专题07 阅读理解之说明文15篇（福建高考模拟）-备战2025年高考英语名校模拟真题速递(福建专用)

备战2025年高考英语名校模拟真题速递(福建专用) 第一期 专题07 阅读理解之说明文15篇 基础语篇巩固练 （24-25高三上·福建福州·期末）About a decade ago, Fuchsia Dunlop attended a banquet (宴会) in Guangzhou. The most memorable dish, however, was the plain white cup of soup served at the end. Made from chicken, it was simple, clean and perfect. It seem odd to Westerners, but, as Ms Dunlop, an English food writer, explains in a new book, stock (家禽) is a unique expression of a chef’s art. And the clean, “almost invisible soup” is an ideal conclusion to a banquet, with its rich and strong flavours. Invitation to a Banquet is Ms Dunlop’s seventh book where, unlike a traditional cookbook, she has chosen 30 dishes to illustrate different aspects of Chinese cuisine — and, in turn, Chinese life and history. Like other outsiders who focus on a foreign cuisine, she is more a gatherer than an inventor of recipes. Her well-researched cookbooks read as mini-ethnographies (民族志). Readers will not learn how to make traditional Chinese cuisines but how and why Chinese chefs have long prized unusual (and to Westerners, sometimes unappealing) ingredients. A seemingly humble yet labor-intensive dish of braised carp (鲤鱼) tail serves as a starting point for exploring the significance of kougan, or mouthfeel, in Chinese cuisine. Westerners, Ms Dunlop argues, “have traditionally assumed that the Chinese eat less desirable animal parts out of poverty”, when in fact they shut the door on various foods that is wonderfully cui (“slippery, often in a wet way”). Altogether, Ms Dunlop makes a persuasive argument for the superiority of Chinese cuisine, highlighting its strengths in a joyful manner rather than a boastful one. She shows how it has embraced foreign influences, how it has changed with China’s increasing wealth and how central it is to the country’s cultural history. She makes an equally persuasive argument that what Westerners think of as “Chinese food”, commonly found at their local takeaway, is neither inauthentic nor wrong. Instead, it is an adaptation shaped by Chinese communities living abroad and as representative of the cuisine’s diversity as a frozen pizza is of Italy’s. Immigration has made the authentic flavors more accessible than ever outside China. Eaters should learn to appreciate that. 1．Why might the plain chicken soup seem odd to Westerners? A．It is placed in a white cup. B．It is served at the end of the meal. C．It is made of unusual ingredients. D．It is enriched with complex flavors. 2．How does Invitation to a Banquet differ from traditional cookbooks? A．It keeps track of foreign recipes. B．It explores aspects beyond recipes. C．It is intended for cuisine research. D．It teaches how to make Chinese cuisines. 3．What can be inferred from the mentioning of “westerners” in Para.3? A．They view Chinese cuisine as pricey. B．They hesitate to try new ingredients. C．They like Chinese cuisine’s diversity. D．They often misinterpret Chinese cuisine. 4．What does Ms Dunlop think of Chinese cuisine? A．Inclusive and dynamic. B．Inflexible and adapted. C．Simple and overvalued. D．Beautiful and boastful. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国美食作家芙蓉·邓禄普的新书《赴宴邀请》，以及她对中国菜肴的看法。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“The most memorable dish, however, was the plain white cup of soup served at the end.(然而，最令人难忘的菜肴是最后端上的一碗普通的白汤)”和“It seem odd to Westerners(这对西方人来说似乎很奇怪)”可知，素鸡汤在宴会最后上桌，这对西方人来说很奇怪。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Invitation to a Banquet is Ms Dunlop’s seventh book where, unlike a traditional cookbook, she has chosen 30 dishes to illustrate different aspects of Chinese cuisine — and, in turn, Chinese life and history.(《赴宴邀请》是邓禄普女士的第七本书，与传统的烹饪书不同，她选择了30道菜来阐述中国烹饪的不同方面，进而阐述中国的生活和历史)”可知，《赴宴邀请》与传统烹饪书的不同之处在于它阐述中国的生活和历史，探讨了食谱之外的方面。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Westerners, Ms Dunlop argues, ‘have traditionally assumed that the Chinese eat less desirable animal parts out of poverty’, when in fact they shut the door on various foods that is wonderfully cui (‘slippery, often in a wet way’).(邓禄普女士认为，西方人“传统上认为中国人因为贫穷而吃不太可口的动物部位”，而实际上，他们拒绝了各种美味可口(滑腻的，常常是湿润的)的食物)”可知，第三段提到“西方人”是为了说明他们对中国菜肴存在误解。由此可推知，他们经常误解中国菜。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段中“She shows how it has embraced foreign influences, how it has changed with China’s increasing wealth(她展示了它是如何接受外国影响的，它是如何随着中国财富的增加而变化的)” 可知，中国美食是包容的(embraced foreign influences)且充满活力的(changed with China’s increasing wealth)。故选A项。 （2025·福建泉州·二模）Wearables are back in the spotlight in 2024, becoming one of the trendiest topics in the tech world. Beyond tracking steps, heart rate and blood-oxygen levels, future wearable devices will take the form of smart glasses or futuristic spectacles (眼镜), reflecting the tech industry's drive to integrate artificial intelligence (AI) into these innovative devices. As reported by The Information, tech companies including OpenAI, Meta, Google and Snapchat are all competing to launch AI-powered smart glasses that respond intelligently to users’ visual input. Earlier this year, Snapchat previewed its revolutionary (革命性的) AI-powered glasses with camera and video functions, Meta has introduced experimental AI object recognition in Ray-Ban smart spectacles, which could answer questions like “Is this a tea caffeine-tree?” by taking a photo and analysing it. The power behind this revolution lies in the new multimodal AI technology, which creates responses by integrating multiple sources of data including images, texts, and other forms of data. It expands on most users’ experiences of using text-only AI chatbots and would be a natural fit for smart spectacles with front-looking cameras. However, AI systems aren’t all-powerful and still have many shortcomings. During testing, Meta’s Ray-Ban smart spectacles were found to “hallucinate”, seeing-things that weren’t really there. There are also legal concerns surrounding these devices. Small companies may find it difficult to manage employees using AI-powered face-worn cameras. The business risks are complex. Google faced similar trouble with its Glass device, being questioned by authorities on privacy issues. If new smart glasses become popular, such problems will reappear. Despite these challenges, the wearable AI revolution holds great promise. New opportunities should crop up for small businesses to develop adaptable apps and access the growing wearables market. With an estimated annual growth rate of nearly 15 percent until 2030, the global wearables market is expected to outperform that of the smartphones. As this revolutionary technology unfolds, it will be interesting to see how it shapes our lives and businesses. 1．How does the author demonstrate the new trend of wearables? A．By reporting findings. B．By using examples. C．By making comparisons. D．By raising questions. 2．What makes the revolution possible? A．AI’s capability to process multimodal data. B．Smart devices’ fast response speed. C．AI’s advance in object recognition. D．Front-looking cameras’ accuracy. 3．What is a major concern in developing the wearables? A．Lack in technical innovation. B．Limit on spectacle glasses` clarity. C．Security of personal information. D．Comfort level of device wearing. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．Impact of AI on smart devices. B．Prospect of Al-driven wearables. C．Growth of the global tech industry. D．Argument of smart glasses technology. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了可穿戴设备的未来，以及目前所面临的挑战。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Earlier this year, Snapchat previewed its revolutionary (革命性的) AI-powered glasses with camera and video functions, Meta has introduced experimental AI object recognition in Ray-Ban smart spectacles, which could answer questions like “Is this a tea caffeine-tree?” by taking a photo and analysing it. (今年早些时候，Snapchat预览了其具有相机和视频功能的革命性人工智能眼镜，Meta在雷朋智能眼镜中引入了实验性的人工智能物体识别，可以回答诸如“这是茶咖啡因树吗？”通过拍照和分析。)”可推知，作者是通过举例来展示可穿戴设备的新趋势。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The power behind this revolution lies in the new multimodal AI technology, which creates responses by integrating multiple sources of data including images, texts, and other forms of data.( 这场革命背后的力量在于新的多模式人工智能技术，该技术通过整合包括图像、文本和其他形式的数据在内的多个数据源来创建响应。)”可知，人工智能处理多模式数据的能力让这场革命成为可能。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“There are also legal concerns surrounding these devices. Small companies may find it difficult to manage employees using AI-powered face-worn cameras. The business risks are complex. Google faced similar trouble with its Glass device, being questioned by authorities on privacy issues. If new smart glasses become popular, such problems will reappear.( 这些设备也存在法律问题。小公司可能会发现很难管理使用人工智能面部摄像头的员工。商业风险是复杂的。谷歌的谷歌眼镜也遇到了类似的问题，在隐私问题上受到了当局的质疑。如果新的智能眼镜流行起来，这样的问题将再次出现。)”可知，开发可穿戴设备的主要关注点是个人信息安全。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及最后一段中“Despite these challenges, the wearable AI revolution holds great promise. New opportunities should crop up for small businesses to develop adaptable apps and access the growing wearables market. With an estimated annual growth rate of nearly 15 percent until 2030, the global wearables market is expected to outperform that of the smartphones.( 尽管存在这些挑战，可穿戴人工智能革命仍充满希望。对于小型企业来说，开发适应性强的应用程序并进入不断增长的可穿戴设备市场应该会出现新的机会。据估计，到2030年，全球可穿戴设备市场的年增长率将接近15%，预计将超过智能手机市场。)”可知，这篇文章主要讲的是人工智能驱动可穿戴设备的前景。故选B项。 （24-25高三上·福建福州·阶段练习）Researchers from ETH Zurich, the University of Zurich, and the University Hospital Zurich have made a significant breakthrough in the field of precision medicine. They have developed a machine learning approach known as CellOT that can predict how individual cells react to specific treatments. This development promises more accurate diagnoses and therapeutics, particularly in the fight against cancer. Precision medicine, which aims to find the most effective drug combination and dosage (剂量) based on individual patient characteristics, has been a critical goal in the battle against cancer. Central to this is understanding how individual cells respond to treatment, a challenge that the research team from Zurich has tackled head-on with their innovative method. CellOT is a groundbreaking approach that identifies the distinct reactions individual cells within a larger population can have to a drug. The average response of a cell population often does not capture the full complexity of how certain tumor cells survive or develop resistance to drugs. CellOT addresses this by predicting the effects of perturbations (扰动) on cells, paving the way for more effective and personalized cancer treatments. Perturbations are changes caused by chemical, physical, or genetic influences, such as the effects of drugs on cancer cells. By understanding which cells respond to a drug and identifying the traits of resistant cells, researchers can develop new treatment strategies that prevent cell growth or cause pathogenic (致病的) cells to die. For CellOT, the researchers use novel machine learning algorithms and train these with both data from unperturbed cells and data from cells that changed after a perturbation response. In the process, the algorithm learns how cellular perturbation reactions arise, how they progress, and the likely phenotypes (显性类型) of altered cell states. The study, published in Nature Methods, shows that CellOT is not just effective for cancer cells. It can also be used on other pathogenic cells involved in autoimmune diseases like lupus erythematosus (红斑狼疮), indicating its potential in advancing treatments for various diseases. A key innovation of CellOT is its predictive ability. By evaluating existing cell measurement data, and thus expanding the knowledge of cellular perturbation reactions, CellOT can predict how individual cells will respond to perturbations that have not been measured in the laboratory. This capability opens up new avenues for targeted and personalized treatments. While CellOT holds immense promise, comprehensive clinical trials are still  required before the approach can be used in a hospital setting. Nevertheless, the development of this method marks a significant step towards a more nuanced (细腻的) understanding of individual cell responses to drugs. It fuels the hope for more effective cancer treatments and advances in precision medicine. 1．The underlined word “this” in Paragraph 3 refers to ________. A．the resistance from a group of cancer cells to drugs B．the average reaction of a cell population to drugs C．various responses of a cell population to drugs D．the survival of a population of cancer cells to drugs 2．According to the text, CellOT ________. A．focuses on monitoring the development of cancer cells B．can cause perturbations inside a human body C．has proved efficient in some Zurich hospitals D．may bring about better treatments for various diseases 3．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Suggestions for CellOT improvement. B．The limitations of CellOT. C．Future implications of CellOT. D．An explanation of further research. 4．What would be the best title for the text? A．How Machine Learning Helps Zurich Doctors B．CellOT: Advancing Precision Cancer Treatment C．A Groundbreaking Medicine for Cancer D．Precision Medicine is Around the Corner 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了医学界的一大突破——使用基于机器学习的CellOT 技术来预测人体癌细胞对药物的反应，为未来针对癌症进行精准治疗奠定基础。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“The average response of a cell population often does not capture the full complexity of how certain tumor cells survive or develop resistance to drugs.(细胞群体的平均反应往往无法捕捉某些肿瘤细胞如何存活或对药物产生抗性的全部复杂性)”可知，这里的“this”指的是细胞群体对药物的各种反应，而不仅仅是平均反应。C项“various responses of a cell population to drugs(细胞群体对药物的各种反应)”表达的含义符合语境，故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第六段“The study, published in Nature Methods, shows that CellOT is not just effective for cancer cells. It can also be used on other pathogenic cells involved in autoimmune diseases like lupus erythematosus (红斑狼疮), indicating its potential in advancing treatments for various diseases(这项发表于《自然方法》杂志的研究显示，CellOT不仅对癌细胞有效，还可以用于治疗其他参与自身免疫性疾病的致病细胞，如红斑狼疮，这表明它在推进各种疾病治疗方面具有潜力)”，可知，CellOT不仅对癌细胞有效，还可以用于治疗如红斑狼疮等其他参与自身免疫性疾病的致病细胞，可以推断出CellOT可能带来更好的多种疾病治疗方法。故选D项。 3．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“While CellOT holds immense promise, comprehensive clinical trials are still  required before the approach can be used in a hospital setting. Nevertheless, the development of this method marks a significant step towards a more nuanced (细腻的) understanding of individual cell responses to drugs. It fuels the hope for more effective cancer treatments and advances in precision medicine(尽管CellOT具有巨大的前景，但在医院环境中应用此方法之前，仍需进行全面的临床试验。然而，这一方法的开发标志着对个体细胞对药物反应的理解更加细腻的重要一步。它激发了更有效癌症治疗和精准医疗进步的希望)”可知，最后一段先是指出虽然CellOT前景广阔，但在医院应用前还需全面临床试验，接着强调该方法的发展是朝着更细致了解细胞对药物反应迈出的重要一步，它为更有效的癌症治疗和精准医学的进步带来希望，整体是在阐述CellOT未来在应用等方面的影响和意义，所以主要讲的是CellOT的未来影响，故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Researchers from ETH Zurich, the University of Zurich, and the University Hospital Zurich have made a significant breakthrough in the field of precision medicine. They have developed a machine learning approach known as CellOT that can predict how individual cells react to specific treatments. This development promises more accurate  diagnoses and therapeutics, particularly in the fight against cancer(苏黎世联邦理工学院、苏黎世大学和苏黎世大学医院的研究人员在精准医疗领域取得了重大突破。他们开发了一种名为CellOT的机器学习方法，能够预测单个细胞对特定治疗的反应。这一进展有望带来更准确的诊断和治疗，特别是在抗癌斗争中)”以及最后一段“While CellOT holds immense promise, comprehensive clinical trials are still  required before the approach can be used in a hospital setting. Nevertheless, the development of this method marks a significant step towards a more nuanced (细腻的) understanding of individual cell responses to drugs. It fuels the hope for more effective cancer treatments and advances in precision medicine(尽管CellOT具有巨大的前景，但在医院环境中应用此方法之前，仍需进行全面的临床试验。然而，这一方法的开发标志着对个体细胞对药物反应的理解更加细腻的重要一步。它激发了更有效癌症治疗和精准医疗进步的希望)”可知，文章开篇介绍了来自苏黎世联邦理工学院、苏黎世大学和苏黎世大学医院的研究人员在精准医学领域的重大突破，即开发出了CellOT这种机器学习方法，后文围绕CellOT能预测单个细胞对特定治疗的反应、其创新性、对不同疾病治疗的潜在作用以及未来的影响等方面展开，重点突出的是CellOT在推进精准癌症治疗方面的作用，所以最佳标题是“CellOT: Advancing Precision Cancer Treatment(CellOT：推进精准癌症治疗)”，故选B项。 （24-25高三上·福建福州·期末）Coffee is a beloved beverage around the world, and different regions are famous for their unique coffee flavors and production methods. Let’s take a look at the coffee from three distinct places below.Colombia: The Land of High-Quality Arabica The country’s ideal climate, with plenty of rainfall and moderate temperatures in the coffee-growing regions, provides perfect conditions for coffee cultivation. Colombian coffee is often described as having a smooth and well-balanced flavor, with notes of chocolate, nuts, and a hint of fruitiness. Many coffee lovers appreciate its mild acidity, which makes it a great choice for those who prefer a less intense coffee experience.Ethiopia: The Cradle of Coffee with Rich Flavors Ethiopia is considered the birthplace of coffee. It has a long and rich history of coffee production that dates back centuries. Ethiopian coffee is known for its diverse range of flavors. The beans from different regions within the country can vary greatly in taste. Some have a floral and citrusy flavor profile, while others might offer a more earthy and spicy taste. The unique processing methods used by local farmers also contribute to the distinctiveness of Ethiopian coffee.Vietnam: Robusta and the Distinctive Brewing Style Vietnam is a major coffee producer in Asia. It is famous for its Robusta coffee beans. Vietnamese coffee has a strong and bold flavor with a relatively high caffeine content. It is often brewed using a drip method with a metal filter, which results in a thick and concentrated coffee. The addition of condensed milk is a popular way to enjoy Vietnamese coffee, giving it a sweet and creamy touch that sets it apart from the coffees of other regions. Whether you prefer the smoothness of Colombian coffee, the complex flavors of Ethiopian coffee, or the boldness of Vietnamese coffee, each of these regions offers a unique coffee experience that has captivated coffee enthusiasts worldwide. 1．In terms of coffee flavor, which statement is incorrect about the three countries? A．Colombian coffee has various flavors while Ethiopian coffee varies in flavor by region. B．Vietnamese coffee is bold due to Robusta beans and condensed milk. C．Colombian coffee is more intense than Ethiopian coffee because of higher caffeine. D．Ethiopian coffee’s diverse flavor relates to different processing methods. 2．Regarding coffee production and brewing in these countries, which is correct? A．Colombia grows both Arabica and Robusta beans for diverse flavor. B．Ethiopia processes beans uniformly for consistent flavor. C．Vietnamese brewing with a metal filter affects flavor and caffeine content. D．All countries use unique ways to bring out bean flavors. 3．Considering historical and cultural aspects of coffee in these countries, which is accurate? A．Colombia started coffee cultivation later, learning from others. B．Ethiopia’s coffee culture deeply influences global culture. C．Vietnam mainly focuses on domestic coffee demand. D．The three countries’ coffee cultures have no connection. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了世界上三个不同的地方的咖啡。 1．细节理解题。根据“Colombia: The Land of High-Quality Arabica”部分中“Colombian coffee is often described as having a smooth and well-balanced flavor, with notes of chocolate, nuts, and a hint of fruitiness. (哥伦比亚咖啡通常被描述为具有顺滑和均衡的味道，带有巧克力、坚果和一丝水果味)”、“Ethiopia: The Cradle of Coffee with Rich Flavors”部分中“Ethiopian coffee is known for its diverse range of flavors. (埃塞俄比亚咖啡以其多样化的口味而闻名)”和“The unique processing methods used by local farmers also contribute to the distinctiveness of Ethiopian coffee. (当地农民使用的独特加工方法也有助于埃塞俄比亚咖啡的独特性)”、“Vietnam: Robusta and the Distinctive Brewing Style”部分中“It is famous for its Robusta coffee beans. Vietnamese coffee has a strong and bold flavor with a relatively high caffeine content. (它以罗布斯塔咖啡豆而闻名。越南咖啡味道浓烈，咖啡因含量相对较高)”和“The addition of condensed milk is a popular way to enjoy Vietnamese coffee, giving it a sweet and creamy touch that sets it apart from the coffees of other regions. (加入炼乳是享受越南咖啡的一种很受欢迎的方式，它给了它一种甜美和奶油的感觉，使它与其他地区的咖啡区别开来)”可知，哥伦比亚咖啡有多种风味，而埃塞俄比亚咖啡因地区不同而风味各异；越南咖啡因罗布斯塔豆和炼乳而味道浓郁；埃塞俄比亚咖啡的多样风味与不同的加工方法有关；文中未提到哥伦比亚咖啡的咖啡因含量较高而比埃塞俄比亚咖啡更浓烈。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据“Colombia: The Land of High-Quality Arabica”部分中“The country’s ideal climate, with plenty of rainfall and moderate temperatures in the coffee-growing regions, provides perfect conditions for coffee cultivation. (该国理想的气候，雨量充沛，咖啡种植区温度适中，为咖啡种植提供了完美的条件)”、“Ethiopia: The Cradle of Coffee with Rich Flavors”部分中“The unique processing methods used by local farmers also contribute to the distinctiveness of Ethiopian coffee. (当地农民使用的独特加工方法也有助于埃塞俄比亚咖啡的独特性)”和“Vietnam: Robusta and the Distinctive Brewing Style”部分中“The addition of condensed milk is a popular way to enjoy Vietnamese coffee, giving it a sweet and creamy touch that sets it apart from the coffees of other regions. (加入炼乳是享受越南咖啡的一种很受欢迎的方式，它给了它一种甜美和奶油的感觉，使它与其他地区的咖啡区别开来)”可知，哥伦比亚、埃塞俄比亚和越南都有独特的咖啡生产和冲泡方法来激发出咖啡豆的风味。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据“Ethiopia: The Cradle of Coffee with Rich Flavors”部分中“Ethiopia is considered the birthplace of coffee. It has a long and rich history of coffee production that dates back centuries. (埃塞俄比亚被认为是咖啡的发源地。它有着悠久而丰富的咖啡生产历史，可以追溯到几个世纪前)”可知，埃塞俄比亚是咖啡的发源地，具有悠久的咖啡生产历史，深深影响着全球文化。故选B项。 （24-25高三上·福建福州·期末）The cerebellum (小脑), a remarkable structure located at the back of the brain, has long been a subject of extensive scientific research. Despite its relatively small size compared to other brain regions, it plays a crucial role in numerous functions. Traditionally, the cerebellum was primarily known for its role in coordinating movement (协调运动) and maintaining balance. It receives information from various sensory systems, such as the proprioceptive system (本体感觉系统) (which provides information about body position and movement), the vestibular system (前庭系统) (related to balance and spatial orientation), and the visual system. By integrating these inputs, the cerebellum fine-tunes motor commands sent from the cerebral cortex (大脑皮层) to ensure smooth and precise movements. For example, activities like walking, running, or playing a musical instrument rely heavily on the cerebellum’s ability to adjust and correct the ongoing movements in real-time. However, recent research has expanded our understanding of the cerebellum’s functions far beyond just motor control. Scientists have discovered that it is also involved in cognitive processes, including attention, language, and even aspects of emotional regulation. In studies involving patients with cerebellar damage, deficits in attention span and language processing have been observed. This suggests that the cerebellum may have a more complex and widespread influence on the brain’s overall functioning than previously thought. Moreover, the cellular and molecular mechanisms within the cerebellum are another area of active research. Neuroscientists (神经科学家) are delving into how the different types of neurons (神经元) in the cerebellum communicate with each other and how specific neurotransmitters (神经递质) and signaling pathways regulate its functions. Understanding these intricate details could potentially lead to new treatments for neurological disorders that involve the cerebellum, such as cerebellar ataxia (a disorder characterized by problems with coordination and balance). As technology continues to advance, researchers are using advanced imaging techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging (功能性磁共振成像, fMRI) and positron emission tomography (正电子发射断层扫描, PET) to study the cerebellum in more detail. These methods allow them to observe changes in blood flow and metabolic (代谢) activity in the cerebellum during different tasks and conditions, providing valuable insights into its normal functioning and potential dysfunctions (功能异常). 1．What was the traditional understanding of the cerebellum’s main function? A．It was mainly responsible for cognitive processes. B．It played a crucial role in regulating emotions. C．It centered on the maintenance of balance. D．It was involved in visual information processing. 2．Which of the following statements about the research on the cerebellum is correct? A．The functions are already clearly understood. B．It shows cerebellum’s physical movements mainly. C．Advanced tools is the very way to study cerebellum. D．Both old and new research help understand it better. 3．Why are advanced imaging techniques important in cerebellum research? A．They can directly change the cellular and molecular mechanisms within the cerebellum. B．They help researchers observe blood flow changes and metabolic activity and give insights into its functioning. C．They are used to treat neurological disorders related to the cerebellum directly. D．They can create artificial models of the cerebellum for better understanding. 4．What could be the prospect of perceiving the cellular and molecular mechanisms within the cerebellum? A．It could hold back the communication between different neurons in the cerebellum. B．It would eliminate neurological disorders completely related to the brain. C．It would make the cerebellum grow larger in size. D．It could help in developing new treatments for cerebellar ataxia. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了小脑这一位于大脑后部的重要结构。小脑虽然体积相对较小，但在众多功能中发挥着关键作用。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“Traditionally, the cerebellum was primarily known for its role in coordinating movement (协调运动) and maintaining balance. (传统上，小脑主要以其在协调运动和保持平衡方面的作用而闻名。)”可知，传统上对小脑主要功能的理解是它主要集中在保持平衡上。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段中“However, recent research has expanded our understanding of the cerebellum’s functions far beyond just motor control. (然而，最近的研究已经将我们对小脑功能的理解远远扩展到了运动控制之外。)”和最后一段中“As technology continues to advance, researchers are using advanced imaging techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging (功能性磁共振成像, fMRI) and positron emission tomography (正电子发射断层扫描, PET) to study the cerebellum in more detail. (随着技术的不断进步，研究人员正在使用功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）和正电子发射断层扫描（PET）等先进的成像技术来更详细地研究小脑。)”可知，传统对小脑功能的认知加上现代新的研究发现，共同让人们能更全面、更好地了解小脑即旧的研究和新的研究都帮助我们更好地理解小脑。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“These methods allow them to observe changes in blood flow and metabolic (代谢) activity in the cerebellum during different tasks and conditions, providing valuable insights into its normal functioning and potential dysfunctions (功能异常). ( 这些方法使他们能够观察在不同任务和条件下小脑内血流和代谢活动的变化，从而对其正常功能和潜在功能异常提供有价值的见解。)”可知，先进的成像技术在小脑研究中很重要，因为它们可以帮助研究人员观察血流变化和代谢活动，并提供对其功能的见解。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据文章第四段中“Understanding these intricate details could potentially lead to new treatments for neurological disorders that involve the cerebellum, such as cerebellar ataxia (a disorder characterized by problems with coordination and balance). (了解这些复杂的细节可能会为涉及小脑的神经系统疾病（如小脑性共济失调（一种以协调和平衡问题为特征的疾病））提供新的治疗方法。)”可知，了解小脑内的细胞和分子机制的前景是可能有助于开发小脑性共济失调等新治疗方法。故选D项。 （24-25高三上·福建福州·期末）In ancient times, ambergris was used to scent cosmetics in Mesopotamia and almost every civilization in the world has encountered it. Before 1,000 AD, the Chinese named ambergris “lung-sien-hiang”, which translates to “dragon’s spittle perfume”, as they believed it was created from the saliva of dragons sleeping on rocks at the edge of the sea. The Arabs knew ambergris as anbar and believed it was produced from springs near the sea, which is where it gets its name. For centuries, this substance has also been used as a flavoring in food. During the Middle Ages, Europeans used ambergris as a treatment for headaches, colds, epilepsy, and other illnesses. In the 1851 whaling novel Moby-Dick, Herman Melville claimed that ambergris was “largely used in perfumery.” However, nobody ever knew where it really came from. Experts were still guessing its origin thousands of years later, until the long ages of guesswork ended in the 1720’s, when Nantucket whalers found gobs of the costly material inside the stomachs of sperm whales Industrial whaling quickly burgeoned (兴起). By 20th century ambergris is mainly recovered from inside the carcasses (尸体)of sperm whales. Through countless ages, people have found pieces of ambergris on sandy beaches. It was named gray amber to distinguish it from golden amber, another rare treasure. Both of them were among the most sought-after substances in the world, almost as valuable as gold. (Grey amber sells for roughly 20$ a gram, slightly less than gold at 30$ a gram.) Amber floats in salt water, and in ancient times, the origin of both these substances was mysterious. However, it turned out that amber and ambergris have little in common. Amber is a type of hard, transparent (透明的), and organic material that has been prized for its beauty and rarity. It is formed from the resin of ancient trees, mainly pines, that have been fossilized over time. Before the discovery of the New World, amber was already well-known to Europeans and was often used in jewelry-making. Despite being considered a gemstone, amber is not a mineral but a biological material, making it unique among gemstones. Its beauty and value have been recognized for centuries, making amber a highly prized natural material. Ambergris is a valuable fixative in perfumes, enhancing and prolonging scent. However, due to its rarity, cost, availability, and legal issues, most perfumeries now use a chemical derivative instead. As a fragrance consumer, it’s unlikely that your perfume contains natural ambergris unless specifically advertised or it’s a vintage scent from before the 1980s. If you’re curious about ambergris in your perfume, review your scent collection. Some popular perfumes containing ambergris are Givenchy Amarige, Chanel No.5, and Gucci Guilty. 1．What can we learn about ambergris from the first two paragraphs? A．It was found near the coast from the springs. B．There are myths about it from culture to culture. C．Human didn’t know its origin until the 20 century. D．It was a little bit less expensive than gold. 2．Which is the commonality between ambergris and amber? A．Being see-through. B．Producing sweet scents. C．Being expensive. D．Used as currency. 3．Which one is true about today’s perfume products? A．You may find ambergris in it which produced between 1950 and 1960. B．Ambergris is still a popular ingredient in perfume productions today. C．Ambergris has been discovered to have new medical uses today. D．Ambergris is becoming more expensive than before. 4．What topic is unlikely to be discussed between Paragraph 3 and Paragraph 4? A．History about how to find the origin of ambergris. B．More accurate producing process of amber. C．Why the ambergris is becoming more and more precious. D．The close bond between sperm whales and ambergris formation. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了龙涎香（琥珀香）的历史用途、来源发现、与琥珀的区别以及其在现代香水工业中的价值。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段中“Before 1,000 AD, the Chinese named ambergris “lung-sien-hiang”, which translates to “dragon’s spittle perfume”, as they believed it was created from the saliva of dragons sleeping on rocks at the edge of the sea. The Arabs knew ambergris as anbar and believed it was produced from springs near the sea, which is where it gets its name. (公元1000年前，中国人把ambergris称为“龙涎香”，意思是“睡在海边岩石上的龙的唾液形成的香水”。 阿拉伯人人把龙涎香称为安巴尔，并认为它产自海边的泉水，这就是它的名字来源)”可知，关于龙涎香，不同的文化有不同的神话传说。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“Both of them were among the most sought-after substances in the world, almost as valuable as gold.(它们都是世界上最受欢迎的物质之一，几乎和黄金一样珍贵)”可知，龙涎香和琥珀的共同点是都很昂贵。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的“As a fragrance consumer, it’s unlikely that your perfume contains natural ambergris unless specifically advertised or it’s a vintage scent from before the 1980s.(作为香水消费者，你的香水中不太可能含有天然龙涎香，除非特别标明或它是20世纪80年代以前的复古香味)”可知，在1950年到1960年之间生产的香水中可能会含有龙涎香。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Through countless ages, people have found pieces of ambergris on sandy beaches. It was named gray amber to distinguish it from golden amber, another rare treasure.(无数年来，人们在沙滩上发现了龙涎香的碎片。它被命名为灰琥珀，以区别于另一种罕见的宝藏——金琥珀)”可知，此处强调了龙涎香被发现的经过，因此在第三段和第四段之间可能会探讨关于如何找到龙涎香的起源的历史，A选项“History about how to find the origin of ambergris.(关于如何找到龙涎香的起源的历史)”不符合题意；同时根据文章第三段中的“Both of them were among the most sought-after substances in the world, almost as valuable as gold.(它们都是世界上最受欢迎的物质之一，几乎和黄金一样珍贵)”可知，该段主要讲龙涎香和琥珀都很珍贵，几乎和黄金一样，由此可以推断第三段和第四段之间作者可能会写为什么龙涎香变得稀有，C选项“Why the ambergris is becoming more and more precious.( 为什么龙涎香变得越来越珍贵)”不符合题意；同时根据第二段中“Experts were still guessing its origin thousands of years later, until the long ages of guesswork ended in the 1720’s, when Nantucket whalers found gobs of the costly material inside the stomachs of sperm whales Industrial whaling quickly burgeoned (兴起). By 20th century ambergris is mainly recovered from inside the carcasses (尸体) of sperm whales.(几千年后，专家们仍然在猜测它的来源，直到18世纪20年代，当楠塔基特岛的捕鲸者在抹香鲸的胃里发现了大量昂贵的材料时，漫长的猜测才结束。到20世纪，龙涎香主要是从抹香鲸的尸体中提取的)”可知，此处为后文埋下伏笔，指出龙涎香和抹香鲸之间的联系即第三段和第四段之间可能会探讨抹香鲸和龙涎香形成的紧密联系。D选项“The close bond between sperm whales and ambergris formation.(抹香鲸和龙涎香形成的紧密联系)”不符合题意。同时通过阅读全文，全文主要讲解的是龙涎香而并非琥珀，结合第三段中“Despite being considered a gemstone, amber is not a mineral but a biological material, making it unique among gemstones. Its beauty and value have been recognized for centuries, making amber a highly prized natural material.(尽管被认为是一种宝石，但琥珀不是一种矿物，而是一种生物材料，这使它在宝石中独一无二。几个世纪以来，它的美丽和价值一直得到认可，使琥珀成为一种非常珍贵的天然材料)”可知，此处已经介绍琥珀的一些特征，故不可能再写琥珀的详细产生过程。B选项“More accurate producing process of amber.(更精确的琥珀生产工艺)”符合题意。故选B项。 （24-25高三上·福建宁德·阶段练习）In recent years the production of blades (叶片) for wind turbines (风力涡轮机) has undergone a revolution, as it were. As turbine output is related to the square of blade length, this has also increased how much power can be produced. But there’s a hitch. Today’s longest blades have become too big to be delivered to inland wind farms. They can be taken only by ship to offshore sites, where building costs are far higher. Logistics specialists have consequently been raising their game. Trucks with “blade-lifter” hydraulics (液压装置) can rotate (旋转) their load to reduce displacement on turns, a useful trick in hilly places without overhead obstacles. The past decade has also seen the development of highly accurate “swept path analysis” software. Fed with a digital model of a transport corridor, tree branches included, the software reveals — to within a few centimetres — if a blade could get through. For all that, problems still arise. During the many months it can take to secure transport permits, trees grow and new obstacles are often created. Producing the blades on site has so far proved impractical. In addition to introducing potential failure points, the joints are expensive and heavy. They also reduce wind-harnessing surface area by about 15%. One idea is to 3D-print blades at wind farms. A Silicon Valley firm has $1.3m in funding. If all goes well, the company hopes to produce a 50-metre blade in late 2025. 3D-printed blades of 100 metres could follow by 2028. The boss of the firm estimates on-site printing would cut developers’ total cost for blades by a quarter. The wind power industry spends an astonishing 7% or so of its capital expenditures on moving blades. Even expensive, long-shot attempts to find a better way, then, could prove worth the effort. 1．What does the underlined word “hitch” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Improvement. B．Advantage. C．Challenge. D．Disorder. 2．How were the wind turbines transported in the past? A．By using trucks with special devices to change the position of turbines. B．By reducing the load of the trucks to make turns. C．By applying software to the big trees detection. D．By making digital models of the large blades. 3．What is the suggestion about addressing the transportation of turbine blades? A．Printing the blades on-site at wind farms. B．Using lighter materials to produce the blades. C．Increasing the number of transport permits. D．Reducing the length of the turbine blades. 4．What is the author’s attitude to the efforts to improve the transportation of blades? A．Ambiguous. B．Supportive. C．Cautious. D．Doubtful. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了风力涡轮机叶片运输面临的挑战及解决方案。 1．词句猜测题。由文章第二段“But there’s a hitch. Today’s longest blades have become too big to be delivered to inland wind farms. They can be taken only by ship to offshore sites, where building costs are far higher.(但是有个hitch。如今最长的叶片已经变得太大，无法运送到内陆风力发电场。它们只能用船运到近海地点，那里的建造成本要高得多。)”可知，如今最长的叶片已经变得太大，无法运送到内陆风力发电场。它们只能用船运到近海地点，那里的建造成本要高得多。所以hitch在此处的意思是“问题，挑战”，与选项C“Challenge. (挑战)”相符。故选C。 2．细节理解题。由文章第三段中“Trucks with “blade-lifter” hydraulics (液压装置) can rotate (旋转) their load to reduce displacement on turns, a useful trick in hilly places without overhead obstacles. (配备“铲刀升降机”液压装置的卡车可以旋转负载，以减少转弯时的位移，这在没有头顶障碍物的丘陵地区是一个有用的技巧。)”可知，过去的风力涡轮机是通过使用带有特殊装置的卡车来改变涡轮机的位置来运输的。故选A。 3．细节理解题。由文章第四段中“One idea is to 3D-print blades at wind farms. A Silicon Valley firm has $1.3m in funding. If all goes well, the company hopes to produce a 50-metre blade in late 2025. 3D-printed blades of 100 metres could follow by 2028. The boss of the firm estimates on-site printing would cut developers’ total cost for blades by a quarter. (一个想法是在风电场使用3D打印技术打印叶片。硅谷一家公司获得了130万美元的资金。如果一切顺利，该公司希望能在2025年底生产出50米长的叶片。到2028年，可能会跟进生产100米长的3D打印叶片。该公司负责人估计，现场打印可将开发商的叶片总成本降低四分之一。)”可知，解决风力涡轮机叶片运输问题的建议是在风电场现场打印叶片。故选A。 4．推理判断题。由文章最后一段“The wind power industry spends an astonishing 7% or so of its capital expenditures on moving blades. Even expensive, long-shot attempts to find a better way, then, could prove worth the effort. (风力发电行业在动叶片上花费了惊人的7%左右的资本支出。因此，即使是昂贵的、希望渺茫的寻找更好方法的尝试，也可能被证明是值得的。)”可知，作者对改善叶片运输的努力持支持态度。故选B。 （24-25高三上·福建莆田·期末）Do you know the broken windows theory? When your desk is very messy, if you don’t tidy it up in time, a few days later the room will become messy. It’s just a messy desk, why does the room end up being messy too? It’s because the broken windows effect is at play. Professor Marco Polo from the University of Cambridge gathered a few researchers under his wing to conduct an interesting experiment. They found an abandoned residential area and a relatively prosperous (繁荣的) residential area. The professor parked two old cars in these two places. A few days later, the car in the abandoned residential area was completely destroyed. And months later, the car in the prosperous residential area only had its tires damaged by human hands. Further research found that even if new cars were used, it was always the car in the abandoned residential area that was destroyed first. The researchers concluded that if a car is parked in a dilapidated (破败的) environment, it will soon be destroyed. The researchers also found that the dilapidated environment incites people to destroy everything. So we need to avoid the negative impact of the broken windows effect. However, Professor Marco Polo pointed out that we can use the positive side of the broken windows effect to cultivate good habits. For example, to address the sanitation issues in a slum (贫民窟), you can start with the sanitation of one household. When people see that household is very clean, they will Consciously tidy up their own sanitation, thus achieving a result with half the effort. 1．What can we learn about the broken windows theory? A．It is a psychological effect. B．The broken window effect only has a negative aspect. C．It was first proposed by Marco Polo. D．Many people are aware of this effect. 2．What is the meaning of the underlined word? A．Encourage people to do good deeds B．Prevent people from doing good deeds C．Encourage people to do bad deeds D．Prevent people from doing bad deeds 3．What is the best title for the article? A．Professor at the University of Cambridge B．The magical broken windows effect C．Cars in residential areas D．How to manage slums 4．Where might the article come from? A．Diary B．Novel C．Story D．Newspaper 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是破碎窗户理论及其如何影响环境和社会行为，通过实例探讨其负面效应及正面应用，指导人们改善社区环境。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When your desk is very messy, if you don’t tidy it up in time, a few days later the room will become messy. It’s just a messy desk, why does the room end up being messy too? It’s because the broken windows effect is at play.(当你的办公桌非常凌乱的时候，如果你不及时整理，几天后房间就会变得凌乱不堪。这只是一张凌乱的桌子，为什么房间最后也变得凌乱呢？这是因为破窗效应在起作用)”可知，环境中的小问题如果没有得到及时修复或处理，可能会导致更严重的问题，并影响人们的行为，这体现了破碎窗户理论的心理效应。故选A项。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线单词前的“The researchers concluded that if a car is parked in a dilapidated (破败的) environment, it will soon be destroyed.(研究人员得出结论，如果一辆车停在破败的环境中，它很快就会被摧毁。)”并结合划线单词所在的句子“The researchers also found that the dilapidated environment incites people to destroy everything.(研究人员还发现，破败的环境会……人们破坏一切。)”可知，研究者发现破败的环境会使得物品被摧毁，即破败的环境会煽动人们去做坏事，即破坏一切，所以划线单词的意思与“煽动”意义相近。故选C项。 3．主旨大意题。根据首段“Do you know the broken windows theory? When your desk is very messy, if you don’t tidy it up in time, a few days later the room will become messy. It’s just a messy desk, why does the room end up being messy too? It’s because the broken windows effect is at play.(你知道破窗理论吗？当你的办公桌非常凌乱的时候，如果你不及时整理，几天后房间就会变得凌乱不堪。这只是一张凌乱的桌子，为什么房间最后也变得凌乱呢？这是因为破窗效应在起作用)”可知，第一段通过例子引出本文讲述的话题——破窗效应，结合下文介绍的破窗理论的概念、实验、影响以及如何利用其正面效应来培养良好的习惯可知，“神奇的破窗效应”准确地概括了文章的主题，适合作为最佳标题。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据首段中的“Do you know the broken windows theory?(你知道破窗理论吗？)”可知，文章通过提问的方式引出本文讲述的话题，结合下文的关于破窗理论的介绍、实验和分析，以及尾段中的“So we need to avoid the negative impact of the broken windows effect. However, Professor Marco Polo pointed out that we can use the positive side of the broken windows effect to cultivate good habits.(所以我们需要避免破窗效应的负面影响。然而，马可波罗教授指出，我们可以利用破窗效应的积极一面来培养好习惯)”可知，尾段讲述了如何利用其正面效应来培养良好的习惯，通常是报纸等媒体用来教育公众并引起关注的内容，因此可以判断文章可能来自报纸。故选D项。 （24-25高三上·福建莆田·期末）Some everyday items we use in our daily lives, such as teacups, tissues, and keychains (钥匙扣), are inseparable from the contributions of the chemical industry. The vigorous development of the chemical industry also owes much to the relentless exploration of our predecessors. Linus Pauling was a renowned chemist who made significant contributions in multiple fields. He was awarded the Nobel Prize twice, including the 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the 1962 Nobel Peace Prize. Pauling systematically studied the relationship between the composition, structure, and properties of chemical substances and proposed the hybrid orbital theory in 1931. This theory creatively introduced many new concepts in chemical research, such as the covalent radius of atoms, metallic radius, ionic radius, and the scale of element electronegativity (电负性). The application of these concepts is of great significance to the development of modern chemistry and condensed matter physics. Pauling was also one of the founders of molecular biology. He spent a great deal of time researching the molecular structures of biological macromolecules (大分子), especially proteins. In 1955, Pauling and other world-renowned scientists, including Einstein and Russell, signed a declaration calling on scientists to jointly oppose destructive weapons and to defend peace against war. “In this new era of world history, world problems cannot be solved by war and violence,” Pauling said in his acceptance speech, “but rather by fair and equal world laws.” 1．What can we learn from this article? A．Pauling won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry twice. B．Pauling is an outstanding chemical industry entrepreneur. C．Pauling made significant contributions to the development of science. D．Pauling once took part in a terrible war. 2．What kind of person is Pauling from this article? A．Ordinary and hardworking. B．Funny and brave C．Kind and enthusiastic D．Excellence and peace-loving 3．What can we infer from Pauling’s words? A．World problems cannot be solved by war and violence. B．In the new era, world problems need to be resolved peacefully with fair and just methods. C．War and violence deprived Pauling of the beauty of his childhood. D．World laws can solve all problems. 4．Please give the article an appropriate title. _________ A．Support peace and oppose war. B．Chemist Pauling C．The history of the development of the chemical industry D．Linus Pauling won the Nobel Prize. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了化学家Linus Pauling的生平事迹和贡献。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Linus Pauling was a renowned chemist who made significant contributions in multiple fields.( Linus Pauling是一位在多个领域做出重大贡献的著名化学家)”可知，Linus Pauling对科学的发展做出了重要贡献。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第一段“He was awarded the Nobel Prize twice, including the 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the 1962 Nobel Peace Prize.(他曾两次获得诺贝尔奖，包括1954年诺贝尔化学奖和1962年诺贝尔和平奖)”、第二段“Pauling systematically studied the relationship between the composition, structure, and properties of chemical substances and proposed the hybrid orbital theory in 1931.( Pauling系统地研究了化学物质的组成、结构和性质之间的关系，并于1931年提出了杂化轨道理论)”、第二段“Pauling was also one of the founders of molecular biology. (Pauling也是分子生物学的奠基人之一)”和第三段“In 1955, Pauling and other world-renowned scientists, including Einstein and Russell, signed a declaration calling on scientists to jointly oppose destructive weapons and to defend peace against war. (1955年，Pauling与Einstein、Russell等世界著名科学家共同签署宣言，呼吁科学家共同反对毁灭性武器，反对战争，捍卫和平)”可知，文章中提到Pauling两次获得诺贝尔奖，并且在化学、分子生物学等领域有着杰出的贡献，同时他还积极参与和平运动，反对战争和暴力。因此，可以推断出他是一个追求卓越、热爱和平的人。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段““In this new era of world history, world problems cannot be solved by war and violence,” Pauling said in his acceptance speech, “but rather by fair and equal world laws.”(Pauling在获奖感言中说：“在这个世界历史的新时代，世界问题不能通过战争和暴力来解决，而是要通过公正和平等的世界法律来解决。”)”可知，Pauling表示在新时代，世界问题需要用公平和公正的方法和平解决。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Linus Pauling was a renowned chemist who made significant contributions in multiple fields. (Linus Pauling是一位在多个领域做出重大贡献的著名化学家)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍了化学家Linus Pauling的生平事迹和贡献，因此选项B“Chemist Pauling(化学家Pauling)”作为文章的标题最为恰当。故选B。 （24-25高三上·福建莆田·期末）The traditional Chinese board games (中国棋类游戏) we often come into contact with in life include: playing cards, mahjong, Ludo, and Chinese chess. Unlike international chess, Chinese chess has a complex and unpredictable board, with intricate rules that greatly test the players’ ability to adapt to the situation and their psychological resilience. It also contains interesting philosophical knowledge, which is why Chinese chess is favored by people all over the world. It is said that Chinese chess has a history of over 4,000 years. It is based on the Chu-Han Contention (楚汉争霸) and is played between two teams, the red (called shuai) and the black (called jiang). The winning rule is: whoever captures (捕获) the opponent’s “shuai” or “jiang” first wins. In Chinese chess, the “soldiers” can only move forward and not retreat (后退), while the “horse” moves diagonally across two adjacent squares. Basic tactics (战术) in Chinese chess include “hidden palace,” “double chariots crossing,” “iron gate bolt,” and more. To this day, Chinese chess remains charming, with masters such as Xu Yingchuan, Huang Guanming, and Yu Tianhong. In addition to its unpredictable nature, Chinese chess also encompasses many principles of warfare and philosophical thoughts. For example, “to catch the bandits, first catch the king,” “a proud army is bound to fail,” and “fighting with one’s back to the river.” These can have a positive impact on our studies and lives. Zhu Baojin, president of the Chinese Chess Association, says, “Playing chess is like waging war; victory is achieved through wit and courage. Chinese chess is like an art form with aesthetic appeal.” Despite this, the popularization and promotion of Chinese chess still face challenges. With the rise of electronic games and online entertainment, the younger generation may have a decreasing interest in traditional Chinese culture. However, through the promotion of educational and cultural activities, Chinese chess can still attract new enthusiasts and maintain its vitality in modern society. 1．Why is Chinese chess popular among people? A．Its rules are complex and difficult to understand. B．It has a long history. C．It tests the comprehensive level of humans and includes philosophical thoughts. D．It is set against the backdrop of the Chu-Han Contention. 2．Which of the following statements about the rules of chess is correct? A．Chinese chess has three different factions. B．The soldier can advance or retreat. C．The horse moves in a straight line. D．You must capture the opponent’s jiang or shuai to win. 3．What does “These” underlined in the third paragraph refer to? A．Chinese Chess B．Philosophy C．Artwork D．Learning and Living 4．What is the best title for the article? A．Interesting Chinese Chess B．The differences between Chinese chess and international chess. C．The history of the Chu-Han Contention D．The Philosophy of Chinese Chess 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是中国棋类游戏之一的中国象棋，其历史、规则、蕴含的哲理及在现代社会中的地位与挑战。 1．细节理解题。根据首段中的“Unlike international chess, Chinese chess has a complex and unpredictable board, with intricate rules that greatly test the players’ ability to adapt to the situation and their psychological resilience. It also contains interesting philosophical knowledge, which is why Chinese chess is favored by people all over the world. (与国际象棋不同，中国象棋的棋盘复杂而难以预测，规则错综复杂，极大地考验了棋手的适应能力和心理韧性。它还包含有趣的哲学知识，这就是为什么中国象棋受到全世界人民的喜爱)”可知，中国象棋受欢迎的原因在于它不仅考验玩家的适应能力和心理韧性，还包含了有趣的哲学知识。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The winning rule is: whoever captures (捕获) the opponent’s “shuai” or “jiang” first wins.(获胜规则是：谁先捕获对方的“帅”或“将”谁就获胜)”可知，胜利规则是首先捕获对方的“帅”或“将”。所以，你必须抓住对手的“帅”或“将”才能赢。故选D项。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线单词前的“For example, “to catch the bandits, first catch the king,” “a proud army is bound to fail,” and “fighting with one’s back to the river.”(例如，擒贼先擒王，骄兵必败，背水一战)”可知，这些都是与中国象棋相关的战术和原则，由此可知，these指代的是中国象棋里的哲理。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据首段中的“Unlike international chess, Chinese chess has a complex and unpredictable board, with intricate rules that greatly test the players’ ability to adapt to the situation and their psychological resilience. It also contains interesting philosophical knowledge, which is why Chinese chess is favored by people all over the world.(与国际象棋不同，中国象棋的棋盘复杂而难以预测，规则错综复杂，极大地考验了棋手的适应能力和心理韧性。它还包含有趣的哲学知识，这就是为什么中国象棋受到全世界人民的喜爱)”可知，首段引出本文讲述的话题——中国象棋，并介绍了中国象棋受人们喜爱的原因所在，结合下文介绍的中国象棋的历史、规则、战术以及其在现代社会中的挑战和机遇可知，整篇文章都围绕中国象棋展开，因此A项“有趣的中国象棋”最能概括文章的主旨，适合作为最佳标题。故选A项。 （24-25高三上·福建宁德·阶段练习）Your phone has a screen that displays images and videos. The screen uses tiny dots known as pixels (像素) that consist of three primary colors: red, green and blue. By mixing these colors in different ways, your phone can show you everything from beautiful beach scenes to cute puppies. Now imagine something similar for smells. Scientists are developing digital scent technology that uses a small number of different cartridges (暗盒) , each containing a specific scent. Just like how pixels mix the three basic colors to create images, these scent cartridges could mix to create different smells. Just as images on your phone are made of digital codes that represent combinations of pixels, smells produced by a future phone could be created through digital codes. Each smell could have a specific recipe made up of different amounts of the ingredients in the cartridges. When you receive a digital scent code, your phone could mix tiny amounts of the different scents from the cartridges to create the desired smell. This mix would then be released through a small vent on the phone, allowing you to smell it. With just a few cartridges, your phone could potentially create a huge variety of smells, much like how red, green and blue pixels can create countless colors. Creating a phone that can produce smells involves several challenges. One is designing a system that can produce thousands of different smells using only a few cartridges. Another is how to control how strong a scent should be and how long a phone should send it out. And phones will also need to sense odors near them and convert those to digital codes so your friends’ phones can send smells to you. The cartridges should also be easy to refill, and the chemicals in them should be safe to breathe. These hurdles make it a tricky but exciting area of research. 1．What enables a phone screen to present diverse visual contents from paragraph 1? A．Special sensors detecting colors. B．A unique way for color reflection. C．Advanced software for image generation. D．Pixels of three primary colors in combination. 2．What can we learn about digital scent from paragraph 2? A．It is created by using cartridges. B．It’s a fully-developed technology. C．It comes from the same cartridges. D．It is related to images on mobile phones. 3．What is one of the troubles scientists face when developing digital scent technology? A．Creating new scents that don’t exist in nature. B．Combining all primary colors to produce one smell. C．Regulating the strength and duration of scents. D．Finding a way to emit scents that last for a long time. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．A comparison between image combination and smell production. B．The development and challenges of digital scent technology. C．The advantages of updating a phone that can display images. D．The history and future of complex phone technology. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了数字气味技术，包括它的开发过程和潜力，以及其面临的诸多挑战。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The screen uses tiny dots known as pixels (像素) that consist of three primary colors: red, green and blue. By mixing these colors in different ways, your phone can show you everything from beautiful beach scenes to cute puppies.(屏幕使用被称为像素的小点，由红、绿、蓝三种原色组成。通过以不同的方式混合这些颜色，你的手机可以显示从美丽的海滩景色到可爱的小狗的一切。)”可知，让手机屏幕呈现多样化的视觉内容的是三种原色的像素组合。故选D。 2． 细节理解题。根据第二段“Scientists are developing digital scent technology that uses a small number of different cartridges (暗盒) , each containing a specific scent.(科学家们正在开发数字气味技术，该技术使用少量不同的暗盒，每个暗盒含有一种特定的气味。)”可知，数字气味技术是通过使用包含特定气味的暗盒来创建的。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Another is how to control how strong a scent should be and how long a phone should send it out. (另一个是如何控制气味的强度，以及手机应该发出多长时间。)”可知，科学家在开发数字气味技术时面临的一个挑战是如何调节气味的强度和持续时间。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段“Scientists are developing digital scent technology that uses a small number of different cartridges (暗盒) , each containing a specific scent.(科学家们正在开发数字气味技术，该技术使用少量不同的暗盒，每个暗盒含有一种特定的气味。)”和最后一段“Creating a phone that can produce smells involves several challenges.(制造一款可以产生气味的手机涉及几个挑战。)”可知，文章主要介绍了数字气味技术，包括它的开发过程和潜力，以及其面临的诸多挑战。因此，本文的主旨是B选项The development and challenges of digital scent technology.(数字气味技术的发展与挑战。)。故选B。 （23-24高三上·福建福州·阶段练习）Picture your favorite childhood stuffed animal. Are you attached to it even though you haven’t played with that creature in years? If so, you’re not alone. Parting with possessions they no longer use is a struggle for many people. As consumer psychologists, we wanted to know why. To gain some in sight, we zeroed in on items with sentimental (情感的) value in a series of studies. Things that are tied to emotionally significant memories may represent a piece of your identity. When you struggle to part with that sports shirt you wore on the junior basketball team, for example, you are not really attached to the shirt itself. Instead, you’re hanging onto the memories represented by that item of clothing you probably won’t wear again. Its sentimental value may make giving the shirt away feel like giving up a piece of your own identity. We set out to test ways to help people donate goods that are meaningful to them. In an online study, we let our subjects choose how to handle this. Nearly two out of three opted for photography, by far the most popular method. The other most common techniques included creating a scrapbook (剪贴簿) or making a video about it — the approaches taken by 22 percent of our participants and writing a note or making a journal entry, which was selected by 13 percent. To test whether photographing objects with sentimental value actually increases donations, we studied the behavior of Pennsylvania State University (PSU) students and found that students who were encouraged to photograph things before giving them away donated 35 percent more items than those who weren’t. However, our findings also suggest that photography is no universal cure. For example, when we asked people in our studies to take pictures of these items before selling them, that action didn’t help. One possible explanation is that they are unwilling to place a monetary (金钱的) value on treasured possessions. 1．Why is the sports shirt mentioned in paragraph 2? A．To show the influence of sports on one’s life. B．To explain the importance of sentimental value. C．To emphasize the value of a sense of identity. D．To highlight the significance of childhood memories. 2．What is the least popular way to help people donate meaningful goods? A．Photographing them. B．Making a video about them. C．Making a journal entry for them. D．Creating a scrapbook for them. 3．What did the PSU study show? A．Shooting photos for their stuff helps people let go of it. B．Photographing objects increases their sentimental value. C．It is hard to give away items with sentimental value. D．College students are more likely to donate than others. 4．Why might people be unwilling to sell their treasured possessions? A．They are too attached to them. B．They have trouble finding interested buyers. C．They don’t know how much to charge. D．They don’t want to monetize them. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。童年时最喜欢的毛绒动物。即使你已经很多年没有和那个生物一起玩了，你对它还是很依恋。为了了解其原因，消费心理学家在一系列研究中将注意力集中在具有情感价值的物品上。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Things that are tied to emotionally significant memories may represent a piece of your identity. When you struggle to part with that sports shirt you wore on the junior basketball team, for example, you are not really attached to the shirt itself. Instead, you’re hanging onto the memories represented by that item of clothing you probably won't wear again. Its sentimental value may make giving the shirt away feel like giving up a piece of your own identity.(与情感上重要的记忆相关的事物可能代表着你的身份的一部分。例如，当你很难脱掉你在少年篮球队穿的那件运动衫时，你并不是真的喜欢这件运动衫本身。相反，你会牢牢抓住那件你可能不会再穿的衣服所代表的记忆。它的情感价值可能会让赠送这件运动衫感觉就像放弃了你自己的一部分身份。)”可知，这件运动衫承载着你的情感价值，放弃这件运动衫就像放弃了自己身体的一部分，由此可推知，第2段提到运动衫是为了解释情感价值的重要性。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“In an online study, we let our subjects choose how to handle this. Nearly two out of three opted for photography, by far the most popular method. The other most common techniques included creating a scrapbook (    剪贴簿) or making a video about it — the approaches taken by 22 percent of our participants and writing a note or making a journal entry, which was selected by 13 percent.(在一项在线研究中，我们让受试者选择如何处理这个问题。近三分之二的人选择了摄影，这是迄今为止最受欢迎的方法。其他最常见的技巧包括制作剪贴簿或制作有关剪贴簿的视频——22% 的参与者采用了这种方法，还有 13% 的参与者选择了写笔记或制作日记条目。)”可知，通过比较可知，帮助人们捐赠有意义的物品的最不受欢迎的方式是为它们写日记。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“To test whether photographing objects with sentimental value actually increases donations, we studied the behavior of Pennsylvania State University (PSU) students and found that students who were encouraged to photograph things before giving them away donated 35 percent more items than those who weren’t.(为了测试拍摄具有情感价值的物品是否真的会增加捐赠，我们研究了宾夕法尼亚州立大学 (PSU) 学生的行为，发现那些被鼓励在赠送物品前拍摄物品的学生比那些没有鼓励的学生捐赠的物品多了35%)”可知，PSU的研究表明，那些被鼓励在赠送物品前拍摄物品的学生比那些没有鼓励的学生捐赠的物品多了35%，由此可推知，为自己的东西拍摄照片可以帮助人们放下它。故选A。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“For example, when we asked people in our studies to take pictures of these items before selling them, that action didn’t help. One possible explanation is that they are unwilling to place a monetary (金钱的) value on treasured possessions.(例如，当我们要求研究人员在出售这些物品之前为其拍照时，这种行为并没有帮助。一种可能的解释是，他们不愿意用金钱来衡量珍贵的财产)”可知，人们不愿意出售他们的珍贵财产是因为他们不想用金钱来衡量珍贵的财产，故选D。 （2025·福建宁德·二模）Earlier this year extremely cold Arctic air and severe winter weather swept southward into much of the US. Tens of millions of people were affected by dangerously cold temperatures. These severe cold events occur when the polar jet stream-the familiar jet stream of winter that runs along the boundary between Arctic and more temperate air-dips deeply southward, bringing the cold Arctic air to regions that don’t often experience it. After Earth just experienced its hottest year on record, it may seem surprising to set so many cold records. But does this cold snap (寒流) contradict human-caused global warming? Absolutely and surely, it does not. No single weather event can prove or disprove global warming. Many studies have shown that the number of extreme cold events is clearly decreasing with global warming, as predicted and understood from physical reasoning. Whether global warming may, contrary to expectations, be playing some supporting role in the intensity of these events is an open question. Some research suggests it does. There is evidence suggesting that Arctic changes connected with global warming have increased the likelihood of such vortex disruptions (涡旋破坏). The effects of the strengthened high latitude (纬度) warming known as Arctic amplification on regional snow cover and sea ice may build up the weather patterns that, in turn, result in a stretched polar vortex. More recently, we have shown that while the number of these severe cold events is clearly decreasing-as expected with global warming-it does not appear that their intensity is correspondingly decreasing, despite the rapid warming in their Arctic source regions. So, while the world can expect fewer of these severe cold events in the future, many regions need to remain prepared for exceptional cold when it does occur. A better understanding of the pathways of influence between Arctic surface conditions, the stratospheric (平流层) polar vortex and mid-latitude winter weather would improve our ability to predict these events and their severity. 1．Which question is still up in the air? A．What is the polar jet stream. B．Whether cold contradicts global warming. C．Whether globe warming worsens extreme cold. D．What may have led to this polar vortex being stretched. 2．What can we know about the weather from the text? A．The strength of cold is not reducing. B．The strength of heat is not decreasing. C．The threat of global warming is disappearing. D．The number of severe cold events is increasing. 3．What is suggested in the text? A．Being ready for the unusual cold. B．Recording the hottest years in Arctic. C．Paying a visit to the USA and Arctic. D．Learning high-latitude winter weather. 4．Which column of a newspaper is the text probably taken from? A．Culture and History. B．Science and Nature. C．The Making of a Nation. D．Health and Education News. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了尽管地球刚经历了有记录以来最热的一年，但美国今年早些时候仍遭遇了极端寒冷天气，这并不与全球变暖相矛盾；同时文章指出全球变暖背景下极端寒冷事件的数量在减少，但其强度是否受影响尚不确定，且未来虽可预期此类事件将减少，但仍需为可能出现的极端寒冷天气做好准备。 1．推理判断题。根据第三段的“Many studies have shown that the number of extreme cold events is clearly decreasing with global warming, as predicted and understood from physical reasoning. Whether global warming may, contrary to expectations, be playing some supporting role in the intensity of these events is an open question. (许多研究表明，正如预测和物理推理所理解的那样，随着全球变暖，极端寒冷事件的数量明显减少。与预期相反，全球变暖是否在这些事件的强度中发挥了某种辅助作用，这是一个悬而未决的问题。)”可知，全球变暖是否会与预期相反，对这些事件的强度起到一定的辅助作用，这还是一个未解之谜。即全球变暖是否加剧了严重寒冷事件还是个悬而未决的问题。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第五段“More recently, we have shown that while the number of these severe cold events is clearly decreasing-as expected with global warming-it does not appear that their intensity is correspondingly decreasing, despite the rapid warming in their Arctic source regions.(最近，我们已经表明，虽然这些严重寒冷事件的数量明显减少——正如全球变暖所预期的那样——但它们的强度似乎并没有相应减少，尽管它们的北极源头地区正在迅速变暖。)”可知，虽然这些严重寒冷事件的数量明显减少，但它们的强度似乎并没有相应减少。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“So, while the world can expect fewer of these severe cold events in the future, many regions need to remain prepared for exceptional cold when it does occur. (因此，尽管世界预计未来这种严重寒冷事件的次数会减少，但许多地区需要为异常寒冷的发生做好准备。)”可知，尽管世界预计未来这种严重寒冷事件的次数会减少，但许多地区需要为异常寒冷的发生做好准备。故选A。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，本文主要讲述了尽管地球刚经历了有记录以来最热的一年，但美国今年早些时候仍遭遇了极端寒冷天气，这并不与全球变暖相矛盾；同时文章指出全球变暖背景下极端寒冷事件的数量在减少，但其强度是否受影响尚不确定，且未来虽可预期此类事件将减少，但仍需为可能出现的极端寒冷天气做好准备。由此推断，本文最可能出现在报纸的“科学与自然”版块。故选B。 重难语篇拔高练 （2025·福建宁德·二模）When Liverpool’s Spellow Hub library was damaged this summer, an appeal quickly raised more than £250, 000 to restore the facility. That was evidence to the community’s deep attachment, but also to the broader appreciation of the value that libraries bring to society. Yet they are in crisis-again. Thirteen have closed in Merseyside. The UK has lost one in 20 since 2016, with 180 closed in that time, a BBC investigation has revealed. The most deprived areas are around four times more likely to lose a library than the richest. Overall, library spending has halved since 2010-11. “I owe my whole life to books and libraries, “ Zadie Smith said of her local library in Kensal Rise, London, after campaigning in vain against council plans to close it. The thriller (惊悚) writer Lee Child, creator of Jack Reacher, has said that the library in Birmingham where he spent hours as a boy did nothing less than save his life. But a young Child today might not be so lucky: Birmingham could lose 10 of its 35 libraries. But it is not just books that make libraries magical places. The children’s laureate (桂冠诗人), Frank Cottrell-Boyce, stressed their importance for “human contact”. His mother used the library as an escape from their cramped (狭小的) Liverpool home. Where else can you find craft workshops, Lego, coding and chess clubs alongside reading challenges and author events, all for free? Rhyme times offer desperately needed company to lonely parents, as well as stimulation for children. Libraries can be a lifeline, not just to those unable, or unwilling, to spend £20 on the new Sally Rooney novel. If you don’t have access to the Internet or a printer, if you struggle with English or can’t keep warm in winter, libraries are not simply somewhere to borrow books. For all their benefits, funding for libraries is never a priority, overshadowed by the more urgent demands of healthcare and schools. And yet, properly resourced, they can help reduce the pressures on both. 1．What does the underlined word “deprived” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Rich. B．Remote. C．Crowded. D．Poor. 2．What can be inferred from Paragraph 3? A．Zadie succeeded in stopping closure of her local library. B．Lee thinks the library matters much in his childhood. C．Lee argues that libraries have lost their relevance in the digital age. D．Birmingham has lost most of its libraries. 3．What can we learn from Paragraph 5? A．Public libraries provide much more than books. B．The libraries in the UK have a long history. C．Famous writers show their love for libraries. D．The activities offered by libraries become much less attractive. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards libraries? A．Indifferent. B．Critical. C．Positive. D．Tolerant. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讨论了英国图书馆面临的危机，包括资金削减和图书馆关闭的情况同时强调了图书馆在社会中的重要性，尤其是在提供人际交往、教育和社区支持方面的作用。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“The UK has lost one in 20 since 2016, with 180 closed in that time, a BBC investigation has revealed. The most…areas are around four times more likely to lose a library than the richest.(自2016年以来，英国每20家图书馆中就有一家关闭，在此期间共有180家关闭，BBC的一项调查显示。最……的地区失去图书馆的可能性比最富裕的地区高出近四倍。)”可知，此处指最贫穷的地区比最富裕的地区失去图书馆的可能性更大，所以划线词意思是“贫穷的”与D选项“Poor(贫穷的)”为同义词。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“The thriller (惊悚) writer Lee Child, creator of Jack Reacher, has said that the library in Birmingham where he spent hours as a boy did nothing less than save his life.(惊悚小说作家、《杰克·雷彻》的创作者Lee Child说，他小时候在伯明翰的图书馆里度过了几个小时，这无异于救了他的命。)”可知，他认为图书馆在他童年时期非常重要。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段“Where else can you find craft workshops, Lego, coding and chess clubs alongside reading challenges and author events, all for free? Rhyme times offer desperately needed company to lonely parents, as well as stimulation for children. Libraries can be a lifeline, not just to those unable, or unwilling, to spend £20 on the new Sally Rooney novel. (你在哪里还能找到工艺工作室、乐高、编程和象棋俱乐部，以及阅读挑战和作者活动，而且都是免费的？诗歌时间为孤独的家长提供了急需的陪伴，也为孩子们提供了激励。图书馆可以成为生命线，不仅仅是对那些不能或不愿意花20英镑买一本新的莎莉·鲁尼小说的人。)”可知，公共图书馆提供的不仅仅是书籍，同时也可以提供工艺工作室、乐高、编程和象棋俱乐部，以及阅读挑战和作家活动。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“When Liverpool’s Spellow Hub library was damaged this summer, an appeal quickly raised more than £250, 000 to restore the facility. That was evidence to the community’s deep attachment, but also to the broader appreciation of the value that libraries bring to society.(今年夏天，当利物浦的斯佩洛中心图书馆遭到破坏时，一项呼吁迅速筹集了25万多英镑用于修复该设施。这证明了社区对图书馆的深厚依恋，也证明了人们对图书馆给社会带来的价值的广泛认识。)”以及通读全文可知，文章从提供人际交往、教育和社区支持方面肯定了图书馆在社会中的重要性，由此可推知，作者对图书馆持积极态度。故选C项。 （24-25高三上·福建厦门·阶段练习）Do you have a brain for math? New research indicates that levels of two key neurotransmitters (脑神经传递素) — glutamate (谷氨酸) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) can predict mathematical abilities, suggesting brain chemistry may be playing a role in those who find math easy. The new study, published in the journal PLOS Biology, recruited 255 subjects extending a range of six-year olds in primary school to university students. The research focused on glutamate and GABA, known to play a role in brain plasticity (可塑性) and learning. Based on prior research, the focus was on two brain regions linked with mathematical abilities — the left intraparietal sulcus (IPS 顶叶内沟) and the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG 脑额中回). The results were interestingly different. In the youngest subjects high GABA levels and low glutamate levels in the left IPS were consistently associated with high math skills. But in the older university group the exact opposite was seen: low GABA and high glutamate were linked with strong mathematical abilities. Levels of both neurotransmitters in the MFG did not associate with math skills. The group was tested twice over 18 months, allowing the researchers to see if these neurotransmitter levels could predict mathematical ability into the future. And it worked, with neurotransmitter levels effectively predicting one’s success on math tests completed a year and a half later. Another recent study from the same research team looked specifically at GABA levels in MFG of 14 to 18 year olds. That research indicated MFG GABA levels could effectively predict whether a student was still studying math or had ceased that subject years prior. Cohen Kadosh, one of the researchers working on the study, says this may indicate math education can help stimulate the development of key brain regions. Further research will work on whether certain learning interventions can help those children less interested in math so these brain regions still get the developmental workout they need. “Not every adolescent enjoys math so we need to investigate possible alternatives, such as training in logic and reasoning that engage the same brain area as math.” says Cohen Kadosh. 1．What is the new study aimed at? A．Finding the tie between brain chemistry and math. B．Exploring mental development of the subjects. C．Testing the link between brain regions. D．Revealing the structure of brain. 2．What can be learned from the findings? A．The levels of GABA decide one’s math skills. B．Low MFG glutamate means poor math ability. C．Neurotransmitters in the MFG affect math skills. D．Math education may help with brain development. 3．Why does Cohen Kadosh propose investigating alternatives to math education? A．To make math easier and more approachable. B．To increase students’ engagement with math concepts. C．To reduce stress and anxiety associated with math. D．To stimulate the same brain regions through different activities. 4．What can be the best title of the text? A．Factors Affecting Math Skills B．Ways to Promote Math Education C．Math Ability Predicted by Neurotransmitters D．Brain Activities Involved in Math Study 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇科普说明文。新的研究表明，两种关键的神经递质——谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸的水平可以预测数学能力，这表明大脑化学物质可能在那些觉得数学容易的人中发挥作用。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“New research indicates that levels of two key neurotransmitters (脑神经传递素) — glutamate (谷氨酸) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) can predict mathematical abilities, suggesting brain chemistry may be playing a role in those who find math easy.(新的研究表明，两种关键的神经递质——谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸的水平可以预测数学能力，这表明大脑化学物质可能在那些觉得数学容易的人中发挥作用)”可知，这项新研究的目的是“发现大脑化学物质和数学之间的联系”。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Cohen Kadosh, one of the researchers working on the study, says this may indicate math education can help stimulate the development of key brain regions.(参与这项研究的研究人员之一Cohen Kadosh说，这可能表明数学教育可以帮助刺激关键大脑区域的发展)”可知，从研究结果中可以了解到“数学教育可能有助于大脑发育”。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段Cohen Kadosh所说的话“Not every adolescent enjoys math so we need to investigate possible alternatives, such as training in logic and reasoning that engage the same brain area as math.(并非每个青少年都喜欢数学，所以我们需要研究可能的替代方案，例如进行逻辑和推理训练，这与数学涉及相同的大脑区域)”可知，Cohen Kadosh建议研究数学教育的替代方案是为了通过不同的活动，例如逻辑和推理训练，来刺激相同的大脑区域。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段“New research indicates that levels of two key neurotransmitters — glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) can predict mathematical abilities, suggesting brain chemistry may be playing a role in those who find math easy.(新的研究表明，两种关键的神经递质——谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸的水平可以预测数学能力，这表明大脑化学物质可能在那些觉得数学容易的人中发挥作用)”可知，本文主要介绍了一项新研究表明，神经递质可以预测数学能力。因此，C项“Math Ability Predicted by Neurotransmitters(神经递质预测数学能力)”最适合作为本文的标题。故选C项。 答案第1页，共2页 答案第1页，共2页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 备战2025年高考英语名校模拟真题速递(福建专用) 第一期 专题07 阅读理解之说明文15篇 基础语篇巩固练 （24-25高三上·福建福州·期末）About a decade ago, Fuchsia Dunlop attended a banquet (宴会) in Guangzhou. The most memorable dish, however, was the plain white cup of soup served at the end. Made from chicken, it was simple, clean and perfect. It seem odd to Westerners, but, as Ms Dunlop, an English food writer, explains in a new book, stock (家禽) is a unique expression of a chef’s art. And the clean, “almost invisible soup” is an ideal conclusion to a banquet, with its rich and strong flavours. Invitation to a Banquet is Ms Dunlop’s seventh book where, unlike a traditional cookbook, she has chosen 30 dishes to illustrate different aspects of Chinese cuisine — and, in turn, Chinese life and history. Like other outsiders who focus on a foreign cuisine, she is more a gatherer than an inventor of recipes. Her well-researched cookbooks read as mini-ethnographies (民族志). Readers will not learn how to make traditional Chinese cuisines but how and why Chinese chefs have long prized unusual (and to Westerners, sometimes unappealing) ingredients. A seemingly humble yet labor-intensive dish of braised carp (鲤鱼) tail serves as a starting point for exploring the significance of kougan, or mouthfeel, in Chinese cuisine. Westerners, Ms Dunlop argues, “have traditionally assumed that the Chinese eat less desirable animal parts out of poverty”, when in fact they shut the door on various foods that is wonderfully cui (“slippery, often in a wet way”). Altogether, Ms Dunlop makes a persuasive argument for the superiority of Chinese cuisine, highlighting its strengths in a joyful manner rather than a boastful one. She shows how it has embraced foreign influences, how it has changed with China’s increasing wealth and how central it is to the country’s cultural history. She makes an equally persuasive argument that what Westerners think of as “Chinese food”, commonly found at their local takeaway, is neither inauthentic nor wrong. Instead, it is an adaptation shaped by Chinese communities living abroad and as representative of the cuisine’s diversity as a frozen pizza is of Italy’s. Immigration has made the authentic flavors more accessible than ever outside China. Eaters should learn to appreciate that. 1．Why might the plain chicken soup seem odd to Westerners? A．It is placed in a white cup. B．It is served at the end of the meal. C．It is made of unusual ingredients. D．It is enriched with complex flavors. 2．How does Invitation to a Banquet differ from traditional cookbooks? A．It keeps track of foreign recipes. B．It explores aspects beyond recipes. C．It is intended for cuisine research. D．It teaches how to make Chinese cuisines. 3．What can be inferred from the mentioning of “westerners” in Para.3? A．They view Chinese cuisine as pricey. B．They hesitate to try new ingredients. C．They like Chinese cuisine’s diversity. D．They often misinterpret Chinese cuisine. 4．What does Ms Dunlop think of Chinese cuisine? A．Inclusive and dynamic. B．Inflexible and adapted. C．Simple and overvalued. D．Beautiful and boastful. （2025·福建泉州·二模）Wearables are back in the spotlight in 2024, becoming one of the trendiest topics in the tech world. Beyond tracking steps, heart rate and blood-oxygen levels, future wearable devices will take the form of smart glasses or futuristic spectacles (眼镜), reflecting the tech industry's drive to integrate artificial intelligence (AI) into these innovative devices. As reported by The Information, tech companies including OpenAI, Meta, Google and Snapchat are all competing to launch AI-powered smart glasses that respond intelligently to users’ visual input. Earlier this year, Snapchat previewed its revolutionary (革命性的) AI-powered glasses with camera and video functions, Meta has introduced experimental AI object recognition in Ray-Ban smart spectacles, which could answer questions like “Is this a tea caffeine-tree?” by taking a photo and analysing it. The power behind this revolution lies in the new multimodal AI technology, which creates responses by integrating multiple sources of data including images, texts, and other forms of data. It expands on most users’ experiences of using text-only AI chatbots and would be a natural fit for smart spectacles with front-looking cameras. However, AI systems aren’t all-powerful and still have many shortcomings. During testing, Meta’s Ray-Ban smart spectacles were found to “hallucinate”, seeing-things that weren’t really there. There are also legal concerns surrounding these devices. Small companies may find it difficult to manage employees using AI-powered face-worn cameras. The business risks are complex. Google faced similar trouble with its Glass device, being questioned by authorities on privacy issues. If new smart glasses become popular, such problems will reappear. Despite these challenges, the wearable AI revolution holds great promise. New opportunities should crop up for small businesses to develop adaptable apps and access the growing wearables market. With an estimated annual growth rate of nearly 15 percent until 2030, the global wearables market is expected to outperform that of the smartphones. As this revolutionary technology unfolds, it will be interesting to see how it shapes our lives and businesses. 1．How does the author demonstrate the new trend of wearables? A．By reporting findings. B．By using examples. C．By making comparisons. D．By raising questions. 2．What makes the revolution possible? A．AI’s capability to process multimodal data. B．Smart devices’ fast response speed. C．AI’s advance in object recognition. D．Front-looking cameras’ accuracy. 3．What is a major concern in developing the wearables? A．Lack in technical innovation. B．Limit on spectacle glasses` clarity. C．Security of personal information. D．Comfort level of device wearing. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．Impact of AI on smart devices. B．Prospect of Al-driven wearables. C．Growth of the global tech industry. D．Argument of smart glasses technology. （24-25高三上·福建福州·阶段练习）Researchers from ETH Zurich, the University of Zurich, and the University Hospital Zurich have made a significant breakthrough in the field of precision medicine. They have developed a machine learning approach known as CellOT that can predict how individual cells react to specific treatments. This development promises more accurate diagnoses and therapeutics, particularly in the fight against cancer. Precision medicine, which aims to find the most effective drug combination and dosage (剂量) based on individual patient characteristics, has been a critical goal in the battle against cancer. Central to this is understanding how individual cells respond to treatment, a challenge that the research team from Zurich has tackled head-on with their innovative method. CellOT is a groundbreaking approach that identifies the distinct reactions individual cells within a larger population can have to a drug. The average response of a cell population often does not capture the full complexity of how certain tumor cells survive or develop resistance to drugs. CellOT addresses this by predicting the effects of perturbations (扰动) on cells, paving the way for more effective and personalized cancer treatments. Perturbations are changes caused by chemical, physical, or genetic influences, such as the effects of drugs on cancer cells. By understanding which cells respond to a drug and identifying the traits of resistant cells, researchers can develop new treatment strategies that prevent cell growth or cause pathogenic (致病的) cells to die. For CellOT, the researchers use novel machine learning algorithms and train these with both data from unperturbed cells and data from cells that changed after a perturbation response. In the process, the algorithm learns how cellular perturbation reactions arise, how they progress, and the likely phenotypes (显性类型) of altered cell states. The study, published in Nature Methods, shows that CellOT is not just effective for cancer cells. It can also be used on other pathogenic cells involved in autoimmune diseases like lupus erythematosus (红斑狼疮), indicating its potential in advancing treatments for various diseases. A key innovation of CellOT is its predictive ability. By evaluating existing cell measurement data, and thus expanding the knowledge of cellular perturbation reactions, CellOT can predict how individual cells will respond to perturbations that have not been measured in the laboratory. This capability opens up new avenues for targeted and personalized treatments. While CellOT holds immense promise, comprehensive clinical trials are still  required before the approach can be used in a hospital setting. Nevertheless, the development of this method marks a significant step towards a more nuanced (细腻的) understanding of individual cell responses to drugs. It fuels the hope for more effective cancer treatments and advances in precision medicine. 1．The underlined word “this” in Paragraph 3 refers to ________. A．the resistance from a group of cancer cells to drugs B．the average reaction of a cell population to drugs C．various responses of a cell population to drugs D．the survival of a population of cancer cells to drugs 2．According to the text, CellOT ________. A．focuses on monitoring the development of cancer cells B．can cause perturbations inside a human body C．has proved efficient in some Zurich hospitals D．may bring about better treatments for various diseases 3．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Suggestions for CellOT improvement. B．The limitations of CellOT. C．Future implications of CellOT. D．An explanation of further research. 4．What would be the best title for the text? A．How Machine Learning Helps Zurich Doctors B．CellOT: Advancing Precision Cancer Treatment C．A Groundbreaking Medicine for Cancer D．Precision Medicine is Around the Corner （24-25高三上·福建福州·期末）Coffee is a beloved beverage around the world, and different regions are famous for their unique coffee flavors and production methods. Let’s take a look at the coffee from three distinct places below.Colombia: The Land of High-Quality Arabica The country’s ideal climate, with plenty of rainfall and moderate temperatures in the coffee-growing regions, provides perfect conditions for coffee cultivation. Colombian coffee is often described as having a smooth and well-balanced flavor, with notes of chocolate, nuts, and a hint of fruitiness. Many coffee lovers appreciate its mild acidity, which makes it a great choice for those who prefer a less intense coffee experience.Ethiopia: The Cradle of Coffee with Rich Flavors Ethiopia is considered the birthplace of coffee. It has a long and rich history of coffee production that dates back centuries. Ethiopian coffee is known for its diverse range of flavors. The beans from different regions within the country can vary greatly in taste. Some have a floral and citrusy flavor profile, while others might offer a more earthy and spicy taste. The unique processing methods used by local farmers also contribute to the distinctiveness of Ethiopian coffee.Vietnam: Robusta and the Distinctive Brewing Style Vietnam is a major coffee producer in Asia. It is famous for its Robusta coffee beans. Vietnamese coffee has a strong and bold flavor with a relatively high caffeine content. It is often brewed using a drip method with a metal filter, which results in a thick and concentrated coffee. The addition of condensed milk is a popular way to enjoy Vietnamese coffee, giving it a sweet and creamy touch that sets it apart from the coffees of other regions. Whether you prefer the smoothness of Colombian coffee, the complex flavors of Ethiopian coffee, or the boldness of Vietnamese coffee, each of these regions offers a unique coffee experience that has captivated coffee enthusiasts worldwide. 1．In terms of coffee flavor, which statement is incorrect about the three countries? A．Colombian coffee has various flavors while Ethiopian coffee varies in flavor by region. B．Vietnamese coffee is bold due to Robusta beans and condensed milk. C．Colombian coffee is more intense than Ethiopian coffee because of higher caffeine. D．Ethiopian coffee’s diverse flavor relates to different processing methods. 2．Regarding coffee production and brewing in these countries, which is correct? A．Colombia grows both Arabica and Robusta beans for diverse flavor. B．Ethiopia processes beans uniformly for consistent flavor. C．Vietnamese brewing with a metal filter affects flavor and caffeine content. D．All countries use unique ways to bring out bean flavors. 3．Considering historical and cultural aspects of coffee in these countries, which is accurate? A．Colombia started coffee cultivation later, learning from others. B．Ethiopia’s coffee culture deeply influences global culture. C．Vietnam mainly focuses on domestic coffee demand. D．The three countries’ coffee cultures have no connection. （24-25高三上·福建福州·期末）The cerebellum (小脑), a remarkable structure located at the back of the brain, has long been a subject of extensive scientific research. Despite its relatively small size compared to other brain regions, it plays a crucial role in numerous functions. Traditionally, the cerebellum was primarily known for its role in coordinating movement (协调运动) and maintaining balance. It receives information from various sensory systems, such as the proprioceptive system (本体感觉系统) (which provides information about body position and movement), the vestibular system (前庭系统) (related to balance and spatial orientation), and the visual system. By integrating these inputs, the cerebellum fine-tunes motor commands sent from the cerebral cortex (大脑皮层) to ensure smooth and precise movements. For example, activities like walking, running, or playing a musical instrument rely heavily on the cerebellum’s ability to adjust and correct the ongoing movements in real-time. However, recent research has expanded our understanding of the cerebellum’s functions far beyond just motor control. Scientists have discovered that it is also involved in cognitive processes, including attention, language, and even aspects of emotional regulation. In studies involving patients with cerebellar damage, deficits in attention span and language processing have been observed. This suggests that the cerebellum may have a more complex and widespread influence on the brain’s overall functioning than previously thought. Moreover, the cellular and molecular mechanisms within the cerebellum are another area of active research. Neuroscientists (神经科学家) are delving into how the different types of neurons (神经元) in the cerebellum communicate with each other and how specific neurotransmitters (神经递质) and signaling pathways regulate its functions. Understanding these intricate details could potentially lead to new treatments for neurological disorders that involve the cerebellum, such as cerebellar ataxia (a disorder characterized by problems with coordination and balance). As technology continues to advance, researchers are using advanced imaging techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging (功能性磁共振成像, fMRI) and positron emission tomography (正电子发射断层扫描, PET) to study the cerebellum in more detail. These methods allow them to observe changes in blood flow and metabolic (代谢) activity in the cerebellum during different tasks and conditions, providing valuable insights into its normal functioning and potential dysfunctions (功能异常). 1．What was the traditional understanding of the cerebellum’s main function? A．It was mainly responsible for cognitive processes. B．It played a crucial role in regulating emotions. C．It centered on the maintenance of balance. D．It was involved in visual information processing. 2．Which of the following statements about the research on the cerebellum is correct? A．The functions are already clearly understood. B．It shows cerebellum’s physical movements mainly. C．Advanced tools is the very way to study cerebellum. D．Both old and new research help understand it better. 3．Why are advanced imaging techniques important in cerebellum research? A．They can directly change the cellular and molecular mechanisms within the cerebellum. B．They help researchers observe blood flow changes and metabolic activity and give insights into its functioning. C．They are used to treat neurological disorders related to the cerebellum directly. D．They can create artificial models of the cerebellum for better understanding. 4．What could be the prospect of perceiving the cellular and molecular mechanisms within the cerebellum? A．It could hold back the communication between different neurons in the cerebellum. B．It would eliminate neurological disorders completely related to the brain. C．It would make the cerebellum grow larger in size. D．It could help in developing new treatments for cerebellar ataxia. （24-25高三上·福建福州·期末）In ancient times, ambergris was used to scent cosmetics in Mesopotamia and almost every civilization in the world has encountered it. Before 1,000 AD, the Chinese named ambergris “lung-sien-hiang”, which translates to “dragon’s spittle perfume”, as they believed it was created from the saliva of dragons sleeping on rocks at the edge of the sea. The Arabs knew ambergris as anbar and believed it was produced from springs near the sea, which is where it gets its name. For centuries, this substance has also been used as a flavoring in food. During the Middle Ages, Europeans used ambergris as a treatment for headaches, colds, epilepsy, and other illnesses. In the 1851 whaling novel Moby-Dick, Herman Melville claimed that ambergris was “largely used in perfumery.” However, nobody ever knew where it really came from. Experts were still guessing its origin thousands of years later, until the long ages of guesswork ended in the 1720’s, when Nantucket whalers found gobs of the costly material inside the stomachs of sperm whales Industrial whaling quickly burgeoned (兴起). By 20th century ambergris is mainly recovered from inside the carcasses (尸体)of sperm whales. Through countless ages, people have found pieces of ambergris on sandy beaches. It was named gray amber to distinguish it from golden amber, another rare treasure. Both of them were among the most sought-after substances in the world, almost as valuable as gold. (Grey amber sells for roughly 20$ a gram, slightly less than gold at 30$ a gram.) Amber floats in salt water, and in ancient times, the origin of both these substances was mysterious. However, it turned out that amber and ambergris have little in common. Amber is a type of hard, transparent (透明的), and organic material that has been prized for its beauty and rarity. It is formed from the resin of ancient trees, mainly pines, that have been fossilized over time. Before the discovery of the New World, amber was already well-known to Europeans and was often used in jewelry-making. Despite being considered a gemstone, amber is not a mineral but a biological material, making it unique among gemstones. Its beauty and value have been recognized for centuries, making amber a highly prized natural material. Ambergris is a valuable fixative in perfumes, enhancing and prolonging scent. However, due to its rarity, cost, availability, and legal issues, most perfumeries now use a chemical derivative instead. As a fragrance consumer, it’s unlikely that your perfume contains natural ambergris unless specifically advertised or it’s a vintage scent from before the 1980s. If you’re curious about ambergris in your perfume, review your scent collection. Some popular perfumes containing ambergris are Givenchy Amarige, Chanel No.5, and Gucci Guilty. 1．What can we learn about ambergris from the first two paragraphs? A．It was found near the coast from the springs. B．There are myths about it from culture to culture. C．Human didn’t know its origin until the 20 century. D．It was a little bit less expensive than gold. 2．Which is the commonality between ambergris and amber? A．Being see-through. B．Producing sweet scents. C．Being expensive. D．Used as currency. 3．Which one is true about today’s perfume products? A．You may find ambergris in it which produced between 1950 and 1960. B．Ambergris is still a popular ingredient in perfume productions today. C．Ambergris has been discovered to have new medical uses today. D．Ambergris is becoming more expensive than before. 4．What topic is unlikely to be discussed between Paragraph 3 and Paragraph 4? A．History about how to find the origin of ambergris. B．More accurate producing process of amber. C．Why the ambergris is becoming more and more precious. D．The close bond between sperm whales and ambergris formation. （24-25高三上·福建宁德·阶段练习）In recent years the production of blades (叶片) for wind turbines (风力涡轮机) has undergone a revolution, as it were. As turbine output is related to the square of blade length, this has also increased how much power can be produced. But there’s a hitch. Today’s longest blades have become too big to be delivered to inland wind farms. They can be taken only by ship to offshore sites, where building costs are far higher. Logistics specialists have consequently been raising their game. Trucks with “blade-lifter” hydraulics (液压装置) can rotate (旋转) their load to reduce displacement on turns, a useful trick in hilly places without overhead obstacles. The past decade has also seen the development of highly accurate “swept path analysis” software. Fed with a digital model of a transport corridor, tree branches included, the software reveals — to within a few centimetres — if a blade could get through. For all that, problems still arise. During the many months it can take to secure transport permits, trees grow and new obstacles are often created. Producing the blades on site has so far proved impractical. In addition to introducing potential failure points, the joints are expensive and heavy. They also reduce wind-harnessing surface area by about 15%. One idea is to 3D-print blades at wind farms. A Silicon Valley firm has $1.3m in funding. If all goes well, the company hopes to produce a 50-metre blade in late 2025. 3D-printed blades of 100 metres could follow by 2028. The boss of the firm estimates on-site printing would cut developers’ total cost for blades by a quarter. The wind power industry spends an astonishing 7% or so of its capital expenditures on moving blades. Even expensive, long-shot attempts to find a better way, then, could prove worth the effort. 1．What does the underlined word “hitch” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Improvement. B．Advantage. C．Challenge. D．Disorder. 2．How were the wind turbines transported in the past? A．By using trucks with special devices to change the position of turbines. B．By reducing the load of the trucks to make turns. C．By applying software to the big trees detection. D．By making digital models of the large blades. 3．What is the suggestion about addressing the transportation of turbine blades? A．Printing the blades on-site at wind farms. B．Using lighter materials to produce the blades. C．Increasing the number of transport permits. D．Reducing the length of the turbine blades. 4．What is the author’s attitude to the efforts to improve the transportation of blades? A．Ambiguous. B．Supportive. C．Cautious. D．Doubtful. （24-25高三上·福建莆田·期末）Do you know the broken windows theory? When your desk is very messy, if you don’t tidy it up in time, a few days later the room will become messy. It’s just a messy desk, why does the room end up being messy too? It’s because the broken windows effect is at play. Professor Marco Polo from the University of Cambridge gathered a few researchers under his wing to conduct an interesting experiment. They found an abandoned residential area and a relatively prosperous (繁荣的) residential area. The professor parked two old cars in these two places. A few days later, the car in the abandoned residential area was completely destroyed. And months later, the car in the prosperous residential area only had its tires damaged by human hands. Further research found that even if new cars were used, it was always the car in the abandoned residential area that was destroyed first. The researchers concluded that if a car is parked in a dilapidated (破败的) environment, it will soon be destroyed. The researchers also found that the dilapidated environment incites people to destroy everything. So we need to avoid the negative impact of the broken windows effect. However, Professor Marco Polo pointed out that we can use the positive side of the broken windows effect to cultivate good habits. For example, to address the sanitation issues in a slum (贫民窟), you can start with the sanitation of one household. When people see that household is very clean, they will Consciously tidy up their own sanitation, thus achieving a result with half the effort. 1．What can we learn about the broken windows theory? A．It is a psychological effect. B．The broken window effect only has a negative aspect. C．It was first proposed by Marco Polo. D．Many people are aware of this effect. 2．What is the meaning of the underlined word? A．Encourage people to do good deeds B．Prevent people from doing good deeds C．Encourage people to do bad deeds D．Prevent people from doing bad deeds 3．What is the best title for the article? A．Professor at the University of Cambridge B．The magical broken windows effect C．Cars in residential areas D．How to manage slums 4．Where might the article come from? A．Diary B．Novel C．Story D．Newspaper （24-25高三上·福建莆田·期末）Some everyday items we use in our daily lives, such as teacups, tissues, and keychains (钥匙扣), are inseparable from the contributions of the chemical industry. The vigorous development of the chemical industry also owes much to the relentless exploration of our predecessors. Linus Pauling was a renowned chemist who made significant contributions in multiple fields. He was awarded the Nobel Prize twice, including the 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the 1962 Nobel Peace Prize. Pauling systematically studied the relationship between the composition, structure, and properties of chemical substances and proposed the hybrid orbital theory in 1931. This theory creatively introduced many new concepts in chemical research, such as the covalent radius of atoms, metallic radius, ionic radius, and the scale of element electronegativity (电负性). The application of these concepts is of great significance to the development of modern chemistry and condensed matter physics. Pauling was also one of the founders of molecular biology. He spent a great deal of time researching the molecular structures of biological macromolecules (大分子), especially proteins. In 1955, Pauling and other world-renowned scientists, including Einstein and Russell, signed a declaration calling on scientists to jointly oppose destructive weapons and to defend peace against war. “In this new era of world history, world problems cannot be solved by war and violence,” Pauling said in his acceptance speech, “but rather by fair and equal world laws.” 1．What can we learn from this article? A．Pauling won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry twice. B．Pauling is an outstanding chemical industry entrepreneur. C．Pauling made significant contributions to the development of science. D．Pauling once took part in a terrible war. 2．What kind of person is Pauling from this article? A．Ordinary and hardworking. B．Funny and brave C．Kind and enthusiastic D．Excellence and peace-loving 3．What can we infer from Pauling’s words? A．World problems cannot be solved by war and violence. B．In the new era, world problems need to be resolved peacefully with fair and just methods. C．War and violence deprived Pauling of the beauty of his childhood. D．World laws can solve all problems. 4．Please give the article an appropriate title. _________ A．Support peace and oppose war. B．Chemist Pauling C．The history of the development of the chemical industry D．Linus Pauling won the Nobel Prize. （24-25高三上·福建莆田·期末）The traditional Chinese board games (中国棋类游戏) we often come into contact with in life include: playing cards, mahjong, Ludo, and Chinese chess. Unlike international chess, Chinese chess has a complex and unpredictable board, with intricate rules that greatly test the players’ ability to adapt to the situation and their psychological resilience. It also contains interesting philosophical knowledge, which is why Chinese chess is favored by people all over the world. It is said that Chinese chess has a history of over 4,000 years. It is based on the Chu-Han Contention (楚汉争霸) and is played between two teams, the red (called shuai) and the black (called jiang). The winning rule is: whoever captures (捕获) the opponent’s “shuai” or “jiang” first wins. In Chinese chess, the “soldiers” can only move forward and not retreat (后退), while the “horse” moves diagonally across two adjacent squares. Basic tactics (战术) in Chinese chess include “hidden palace,” “double chariots crossing,” “iron gate bolt,” and more. To this day, Chinese chess remains charming, with masters such as Xu Yingchuan, Huang Guanming, and Yu Tianhong. In addition to its unpredictable nature, Chinese chess also encompasses many principles of warfare and philosophical thoughts. For example, “to catch the bandits, first catch the king,” “a proud army is bound to fail,” and “fighting with one’s back to the river.” These can have a positive impact on our studies and lives. Zhu Baojin, president of the Chinese Chess Association, says, “Playing chess is like waging war; victory is achieved through wit and courage. Chinese chess is like an art form with aesthetic appeal.” Despite this, the popularization and promotion of Chinese chess still face challenges. With the rise of electronic games and online entertainment, the younger generation may have a decreasing interest in traditional Chinese culture. However, through the promotion of educational and cultural activities, Chinese chess can still attract new enthusiasts and maintain its vitality in modern society. 1．Why is Chinese chess popular among people? A．Its rules are complex and difficult to understand. B．It has a long history. C．It tests the comprehensive level of humans and includes philosophical thoughts. D．It is set against the backdrop of the Chu-Han Contention. 2．Which of the following statements about the rules of chess is correct? A．Chinese chess has three different factions. B．The soldier can advance or retreat. C．The horse moves in a straight line. D．You must capture the opponent’s jiang or shuai to win. 3．What does “These” underlined in the third paragraph refer to? A．Chinese Chess B．Philosophy C．Artwork D．Learning and Living 4．What is the best title for the article? A．Interesting Chinese Chess B．The differences between Chinese chess and international chess. C．The history of the Chu-Han Contention D．The Philosophy of Chinese Chess （24-25高三上·福建宁德·阶段练习）Your phone has a screen that displays images and videos. The screen uses tiny dots known as pixels (像素) that consist of three primary colors: red, green and blue. By mixing these colors in different ways, your phone can show you everything from beautiful beach scenes to cute puppies. Now imagine something similar for smells. Scientists are developing digital scent technology that uses a small number of different cartridges (暗盒) , each containing a specific scent. Just like how pixels mix the three basic colors to create images, these scent cartridges could mix to create different smells. Just as images on your phone are made of digital codes that represent combinations of pixels, smells produced by a future phone could be created through digital codes. Each smell could have a specific recipe made up of different amounts of the ingredients in the cartridges. When you receive a digital scent code, your phone could mix tiny amounts of the different scents from the cartridges to create the desired smell. This mix would then be released through a small vent on the phone, allowing you to smell it. With just a few cartridges, your phone could potentially create a huge variety of smells, much like how red, green and blue pixels can create countless colors. Creating a phone that can produce smells involves several challenges. One is designing a system that can produce thousands of different smells using only a few cartridges. Another is how to control how strong a scent should be and how long a phone should send it out. And phones will also need to sense odors near them and convert those to digital codes so your friends’ phones can send smells to you. The cartridges should also be easy to refill, and the chemicals in them should be safe to breathe. These hurdles make it a tricky but exciting area of research. 1．What enables a phone screen to present diverse visual contents from paragraph 1? A．Special sensors detecting colors. B．A unique way for color reflection. C．Advanced software for image generation. D．Pixels of three primary colors in combination. 2．What can we learn about digital scent from paragraph 2? A．It is created by using cartridges. B．It’s a fully-developed technology. C．It comes from the same cartridges. D．It is related to images on mobile phones. 3．What is one of the troubles scientists face when developing digital scent technology? A．Creating new scents that don’t exist in nature. B．Combining all primary colors to produce one smell. C．Regulating the strength and duration of scents. D．Finding a way to emit scents that last for a long time. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．A comparison between image combination and smell production. B．The development and challenges of digital scent technology. C．The advantages of updating a phone that can display images. D．The history and future of complex phone technology. （23-24高三上·福建福州·阶段练习）Picture your favorite childhood stuffed animal. Are you attached to it even though you haven’t played with that creature in years? If so, you’re not alone. Parting with possessions they no longer use is a struggle for many people. As consumer psychologists, we wanted to know why. To gain some in sight, we zeroed in on items with sentimental (情感的) value in a series of studies. Things that are tied to emotionally significant memories may represent a piece of your identity. When you struggle to part with that sports shirt you wore on the junior basketball team, for example, you are not really attached to the shirt itself. Instead, you’re hanging onto the memories represented by that item of clothing you probably won’t wear again. Its sentimental value may make giving the shirt away feel like giving up a piece of your own identity. We set out to test ways to help people donate goods that are meaningful to them. In an online study, we let our subjects choose how to handle this. Nearly two out of three opted for photography, by far the most popular method. The other most common techniques included creating a scrapbook (剪贴簿) or making a video about it — the approaches taken by 22 percent of our participants and writing a note or making a journal entry, which was selected by 13 percent. To test whether photographing objects with sentimental value actually increases donations, we studied the behavior of Pennsylvania State University (PSU) students and found that students who were encouraged to photograph things before giving them away donated 35 percent more items than those who weren’t. However, our findings also suggest that photography is no universal cure. For example, when we asked people in our studies to take pictures of these items before selling them, that action didn’t help. One possible explanation is that they are unwilling to place a monetary (金钱的) value on treasured possessions. 1．Why is the sports shirt mentioned in paragraph 2? A．To show the influence of sports on one’s life. B．To explain the importance of sentimental value. C．To emphasize the value of a sense of identity. D．To highlight the significance of childhood memories. 2．What is the least popular way to help people donate meaningful goods? A．Photographing them. B．Making a video about them. C．Making a journal entry for them. D．Creating a scrapbook for them. 3．What did the PSU study show? A．Shooting photos for their stuff helps people let go of it. B．Photographing objects increases their sentimental value. C．It is hard to give away items with sentimental value. D．College students are more likely to donate than others. 4．Why might people be unwilling to sell their treasured possessions? A．They are too attached to them. B．They have trouble finding interested buyers. C．They don’t know how much to charge. D．They don’t want to monetize them. （2025·福建宁德·二模）Earlier this year extremely cold Arctic air and severe winter weather swept southward into much of the US. Tens of millions of people were affected by dangerously cold temperatures. These severe cold events occur when the polar jet stream-the familiar jet stream of winter that runs along the boundary between Arctic and more temperate air-dips deeply southward, bringing the cold Arctic air to regions that don’t often experience it. After Earth just experienced its hottest year on record, it may seem surprising to set so many cold records. But does this cold snap (寒流) contradict human-caused global warming? Absolutely and surely, it does not. No single weather event can prove or disprove global warming. Many studies have shown that the number of extreme cold events is clearly decreasing with global warming, as predicted and understood from physical reasoning. Whether global warming may, contrary to expectations, be playing some supporting role in the intensity of these events is an open question. Some research suggests it does. There is evidence suggesting that Arctic changes connected with global warming have increased the likelihood of such vortex disruptions (涡旋破坏). The effects of the strengthened high latitude (纬度) warming known as Arctic amplification on regional snow cover and sea ice may build up the weather patterns that, in turn, result in a stretched polar vortex. More recently, we have shown that while the number of these severe cold events is clearly decreasing-as expected with global warming-it does not appear that their intensity is correspondingly decreasing, despite the rapid warming in their Arctic source regions. So, while the world can expect fewer of these severe cold events in the future, many regions need to remain prepared for exceptional cold when it does occur. A better understanding of the pathways of influence between Arctic surface conditions, the stratospheric (平流层) polar vortex and mid-latitude winter weather would improve our ability to predict these events and their severity. 1．Which question is still up in the air? A．What is the polar jet stream. B．Whether cold contradicts global warming. C．Whether globe warming worsens extreme cold. D．What may have led to this polar vortex being stretched. 2．What can we know about the weather from the text? A．The strength of cold is not reducing. B．The strength of heat is not decreasing. C．The threat of global warming is disappearing. D．The number of severe cold events is increasing. 3．What is suggested in the text? A．Being ready for the unusual cold. B．Recording the hottest years in Arctic. C．Paying a visit to the USA and Arctic. D．Learning high-latitude winter weather. 4．Which column of a newspaper is the text probably taken from? A．Culture and History. B．Science and Nature. C．The Making of a Nation. D．Health and Education News. 重难语篇拔高练 （2025·福建宁德·二模）When Liverpool’s Spellow Hub library was damaged this summer, an appeal quickly raised more than £250, 000 to restore the facility. That was evidence to the community’s deep attachment, but also to the broader appreciation of the value that libraries bring to society. Yet they are in crisis-again. Thirteen have closed in Merseyside. The UK has lost one in 20 since 2016, with 180 closed in that time, a BBC investigation has revealed. The most deprived areas are around four times more likely to lose a library than the richest. Overall, library spending has halved since 2010-11. “I owe my whole life to books and libraries, “ Zadie Smith said of her local library in Kensal Rise, London, after campaigning in vain against council plans to close it. The thriller (惊悚) writer Lee Child, creator of Jack Reacher, has said that the library in Birmingham where he spent hours as a boy did nothing less than save his life. But a young Child today might not be so lucky: Birmingham could lose 10 of its 35 libraries. But it is not just books that make libraries magical places. The children’s laureate (桂冠诗人), Frank Cottrell-Boyce, stressed their importance for “human contact”. His mother used the library as an escape from their cramped (狭小的) Liverpool home. Where else can you find craft workshops, Lego, coding and chess clubs alongside reading challenges and author events, all for free? Rhyme times offer desperately needed company to lonely parents, as well as stimulation for children. Libraries can be a lifeline, not just to those unable, or unwilling, to spend £20 on the new Sally Rooney novel. If you don’t have access to the Internet or a printer, if you struggle with English or can’t keep warm in winter, libraries are not simply somewhere to borrow books. For all their benefits, funding for libraries is never a priority, overshadowed by the more urgent demands of healthcare and schools. And yet, properly resourced, they can help reduce the pressures on both. 1．What does the underlined word “deprived” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Rich. B．Remote. C．Crowded. D．Poor. 2．What can be inferred from Paragraph 3? A．Zadie succeeded in stopping closure of her local library. B．Lee thinks the library matters much in his childhood. C．Lee argues that libraries have lost their relevance in the digital age. D．Birmingham has lost most of its libraries. 3．What can we learn from Paragraph 5? A．Public libraries provide much more than books. B．The libraries in the UK have a long history. C．Famous writers show their love for libraries. D．The activities offered by libraries become much less attractive. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards libraries? A．Indifferent. B．Critical. C．Positive. D．Tolerant. （24-25高三上·福建厦门·阶段练习）Do you have a brain for math? New research indicates that levels of two key neurotransmitters (脑神经传递素) — glutamate (谷氨酸) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) can predict mathematical abilities, suggesting brain chemistry may be playing a role in those who find math easy. The new study, published in the journal PLOS Biology, recruited 255 subjects extending a range of six-year olds in primary school to university students. The research focused on glutamate and GABA, known to play a role in brain plasticity (可塑性) and learning. Based on prior research, the focus was on two brain regions linked with mathematical abilities — the left intraparietal sulcus (IPS 顶叶内沟) and the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG 脑额中回). The results were interestingly different. In the youngest subjects high GABA levels and low glutamate levels in the left IPS were consistently associated with high math skills. But in the older university group the exact opposite was seen: low GABA and high glutamate were linked with strong mathematical abilities. Levels of both neurotransmitters in the MFG did not associate with math skills. The group was tested twice over 18 months, allowing the researchers to see if these neurotransmitter levels could predict mathematical ability into the future. And it worked, with neurotransmitter levels effectively predicting one’s success on math tests completed a year and a half later. Another recent study from the same research team looked specifically at GABA levels in MFG of 14 to 18 year olds. That research indicated MFG GABA levels could effectively predict whether a student was still studying math or had ceased that subject years prior. Cohen Kadosh, one of the researchers working on the study, says this may indicate math education can help stimulate the development of key brain regions. Further research will work on whether certain learning interventions can help those children less interested in math so these brain regions still get the developmental workout they need. “Not every adolescent enjoys math so we need to investigate possible alternatives, such as training in logic and reasoning that engage the same brain area as math.” says Cohen Kadosh. 1．What is the new study aimed at? A．Finding the tie between brain chemistry and math. B．Exploring mental development of the subjects. C．Testing the link between brain regions. D．Revealing the structure of brain. 2．What can be learned from the findings? A．The levels of GABA decide one’s math skills. B．Low MFG glutamate means poor math ability. C．Neurotransmitters in the MFG affect math skills. D．Math education may help with brain development. 3．Why does Cohen Kadosh propose investigating alternatives to math education? A．To make math easier and more approachable. B．To increase students’ engagement with math concepts. C．To reduce stress and anxiety associated with math. D．To stimulate the same brain regions through different activities. 4．What can be the best title of the text? A．Factors Affecting Math Skills B．Ways to Promote Math Education C．Math Ability Predicted by Neurotransmitters D．Brain Activities Involved in Math Study 答案第1页，共2页 答案第1页，共2页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$