专题一 (八)创新命题热点——新名词类语篇题-【正禾一本通】2025年高考英语高三二轮专题复习高效讲义（新教材）

(八)创新命题热点——新名词类语篇题 [考情速递]　新名词类选材是近几年高考命题的常考选材，如2023新高考Ⅰ卷的数字极简主义、“群体智慧”效应，2022新高考Ⅱ卷涉及共享经济，2023浙江1月卷涉及零浪费等。此类选材话题新颖，具有鲜明的时代特色。本套题A篇选材提到的“先发影响力”就属于新名词，这一概念阐释了最好的劝服效果是通过先发影响力实现的。此话题涉及社会沟通与交际，是未来高考的热点选材。 Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分，共30分) A Today and every day we are the targets of advertisers, fundraisers and politicians trying to persuade us to buy something, do something or think in a certain way.And they're good at it, but by concentrating so intently on the message itself, they've missed a crucial component of the process.Research done in the last 15 years shows that the best persuasion is achieved through good pre­suasion—the practice of arranging for people to agree with a message before they even know what's in it. Pre­suasion works by focusing people's attention on a selected concept, which in turn inspires them to overvalue it over related ones.In one study, visitors to an online sofa store were greeted with images of either soft clouds or small coins in the background of its landing page.Those who saw the clouds were more likely to prefer soft, comfortable sofas for purchase whereas those who saw the money preferred cheaper models. Long before scientists started studying the process of pre­suasion, a few notable communicators already had an intuitive understanding of it. For example, in 1588, thousands of British troops, who were gathered against a sea invasion by Spain at Tilbury in the UK, were deeply concerned that their leader Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ， as a woman, would not be up to the toughness of battle.In addressing the men, she dispelled their fears pre­suasively—first acknowledging their concern by admitting a weakness, which established her honesty for whatever she said next, and then following it with a strength that demolished (推翻) this perceived weakness.“I know，” she asserted, “I have the body of a weak woman.But I have the heart of a king, and a king of England, too.” It's reported that so long and loud were the cheers after this pronouncement that officers had to ride among the soldiers ordering them to restrain themselves so the queen could continue. With considerable success, practitioners of social influence have always featured persuasive prods—glowing testimonials, emotional tugs, last­chance opportunities—in their appeals.Perhaps because of that success, they've mostly missed an accompanying truth.For maximum impact, it's not only what you do; it's also what you do just before you do what you do. [语篇解读]本文是议论文。作者首先指出广告商、募捐者和政客在劝服人们购物、做事和以某种方式思考的特点与欠缺，继而阐释了最好的劝服效果是通过先发影响力(pre­suasion)实现的，然后通过两个事例证明了先发影响力的作用。 1．What does the author recommend us to do to achieve the best persuasion? A．Presenting people with glowing certificates. B．Drawing people's attention to intended aspects. C．Concentrating on people's facial and body reactions. D．Touching people's heart strings by moving speeches. B　[细节理解题。根据题干中的“to achieve the best persuasion”定位到第一段中的“the best persuasion is achieved through good pre­suasion”，然后再根据第二段首句中pre­suasion的作用原理“Pre­suasion works by focusing people's attention on a selected concept...”可知，B项正确。] 2．Why does the author mention an online sofa store? A．To promote products. B．To clarify a concept. C．To explain a mystery. D．To draw a conclusion. B　[写作意图题。第二段首先解释了pre­suasion的作用原理是将人们的注意力集中在一个选定的概念上，这反过来又会激励他们将这个概念看得比相关概念更重要。然后举例在一项研究中，一家网上沙发店的访客在登录页面的背景中看到云的人更倾向于购买柔软、舒适的沙发，看到钱的人更倾向于购买更便宜的沙发。这是通过具体事例说明pre­suasion的概念。] 3．What was the British soldiers' attitude towards Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ at first? A．Respectful. B．Appreciative. C．Faithful. D．Doubtful. D　[观点态度题。根据第四段中的“...in 1588, thousands of British troops...were deeply concerned that their leader Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ， as a woman, would not be up to the toughness of battle”可知，当时的英国士兵担心他们的女王伊丽莎白一世承受不住战争的艰苦。因此他们一开始对其持怀疑态度。respectful尊敬的；appreciative欣赏的；faithful忠实的。] 4．What can be the best title of the text? A．The Power of Pre­suasion B．The Methods of Persuasion C．The Origin of Pre­suasion D．The Impact of Persuasion A　[标题归纳题。通读全文可知，作者先阐明了观点：最好的劝服效果是通过先发影响力(pre­suasion)实现的，之后阐释了pre­suasion的概念和功能，并用在线沙发店和伊丽莎白一世的事例来进行说明，最后回归主题。由此可知，A项“先发影响力的力量”最适合作本文标题。] B In 1999, David Dunning and Justin Kruger did a series of studies evaluating people's competence in certain areas, including grammar, humor and logic.The people in the studies were asked to evaluate their own abilities in each area.Dunning and Kruger found that people who scored low on the tests have the tendency to overestimate their abilities, indicating that people who lack skills tend to lack the ability to realize their shortcomings. This principle has become known as the Dunning­Kruger effect.It occurs because only when people have skills in a given area are they equipped to evaluate their own skills.Admittedly, most people are overconfident in their abilities.They want to believe that they are more capable, knowledgeable and even superior to others, and when someone really wants something to be true, it can be hard for them to admit that it isn't.By the way, the opposite of the Dunning­Kruger effect also happens：capable people have a more accurate view of their own abilities, and sometimes they even underestimate themselves. It's tempting to think of the Dunning­Kruger effect as a problem.People may even laugh at those who think themselves more competent than they truly are, but everyone has areas where they lack competence, and the Dunning­Kruger effect means they may be relatively bad at self­evaluation in those areas.Even if someone is very intelligent in general, there are still things they don't know much about.Expertise in one area cannot always be transferred to other areas. That's why it's important to keep digging for information even when you think you've found answers.It can also be helpful to check your ideas with other people.Receiving negative feedback can hurt, but if you're willing to listen, it can help you grow.Even just keeping in mind that the Dunning­Kruger effect exists can help you stay modest, accept criticism and, thus, keep learning throughout your life. [语篇解读]本文是说明文。文章向读者说明了邓宁­克鲁格效应的发现过程、相关内容以及提出了相关的建议。 5．What did Dunning and Kruger find in their research? A．Skilled people are usually more humorous and logical. B．Unskilled people tend to be unaware of their weaknesses. C．Self­evaluation makes people more logical in some areas. D．Knowledgeable people sometimes think they are superior to others. B　[细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Dunning and Kruger found that people who scored low on the tests have the tendency to overestimate their abilities, indicating that people who lack skills tend to lack the ability to realize their shortcomings”可知，Dunning和Kruger在研究中发现，在测试中得分低的人往往高估自己的能力，这表明缺乏技能的人往往意识不到自己的缺点，故B项正确。] 6．What does the author think of the Dunning­Kruger effect? A．Universal. B．Problematic. C．Complicated. D．Controversial. A　[推理判断题。由第三段中的“everyone has areas where they lack competence, and the Dunning­Kruger effect means they may be relatively bad at self­evaluation in those areas.Even if someone is very intelligent in general, there are still things they don't know much about”可知，每个人都有自己缺乏能力的领域，邓宁­克鲁格效应意味着他们在这些领域的自我评估可能相对较差。即使一个人总体上很聪明，也有一些事情是他们不知道的，即每个人都有自己不擅长的地方。由此可推断，作者认为每个人都有可能受到该效应的影响，故A项“普遍的”符合题意。] 7．What can we do to avoid the Dunning­Kruger effect according to the text? A．Evaluate yourself on a regular basis. B．Make friends with intelligent individuals. C．Be yourself and ignore negative feedback. D．Remain humble and eager for knowledge. D　[细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Receiving negative feedback can hurt, but if you're willing to listen, it can help you grow.Even just keeping in mind that the Dunning­Kruger effect exists can help you stay modest, accept criticism and, thus, keep learning throughout your life”可知，避免邓宁­克鲁格效应的方法就是提醒自己这种效应存在并且保持谦虚，终生学习，故D项正确。] 8．Where is this passage probably from? A．A research paper. B．A biology textbook. C．A psychology journal. D．A scientific report. C　[文章出处题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了邓宁­克鲁格效应，即能力不足的人往往高估自己的实力，这是一种心理，故结合选项可推知，文章最有可能出自一个心理学的期刊，故C项正确。] C (2024·南京高三调研)Recently, I accidentally found a set of Hanfu I only wore once from the bottom of the cupboard.I remember buying them simply to match the ancient­style hair accessories(配饰) a friend gave me.It occurred to me that I had been trapped in the “birdcage effect”． “Birdcage effect” means that when you get an item one day, you will prepare more things to match it.Weeks ago, I was engaged in shopping in the company of friends.One said that she wanted to buy a good writing pen to match the delicate notebook that her sister gave her, so that she would fall in love with taking notes on reading, and thus love reading.I joked that she must have fallen for the “birdcage effect”．But the friend said with a smile, “Why not use the‘birdcage effect’instead？” For the first time, I heard that the “birdcage effect” can be used in reverse (反向).However, now this can't help but remind me of middle school when I seemed to have used the “birdcage effect”．Passing by a bookstore one day, I purchased a magazine and saw the call for contributions published in the magazine, so I started writing with eager hands, and then I fell in love with writing. After shopping with my friends that time, I began to proceed to use the “birdcage effect”．I bought a small fresh tablecloth to decorate my desk, and a beautiful notebook to record my inspiration.When everything was ready, I started writing again. But how can we get rid of the “birdcage effect” in many things, and even use the “birdcage effect” in the opposite way？Various “birdcages” unavoidably appear in life, but we can distinguish them.If it is not in line with the actual situation, it is a “negative birdcage”．Then we must learn to stop losses in time and maintain a heart of abandonment and separation.If it is a “positive birdcage” that motivates us to develop upward, we can clarify our goals, shop or decorate things appropriately, and motivate ourselves to move towards our goals.At this time, you will find that the “birdcage effect” is actually not so terrible! [语篇解读]　本文是议论文。作者发现自己会因为一件东西而买更多的东西来匹配它，并意识到自己被困在“鸟笼效应”里了。有一天经过一个朋友的提醒，作者用逆向思维来看待“鸟笼效应”，这也带来了积极的结果。 9．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The application of the “birdcage effect” in life. B．The necessity of using the “birdcage effect” in life. C．The turning point of the author's idea on the “birdcage effect” D．The author's conflict with her friend over the “birdcage effect” C　[段落大意题。根据第二段内容尤其是朋友说的话“Why not use the ‘birdcage effect’ instead？”以及第三段第一句“For the first time, I heard that the ‘birdcage effect’ can be used in reverse (反向)”，可知，第二段主要叙述了通过朋友的言行，作者在“鸟笼效应”方面的想法的转变，故选C项。A项“‘鸟笼效应’在生活中的应用”，B项“在生活中使用‘鸟笼效应’的必要性”，C项“关于‘鸟笼效应’作者想法的转折点”，D项“作者和她朋友在‘鸟笼效应’方面的冲突”。] 10．What is the author's purpose in mentioning her middle school experience? A．To recall her delightful day at school. B．To explain the reason for her love with writing. C．To confirm the positive of the “birdcage effect”． D．To prove her knowledge of the “birdcage effect”． C　[推理判断题。根据第三段中的“I seemed to have used the ‘birdcage effect’”以及对中学经历的叙述可知，作者被杂志里征稿启事吸引，然后开始写作，并且从此爱上写作，这是“鸟笼效应”好的一面，故选C项。] 11．How can we make use of the “birdcage effect” positively? A．By realizing this effect has two sides. B．By promoting our personal consumption. C．By recognizing this effect is not so terrible. D．By guiding our acts to go with reasonable goals. D　[推理判断题。根据第五段中的“If it is a ‘positive birdcage’ that motivates us to develop upward, we can...motivate ourselves to move towards our goals”可知，如果是一个积极的可以激励我们向好处发展的“鸟笼效应”，我们可以明确目标，恰当购物或装饰事物，激励自己朝着目标努力，所以可推知，想积极利用“鸟笼效应”的话，我们可以先设置合理的目标，然后用目标来指导我们的行动。故选D项。] 12．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Getting Rid of the Birdcage Effect Confidently B．Motivating Ourselves to Move Towards Our Goals C．The Birdcage Effect：Influence on Consumer Behavior D．The Birdcage Effect：How to Use It to Your Advantage D　[标题归纳题。根据文章内容尤其是第三段中的“For the first time, I heard that the ‘birdcage effect’ can be used in reverse (反向)”和第五段中的“But how can we get rid of the ‘birdcage effect’ in many things, and even use the ‘birdcage effect’ in the opposite way？”可知，文章通过作者和其朋友的例子主要说明了我们可以反向使用“鸟笼效应”，从而使自己从中受益，故选D项。] Ⅱ.完形填空(每小题1分，共15分) (2024·潍坊市高考模拟考试)I had never picked up a camera before my freshman year in 2012, when my journey to an artist began.For four years, I 1 G­Star High School of the Arts, where my 2 for photography and filmmaking were awaken. Having seen my first short film, my teacher came over, saying：“You got a good 3 ．Why not consider doing this as your profession? I think you've got a 4 in it.”Then, it clicked.I, therefore, 5 my bank account and bought my first camera. Since then, I have been amazed by the 6 the world has to offer.I have to 7 ， though：I, shy and chicken­hearted, tended to capture nature­related scenes, 8 anything to do with people. As I was 9 my way, I started photographing myself, the only one I felt 10 with.The camera soon became my strongest 11 ， serving as the tool for how I expressed myself.Gradually, I gained enough 12 to start taking photos of other people, greatly touched by how I was able to 13 the best in them through the lens (镜头). Each year, I would look back on all of the shots I did that year and would 14 them to the first one I ever took in my career.Although the progress seemed substantial, I realized the key to growth as an artist is never being 15 ．This allows me to create progressively better work year after year. [语篇解读]本文是记叙文。作者从高一开始就热爱摄影艺术，这一爱好影响了他的职业选择和人生道路。 1． A．designed B．attended C．assessed D．arranged B　[根据上文的“I had never picked up a camera before my freshman year in 2012”可知，作者上了这个学校。attend“上(学校)，定期去”符合语境。assess“评估”；arrange“安排”。] 2． A．duties B．requests C．passions D．needs C　[文章第一句话提到作者在高一时开始拿起相机，开启了成为艺术家的旅程。再结合下文对作者摄影之旅的描述可知，此处表示作者对摄影和电影制作的热情被唤醒了。request“请求”；passion“热情”。] 3． A．heart B．hand C．eye D．nerve C　[在看过作者的第一部短片后，作者的老师对他说：“你眼光很好，为什么不考虑把这个作为你的职业呢？”eye在此处表示“眼光，视角”。nerve“神经，勇气”。] 4． A．future B．memory C．schedule D．certificate A　[结合上文的“Why not consider doing this as your profession”和常识可知，老师建议作者考虑将此作为他的职业，这表明老师相信作者在这个领域有前途。future“前途，前程”符合语境。schedule“时间表”；certificate“证书”。] 5． A．opened B．closed C．monitored D．emptied D　[根据下文的“bought my first camera”可知，作者为了购买相机而花了钱，再联系作者是高一学生可知，他账户里应没有太多钱，因此，empty“清空”符合语境。monitor“监控”。] 6． A．beauty B．sound C．lesson D．chance A　[上文提到的作者开始摄影之旅以及“Since then, I have been amazed by”表明，作者被世界的美丽所惊艳。beauty“美丽”；chance“机会”。] 7． A．admit B．judge C．conclude D．negotiate A　[此处表示作者不得不承认害羞又胆小的他，往往会捕捉与自然有关的场景而避免拍人物。admit“承认”符合作者此处的情感。judge“评判”；conclude“下结论”；negotiate“谈判”。] 8． A．envying B．avoiding C．prioritizing D．recording B　[根据上文的“I, shy and chicken­hearted”可知，作者性格害羞又胆小，所以他应是避免与人打交道。envy“羡慕”；avoid“避免”；prioritize“优先考虑”。] 9． A．winding B．losing C．shooting D．clearing C　[根据下文的“I started photographing myself”“The camera”可知，这里描述的是作者在进行摄影，shoot“拍摄”符合语境。wind“曲折”。] 10．A．familiar B．comfortable C．generous D．patient B　[根据上文的“I, shy and chicken­hearted...with people”可知，作者害羞又胆小，避免一切与人有关的事物，所以只有拍摄自己作者才能感到舒适。comfortable“舒适的”符合语境。generous“大方的”。] 11．A．resolve B．voice C．shoulder D．vision B　[根据下文的“how I expressed myself”可知，此处作者描述了相机如何成为他表达自我的重要工具，因此把相机比作发声的渠道是合适的。voice“发言权，表达意愿的权利(或方式)”符合语境。resolve“决心”；shoulder“肩膀”；vision“视觉，远见”。] 12．A．knowledge B．integrity C．confidence D．insight C　[空后的“to start taking photos of other people”与上文对作者避免一切与人有关的事物、只敢拍自然和自己的描述形成对比，表示作者逐渐获得了足够的自信来拍摄他人。integrity“正直”；insight“洞察力”。] 13．A．bring out B．comment on C．call for D．take over A　[作者开始为其他人拍照，当他通过镜头展现他们最好的一面时，他深受感动。bring out“展现”；comment on“评论”；call for “需要”；take over“接管”。] 14．A．refer B．relate C．apply D．compare D　[每年，作者都会回顾他那一年的所有作品，并将它们与他职业生涯中拍摄的第一张照片进行对比。compare“比较”符合语境。relate“联系”；apply“应用”。] 15．A．self­conscious B．self­reliant C．self­centered D．self­content D　[空处所在部分与上文的“Although the progress seemed substantial”形成转折，再结合下文的“This allows me to create progressively better work year after year”可知，此处表示尽管进步显著，作者意识到作为一位艺术家成长的关键是永远不要满足现状。self­conscious“忸怩的；害羞的；不自然的”；self­reliant“自立的”；self­centered“以自我为中心的”；self­content“自满的”。] 文本词库 核心单词 C篇 trap v．使陷入困境；把……困在 n．陷阱；困境　delicate adj.精致的；虚弱的；脆弱的　proceed v．接着做；继续做　distinguish v．使有别于；看清，认出；区分，分清　maintain v．保持，维持；维修，保养　clarify v．澄清，阐明　appropriately adv.合适地，恰当地 词缀变形 C篇 accidentally adv.意外地，偶然地→accidental adj.意外的，偶然的→accident n．车祸；意外遭遇；偶然的事　unavoidably adv.不可避免地→avoidable adj.可避免的→avoid v．避免，防止→avoidance n．避免，避开 熟词生义 C篇 contribution(Para.3)常用义：n.贡献，促成作用；捐款，捐助　文章义：n.稿件，文稿 核心短语 C篇 be engaged in 参与/从事……　fall for 信以为真；被……迷住　in line with与……一致 ( 1 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$