulb flickered (闪烁), then flashed to life.(重要时刻终于到来了。他爬上塔，连接了两根电线，上面挂着一个小灯泡。当风在他周围呼啸时，叶片开始转动，起初很慢，然后越来越快。灯泡闪烁着，然后亮了起来)”可知，文中详细描述了机器运转的过程，从叶片转动到灯泡亮起，表明第一次尝试就成功了，所以威廉的机器第一次尝试就成功运转了。故选D项。 【27题详解】 主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“He learned that wind—something of which his hometown had plenty—could produce electricity.(他了解到，他的家乡有大量的风，可以用来发电)”、第三段“He couldn’t help picturing his own windmill in mind(他忍不住在脑海中想象自己的风车)”、倒数第二段“The big moments eventually came. He climbed up the tower and connected two wires that held a small bulb. As the wind whipped around him, the blades began to turn, slowly at first, then faster and faster. The light bulb flickered (闪烁), then flashed to life.(重要时刻终于到来了。他爬上塔，连接了两根电线，上面挂着一个小灯泡。当风在他周围呼啸时，叶片开始转动，起初很慢，然后越来越快。灯泡闪烁着，然后亮了起来)”以及最后一段“William’s machine now powered his house. And the story of the boy who’d built a power-generating windmill to rescue his family from the drought spread across the Internet(威廉的机器现在为他的房子提供电力。而这个男孩为了拯救家人免受干旱之苦而建造了一台发电风车的故事在互联网上传开了)”可知，文章讲述了威廉在家庭因干旱没钱支付学费的情况下，通过自己的努力利用风能建造风车发电的故事，这个风车给家庭带来了希望，就像风带来希望一样。所以C项“Winds Of Hope(希望之风)”表达的含义最适合用作本文标题。故选C项。 C Delivering life-saving drugs directly to the brain in a safe and effective way is a challenge for medical providers. One key reason: the blood-brain barrier, which protects the brain from tissue-specific drug delivery. Methods such as an injection or a pill aren’t as precise or immediate as doctors might prefer, and ensuring delivery right to the brain often requires invasive, risky techniques. A team of engineers from Washington University in St. Louis has developed a new nano-particle generation-delivery method that could someday vastly improve drug delivery to the brain, making it as simple as a sniff. “This would be a nano-particle nasal spray, and the delivery system could allow medicine to reach the brain within 30 minutes to one hour,” said Ramesh Raliya, research scientist at the School of Engineering & Applied Science. “The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from foreign substances in the blood that may injure the brain,” Raliya said. “ But when we need to deliver something there, getting through that barrier is difficult and invasive. Our non-invasive technique can deliver drugs via nano-particles, so there’s less risk and better response times.” The novel approach is based on aerosol science and engineering principles that allow the generation of mono-disperse nano-particles, which can deposit on upper regions of the nasal cavity via spread. The nano-particles were tagged with markers, allowing the researchers to track their movement. Next, researchers exposed locusts’ antenna to the aerosol, and observed the nano-particles travel from the antennas up through the olfactory nerve, which is used to sense the smell. Due to their tiny size, the nano-particles passed through the brain-blood barrier, reaching the brain and spreading all over it in a matter of minutes. The team tested the concept in locusts because the blood-brain barriers in the insects and humans have similarities. “The shortest and possibly the easiest path to the brain is through your nose,” said Barani Raman, associate professor of biomedical engineering. “Your nose, the olfactory bulb and then olfactory cortex: two steps and you’ve reached the cortex.” To determine whether or not the foreign nano-particles disrupted normal brain function, Saha examined the physiology response of olfactory neurons in the locusts before and after the nano-particle delivery and found no noticeable change in the electro-physiological responses was detected. This is only a beginning of a set of studies that can be performed to make nano-particle-based drug delivery approaches more principled, Raman said. The next phase of research involves fusing the gold nano-particles with various medicines, and using ultrasound to target a more precise dose to specific areas of the brain, which would be especially beneficial in brain-tumor cases. 28. What is the passage mainly about? A. A novel method of drug delivery. B. A challenge facing medical staff. C. A new medicine treating brain disease. D. A technique to improve doctor’s ability. 29. What can we learn from the passage? A Doctors prefer using methods like an injection to treat diseases. B. Locusts were tagged with markers to track their movement. C. The blood-brain barrier lowers the effectiveness of a pill. D. The medicine could reach the brain within half an hour. 30. The researchers focused their study on locusts because . A. human and locusts have similar structures that protect brain from foreign substances B. the delivery process consists of the olfactory bulb and the olfactory cortex C. locusts have changeable electrophysiological responses to nanoparticles D. the shortest and possibly the safest path to the brain is through human’s noses 【答案】28. A 29. C 30. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究人员研发了一种新的风险低、反应快的纳米粒子生成输送方法，通过纳米颗粒向大脑输送药物，改善药物的疗效。 【28题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了研究人员研发了一种新的风险低、反应快的纳米粒子生成输送方法，通过纳米颗粒向大脑输送药物，改善药物的疗效。因此，A项“一种新的药物输送方法”符合文章大意。故选A项。 【29题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“One key reason: the blood-brain barrier, which protects the brain from tissue-specific drug delivery. Methods such as an injection or a pill aren’t as precise or immediate as doctors might prefer, and ensuring delivery right to the brain often requires invasive, risky techniques.（一个关键原因是血脑屏障，它保护大脑不受组织特异性药物输送的影响。注射或服用药片等方法并不像医生所希望的那样精确或即时，确保将药物正确输送到大脑往往需要侵入性的、有风险的技术。）”可知，血脑屏障保护大脑不受组织特异性药物输送的影响，会影响药片的精确性和及时性，降低其有效性。故选C项。 【30题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中“The team tested the concept in locusts because the blood-brain barriers in the insects and humans have similarities.（该团队在蝗虫身上测试了这一概念，因为这种昆虫和人类的血脑屏障有相似之处。）”可知，研究人员将研究重点放在蝗虫身上是因为人类和蝗虫的血脑屏障相似，即有相似的结构来保护大脑免受外来物质的侵害。故选A项。 D How much time do you spend doing research before you make a big decision? There are people who go over every detail exhaustively before making a choice, and it is certainly possible to overthink things. But a fair number of individuals are quick to jump to conclusions. Psychologists call the latter a mental bias (偏见). In this case, the error is making a call based on the least of evidence. A research by Carmen Sanchez a professor at the University of Illinois, and David Dunning, a professor at the University of Michigan, has found that hasty judgments are often just one part of larger error-prone patterns in behavior and thinking. These patterns have costs. People who tend to make such jumps in their reasoning often choose a bet in which they have low chances of winning instead of one where their chances are much better. To study jumping, researchers did an experiment to examine decision-making patterns among 600 people from the general population. They applied a thinking game, in which players encountered someone who was fishing from one of two lakes: in one lake, most of the fish were red; in the other, most were gray. The fisher would catch one fish at a time and stop only when players thought they could say which lake was being fished. Some players had to see many fish before making a decision. Others—the jumpers—stopped after only one or two. Participants were also asked questions to learn more about their thought patterns. It was found that the fewer fish a player waited to see, the more errors that individual made in other types of beliefs, reasoning and decisions. So what is behind jumping? Researchers commonly distinguish between two pathways of thought: automatic, known as system l, which reflects ideas that come to the mind easily, spontaneously and without effort; and controlled, or system 2, consisting of effortful reasoning that is analytic, mindful and intentional. It was found that jumpers and non-jumpers were equally influenced by automatic thoughts. The jumpers, however, did not engage in controlled reasoning to the same degree as non-jumpers. It is system 2 thinking that helps people counterbalance mental biases introduced by system 1. A lack of system 2 thinking is also more broadly connected to their problematic beliefs and faulty reasoning. In everyday life, the question of whether we should think things through or instead go with our heart is a frequent and important one. Recent studies show that even gathering just a little bit more evidence may help us avoid a major mistake. Sometimes the most important decision we make can be to take some more time before making a choice. 31. What is the main idea of the first two paragraphs? A. Overthinking things is a mental bias. B. Evidence is a necessity for judgments. C Jumping results from a wish to win a bet. D. Jumpers have a tendency to a mental mistake. 32. What can we learn from the experiment? A. Jumpers caught more fish than non-jumpers. B. Non-jumpers gave quicker answers than jumpers. C. Non-jumpers tended to see more fish before naming the lake. D. People who saw fewer fish made fewer mistakes in reasoning. 33. According to the passage, in which situation is system 2 engaged more? A. After comparing different brands and models, David purchased a car. B. On hearing that the Apollo moon landings were faked, Mia believed it. C. Seeing the dirty windows of a restaurant, Mary decided its food was bad. D. When picking a doctor, Jim merely accepted the recommendation from a friend. 34. What does the author intend to tell us? A. To reflect on our thought patterns regularly. B. To think twice before we make our decisions. C. To realize the consequences of faulty reasoning. D. To adopt two pathways of thought before acting. 【答案】31. D 32. C 33. A 34. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要向读者讲述了很多人做决定前会考虑，并对其进行了说明。 【31题详解】 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“In this case, the error is making a call based on the least of evidence.( 在这种情况下，错误是基于最少的证据做出判断。)”和文章第二段“A research …has found that hasty judgments are often just one part of larger error-prone patterns in behavior and thinking. These patterns have costs. People who tend to make such jumps in their reasoning often choose a bet in which they have low chances of winning instead of one where their chances are much better.(伊利诺伊大学(University of Illinois)教授卡门·桑切斯(Carmen Sanchez)和密歇根大学(University of Michigan)教授戴维·邓宁(David Dunning)的一项研究发现，草率的判断往往只是行为和思维中容易出错的更大模式的一部分。这些模式有成本。那些倾向于在推理中做出这种跳跃的人通常会选择胜算不大的赌注，而不是胜算大得多的赌注。)”可知，文章前两段主要讲述了思维跳跃者往往会犯心理错误。故选D。 【32题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“The fisher would catch one fish at a time and stop only when players thought they could say which lake was being fished. Some players had to see many fish before making a decision. Others—the jumpers—stopped after only one or two.( 渔民一次只能捕到一条鱼，只有当玩家认为他们能够说出在哪个湖钓鱼时才会停下来。有些玩家在做出决定前必须看到许多鱼。其他人——思维跳跃者——只跳了一两次就停止了。)”可知，非跳跃思维者在给湖命名前倾向于看到更多的鱼。故选C。 【33题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“and controlled, or system 2, consisting of effortful reasoning that is analytic, mindful and intentional. It was found that jumpers and non-jumpers were equally influenced by automatic thoughts. The jumpers, however, did not engage in controlled reasoning to the same degree as non-jumpers. It is system 2 thinking that helps people counterbalance mental biases introduced by system 1. A lack of system 2 thinking is also more broadly connected to their problematic beliefs and faulty reasoning.( 受控的，或系统2，由分析的，有意识的和有意的努力推理组成。研究发现，跳跃者和非跳跃者受到自动思维的影响是一样的。然而，跳跃者并没有像非跳跃者那样进行控制推理。正是第二系统的思维方式帮助人们对抗由第一系统引入的心理偏见。第二系统思维的缺乏也与他们有问题的信念和错误的推理有更广泛的联系。)”可知，在比较了不同的品牌和车型后，大卫购买了一辆汽车，符合系统2。故选A。 【34题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“In everyday life, the question of whether we should think things through or instead go with our heart is a frequent and important one. Recent studies show that even gathering just a little bit more evidence may help us avoid a major mistake. Sometimes the most important decision we make can be to take some more time before making a choice.( 在日常生活中，我们是应该深思熟虑，还是应该用心去做，这是一个频繁而重要的问题。最近的研究表明，即使再多收集一点证据，也可以帮助我们避免重大错误。有时候，我们做出的最重要的决定可能是在做出选择之前多花些时间。)”可知，作者想要告诉我们在行动之前应该三思而后行。故选B。 第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，共10分) 根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。 If you have ever had trouble persuading yourself to do things you should do or would like to do, you have experienced procrastination. If you are a typical procrastinator, perhaps you spend an excessive amount of time watching TV, playing video games, checking Facebook, eating (even when you’re not hungry), obsessively cleaning or pacing back and forth through the office. ____35____ Once again, you end up doing nothing. Sound familiar? Lazy people don’t do anything and are just fine with it.____36____They truly want to fulfil their obligations (职责) but just can’t figure out how. ____37____ Relaxing recharges you with energy. In contrast, procrastinating drains it from you. The less energy you have, the greater the chances of you putting off your responsibilities, and, once more, you will accomplish nothing. The studies on procrastination ever conducted indicate that failure of the ability to listen to ourselves is most likely the main reason why we put things off. The scientific name of this ability is self-regulation. Self-regulation is the ability to consciously control your emotions. ____38____ Thanks to this, you will procrastinate less. Current research indicates that willpower can be compared to a muscle, It is possible to strengthen it through training. To overcome procrastination, you need to start by setting the bar as low as possible. Creating habits isn’t about quantity; it’s about small steps and regular repetition. By making gradual increases, once you learn a new habit, you can strengthen your willpower muscle. As you slowly raise the bar, your willpower will gain strength. ____39____ A. Don’t confuse procrastination with relaxation, either. B. The more powerful it is, the easier it will be for you to make a breakthrough. C. Learning how to develop good habits and kick bad ones can be achieved by taking small steps. D. Procrastinators, however, have the desire to actually do something but can’t force themselves to start. E. If you train willpower to perform one activity, you can use its strength to do other things as well. F. Afterwards, you feel powerless and are overcome with feelings of guilt and frustration. G. The more developed this ability is, the more often you will do what you tell yourself to do and the better you will resist temptation. 【答案】35. F 36. D 37. A 38. G 39. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了拖延症的症状，其产生原因是和自我调节能力有关，以及解决办法。 【35题详解】 上文“If you are a typical procrastinator, perhaps you spend an excessive amount of time watching TV, playing video games, checking Facebook, eating (even when you’re not hungry), obsessively cleaning or pacing back and forth through the office.(如果你是一个典型的拖延症患者，也许你花了太多时间看电视、玩电子游戏、查看脸书、吃饭（即使你不饿的时候）、痴迷于打扫卫生或在办公室来回踱步)”说明了典型的拖延症患者经常做的事情。空处顺接前文，说明这样做的后果。F项“之后，你会感到无能为力，充满内疚和沮丧。”符合语境。故选F。 【36题详解】 上文“Lazy people don’t do anything and are just fine with it.(懒惰的人什么都不做，他们对此很满意)”说明懒惰的人什么也不做。D项“然而，拖延症患者渴望真正做一些事情，但不能强迫自己开始”中however和前文形成转折关系，由讲述懒惰的人过渡到有拖延症的人，并指出二者的区别，说明拖延症患者有真正做某事的欲望，但不能强迫自己开始。故选D。 【37题详解】 下文“Relaxing recharges you with energy. In contrast, procrastinating drains it from you. The less energy you have, the greater the chances of you putting off your responsibilities, and, once more, you will accomplish nothing.(放松会给你补充能量。相反，拖延会耗尽你的能量。你的精力越少，你推卸责任的机会就越大，而且，再一次，你将一事无成)”说明本段主要讲述了拖延症和放松的区别。空处为段首句，起到统领全段的作用。A项“也不要把拖延和放松混为一谈。”符合语境，适合作本段的主旨句。故选A。 【38题详解】 上文“The studies on procrastination ever conducted indicate that failure of the ability to listen to ourselves is most likely the main reason why we put things off. The scientific name of this ability is self-regulation. Self-regulation is the ability to consciously control your emotions.(曾经进行的关于拖延症的研究表明，倾听自己的能力的失败很可能是我们拖延的主要原因。这种能力的科学名称是自我调节。自我调节是有意识地控制情绪的能力)”说明自我调节能力差是我们做事拖延的主要原因。空处顺接前文。G项中的“ this ability”指前文中的“自我调节能力”，说明这种能力越发达，你就越经常做你告诉自己要做的事情，你就能更好地抵抗诱惑。故选G。 【39题详解】 上文“To overcome procrastination, you need to start by setting the bar as low as possible. Creating habits isn’t about quantity; it’s about small steps and regular repetition. By making gradual increases, once you learn a new habit, you can strengthen your willpower muscle. As you slowly raise the bar, your willpower will gain strength.(为了克服拖延症，你需要从尽可能低的门槛开始。养成习惯与数量无关；它是关于小步和有规律的重复。通过逐渐增加，一旦你学会了一个新习惯，你就能增强你的意志力。当你慢慢提高标准时，你的意志力就会增强)”说明克服拖延症是要从低门槛开始，形成一个新的习惯，让后在慢慢提高标准，这样意志力就会增强。空处总结前文，B 项“它越强大，你就越容易取得突破”中的it指点前文中的“willpower”，说明意志力越强大，你就越容易取得突破。故选B。 第三部分 书面表达(共两节，32分) 第一节(共4小题;第40、41题各2分，第42题3分，第43题5分，共12分) 阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 We all love to criticize, but unfortunately, we also hate being criticized. We freely post and comment on others, but feel annoyed at the way others assess us, both online and in person. The world seems unlikely to change anytime soon. Fortunately, though, each of us can change how we give and take criticism, which will make us less likely to harm others, more resistant to being angry, and better able to benefit from feedback — even when it is negative. Criticism is defined as judgment of the merits (优点) and faults of something or someone in written or spoken form. Technically, criticism can include praise, but that isn’t what concerns us here. What annoys us is criticism of the negative variety, even when well-intentioned — so-called constructive criticism, which means to provide guidance so we can improve. Worst of all is destructive criticism, which aims to cause hurt or damage. The culture of criticism isn’t going away. The only way to flourish (繁荣) in it, and despite it, is to adopt new habits of getting and giving critical feedback. One rule is to assume that criticism, even when it seems personal, is not actually about you personally. When we receive criticism, we make it personal in two ways. First, we may naturally analyze the critic rather than the criticism. Second, we tend to consider the criticism a judgment on our natural abilities, rather than on our performance. Interestingly, even among young children, research shows that viewing criticism as a judgment on one’s abilities can lead to lower self-worth, lower positive mood, and less persistence at tasks. If taking criticism is particularly hard for you, you are not alone. However, taking criticism badly is more embarrassing, ultimately, than the criticism itself. If we do the work to learn to accept negative feedback, we will be much better off. 40. What will be the results of changing the way we give and take criticism? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 41. What is the difference between constructive and destructive criticism? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. Children who receive criticism have lower self-worth because they take criticism as a judgment on their performance. ____________________________________________________________________________________ 43. What benefit(s) would you gain from learning to accept negative feedback? (In about 40 words) ____________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】40. We will be less likely to harm others, more resistant to being angry, and better able to benefit from feedback— even when it is negative. 41. Constructive criticism means to provide guidance so we can improve, while destructive criticism aims to cause hurt or damage. 42. Children who receive criticism have lower self-worth because they take criticism as a judgment on their performance. They take criticism as a judgment on their abilities. 43. Learning to accept negative feedback can help us resist anger more easily and criticize more correctly. In addition, accepting negative feedback can help us put our shortcomings in perspective, correct our mistakes and improve ourselves. 【解析】 【导语】本文为一篇说明文，说明了批评对我们的影响及我们应如何正确地对待批评。 【40题详解】 考查细节理解。根据文章第一段“Fortunately, though, each of us can change how we give and take criticism, which will make us less likely to harm others, more resistant to being angry, and better able to benefit from feedback— even when it is negative.(幸运的是，我们每个人都可以改变我们给予和接受批评的方式，这将使我们不太可能伤害别人，更抵制愤怒，并能更好地从反馈中获益——即使是消极的反馈)”可知，改变我们给予和接受批评的方式会使我们不太可能伤害别人，更抵制愤怒，并能更好地从反馈中获益——即使是消极的反馈。故答案为We will be less likely to harm others, more resistant to being angry, and better able to benefit from feedback — even when it is negative. 【41题详解】 考查细节理解。根据文章第二段“What annoys us is criticism of the negative variety, even when well-intentioned — so-called constructive criticism, which means to provide guidance so we can improve. Worst of all is destructive criticism, which aims to cause hurt or damage.(让我们烦恼的是负面的批评，即使是善意的所谓建设性的批评，也意味着提供指导，让我们提高。最糟糕的是破坏性的批评，它的目的是造成伤害或破坏)”可知，建设性的批评是指提供指导，使我们能够改进，而破坏性的批评旨在造成伤害或损害。故答案为Constructive criticism means to provide guidance so we can improve, while destructive criticism aims to cause hurt or damage. 【42题详解】 考查推理判断。根据文章倒数第二段“Second, we tend to consider the criticism a judgment on our natural abilities, rather than on our performance. Interestingly, even among young children, research shows that viewing criticism as a judgment on one’s abilities can lead to lower self-worth, lower positive mood, and less persistence at tasks.(第二，我们倾向于认为批评是对我们天生能力的判断，而不是对我们的表现的判断。有趣的是，研究表明，即使是在年幼的孩子中，将批评视为对一个人能力的判断，也会导致自我价值降低、积极情绪降低、任务坚持度降低)”可推知，接受批评的孩子自我价值较低，因为他们把批评当成对自己能力的评判，而不是表现得判断。故答案为Children who receive criticism have lower self-worth because they take criticism as a judgment on their performance./They take criticism as a judgment on their abilities. 【43题详解】 开放性试题。根据文章最后一段“If we do the work to learn to accept negative feedback, we will be much better off.(如果我们努力学习接受负面反馈，我们就会变得更好)”可知，学习接受负面反馈能帮助我们更容易抵制愤怒，同时更正确地进行批评。此外，接受负面反馈还能帮助我们正确地看待自己的不足，纠正错误并提高自己。故答案为Learning to accept negative feedback can help us resist anger more easily and criticize more correctly. In addition, accepting negative feedback can help us put our shortcomings in perspective, correct our mistakes and improve ourselves. 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 2024-2025学年第二学期高三年级开学测试 英 语 (考试时间：90 分钟 试卷满分： 100 分) 第一部分 知识运用 (共两节，30 分) 第一节 (共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分) 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 Some dreams take longer to come true than others, but with the help of 21st-century social media and her great-grandson, at the age of 110, one British woman is ____1____ hers at long last. At the end of World War I, Amy Hawkins was a 7-year-old child who loved nothing more than to ____2____. As a teen, Hawkins set her ____3____ on becoming an entertainer. Hawkins was on her way, touring the country with a dance troupe - until her ambition was ____4____ by her mom, who didn’t see it as a respectable ____5____ for a young lady. All these years later, the 110-year-old lady lives at home in Monmouth, South Wales, surrounded by her loved ones. The four-generation family unit includes her granddaughter, Hannah Freeman, and Freeman’s 14-year-old son, Sacha. Even though she’s no longer doing it ____6____, Hawkins has never stopped singing. “She’s like a clock, once you ____7____ her up she won’t stop,” Freeman said in an interview. “She just keeps asking, ‘Would you like another one?’.” On Hawkins’ 110th birthday, Sacha ____8____ his great-gran singing one of her favorite WWI tunes. When Freeman jokingly suggested Sacha post it to TikTok, neither of them could have ____9____ the overwhelmingly positive response it would receive, reaching 100,000 views and a large number of emotional praises in just days. Some journeys take longer than others. Sometimes, we’re detoured (绕路) along the way. Dreams can and do come true every day. While it’s been a long time coming, Amy Hawkins is _____10_____ a whole new generation of fans. 1. A. reflecting B. realizing C. recalling D. researching 2 A. paint B. study C. sing D. film 3. A. values B. limits C. hands D. sights 4. A. cut back B. cut short C. cut through D. cut in 5. A. method B. grade C. level D. occupation 6 A. nervously B. reasonably C. professionally D. secretly 7. A. wind B. show C. bring D. cut 8. A. caught B. reported C. videoed D. remembered 9. A. suspected B. noticed C. missed D. imagined 10. A. entertaining B. becoming C. representing D. inviting 第二节：语法填空 (共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分) A 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 The revealing of the Hangzhou Asian Games medals took place alongside the flame-lighting ceremony ____11____ (hold) in Liangzhu an archaeological (考古的) site of the ancient Chinese city, The Asian Games medals have been named Shan Shui, which translates to “lake and mountain”. The medal design ____12____ (comprise) a round medal in a square jade, similar to the ceremonial jade cong, an ancient Chinese container from the Liangzhu culture. The back side of the medal is a square seal, ____13____ (symbolize) the athletes’ mark on the Asian Games. B 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Shi Guangyin of Shaanxi has spent decades ___14___ (fight) desertification in the Maowusu Desert. For more than thirty years Shi led a group of tough guys in northern Shaanxi and ____15____ (plant) more than 53 million trees on the contracted 250, 000 mu of barren sand and alkali (碱) beaches, creating a “green Great Wall” in Yulin. “The ___16___ (prevent) and control of sand damage in the new era must not only solve ecological problems, but also solve the problem of poverty,” Shi said. C 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 There is one single seasonal delicacy ____17____ (prize) by Shanghai’s food lovers above all others: the hairy crab (大闸蟹). In the days of early autumn, Shanghai locals start to wander at the fish market, and, once hairy crab season ____18____ (start), it’s a nonstop three-month-long celebration. The best crabs appear early — in the ninth lunar month for females, when the roe (蟹黄) is ____19____ its peak. I’ve always found crabs difficult to eat, but the roe, ___20___ makes your lips (嘴唇) and fingers yellow, is a worthy prize. 第二部分 阅读理解 (共两节，38分) 第一节 (共14小题;每小题2分，共28分) 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A While any work environment provides opportunities to make friends, some jobs are more social than others. A Coffee Shop Thanks to Starbucks, coffee shops have never been more plentiful. Coffee places are great for opportunities to meet people because there are usually a variety of people coming in and out through the day. You can chat with customers and coworkers alike. The casual environment encourages conversation and the flexible schedule allows you to work there even if you have a full-time job already. A Book Store Book lovers are great friends to have. They’re often misunderstood as being “not social,” but they just interact with people in a different way. Bookstores are perfect for finding passionate friends and connecting you with other folks who enjoy reading and intellectual pursuits. Hospitality Jobs Jobs like bartenders, restaurant workers, and wait staff usually have flexible hours and attract a variety of people. For some, it’s their full-time career. For others, they’re working for extra money or because they’re involved with another life goal (like college) and need the flexibility. This type of diversity is a good environment to make friends in and as a bonus, you’ll see many different people coming through as customers as well. Retail Sales Stores and businesses are busy and have a wide variety of people coming in and out. This is the perfect environment to meet a few new folks. Many retail employees bond quickly with their coworkers because the jobs can be challenging and stressful at times, so they lean on each other, share stories, and find ways to relax and blow off steam outside of work. All of these are good for making friendships that will last. 21. Which of the following helps connect people thirsty for knowledge? A. A Coffee Shop. B. A Book Store. C. Hospitality Jobs. D. Retail Sales. 22 What can college students needing extra money choose to work as? A. Grocers. B. Librarians. C. Retailers. D. Waiters. 23. What do all the jobs have in common? A. They are stressful. B. They offer high salaries. C. They enhance social skills. D. They require rich experience. B William had worked hard to pass the exams to enter high school. When the term began, however, his father told him that there was no money to pay for his school fees because of the summer drought. Still, William wanted to learn. He made the village library his school. One day, he found a book called Using Energy. On the book’s cover was a picture of windmills, tall steel towers with blades (叶片) spinning like giant fans. He learned that wind — something of which his hometown had plenty — could produce electricity. He couldn’t help picturing his own windmill in mind, but collecting the parts and tools he needed would take months. In a junkyard, he dug through piles of used metal, old cars, and worn-out tractors, searching for anything that might help him construct his machine. He made four-foot-long blades from plastic pipe, which he melted over a fire, flattened out, and hardened with bamboo poles. Earning some money, he paid a blacksmith to attach the piston (活塞) to the pedal sprocket (踏板链轮) of an old bicycle frame. This would be the axle (轮轴) of the windmill. When the wind blew, the spinning blades would turn the bicycle wheel and spin a small dynamo (发电机), donated by his friend. When he had collected all the parts, William began putting them together. He fixed the blades to the tractor fan he found, using washers (垫圈) he’d made from bottle caps. Next he pushed the fan onto the piston joint to the bicycle frame. With the help of his two best friends, William built a 16-foot-tall tower from trunks of trees and lifted the ninety-pound windmill to the top. The big moments eventually came. He climbed up the tower and connected two wires that held a small bulb. As the wind whipped around him, the blades began to turn, slowly at first, then faster and faster. The light bulb flickered (闪烁), then flashed to life. The crowd cheered from below. “Wachitabwina (well done)!” William’s machine now powered his house. And the story of the boy who’d built a power-generating windmill to rescue his family from the drought spread across the Internet. 24. After reading Using Energy, what did William decide to do? A. Learn to survive a drought. B. Make use of wind. C. Build a village library. D. Enter a high school. 25. According to Para.3 which of the following word can best describe William? A. Determined. B. Cooperative. C. Humorous. D. Optimistic. 26. What can you learn about William’s machine? A. It was built by villagers. B. It was made from metal materials. C. It took him years to complete it. D. It worked at the first attempt. 27. What is the best title for the passage? A. Windmills for Villages B. Ideas Worth Spreading C. Winds Of Hope D. Learning from Experience C Delivering life-saving drugs directly to the brain in a safe and effective way is a challenge for medical providers. One key reason: the blood-brain barrier, which protects the brain from tissue-specific drug delivery. Methods such as an injection or a pill aren’t as precise or immediate as doctors might prefer, and ensuring delivery right to the brain often requires invasive, risky techniques. A team of engineers from Washington University in St. Louis has developed a new nano-particle generation-delivery method that could someday vastly improve drug delivery to the brain, making it as simple as a sniff. “This would be a nano-particle nasal spray, and the delivery system could allow medicine to reach the brain within 30 minutes to one hour,” said Ramesh Raliya, research scientist at the School of Engineering & Applied Science. “The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from foreign substances in the blood that may injure the brain,” Raliya said. “ But when we need to deliver something there, getting through that barrier is difficult and invasive. Our non-invasive technique can deliver drugs via nano-particles, so there’s less risk and better response times.” The novel approach is based on aerosol science and engineering principles that allow the generation of mono-disperse nano-particles, which can deposit on upper regions of the nasal cavity via spread. The nano-particles were tagged with markers, allowing the researchers to track their movement. Next, researchers exposed locusts’ antenna to the aerosol, and observed the nano-particles travel from the antennas up through the olfactory nerve, which is used to sense the smell. Due to their tiny size, the nano-particles passed through the brain-blood barrier, reaching the brain and spreading all over it in a matter of minutes. The team tested the concept in locusts because the blood-brain barriers in the insects and humans have similarities. “The shortest and possibly the easiest path to the brain is through your nose,” said Barani Raman, associate professor of biomedical engineering. “Your nose, the olfactory bulb and then olfactory cortex: two steps and you’ve reached the cortex.” To determine whether or not the foreign nano-particles disrupted normal brain function, Saha examined the physiology response of olfactory neurons in the locusts before and after the nano-particle delivery and found no noticeable change in the electro-physiological responses was detected. This is only a beginning of a set of studies that can be performed to make nano-particle-based drug delivery approaches more principled, Raman said. The next phase of research involves fusing the gold nano-particles with various medicines, and using ultrasound to target a more precise dose to specific areas of the brain, which would be especially beneficial in brain-tumor cases. 28. What is the passage mainly about? A. A novel method of drug delivery. B. A challenge facing medical staff. C. A new medicine treating brain disease. D. A technique to improve doctor’s ability. 29. What can we learn from the passage? A. Doctors prefer using methods like an injection to treat diseases. B. Locusts were tagged with markers to track their movement. C. The blood-brain barrier lowers the effectiveness of a pill. D. The medicine could reach the brain within half an hour. 30. The researchers focused their study on locusts because . A. human and locusts have similar structures that protect brain from foreign substances B. the delivery process consists of the olfactory bulb and the olfactory cortex C. locusts have changeable electrophysiological responses to nanoparticles D. the shortest and possibly the safest path to the brain is through human’s noses D How much time do you spend doing research before you make a big decision? There are people who go over every detail exhaustively before making a choice, and it is certainly possible to overthink things. But a fair number of individuals are quick to jump to conclusions. Psychologists call the latter a mental bias (偏见). In this case, the error is making a call based on the least of evidence. A research by Carmen Sanchez, a professor at the University of Illinois, and David Dunning, a professor at the University of Michigan, has found that hasty judgments are often just one part of larger error-prone patterns in behavior and thinking. These patterns have costs. People who tend to make such jumps in their reasoning often choose a bet in which they have low chances of winning instead of one where their chances are much better. To study jumping, researchers did an experiment to examine decision-making patterns among 600 people from the general population. They applied a thinking game, in which players encountered someone who was fishing from one of two lakes: in one lake, most of the fish were red; in the other, most were gray. The fisher would catch one fish at a time and stop only when players thought they could say which lake was being fished. Some players had to see many fish before making a decision. Others—the jumpers—stopped after only one or two. Participants were also asked questions to learn more about their thought patterns. It was found that the fewer fish a player waited to see, the more errors that individual made in other types of beliefs, reasoning and decisions. So what is behind jumping? Researchers commonly distinguish between two pathways of thought: automatic, known as system l, which reflects ideas that come to the mind easily, spontaneously and without effort; and controlled, or system 2, consisting of effortful reasoning that is analytic, mindful and intentional. It was found that jumpers and non-jumpers were equally influenced by automatic thoughts. The jumpers, however, did not engage in controlled reasoning to the same degree as non-jumpers. It is system 2 thinking that helps people counterbalance mental biases introduced by system 1. A lack of system 2 thinking is also more broadly connected to their problematic beliefs and faulty reasoning. In everyday life, the question of whether we should think things through or instead go with our heart is a frequent and important one. Recent studies show that even gathering just a little bit more evidence may help us avoid a major mistake. Sometimes the most important decision we make can be to take some more time before making a choice. 31. What is the main idea of the first two paragraphs? A. Overthinking things is a mental bias. B. Evidence is a necessity for judgments. C. Jumping results from a wish to win a bet. D. Jumpers have a tendency to a mental mistake. 32. What can we learn from the experiment? A. Jumpers caught more fish than non-jumpers. B. Non-jumpers gave quicker answers than jumpers. C. Non-jumpers tended to see more fish before naming the lake. D. People who saw fewer fish made fewer mistakes in reasoning. 33. According to the passage, in which situation is system 2 engaged more? A. After comparing different brands and models, David purchased a car. B. On hearing that the Apollo moon landings were faked, Mia believed it. C. Seeing the dirty windows of a restaurant, Mary decided its food was bad. D. When picking a doctor, Jim merely accepted the recommendation from a friend. 34. What does the author intend to tell us? A. To reflect on our thought patterns regularly. B. To think twice before we make our decisions. C. To realize the consequences of faulty reasoning. D. To adopt two pathways of thought before acting. 第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，共10分) 根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。 If you have ever had trouble persuading yourself to do things you should do or would like to do, you have experienced procrastination. If you are a typical procrastinator, perhaps you spend an excessive amount of time watching TV, playing video games, checking Facebook, eating (even when you’re not hungry), obsessively cleaning or pacing back and forth through the office. ____35____ Once again, you end up doing nothing. Sound familiar? Lazy people don’t do anything and are just fine with it.____36____They truly want to fulfil their obligations (职责) but just can’t figure out how. ____37____ Relaxing recharges you with energy. In contrast, procrastinating drains it from you. The less energy you have, the greater the chances of you putting off your responsibilities, and, once more, you will accomplish nothing. The studies on procrastination ever conducted indicate that failure of the ability to listen to ourselves is most likely the main reason why we put things off. The scientific name of this ability is self-regulation. Self-regulation is the ability to consciously control your emotions. ____38____ Thanks to this, you will procrastinate less. Current research indicates that willpower can be compared to a muscle, It is possible to strengthen it through training. To overcome procrastination, you need to start by setting the bar as low as possible. Creating habits isn’t about quantity; it’s about small steps and regular repetition. By making gradual increases, once you learn a new habit, you can strengthen your willpower muscle. As you slowly raise the bar, your willpower will gain strength. ____39____ A. Don’t confuse procrastination with relaxation, either. B. The more powerful it is, the easier it will be for you to make a breakthrough. C. Learning how to develop good habits and kick bad ones can be achieved by taking small steps. D. Procrastinators, however, have the desire to actually do something but can’t force themselves to start. E. If you train willpower to perform one activity, you can use its strength to do other things as well. F. Afterwards, you feel powerless and are overcome with feelings of guilt and frustration. G. The more developed this ability is, the more often you will do what you tell yourself to do and the better you will resist temptation. 第三部分 书面表达(共两节，32分) 第一节(共4小题;第40、41题各2分，第42题3分，第43题5分，共12分) 阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 We all love to criticize, but unfortunately, we also hate being criticized. We freely post and comment on others, but feel annoyed at the way others assess us, both online and in person. The world seems unlikely to change anytime soon. Fortunately, though, each of us can change how we give and take criticism, which will make us less likely to harm others, more resistant to being angry, and better able to benefit from feedback — even when it is negative. Criticism is defined as judgment of the merits (优点) and faults of something or someone in written or spoken form. Technically, criticism can include praise, but that isn’t what concerns us here. What annoys us is criticism of the negative variety, even when well-intentioned — so-called constructive criticism, which means to provide guidance so we can improve. Worst of all is destructive criticism, which aims to cause hurt or damage. The culture of criticism isn’t going away. The only way to flourish (繁荣) in it, and despite it, is to adopt new habits of getting and giving critical feedback. One rule is to assume that criticism, even when it seems personal, is not actually about you personally. When we receive criticism, we make it personal in two ways. First, we may naturally analyze the critic rather than the criticism. Second, we tend to consider the criticism a judgment on our natural abilities, rather than on our performance. Interestingly, even among young children, research shows that viewing criticism as a judgment on one’s abilities can lead to lower self-worth, lower positive mood, and less persistence at tasks. If taking criticism is particularly hard for you, you are not alone. However, taking criticism badly is more embarrassing, ultimately, than the criticism itself. If we do the work to learn to accept negative feedback, we will be much better off. 40. What will be the results of changing the way we give and take criticism? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 41. What is the difference between constructive and destructive criticism? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. Children who receive criticism have lower self-worth because they take criticism as a judgment on their performance. ____________________________________________________________________________________ 43. What benefit(s) would you gain from learning to accept negative feedback? (In about 40 words) ____________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$