专题一 攻略(二)妙招(八) 三类题对应法——解“主旨大意题”（课件PPT）-【正禾一本通】2025年高考英语高三二轮专题复习高效讲义（新教材）

高三二轮专题复习高效讲义 英 语 阅读理解 专 题 一 妙招(八) 三类题对应法——解 “主旨大意题” 答题 ——掌握8大解题妙招，快速答题 攻略二 真题示例 2023·新高考Ⅰ卷阅读D 真题示例 2024·新高考Ⅱ卷阅读C 真题示例 2024·浙江1月卷阅读D ONTENT CONTENT 谢谢观看！ 主旨大意题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据，考生需要从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词，并对主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类：段落大意题、主题归纳题和标题判断题。近几年高考的设问形式： 段落大意题 2024·新高考Ⅰ卷阅读B 26.What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about？ 2023·新高考Ⅰ卷阅读D 32.What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about？ 2023·全国乙卷阅读D 32.What is the first paragraph mainly about？ 主题归纳题 2024·新高考Ⅱ卷阅读C 31.What does the text mainly talk about? 标题判断题 2024·全国甲卷阅读B 27.What is a suitable title for the text? 2023·新高考Ⅱ卷阅读B 27.What can be a suitable title for the text? 类型1　段落大意题——主题句推断法 段落大意题主要考查考生对段落核心信息的理解，要求考生在理解段落内容的基础上提炼出核心信息，然后对比选项，选出最契合段落主要内容的选项。解段落大意题时，可以采用“主题句推断法”。通常根据段落的组织形式快速找出段落主题句，从而归纳段落大意。 This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors，those errors aren't always the same.[总]Some people will tend to overestimate，and some to underestimate.When enough of these errors are averaged together，they cancel each other out，resulting in a more accurate estimate.If people are similar and tend to make the same errors，then their errors won't cancel each other out.In more technical terms，the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates be independent.If for whatever reasons，people's errors become correlated or dependent，the accuracy of the estimate will go down.[分] 32．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A．The methods of estimation. B．The underlying logic of the effect. C．The causes of people's errors. D．The design of Galton's experiment. 【解题分析】 本段是总分结构。第一句是主题句(群体智慧效利用了人们所估算的误差不尽相同这一事实)，后面内容进行了详细阐述并得出结论(当足够多的误差被平均时，它们就会相互抵消，从而得出更为准确的估算)。由此可知，该段主要介绍了群体智慧效应的基本逻辑。故选B。 √ 类型2　主题归纳题——主题句定位法＋段意串联法 1．主题句定位法 (1)据文体类别定位主题句 (2)据行文标志定位主题句 2．段意串联法 在解主题归纳题时，通常要通篇考虑，以宏观的视角阅读文章。此时可以采用“段意串联法”，根据首尾段及中间各段主旨句“抽”出文章的骨架，快速提炼文章的主旨。在快速串联时，一定要略读，不关注细枝末节，而是重点读首段、各段主旨句和尾段，即 eq \x(首段) → eq \x(第一段主旨句) → eq \x(第二段主旨句) →……→ eq \x(尾段) (1)We all know fresh is best when it comes to food.However，most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table.While farmer's markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey，Babylon Micro­ Farm (BMF)shortens it even more. (2)BMF is an indoor garden system.It can be set up for a family.Additionally，it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital，restaurant or school.The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. 第一段主题句：虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场(BMF)甚至能让旅程更短。 第二段主题句：这一创新的设计不需要多少努力就能实现可靠的每周新鲜绿色蔬菜的供应。 (3)Specifically，it's a farm that relies on new technology.By connecting through the Cloud，BMF is remotely monitored. Also，there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time.Because the system is automated，it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants.Rather than watering rows of soil，the system provides just the right amount to each plant.After harvest，users simply replace the plants with a new pre­seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. 第三段主题句：该系统不是浇灌一排排的土壤，而是为每株植物提供合适的水量。 (4)Moreover，having a system in the same building where it's eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad.In addition，there's no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. (5)BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives.About half of them walk or bike to work.Inside the office，they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single­use plastic.“We are passionate about reducing waste，carbon and chemicals in our environment，” said a BMF employee. 第四段主题句：同一栋建筑里实现食物供应和食用，意味着将土地里的植物送上餐桌变成沙拉这一过程实现了零排放。 第五段主题句：我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学物质。 31．What does the text mainly talk about? A．BMF's major strengths.　　 B．BMF's general management. C．BMF's global influence. D．BMF's technical standards. 【解题分析】 此题可利用主题句定位法解题。找出每段的主题句(文中标黑处)。根据这些主题句可知，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微型农场(BMF)的一些主要优势。故选A。 √ 类型3　标题归纳题——运用“3特征和4方法”定最佳标题 1．三大最佳标题特征 概括性 准确而又简洁，一般为单词、短语或短小的句子 针对性 标题内涵和外延正好与文章内容相符 醒目性 语言精练有吸引力，能吸引读者的注意力，唤起读者的阅读欲望 2.四大实用解题方法 关键词法 多次重复的观点中反复出现的词就是体现主旨的关键词 主题句法 根据文章主题句，确定中心词，提炼标题 穿珠连串法 分析文章细节，确定共同点，如同穿珠般，串联细节共同点，确定标题 逆向法 根据四个选项，考虑其可能的内容，对照原文，最相似者为最佳选项 The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s.Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room.A single sugary treat，selected by the child，was placed on a table.Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat，they would be given a second treat.Then they were left alone in the room.Follow­up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success. 本文主题句： 斯坦福棉花糖测试最初是由心理学家沃尔特·米舍尔在20世纪60年代末进行的。 As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day.We're not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats，but by our computers，phones，and tablets—all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers. We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie­poor world，and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value—a feeling of reward and satisfaction.But as we've reshaped the world around us，dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories，we still have the same brains we had 本文关键段落： 作为成年人，我们每天都要面对一种棉花糖测试。我们不是被含糖食品所诱惑，而是被我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑——所有连接我们到全球传输系统的各种信息，就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的诱惑一样。 我们被甜食所诱惑，因为我们的祖先生活在一个低热量的世界，我们的大脑对这些能反映自己价值的食物产出了一种反应机制——一种奖励和满足感。 thousands of years ago，and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn't eat. A similar process is at work in our response to information.Our formative environment as a species was information­poor，so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information.But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment.We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information.Therefore，just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption，we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption，resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food”in order to manage our time most effectively. 本文总结： 我们对信息的反应也有类似的过程。 35．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Eat Less, Read More 　　 B．The Bitter Truth about Early Humans C．The Later, the Better D．The Marshmallow Test for Grown­ups 【解题分析】 本题可以通过主题句法解题。由首段主旨句和后文各段主旨句可知，文章主要是讲在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”。故选D。 √ A (2024·杭州高三质检)Education in 2080 is distinctive from education in the 2020s.Until about 2035，the main function of education systems is to supply the economy with the next generation of workers.In 2080，the purpose of education is the well­being of society and all its members.To make this a bit more tangible for you，I would like to give an example of what a child's education looks like in 2080.Her name is Shemsy.Shemsy is 13，and she is confident and loves learning. Shemsy does not go to school in the morning because schools as you know them no longer exist.Schools have been replaced with “Learning Hubs” that are not restricted to certain ages.They are where intergenerational learning happens，in line with the belief that learning is the lifelong pursuit. Every year，Shemsy designs her learning journey for the year with a highly attentive “teacher­citizen”．Shemsy is actively engaged in designing her education and has to propose projects she would like to be involved in to contribute to and serve her community.She also spends lots of time playing as the role of play in learning has finally been recognized as the essential and core to our humanity.Shemsy works a lot collaboratively.Access to education is universal，and higher education institutions no longer differentiate themselves by how many people they reject yearly.Variability between students is expected and leveraged (充分利用) as young people teach one another and use their differences as a source of strength.Shemsy naturally explores what she is curious about at a pace she sets.She still has some classes to take that are mandatory for children globally：Being Human and the History of Humanity. We invite you to think about your vision for education in the year 2080：what does it look like，who does it serve，and how does it transform our societies? [语篇解读]本文是说明文。文章通过虚构人物Shemsy向读者展示2080年的教育是什么样子的，并引发读者思考自己眼中的2080年的教育是什么样子的。 1．What does Paragraph 1 mainly tell us? A．There are different types of education. B．The present education needs improvements. C．Education and economy are closely associated. D．The goal of future education is fundamentally different. √ D　[段落大意题。根据第一段的中心句“Education in 2080 is distinctive from education in the 2020s”可知，2080年的教育和现在很不同；再结合第一段中的“Until about 2035，the main function of education systems...In 2080，the purpose of education is the well­being of society and all its members”可知，本段主要讲未来的教育目标和现在截然不同，故D项正确。A项“教育有不同的类型”；B项“目前的教育需要改进”；C项“教育和经济密切相关”；D项“未来教育的目标完全不同”。] 2．What do we know about the Learning Hub that Shemsy goes to? A．It accepts students of all ages. B．It promotes competition. C．It discourages individualized learning. D．It is all about play­based learning. A　[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“‘Learning Hubs’that are not restricted to certain ages.They are where intergenerational learning happens，in line with the belief that learning is the lifelong pursuit”可知，Shemsy去的学习中心不限制年龄，几代人可以同时在那里学习，故A项正确。A项“它接受所有年龄的学生”；B项“它促进竞争”；C项“它阻碍个性化学习”；D项“它全是基于游戏的学习”。] √ 3．What does the underlined word “mandatory” in Paragraph 3 mean? A．Tough. B．Satisfactory. C．Optional. D．Required. D　[词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“Variability between students is expected...Shemsy naturally explores what she is curious about at a pace she sets”可知，未来教育是允许学生间存在差异化的，Shemsy以她设定的速度自然地探索她好奇的事物。再根据画线词所在句中的“still”“children globally”以及常识可推知，“Being Human”和“the History of Humanity”是全球学生必学的科目，故画线词的意思与D项最为接近。A项“难办的，棘手的”；B项“令人满意的”；C项“可选择的，非强制的”。] √ 4．What is the suitable title for the text? A．An Example to All B．A Vision for Education C．A Challenge for Education D．A Journey into the Future B　[标题归纳题。第一段讲2080年的教育与现在截然不同；第二、三段通过虚构人物Shemsy展示了“what a child's education looks like in 2080”；最后一段则向读者发出邀请，让读者思考“your vision for education in the year 2080”。综上可知，本文主要是对2080年教育的展望，故B项“对教育的展望”适合作本文的标题。] √ B (2024·武汉高中毕业生四月调研)By the late 1960s, abstract painter Harold Cohen had represented Britain at important festivals with his oil paintings and been seeking a new challenge.“Maybe there are more interesting things going on outside my studio than inside it，” he thought.Cohen turned from the canvas (画布) to the screen, using computers to find new ways of creating art.In the late 1960s, he created a program that he named AARON.It was the first artificial intelligence software in the world of fine art, and Cohen first presented AARON in 1974 at the University of California, Berkeley.AARON's work has since graced museums from Tate Modern in London to the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. Now, with AI dominating the headlines, a new exhibition at New York's Whitney Museum of American Art, “Harold Cohen：AARON”， running through June 2024, draws attention to Cohen's pioneering work.The Whitney is offering something deeper than most previous AARON exhibits：a real­time experience, in which visitors can watch the software produce art. Cohen seeded AARON with all sorts of knowledge：about basic objects, physics, and fundamental techniques of drawing.AARON uses this knowledge to follow instructions, complete tasks, and make decisions like human beings—a very different approach from today's generative AI art programs, which don't draw from scratch (从头开始) but rather rely on databases of images.Versions of AARON still generate output, but anything done after Cohen's death in 2016 is not considered genuine. The Whitney is showcasing two versions of Cohen's software, along with the art that each produced before Cohen died.The 2001 version, AARON KCAT, generates images of figures and plants and projects them onto a wall more than ten feet high, while the 2007 version produces jungle­like scenes.The software will also create art physically, on paper, for the first time since the 1990s.“It is absolutely thrilling，” said Christiane Paul, the museum's director of digital art, “to have one of those remarkable treasures of digital art in the collection.” [语篇解读]本文是说明文。文章介绍了世界上第一个人工智能艺术软件AARON，以及在惠特尼美国艺术博物馆举行的“Harold Cohen：AARON”展览。 5．What was AARON born out of? A．Cohen's curiosity. B．The museum's donation. C．Cohen's imagination. D．The university's support. A　[细节理解题。根据第一段中的“seeking a new challenge.‘Maybe there are more interesting things going on outside my studio than inside it，’ he thought”可知，哈罗德·科恩寻求新挑战，并认为在他的工作室外可能有更有趣的事情，这体现出他对新事物的好奇心。故选A。] √ 6．What makes AARON different from modern AI art programs? A．Its ability to assign tasks. B．Its use of modern techniques. C．Its capability to make choices. D．Its dependence on existing databases. C　[推理判断题。根据第三段的“AARON uses this knowledge to...make decisions like human beings—a very different approach from today's generative AI...rely on databases of images”可知，与现代的生成性AI艺术程序相比，AARON使用知识来做出决定，具有决定与选择的能力，故选C。] √ 7．What can visitors do in the “Harold Cohen：AARON” exhibition? A．See the original 1960s version of AARON. B．Generate images with the help of AARON. C．Learn about the physical rules in art. D．Observe AARON creating art on the spot. D　[细节理解题。根据第二段的“a real­time experience, in which visitors can watch the software produce art”可知，在“Harold Cohen：AARON”展览中，参观者可以实时观看该软件现场创作艺术作品。故选D。] √ 8．What is the text mainly about? A．The masterpieces of digital art. B．A new show of the art world's first AI. C．The latest technologies in the Whitney. D．Harold Cohen's impact on generative AI. B　[主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了哈罗德·科恩开发的第一个人工智能艺术软件ARRON，以及在惠特尼美国艺术博物馆举行的“Harold Cohen：AARON”展览。因此，B项“艺术界第一个人工智能的新展览”最能概括文章内容。] √ $$