专题一 (七)创新命题热点——思辨性语篇题-【正禾一本通】2025年高考英语高三二轮专题复习高效讲义（新教材）

(七)创新命题热点——思辨性语篇题 [考情速递]　思辨素养是高考英语学科三大素养之一，指在使用英语进行交际或学习时独立思考与判断，运用科学思维方式发现问题、分析问题并解决问题的意识和能力。因此高考试题在选材中会选取一些考查思辨能力的说明文或议论文，旨在培养考生的辩证思维、批判性思维等高阶思维能力。 Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分，共30分) A (2024·沈阳高三质检)German physicist Albert Einstein is one of the most famous scientists of all time, the personification of a genius and the subject of a whole industry of scholarship.In The Einsteinian Revolution, two experts on Einstein's life and his theory of relativity—Israeli physicist Hanoch Gutfreund and German historian of science Jürgen Renn—offer an original and penetrating (精辟的) analysis of Einstein's revolutionary contributions to physics and our view of the physical world. For the first time ever, by setting Einstein's work in the long course of the evolution of scientific knowledge, Gutfreund and Renn discover the popular misconception about Einstein as an unconventional scientific genius who created modern physics single­handedly and by pure thought alone. As a large part of the book explains, Einstein typically argued that science progresses through steady evolution, not through revolutionary breaks with the past.He saw his theory of relativity not as something from scratch, but a natural extension of the classical physics developed by pioneers such as Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei and English physicist Isaac Newton in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as well as nineteenth­century physicists. The authors highlight how classical physics cannot be separated cleanly from modern Einsteinian physics.The book also includes substantial sections on Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus and Galileo whose methods inspired Einstein.When Einstein considered himself as standing on their shoulders, he meant that, without their contributions, he would not have formulated (认真阐述) the theory of relativity. The Einsteinian Revolution is an important and thought­provoking contribution to the scholarly literature on Einstein and his surprising scientific creativity between 1905 and 1925.Gutfreund and Renn might not have given the final answer as to why Einstein, of all people, revolutionized physics in the way that he did.But they argue in fascinating detail that, to understand his genius, one must take into account not just the earlier history of physics but also the history of knowledge more broadly.Although not always an easy read, the book will interest physicists and historians alike. [语篇解读]本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了一本书，在书里面两位专家对爱因斯坦所取得的辉煌成就进行了另外一种诠释——爱因斯坦所取得的成就离不开先驱者们的研究成果。 1．What's the attitude of Gutfreund and Renn to the popular viewpoint on Einstein? A．Opposing. B．Favorable. C．Ambiguous. D．Indifferent. A　[观点态度题。根据第二段“For the first time....Gutfreund and Renn discover the popular misconception...and by pure thought alone”可知，这两个专家首次通过整理在科学知识进化的漫长历程中的爱因斯坦的作品，发现对于爱因斯坦大家都有一个错误的观点，大家都错误地以为爱因斯坦完全单独靠其纯粹的思想创造了现代物理学。所以可推知，这两个专家对关于爱因斯坦的流行观点持否定态度。故选A项。] 2．What does the underlined phrase “from scratch” probably mean? A．From nothing. B．Up to a certain standard. C．By learning from others. D．With previous knowledge. A　[词义猜测题。根据第三段的内容可知，这本书有很大一部分解释了爱因斯坦认为科学的进步是通过稳定的发展，而不是与过去革命性的决裂。他认为他的相对论不是横空出世，而是一批先驱者研发的经典物理学的自然延伸。故选A项。A项“从零开始”，B项“高达某种标准”，C项“通过向他人学习”，D项“用以前的知识”。] 3．What does the author mean to say by mentioning the famous physicists? A．Their ideas were rejected by Einstein. B．Their devotion to physics impressed Einstein. C．Their research contributed to Einstein's success. D．Their hard work deserved the worldwide respect. C　[推理判断题。根据第三段内容可知，爱因斯坦认为自己的相对论不是横空出世，而是十六世纪和十七世纪意大利天文学家Galileo Galilei和英国物理学家Isaac Newton等先驱以及十九世纪物理学家发展起来的经典物理学的自然延伸。所以作者提到这些著名的物理学家是为了说明爱因斯坦的成功受益于他们的研究成果。故选C项。] 4．Where is the text most probably taken from? A．A guidebook to a course. B．An introduction to a book. C．An essay on Albert Einstein. D．A review of physics development. B　[推理判断题。根据全文尤其是第四段中的“The authors highlight...The book also includes”和第五段中的“Although not always an easy read, the book will interest physicists and historians alike”可知，全文主要为读者介绍了The Einsteinian Revolution这本书，所以本文最有可能摘自图书导语。故选B项。] B (2024·苏锡常镇高三调研)In recent years, much of my life as a consumer has shifted to what I like to call background spending.As I've subscribed to more apps and streaming platforms, significant sums of my money tend to slip away each month without my ever thinking about it. Think of it as automated trade.Spending without the trouble of spending.Acquisition without action.Or thought. But while this flood of subscriptions was sold to me on the condition that it would make my life more trouble­free, there was a certain shock I felt upon discovering how much I was spending without realizing each month. You see, the thing about background spending is that it tends to happen, well, in the background without your full attention.And there lies the point. “Hand over your credit card details and let us take care of the rest，” these companies promise us.But by agreeing to this trade, we've become lazy passive consumers.And this laziness breeds (导致) more laziness because most of us can't be bothered with conducting regular reviews of our subscription spending.We're too lazy to even notice or cancel! I know it's not just me who is suddenly living life as a smooth­brained subscriber.The average consumer spends $273 per month on subscriptions, according to a 2021 study of 2，500 by digital services firm West Monroe.Not a single person surveyed knew what their actual monthly spending was. It's understandable why this model is so attractive to businesses.As companies questioned traditional advertising models, subscriptions offered the promise of “selling once and earning forever”．And while subscription services have been around for decades (think Wine of the Month Club), more customers have been willing to sign up thanks to the widespread availability of smartphones and the increasing ease of home delivery. While these subscriptions promise ease and happiness, not all of us are satisfied.Last year, the Kearney Consumer Institute found 40 percent of consumers believe they have too many subscriptions.Almost half of us also think we pay too much for streaming video­on­demand subscriptions. [语篇解读]本文是议论文。文章讨论了后台消费现象，在这种消费模式中，消费者通过订阅服务不知不觉花费了大量的钱。文章分析了这种模式对商家的吸引力，并提出了对此现象的批判看法。 5．What can we know about background spending in Paragraph 2? A．Its purpose. B．Its feature. C．Its procedure. D．Its requirement. B　[段落大意题。第二段提到了后台消费可以被视为自动化的交易。不用主动掏钱就已消费，无须行动或思考就获取了。综合以上信息可知，第二段描述了后台消费的特点。故选B项。] 6．What makes it possible for background spending to happen? A．Its attractive price. B．Some people's poor habit. C．Its secure service. D．Some people's addiction to it. B　[推理判断题。根据第五段的“But by agreeing to this trade, we've become lazy passive consumers...We're too lazy to even notice or cancel”可知，通过同意这种交易(订阅服务)，人们变成了懒惰的被动消费者。这种懒惰导致了更多的懒惰，因为大多数人都不愿意定期审查订阅支出。人们甚至都懒得注意或取消它们。由此可推断，人们的不良习惯使得后台消费成为可能，故选B。] 7．Why is the subscription model appealing to businesses? A．It offers good home delivery services. B．It is like traditional advertising models. C．It is popular among smartphone producers. D．It brings repeated profits through a single sale. D　[推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“It's understandable why this model is so attractive...subscriptions offered the promise of ‘selling once and earning forever’”可知，订阅模式允许商家销售一次，永久性地获得收益，这对商家来说具有很大的吸引力。故选D项。] 8．What's the author's attitude towards background spending? A．Supportive. B．Optimistic. C．Critical. D．Unclear. C　[观点态度题。结合第一段中作者对自己经历的描述、最后一段的“not all of us are satisfied...streaming video­on­demand subscriptions”以及整篇文章中作者的语气可知，后台消费让作者每月在不知不觉中花了不少钱，并不是所有人都对订阅服务满意，仍有很多人认为他们订阅的东西太多了，为流媒体视频点播订阅支付太多费用了。由此可推断，作者对后台消费持批判态度。故选C项。] C (2024·高三潍坊统一考试)A study by Dr.Gail Heyman has confirmed 4­ and 5­year­old children who understand people's beliefs can be false are more likely to lie in experiments than children who still view minds as containing direct copies of reality.When researchers give children experiences to speed up the development of their understanding of the subjective nature of beliefs, these children begin to be untruthful when they would not yet otherwise do so.Although lying is something to be discouraged, the child's underlying insight into how minds work is an important accomplishment. In a study my colleagues and I conducted in my laboratory at New York University, we asked children to teach another child how to turn on a new toy.The toy would be turned on when certain blocks—but not others—were placed on top.Sometimes we asked children to teach the other child the whole truth of how the toy worked; for instance, that all red blocks—regardless of their shape—would turn it on.Other times we asked them to trick the other child into thinking something that was still accurate, but more limited; for example, that the red squares would start the toy (but not necessarily the other red shapes). Children in this study carefully considered both the other child's beliefs and the message we asked them to communicate when deciding what to do.Children who were asked to teach the whole truth often chose to show the other child that a red circle and a red square would both turn on the toy.By choosing two different shapes, they communicated that red blocks would turn on the toy, regardless of shape.These children could have chosen two blocks of the same shape instead, showing that two red squares turn on the toy would also have been an accurate demonstration.But this information could have given rise to the mistaken belief that only red squares would work.The children cleverly avoided showing this type of misleading (though still accurate) information.Instead, they systematically chose the samples that conveyed accurate messages to their partners. In contrast, when children were asked to lie, they often chose the two red squares.Children had no problem picking the blocks that efficiently conveyed the tricky message when their goal was to lie. Being able to guess what someone else is thinking and being able to know how to influence someone else's beliefs are at the root of lying, but of effective communication and social interaction as well. [语篇解读]本文是说明文。文章讲述虽然说谎是不应该被鼓励的，但孩子对思想如何运作的潜在洞察是一项重要的成就。能够猜测别人在想什么，能够知道如何影响别人的观点，这是说谎的根源，但也是有效沟通和社会互动的基础。 9．What may turn children into liars according to Dr.Gail Heyman? A．Limited contact with nature. B．Insufficient parental guidance. C．Frequent exposure to false beliefs. D．Precise recognition of one's hidden intention. D　[细节理解题。根据题干中的Dr.Gail Heyman可将答案定位在文章第一段。第一段谈到Gail Heyman博士的一项研究证实，4岁和5岁的儿童如果认识到人们的观点可能是错误的，那么他们在实验中撒谎的可能性比那些仍然认为观点直接反映现实的儿童更大。由此可知，准确识别他人隐藏意图的孩子可能会成为说谎者。故选D。] 10．What is the purpose of Paragraph 2? A．To show the process of the experiment. B．To compare children's different beliefs. C．To present the result of the experiment. D．To tell the detailed plan of the experiment. A　[写作意图题。文章第二段谈到，在这项研究中，研究人员要求孩子们教另一个孩子如何打开一个新玩具。当把某些积木放在上面时，这个玩具就能被打开，而把其他积木放上去时则不会。然后根据该段中的“Sometimes...”“Other times...”可知，第二段描写了实验的过程。故选A。] 11．Which can best illustrate the underlined words “accurate messages” in Paragraph 3? A．Using two red circles. B．Picking out two red squares. C．Selecting a red block in whatever shape. D．Choosing two red blocks of different sizes. C　[词义猜测题。根据画线部分前的“But this information could have given rise to...Instead, they systematically chose the samples”可知，但这一信息可能会导致人们误以为只有红色方块才有效，孩子们巧妙地避免了这种误导性(尽管仍然准确的)信息，相反，他们系统地选择了样本。再结合该段第二、三句可知，孩子们为了避免这种误导，会选择红色圆形和红色方块的积木，传达出不论形状，只要是红色积木就能打开玩具这一信息。故选C。] 12．What can be concluded from the text? A．Lies can never cover the truth. B．Effective communication kills lies. C．Adults are to blame for telling lies. D．Lying might have a positive outcome. D　[推理判断题。根据最后一段“Being able to guess what someone else...but of effective communication and social interaction as well”可知，能够猜测别人在想什么，能够知道如何影响别人的观点，这是说谎的根源，但也是有效沟通和社会互动的基础。故可推知，说谎可以带来积极的结果，故选D。] Ⅱ.阅读七选五(每小题2.5分，共12.5分) (2024·济南高三模拟)Most of us have been there：Families can be very difficult, and family problems are very painful.1. Life is too short for us to waste time bogged down with negativity towards the people you love.How you approach the family member and what you say can make a big difference. Identify the real problem.2. Perhaps you are struggling with health problems or personal problems that you have been hiding from your family.Or maybe you are all grieving over a loved one who has passed away.Consider the real issue at hand, as this will allow you to then better address it. Wait until you're not angry to discuss this problem.Family problems can be very painful, especially around family­centered times, like holidays.3. Waiting allows you to approach the issue logically, rather than emotionally. 4． Keep your language positive when you talk to your family.Avoid using language that puts the blame on any of your family members or that feels negative.Negativity is a vicious cycle. Accept everyone's faults including your own.They say that blood is thicker than water, and that you can choose your friends, but not your family.5. A．Avoid the blame game. B．Accept blame when you deserve it. C．Try to figure out what is indeed going on. D．That means avoiding judgmental words or name calling of the family member. E．However, there are ways to solve family problems and restore peace to the dynamics. F．You might be able to cut people out, but it could cause you more pain down the road. G．You should take a step back and give yourself some time to think before dealing with them. [语篇解读]本文是说明文。文章介绍了解决家庭问题的方法。 1．E　[空前陈述了我们大部分人都会遇到的家庭问题“Families can be very difficult, and family problems are very painful”，空后则讲到了“生命太短暂，我们不要把时间浪费在消极地面对你所爱的人上”可知，空处应讲要去积极地解决这些问题，故E项“然而，也有解决家庭问题，使(家庭)互动恢复和谐的办法”符合语境。] 2．C　[根据本段的主旨句“Identify the real problem”可知，本段主要讲到了要确定问题的根源在哪里，分析选项可知，C项“尽力弄清楚到底发生了什么”符合语境，且能引出下文的“Perhaps you are struggling with health problems...Or maybe you are all grieving over a loved one”。] 3．G　[根据本段的主旨句“Wait until you're not angry to discuss this problem”可知，本段主要讲到了要等到气消了再去处理家庭问题，空前讲到了家庭问题可能令人痛苦，而空后“Waiting allows you to approach the issue logically”则讲述了等待的好处，因此空处应该是给出等待的建议，故G项“在处理问题之前，你应该退一步，给自己一些时间来思考”符合语境。] 4．A　[段落主旨句。根据本段中的“Keep your language positive...Avoid using language that puts the blame on any of your family members”可知，和家人交流时要保持语言积极，不要责怪家人。故 A项“避免责怪”适合作本段的主旨句。] 5．F　[本段的主旨句讲到了接受每个人的错误，包括你自己的，空前又讲到了血浓于水，我们无法选择家人，由此可以推断，面对家人或自己犯错的情况，要学会接受，F项“你也许可以把人们(此处主要指家人)排除在外，但这可能会在今后给你带来更多的痛苦”讲到了不接受家人所犯错误而把家人排除在外的不良后果，符合语境。] 文本词库 核心 单词 A篇 genius n．天才　misconception n．错误认识；误解　unconventional adj.不因循守旧的；不因袭的；新奇的　single­handedly adv.单独地　pioneer n．先锋；先驱；带头人　highlight v．突出；强调　substantial adj.大量的；价值巨大的；重大的　thought­provoking adj.发人深省的；引人深思的　scholarly adj.学术的；学术性的 B篇 streaming n．(经计算机网络对视频等的)流式传输，串流播放　automated adj.自动化的　video­on­demand n．视频点播系统 C篇 confirm v．证实，证明，确认　accurate adj.精确的；准确的　interaction n．相互影响，相互作用；交流 词缀变形 A篇 revolution n．革命，巨变；大变革→revolutionize v．彻底改变；完全变革　steady adj.稳定的，稳步的，持续的→steadily adv.逐渐地，稳步地；稳定地　evolution n．进化；发展→evolve v．(使)逐渐形成，逐步发展，逐渐演变；进化　extend v．使伸长；扩大；扩展→extension n．扩大；延伸 B篇 subscribe v．订阅→subscriber n．订阅者→subscription n．订阅　acquire v．获得，购得→acquisition n．取得，获得 C篇 mistake n．错误，失误 v．误会，误解；看错→mistaken adj.错误；不正确；判断错误的　system n．系统；体系；方法→systematic adj.系统的，成体系的；有条理的→systematically adv.系统地，有条理地 一词多义 B篇 flood 常用义：n.洪水，水灾　文章义：n.大批，大量(的人或事物) 核心短语 A篇 take...into account 把……考虑进去 C篇 for instance 例如，比如　regardless of 不管，不顾　be at the root of...是……的根源 ( 1 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$