Unit2 Section Ⅱ Learning About Language-【正禾一本通】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第三册同步课堂高效讲义教师用书（人教版2019）

Section Ⅱ　Learning About Language ①To learn a second language is my dream.I know that it is difficult ②to learn it well.I turned to my teacher for help.He told me that it will take a lot of time and energy ③to master the language.As we all know, speaking and writing play an important part in learning a language.Therefore, it is necessary for me ④to make a pen pal to practice the language. 文中各句均是动词不定式作主语，其中加黑处②③④是it作形式主语，动词不定式作真正主语。 动词不定式(短语)作主语 动词不定式(短语)作主语时，相当于名词或代词的作用，一般表示具体的、一次性的动作。 一、 不定式(短语)置于句首作主语时的主谓一致问题 1．单个不定式作主语时，谓语动词通常用第三人称单数形式。 To get enough protein each day is beneficial to our health. 每天摄取足够的蛋白质对我们的健康有益。 2．两个或两个以上的不定式作主语时，若语义基本一致或不定式作为一个整体，谓语动词用单数；若语义不一致，则用复数。 ①To love and to be loved is sweet to us. 爱和被爱对我们来说都是甜蜜的。 ②To improve people's lives and to speed up social construction are two important tasks. 改善人们的生活和加快社会建设是两项重要任务。 二、it作形式主语 动词不定式作主语时，若不定式太长，为避免头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语，将真正的主语置于后面。 1．It is＋adj.＋(for/of sb) to do sth(对某人来说)做某事是…… (1)如果形容词表示的是不定式的逻辑主语的性质、身份、特点，如careless, clever, good, kind, foolish, honest, impolite, lazy, nice, silly, wise等，用介词of。 It is impolite of you to disturb others.打扰他人是不礼貌的。 (2)如果形容词表示的是事物或行为的特点或性质，如difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible, necessary, inconvenient, essential 等，用介词for。 It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour. 在十五分钟内写完这个作文对我们来说太难了。 2．It is＋n.＋to do sth 做某事是…… ①It is a hard task to change long habits in a short time. 要在短时间内改掉长期养成的习惯是一项艰巨的任务。 ②It is a doctor's duty to heal the wounded and rescue the dying. 救死扶伤是医生的职责。 3．It takes sb some time to do sth 做某事花费某人多长时间 It took us nine years to build the Hong Kong­Zhuhai­Macao Bridge. 建造港珠澳大桥花费了我们9年的时间。 4．It seems＋形容词＋to do(其他系动词如look、appear等也可用于此句型)做某事似乎…… It seemed impossible to save money.省钱似乎不可能。 5．当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用it is...to...的句型 To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。 ————即学即练1———— 完成句子/翻译句子 ①步行去银行大约用十分钟时间。 It takes about ten minutes to walk to the bank． ②在一天结束的时候，我们很容易入睡。 It was easy for us to go to sleep at the end of the day． ③这些结果表明，要想从运动中获得最大的益处最好先不吃油炸食物。 The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise，it may be wise to skip eating fried food first． ④这是一个特殊的时刻，我和我的孩子们建立了联系，让他们沉浸在书的奇妙世界中。 It was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books. ⑤你这样说真是太好了。 It's very kind of you to say so. 三、不定式与动名词作主语的区别 1．动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。 ①Smoking is prohibited here.这里禁止抽烟。(抽象) ②It is not very good for you to smoke so much. 你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体) 2．动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验；不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。 ①Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(经验) ②To finish the task will take a long time. 要完成这项任务将花费很长时间。(具体) 【点拨】　如果作主语的不定式是固定说法，或表示强烈的对比，或某些具体情况等，通常不用动名词替代。 Erroring is human.(×) To error is human.(√) 没有不犯错的人。 ————即学即练2———— 单句语法填空 ①Walking (walk)is a good form of exercise for both the young and the old. ②Driving (drive) a car during the rush hour is tiring. ③It is no use crying (cry)over the split milk. ④Playing (play)with fire is dangerous. ⑤To play (play)with fire will be dangerous. make up one's mind 下定决心 make up one's mind to do sth 某人下定决心做某事 change one's mind 改变主意 bear/keep...in mind 记住…… come into/to one's mind 突然想起 【练透】　单句语法填空/完成句子 ①We made up our minds to go (go) to the country for our holiday. ②Always keep in mind that safety comes first. ③(2022·全国甲卷)我们似乎无法决定我们是想要一个现代城市还是一个传统城市。 We can't seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. ④突然，一个可怕的念头出现在我的脑海里。(读后续写之心理描写) All of a sudden, a terrible thought came into my mind． 【点拨】　make up one's mind中的名词mind有数的变化，根据one's的单复数来确定mind的单复数。 由……组成 compose vt.& vi.组成；作曲；撰写 【练透】　一句多译 委员会应由草药品领域的专家组成。 →The committee should be composed of experts in the field of herbal medicinal products. (compose) →The committee should be comprised of experts in the field of herbal medicinal products. (comprise) →The committee should be made up of experts in the field of herbal medicinal products. (make) →The committee should consist of experts in the field of herbal medicinal products.(consist) disturb vt.打扰；搅乱；使烦恼 It disturbs sb to do sth 做某事使某人不安 disturb sb with sth 用……打扰某人 be disturbed by 为……感到不安；被……打扰 【练透】　单句语法填空/句式升级 ①I'm sorry to disturb you with this question. ②You'd better say sorry to those who were disturbed by your loud noise. →You'd better say sorry to those disturbed by your loud noise．(用非谓语动词改写) (时间：45分钟　满分：100分) Ⅰ.单句语法填空(每题1.5分，共15分) 1．We have made up our minds (mind) to continue our project in spite of the difficulty. 2．The organization is composed (compose) of ten branches all over the world. 3．The boy dreams of becoming a surgeon (surgery) when he grows up. 4．The villagers are looking forward to their liberation (liberate) from poverty. 5．The young man was asked to shave off his beard before entering the company. 6．We are disturbed (disturb) to see the strange things the actor is doing. 7．We decide to ask the specialist (special) to examine the patient. 8．I work as a consultant (consult) in a company in Beijing. 9．Drugs (drug) are what I hate even though I fall ill. 10．The boy is good at skipping (skip), which surprises us greatly. Ⅱ.语法与写作(每题3分，共15分) 1．我认为你问面试会持续多久是不礼貌的。 I think it is impolite of you to ask how long the interview will last. 2．她花了一个多小时的时间来分析这些有助于她写研究报告的数据。 It took her more than an hour to analyze the data which helped her write research reports. 3．事实上，一开始就进行太多的锻炼对你的身体健康是有害的。 Actually, to start with too much exercise is bad for your physical health. 4．汤姆很固执，所以你要说服他改变主意是很不容易的。 Tom is stubborn, so it's not easy for you to persuade him to change his mind. 5．那位老人无私地把食物送给街上无家可归的人。 It's selfless of the old man to give away food to the homeless in the street. Ⅰ.阅读理解(每题5分，共40分) A Sleeping badly or working night shifts could be making you fat, weak and more likely to become diabetic.A study has revealed sleep loss changes the way people's DNA works and makes the body more dedicated to storing fat.Muscles get smaller and fat stores begin to rise when people lose as little as one night's sleep, the experts found.Although midnight snacks or being too tired to exercise could be blamed for tired people getting fatter, there may now be a more scientific reason. Researchers have linked losing sleep to weight gain in the past but have found it difficult to explain—now they reveal it could be linked to the body clock.And a tired body also becomes less able to handle sugar in the blood which raises the risk of someone developing type 2 diabetes. Sleep researchers from Uppsala University in Sweden did a study on 15 people who they tested after a full night's sleep and after a sleepless night.They took fat and muscle tissue samples and collected blood from the healthy weight participants and found the way their DNA works had changed.The researchers say their findings are important because high levels of body fat increase the risk of the world's biggest causes of death: cancer, heart disease and stroke. People's sensitivity to blood sugar is also dampened when they're tired, the study found, which suggests those who don't sleep well are at higher risk of type 2 diabetes.“We saw that the fatty tissue is attempting to increase its capacity to store fat following sleep loss，”said Dr Cedernaes. “And we observed signs of breakdown of skeletal muscle.We also noted changes in levels of proteins involved handling blood glucose (葡萄糖)．This could help explain why the participants' glucose sensitivity was impaired following sleep loss.” Taken together, these observations may provide at least partial insight as to why chronic sleep loss and shift work can increase the risk of adverse weight gain as well as the risk of type 2 diabetes. [语篇解读]本文是说明文。一项研究表明睡眠不足或睡眠不佳会改变人体DNA的工作方式，使身体更专注于储存脂肪，因此从一定程度上揭示了为什么长期睡眠不足和轮班工作会增加体重和患2型糖尿病的风险。 1．If you sleep badly or work night shifts, what may NOT happen to you according to the text? A．You can be fat, weak and more likely to become diabetic. B．Your body may become less able to handle sugar in the blood. C．You might develop a habit of eating midnight snacks or being too tired to exercise. D．Your body is more absorbed in storing fat. C　[细节理解题。根据第一段可知，睡眠不好或上夜班可能会让你变胖、变弱，更容易患糖尿病。一项研究表明，睡眠不足会改变人的DNA工作方式，使身体更倾向于储存脂肪。根据第二段“And a tired body also becomes less able to handle sugar in the blood which raises the risk of someone developing type 2 diabetes.(疲惫的身体处理血液中的糖分的能力也会降低，这会增加患2型糖尿病的风险)”可知，如果你睡眠不好或上夜班，你的身体处理血液中的糖分的能力可能会降低。文中未提及你可能会养成吃夜宵的习惯，或者因为太累而无法锻炼。故选C。] 2．Which of the following statements the author may agree with? A．Researchers have never connected losing sleep to weight gain before. B．The participants' glucose sensitivity was destroyed following sleep loss. C．The researchers have fully understood why sleep loss accounts for weight gain. D．A sleepless night can also have a negative impact on our bodies. D　[推理判断题。根据第一段的“Muscles get smaller and fat stores begin to rise when people lose as little as one night's sleep, the experts found.(当人们整夜未眠时，肌肉就开始变少，脂肪开始增多。)”可知，一晚上不睡觉会对我们的健康带来消极影响。故选D。] 3．What does the underlined word “dampened” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Decreased. B．Transformed. C．Transmitted. D．Promoted. A　[词义猜测题。根据第四段的“People's sensitivity to blood sugar is also dampened when they're tired, the study found, which suggests those who don't sleep well are at higher risk of type 2 diabetes.(研究表明，当人们感觉到疲惫时，他们的血糖敏感性就会dampened，这也就表明睡眠不好的那些人患2型糖尿病的风险更高。)”中的which suggests可知，定语从句解释前文，说明人们在睡眠不足时，患2型糖尿病的风险更高，所以前文人们的血糖敏感性是受到了睡眠缺失的影响，因此敏感性下降，故选A。] 4．What does Paragraph 3 mainly focus on? A．The importance of the new findings. B．Why lack of sleep accounts for weight gain. C．How the research was conducted. D．High levels of body fat can lead to many diseases. C　[主旨大意题。根据文章第三段可知，瑞典乌普萨拉大学的睡眠研究人员对15个人进行了一项研究，分别在睡一整晚和一夜未眠后对他们进行了测试。他们采集了健康体重参与者的脂肪和肌肉组织样本，并采集了血液，发现他们的DNA工作方式发生了变化。由此可知，本段主要讲如何做这项研究，故选C。] B If you had to use one word to define yourself, what would it be? Imagine trying to summarize your entire being in just one word or two—a challenging task indeed.Labels, like “confident” or “creative”， may suggest certain aspects, but they can never fully capture the richness and depth of a person's character. Labels take on an “all­or­nothing” meaning.Someone either is something, or they're not.The biggest problem with labeling people is that it oversimplifies their complex nature.Using labels infers people's current behavior is fixed, but people change.As they learn, they grow, and someone we think of in a certain way today might not remain the same in a few months or years.When we label people, we deny their complexity, their right to change, and their richness as human beings. Furthermore, labels can become self­fulfilling prophecies (预言)．When people are constantly told they are a certain way, they may start to remember these labels and act accordingly.This hinders their potential for growth and development, as they may feel trapped by social expectations. For example, if parents label a child as “annoying” or “a complainer”， the child may feel their needs aren't important.Over time, being ignored for complaining too much can lead the child to believe that expressing their needs is not acceptable.Consequently, their self­perception (自我认知) may suffer, and they may even start to devalue themselves as a result. Linguist Benjamin Whorf once argued that the words we use to describe what we see are rarely objective, as they carry personally prejudice.Labels can be harmful because they can reduce individuals to a single characteristic or stereotype (刻板印象)．Therefore, we should be mindful of the language we use and the labels we attach to people.By adopting a more open view of life, people, and events, we can appreciate the richness and diversity of human experience, and cope with the complexities of our interconnected world. [语篇解读]本文是议论文。文章主要讲述给人们贴标签的害处，并且号召不要给人们贴标签。 5．What is the biggest problem with labeling people? A．It expresses a subjective opinion. B．It denies the complexity of humans. C．It overstates people's shortcomings. D．It ignores goodness in human nature. B　[细节理解题。根据第二段内容可知，给人贴标签最大的问题是过于简单化了他们复杂的本性。使用标签可以推断出人们当前的行为是固定的，但人们会改变。随着他们的学习，他们在成长，我们今天以某种方式想到的人可能在几个月或几年内不会保持原样。当我们给人贴上标签时，我们否认了他们作为人类的复杂性、改变的权利和丰富性。故选B。] 6．What does the underlined word “hinders” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Exposes. B．Cultivates. C．Restricts. D．Determines. C　[词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句“This hinders their potential for growth and development, as they may feel trapped by social expectations.(这阻碍了他们的成长和发展潜力，因为他们可能会感到被社会期望所困。)”可知，这里解释给孩子贴标签会影响甚至阻碍孩子的发展，所以hinders的意思应该是“阻碍”，和选项C意思一致。故选C。] 7．What does the author intend to do in the last paragraph? A．To present the bad effects of labeling on people. B．To show the importance of using language skillfully. C．To prove people's natural tendency for being prejudiced. D．To encourage people to take an open­minded perspective. D　[推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Therefore, we should be mindful of the language we use and the labels we attach to people.By adopting a more open view of life, people, and events, we can appreciate the richness and diversity of human experience, and cope with the complexities of our interconnected world.(因此，我们应该注意我们使用的语言和我们贴在人们身上的标签。通过对生活、人和事件采取更开放的观点，我们可以欣赏人类经验的丰富性和多样性，并应对我们相互关联的世界的复杂性。)”可知，作者在最后一段打算鼓励人们持开放的观点，不要给人们贴标签。故选D。] 8．Which of the following is the most suitable title for the text? A．Stop Labeling People B．Define Yourself Objectively C．Children Suffer a Lot from Labels D．Different Individuals Diversify the World A　[标题归纳题。根据第一段中的“Labels, like ‘confident’ or ‘creative’， may suggest certain aspects, but they can never fully capture the richness and depth of a person's character.(标签，如‘自信’或‘有创造力’，可能暗示某些方面，但它们永远无法完全捕捉到一个人性格的丰富性和深度。)”和最后一段“Therefore, we should be mindful of the language we use and the labels we attach to people.By adopting a more open view of life, people, and events, we can appreciate the richness and diversity of human experience, and cope with the complexities of our interconnected world.(因此，我们应该注意我们使用的语言和我们贴在人们身上的标签。通过对生活、人和事件采取更开放的观点，我们可以欣赏人类经验的丰富性和多样性，并应对我们相互关联的世界的复杂性。)”可知，这篇文章主要讲述给人们贴标签的害处，并且号召不要给人们贴标签。故选A。] Ⅱ.阅读七选五(每题2分，共10分) People say water can improve health and memory.But now some experts say that to think drinking water equals health is taking things too far and that hydration (水合作用) is about the balance between electrolytes (电解质) like sodium and the water in your body. Then, how much water do you need to drink? Many say you should drink eight 8­ounce glasses of water a day.Not so, some experts say.1. A 200­pound person who hikes 10 miles in the heat needs more water than a 120­pound office manager in a temperature­controlled building. 2． Someone with a heart condition or kidney stones has one level of need.A person taking diuretic drugs (利尿药) may need a different amount of water.You may need to change the amount you are drinking if you have been ill with vomiting or diarrhea. Water is a better choice than sugary sodas or fruit juices.3. One popular idea is that caffeine or alcohol will make your body lose much water.But one study showed the effect is not significant.You also get water from what you eat.Fruits, vegetables, and soups all add to the intake of water.Your body will tell you if you are hydrated enough.You don't have to think about it or add up the ounces you drink.4. Electrolytes are essential minerals.5. Some sports drinks ads say you need to add electrolytes to stay healthy.But some experts say that your body produces electrolytes.You may need more water if you exercise a lot during the heat of the day.Otherwise, most people get enough electrolytes from food. A．Just drink when you are thirsty. B．They are vital to many functions in the body C．It gives you more energy and makes you look good. D．Instead, your body and the activities you attend matter. E．It is also necessary to set a timetable about when to drink water. F．The amount of water you need in a day also depends on your health. G．But when it comes to hydration, any drink can add water to your system. [语篇解读]本文是议论文，首先提出两个关于水的不同观点：饮水能改善健康状况与记忆；饮水并不等同于健康，水合作用是体内电解质与水的平衡。然后从四方面对后者展开论证。 1．D　[根据空前“how much water do you need to drink？”引出本段话题：你需要喝多少水？然后提出许多人对此的看法，但被专家否定了。后面对比不同人的需水量，说明了体重及其进行的活动不同，需水量不同，故选D项。] 2．F　[从空后“heart condition”“kidney stones(肾结石)”“A person taking diuretic drugs(利尿药)”“vomiting or diarrhea(呕吐或腹泻)”可看出，该段主要在说需水量与个人身体健康状况有关，此空为该段的主旨句，故选F项。] 3．G　[空后“You also get water from what you eat.”表明人们可以从吃的食物中获取水，其中also说明前面已经提出了一个人体中水的来源，G项“any drink can add water to your system”符合要求，且与第一句“Water is a better choice than sugary sodas or fruit juices.”连贯，“any drink”与“sugary sodas or fruit juices”对应，故选G项。] 4．A　[根据空前“Your body will tell you if you are hydrated enough.You don't have to think about it or add up the ounces you drink.(你的身体会告诉你体内的水是否充足。你不必思考这个问题也不必增加喝水量。)”可知，你口渴的时候就是身体在给你信号，所以你在这个时候喝水就可以了，不必专门去考虑体内的水是否充足，A项符合，故选A项。] 5．B　[空后“add electrolytes to stay healthy”表明电解质有利健康，说明电解质在人体内有重要作用，B项符合，They对应Electrolytes，vital对应essential，故选B项。] Ⅲ.语法填空(每题2分，共20分) Despite its vast distances and huge variety 1. landscapes, getting around in China is convenient and inexpensive.Shining bullet trains zip (疾驰) to all corners of the country, while buses connect smaller towns and villages. Train travel is the best way to get around China for comfort, 2. (convenient) and sustainability.China has the world's 3. (long) and most used high­speed railway network.In between, slower expresses, local and overnight trains connect many smaller towns. Upgrades and expansions of the railway network continue quickly, with thousands of kilometers of new track laid each year, 4. makes it possible to get almost anywhere you want by rail. High­speed trains are usually brand new and 5. (amazing) efficient, with both business and regular class 6. (section) comfortable and clean.However, it is on the slower, more traditional trains that you'll see the best of China's train culture, and have the chance 7. (meet) locals, exchange snacks and learn something new as you trundle (慢行) through the Chinese countryside. For remote parts and small villages, long­distance buses are often 8. only option.Bus travel tends to be much cheaper than train or air tickets, and it's relatively comfortable, with vehicles 9. (range) from express coaches to smaller minibuses.China 10. (lead) the way in electrifying its bus fleets (车队), with around 500，000 electric buses in operation around the country, most of them in cities. [语篇解读]本文是说明文。文章介绍了中国蓬勃发展的交通运输业。 1．of　[考查固定搭配。variety常与of搭配，意为“各种各样的”。句意：尽管距离遥远，风景各样，但在中国旅游既方便又便宜。] 2．convenience　[考查名词。分析句子结构可知，空处与空前的“comfort”和空后的“sustainability”并列作for的宾语，故填名词convenience。] 3．longest　[考查形容词最高级。根据语境，尤其是空前的“the world's”和空后的“most used”可知，此处表示中国拥有世界上最长、最常用的高速铁路网。] 4．which　[考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代前句的内容，并在从句中作主语，故应用which引导。句意：铁路网的升级和扩建在快速继续，每年铺设数千公里的新轨道，这使得乘火车几乎可以到达你想去的任何地方。] 5．amazingly　[考查副词。修饰形容词efficient“效率高的”，应用副词。] 6．sections　[考查名词的数。分析句子结构可知，此处是“with＋名词＋形容词”构成的with复合结构作状语。根据空前的“both business and regular class”可知，这里是列车车厢的两个类别，故可数名词section应用其复数形式。故填sections。] 7．to meet　[考查固定搭配。have the chance to do sth是固定短语，意为“有做某事的机会”。] 8．the　[考查冠词。option前有限定词only修饰，故此处表特指。故填the。] 9．ranging　[考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，这里为with复合结构，空处应用非谓语动词。vehicles与range之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，故填ranging。句意：公共汽车旅行往往比火车票或机票便宜得多，而且相对舒适，车辆包括从长途汽车到小型面包车等各类车型。] 10．leads/is leading　[考查时态。此处描述中国在电动汽车方面的世界地位。根据事实可知，此处可用一般现在时描述客观现状，也可用现在进行时描述中国正处于引领地位。故填leads/is leading。句意：中国在公共汽车电动化方面处于世界领先地位，全国约有50万辆电动公共汽车，其中大部分在城市。] 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$