Unit 4 Space Exploration Discovering Useful Structures 教学设计-2024-2025学年高一英语人教版（2019）必修第三册

Teaching and Learning Design Book3 Unit4 Space Exploration 教学设计 Period 4 Teaching and learning contents: Discovering Useful Structures Comprehensive teaching and learning objectives: By the end of this period, the students will have been able to: 1) Learn about the use of infinitives as attribute and adverbial; 2) Learn to use infinitives as attribute and adverbial in context to describe space facts and efforts to explore space; 3) Learn about the usages of some new words in this part. Teaching and learning important points: Learning to use infinitives as attribute and adverbial in context. Teaching and learning difficult points: Learning to infinitives as attribute and adverbial in context. Teaching and learning procedure: Step 1 Review and leading in Activity 1 Review and leading in 1. Review some of the language items learned in the previous period. 2. Lead in the teaching topic and introduce the learning objectives of this period. Step 2 Discovering useful structures Activity 2 Discovering the usages of infinitives Look at the following sentences and focus on the italicised/underlined infinitives. In pairs, discuss their functions and meanings. Find more examples from the unit. 1. I trained for a long time to fly airplanes as a fighter pilot. (infinitive as adverbial) 2. As we all know, an astronaut needs to be healthy and calm in order to work in space. (infinitive as adverbial) 3. First of all, you must be intelligent enough to get a related college degree. (infinitive as adverbial) 4. Some scientists were determined to help humans realise their dream to explore space. (infinitive as attribute) 5. On 12 April 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world to go into space. (infinitive as attribute) Step 3 Learning about the structure Activity 3 Learning about the structures—infinitives used as attribute and adverbial (Get the students to read the grammar explanations in RB or Appendix by themselves and complete the exercises in RB in advance.) I 动词不定式概述： 动词不定式是一种非谓语动词，其形式是“to+动词原形”，但有时也不带to。其否定是在to前面加上not，及即“not to+动词原形”。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能作谓语，可以作谓语以外的其它句子成分，即主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语。 II 不定式作定语 1. 中心词被形容词最高级、序数词或all, any, no, only等限定词限定时，后接不定式(短语)作定语。 e.g. China has become the first country to land a spacecraft on the far side of the moon. 中国已成为首个将探测器在月球背面着陆的国家。 He is the only person to know the truth. 他是唯一知道真相的人。 2. 不定式里的动词与被修饰的词之间有动宾关系，且句中有该不定式的逻辑主语时，该不定式通常用主动形式表被动意义；若是不及物动词，其后还要加上适当的介词。 e.g. The manager is particular about the paper to write on. 经理对写字的纸很挑剔。 There are so many good cafes and restaurant to choose from. 3. 表示将要发生的动作，常用不定式表达。 e.g. I can’t go out with you, because I have lots of homework to do. 我不能和你出去，因为我有许多作业要做。 Nuclear power could be an important source of energy for many years to come. 在 随后的多年里，核能会成为一种重要的能源。 4. 常用在抽象名词attempt，ability，belief，chance，decision，desire，effort，determination，means，plan，promise，right，time，way，wish或不定代词something，nothing等后面作后置定语；若其逻辑主语是句子的主语，不定式用主动式。 e.g. The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself. 表达思想的能力和思想本身一样重要。 Women have no right to vote and to be voted in that country. 在那个国家，女性没有选举权和被选举权。 Mr Brown has something important to deal with at present. 目前布朗先生有重要的事情要处理。 III. 不定式作状语 1. 作目的状语。不定式(短语)作目的状语，主要用来修饰动词，表示某一动作或状态的目的。在句首时常译为“为了……”；在句尾时常译作“以便……，目的是……”，前面可以加in order或者 so as表示强调。 e.g. (In order)To help us prepare for the exam, the teacher suggested reading through our notes.(in order to do...既可以置于句首又可以置于句尾) 为了帮助我们准备考试，老师建议通读我们的笔记。 We work hard (so as) to be admitted to a key university.(so as to do...不能置于句首) 我们努力学习，目的是被重点大学录取。 注意：(1)不定式(短语)表示的是主语的目的，因此其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语；(2)不定式的否定式均是在to前加not。 e.g. 为了画好地图，你需要一支特殊的钢笔。 To draw maps properly, a special pen is needed. [误] To draw maps properly, you need a special pen. [正] We had better hurry up in order/so as not to be late for class. 为了上课不迟到，我们最好快点。 2. 作结果状语。不定式(短语)作结果状语常用于以下结构： (1) so/such...as to do sth太……以至于做某事 e.g. Would you please be so kind as to help me? 您能好心帮帮我吗？ He is such a fool as to believe them. 他如此傻以至于相信他们。 (2)表示出乎意料的结果，常与only，never 等连用。 e.g. He went to school early only to find nobody was there. 他早早地去了学校，结果发现学校里没人。 注意：动词-ing形式作结果状语，表示顺其自然的结果。 e.g. Both of his parents died in the war, leaving him an orphan. 他的父母都在战争中死去了，结果他成了孤儿。 (3) too...to do sth太……以至于不能做某事 e.g. The box is too small to hold all these things. 这个箱子太小以至于装不下这些东西。 (4)...enough to do sth足够……做某事 e.g. The girl was lucky enough to get a train ticket. 这个女孩足够幸运抢到了一张火车票。 3. 作原因状语。常用于“主语(人)＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”结构中。形容词作表语时，后可接不定式作原因状语，用以说明产生这种情绪的原因或所表示的情况，常用于这类结构中的形容词有：sorry，surprised，astonished，disappointed，excited，glad，happy，anxious，delighted，pleased，foolish等。 e.g. We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition. 令我们吃惊的是，这座寺庙仍保持着最初的样子。 We were surprised to find that he had left. 4. 用于“主语(物)＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”结构中（作程度状语？）。这类形容词有：easy，difficult，hard，cheap，expensive，fit，comfortable，heavy，good，important，impossible，dangerous等，表示主语的特征或性质，不定式和句子主语之间存在动宾关系，但常用主动形式表示被动意义。 e.g. The morning air is so good to breathe that he gets up early every day. 早上的空气呼吸起来很清新，因此他每天都起得很早。 This sofa is very comfortable to sit on. 这个沙发坐起来很舒适。 Step 4 Using the structures Activity 4 Using the structures 1. Rewrite the sentences using infinitives or “in order to/so as to + do”. Change the italicized parts accordingly. Answers: 1) In 2003 Yuri Malenchenko became the first person to get married in space. 2) In space, astronauts collect all dirty water so as to recycle it for later use. 3) Mankind has always been curious about the universe and many people have the dream to fly into space one day. 4) Astronauts’ bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the lack of gravity, so they need to exercise every day to / in order to / so as to stay healthy. 5) Astronauts have to use tape to stick everything down while working in space to / in order to / so as to keep everything from floating off. 6) During a spacewalk, astronauts have to move slowly to / in order to / so as to keep their bodies under control. 2. Complete the passage with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets, check the answers, read and reconstruct the text. Answers: to achieve, using, to get, known, to store, to help 3. Learning about few new words in this part. 1) recycle vt. 回收利用；重新使用 e.g. recycled paper再生纸 Denmark recycles nearly 85% of its paper. 丹麦的纸张回收率近85%。 2) muscle n. 肌肉[c]；力量；权威，权力 e.g. This exercise will work the muscles of the lower back. 这样的运动可以锻炼腰部的肌肉 He’s an intelligent player but lacks the muscle of older competitors. 他是个聪明的选手，但却缺乏老对手的体力。 3) lack n. 缺乏；短缺 (a) lack of没有，缺乏；不足，不够 for lack of 因缺乏/缺少/没有…… no lack of 不缺 lack vt. 没有；缺乏 lacking adj.缺乏的；不足的 be lacking in sth 在……方面缺乏 e.g. He lacks confidence. 他缺乏信心。 His eyes were red for lack of sleep. 他的眼睛因缺乏睡眠而发红。 由于缺乏烹饪经验，这对双胞胎弄得厨房乱七八糟。 →For lack of cooking experience, the twins made the kitchen in a mess. (lack n.) →Because the twins lacked cooking experience, they made the kitchen in a mess. (lack vt.) →Because the twins were lacking in cooking experience, they made the kitchen in a mess.(lacking) 4) float vi. 漂浮；浮动；漂流 vt. 使漂浮；使浮动；使漂流 n. 浮体；鱼漂浮子；备用零钱；加冰激凌的饮料 e.g. A plastic bag was floating in the water. 一个塑料袋在水中漂浮。 The smell of new bread floated up from the kitchen. 厨房里飘出新鲜面包的香味。 Beautiful music came floating out of the window. 美妙的乐声从窗口传出。 There wasn’t enough water to float the ship. 水不够深，船浮动不起来。 5) otherwise adv. 否则；要不然；除此以外；以其他方式 e.g. My parents lent me the money. Otherwise, I couldn’t have afforded the trip. 我父母借钱给我了。否则，我可付不起这次旅费。 Shut the window, otherwise it'll get too cold in here. 把窗户关好，不然屋子里就太冷了。 There was some music playing upstairs. Otherwise the house was silent. 楼上有些音乐声。除此以外，房子里静悄悄的。 6) beyond prep.在更远处；超出 adv. 在另一边；在（或向）更远处；以远 beyond-phrases: beyond description难以形容 beyond recognition 认不出来 beyond control 失去控制 beyond repair 无法修理 beyond belief 难以置信 beyond the reach of/beyond one’s reach 超出……的范围 e.g. The good view on the top of the hill is beyond description. 山顶上的美景难以形容。 Unfortunately, my car was beyond control. As a result, it ran into a tree and it was beyond repair. 不幸的是，我的车失去了控制。因此，它撞上了一棵树，它无法修理了。 It is beyond belief that he won the first prize in the English speech competition. 他在英语演讲比赛中获得一等奖，真是难以置信。 It won’t go on beyond midnight. 这事不会延续到午夜以后。 The road continues beyond the village up into the hills. 那条路经过村子后又往上延伸到群山中。 Our success was far beyond what we thought possible. 我们的成功远远超出了我们的估计范围。 7) solar adj. 太阳（能）的 solar system 太阳系 the solar cycle太阳活动周期 solar radiation太阳辐射 solar panel 太阳电池板 solar power/heating 太阳能动力/加热 8) current adj. 当前的；流通的 n. (河、湖或海的)水流；电流；趋向 currency n. 货币；通用，流行 currently adv. 目前，当前 e.g. The current situation is very different to that in 1990. 当前的形势与1990年截然不同。 The couple were swept away by the strong current. 这对夫妻被巨大的水流卷走了。 This matter is currently being discussed. 这个问题现正在讨论之中。 9) sufficient adj. 足够的；充足的；充分的 insufficient adj. 不足的，不够的 e.g. Allow sufficient time to get there. 留出充足的时间好赶过去。 Is £100 sufficient for your expenses? 100英镑够你花销吗？ 10) figure out弄懂；弄清楚；弄明白 work out解决；算出；实现；制定出；弄懂；锻炼 e.g. I can’t figure out why quite a number of animals are dying out. 我不明白为什么这么多动物灭绝。 I couldn’t figure out what had annoyed my boss. 我不明白什么惹恼了老板。 Step 5 Summary and evaluation Activity 5 Summary (The teacher) Summarize the main contents of this period briefly, focusing on how to use the present participles as the adverbial and the object compliment. Activity 6 Self-evaluation Guide the students to reflect on their learning of this period by considering the following aspects. 1. How is your mastery of infinitives used as attribute and adverbial? (Good/Fairly good/Moderate/Just so so/Poor) 2. What are your problems with the use of infinitives as attribute and adverbial? 3. How is your mastery of the new words learned in this part? (Good/Fairly good/Moderate/Just so so/Poor) Homework： 1. Complete the grammar exercises in RB. 2. Complete the other exercises in RB. 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$