UNIT 6 Section Ⅳ Grammar-【金版新学案】2024-2025学年高中英语必修第三册同步课堂高效讲义教师用书（外研版2019）

Section Ⅳ　Grammar 省略 语法串烧 我的发现 Dave Mitchell is my best friend.He is as tall as I①.He is shy.He dare not speak loudly in public unless he is asked to②.Sometimes he is stubborn so we can see him do something③we prevent him doing④.One day, he said to me, “Beg your pardon⑤.Yesterday you asked me to clean the shoes but I didn’t⑥.But I promise to⑦ this morning.” I patted him on the shoulder, and said to him, “Doesn’t matter！⑧ If not busy⑨， you can do it now.” He did as told⑩.What a good boy！⑪ Though raised in San Francisco⑫， Dave Mitchell always prefers to record the plain facts of small-town life.I hope he is himself⑬ and that he stands up for what he thinks right, whatever the personal cost⑭. 1．①I后面省略了am，是比较状语从句的省略； 2．②to后面省略了speak loudly，属于动词不定式的省略； 3．③是“see＋宾语＋省略to的不定式”结构； 4．④一是省略了关系代词that；二是him后面省略了介词from； 5．⑤省略了主语I； 6．⑥I didn’t 后面省略了clean the shoes； 7．⑦to后面省略了clean the shoes，属于动词不定式的省略； 8．⑧省略了主语It； 9．⑨If 后面省略了you are，属于状语从句的省略； 10．⑩as后面省略了he was，属于状语从句的省略； 11．⑪boy后面省略了he is，是感叹句的省略； 12．⑫Though 后面省略了he was，属于状语从句的省略； 13．⑬是宾语从句，hope后面省略了连接词that； 14．⑭cost后面省略了is，是状语从句的省略。 为了避免重复或为了使句子更简练，在一些句子中常常省去一个或某几个成分，这种语法现象在英语中叫省略。 在英语句子中，常见的省略情况有以下几种： 一、简单句中的省略 1．省略主语：一般情况下，主语是不能省略的，但在祈使句和其他不容易引起歧义的情况下，特别是在口语中，主语常常省略，主要是祈使句中的you和疑问句中的主语。 (You)Wash your hands before meals.饭前洗手。 (I)Beg your pardon？请再说一遍？ 2．省略宾语：当上、下或前后两个句子的宾语一致时，下句或后句常省略宾语。 —Do you know Miss Gao? ——你认识高女士吗？ —I don’t know (her). ——不认识。 3．省略主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分)：在某些具体的场合下，主语和谓语都很明确，此时为了简化或显得亲切等，可将主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分)同时省略，只剩下表语、宾语、状语或其他成分。 (You come) This way，please. 请这边走。(省略了主语和谓语) 学生用书第161页 (Have you)Got any ink? 你有墨水吗？(省略了主语和谓语的一部分) ◎巧学活用1——补全下列省略句 ①Have a seat, please! →You have a seat, please! ②Looks like rain. →It looks like rain. ③Let’s do the dishes. I’ll wash and you dry. →Let’s do the dishes. I’ll wash them/the dishes and you dry them/the dishes. ④Got any ideas about the plan? →Have you got any ideas about the plan? 二、并列句中的省略 在由and或but连接的并列句中，常省略一些重复的词或词组。 1．省略共同的主语或宾语。 Tom picked up a book on the floor and (Tom)handed it to his teacher. 汤姆在地板上捡起了一本书并把它交给了老师。 2．若主语不同，而谓语部分的系动词、助动词或情态动词相同，则省略后面的系动词、助动词或情态动词。 Jack must have been playing football and Mary (must have been) doing her homework. 杰克肯定一直在踢足球，玛丽肯定一直在做家庭作业。 3．若主语与谓语动词相同，则省略后面的主谓成分。 His advice made me happy，but (his advice made) Jim angry. 他的建议使我高兴，却使吉姆生气。 4．若主语不同，但主要动词及后续部分相同，则省略主要动词及后续部分。 He has a knowledge of first aid, but his friend doesn’t (have a knowledge of first aid). 他具备急救知识，但他朋友不具备。 ◎巧学活用2——写出下列句中可以省略的部分 ①Some of us study Japanese, and others study English. others后的study ②He gave up drinking several months ago, but he returned to his old way later. he ③My friend didn’t come to school, but I wonder why she didn’t come to school.she didn’t come to school 三、复合句中的省略 1．状语从句的省略 (1)在when，while，if，as if，though，although，as，until，once，whether，unless，whenever等连接的状语从句中，当从句主语跟主句的主语相同且从句谓语中含有系动词be或从句的主语为it时，则从句中主语和be动词常被省略。 Wood gives off much smoke while (it is) burning. 木头燃烧时产生很多烟。 Whenever (it is) possible，they would stop him and ask him the three questions. 只要有可能，他们就让他停下并问他这三个问题。 When (it is) heated，ice can be turned into water. 加热的时候冰可以变成水。 Will you be free this Sunday? If (it is) so，let’s go camping. 这个周日你有空吗？如果有，我们去野营吧。 (2)在than，as等引导的比较状语从句中常省略某些成分。 They don’t use more water than (it is) necessary. 他们使用的水没有超出需要量。 学生用书第162页 He runs as fast as Bob (runs). 他和鲍勃跑得一样快。 [名师点津]　省略句中的谓语动词和主语之间构成主动关系，则使用动词-ing形式；若构成被动关系，则使用过去分词；若谓语动词表示的动作尚未发生，则使用动词不定式。 2．定语从句的省略 (1)在限制性定语从句中，作宾语用的关系代词whom，which，that可省略(但whom，which紧跟在介词后时不能省略)。 The exact year (which/that) Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008. 安哥拉和她的家人一起在中国度过的那一年是2008年。 (2)修饰way的关系词that/in which可以省略。 The way(that/in which) he speaks to us is really annoying. 他对我们讲话的方式真是让人讨厌。 3．宾语从句的省略 (1)及物动词后接宾语从句时，连接词that一般可以省略；但如果及物动词接两个或两个以上that引导的宾语从句，那么只有第一个that可以省略。 I truly believe (that) beauty comes from within. 我真的相信美丽源自内心。 He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart. 他说这篇课文很重要，我们应该牢记在心。 (2)when，where，how和why引导的宾语从句有时可以仅保留引导词。 I know that a movie star will come to our city but I don’t know when (he will come to our city). 我知道一个电影明星将要来我们市，但我不知道他什么时候来。 ◎巧学活用3 (1)用所给词的适当形式填空 ①Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing (provide) freedom from interruptions. ②Video games can be a poor influence if left (leave) in the wrong hands. ③He shook his head as if to say (say) “no”． (2)写出下列句中可以省略的部分 ①Starting out her own business was something that she ended up doing. that ②Please send us the information which you have about the candidate for the position. which ③Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt that he could have expressed it differently. that 四、其他的省略情况 1．动词不定式的省略 (1)当动词不定式在形容词afraid，anxious，eager，glad，happy，ready，willing等后作状语时，to后的内容常省略。 You can’t force him to answer the question if he’s not ready to(answer the question). 如果他不愿意回答这个问题，你不能强迫他。 (2)某些使役动词，如：make，let，have等和感官动词，如：see，watch，notice，observe，hear等后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式须省略to，但若这些动词用于被动语态，则to不省略。 学生用书第163页 We often hear her sing an English song in the classroom. She is often heard to sing an English song in the classroom.(被动语态) 我们经常听见她在教室唱英文歌。 (3)并列的动词不定式可以省略后面的不定式符号to。但若两个不定式之间表示对比关系时，不能省略to。 He told me to stay there and (to) wait for him.(并列) 他叫我待在那儿等他。 He believes it important to study rather than to make friends.(比较) 他认为最重要的是学习而不是交朋友。 (4)当动词不定式在某些动词后作宾语时，常可省略。常见的动词有agree，afford，expect，forget，hope，know，manage，pretend，remember，refuse，want，wish，would like等。 —Are you a lawyer? —No，but I hope to (be a lawyer). ——你是律师吗？ ——不是，但我希望是。 (5)介词but，except前有实义动词do的某种形式时，后面的动词不定式不带to。 All he could do was nothing but wait and see. 他所能做的只有等着瞧。 (6)当动词不定式在be going to，be able to，have to，ought to，used to后作复合谓语时，动词不定式可省略。 They didn’t visit their parents as much as they ought to(visit their parents). 他们应该多看望父母，但他们没有。 [名师点津]　 (1)省略的动词不定式内容若含有作助动词用的have或be的任何形式时，to后要保留原形的have或be。 (2)类似这样用法的还有动词短语ought to，be going to，be about to，be supposed to，have to，used to及形容词glad，happy，pleased，delighted等。 He didn’t come，but he ought to have(come). 他没来，但他本应该来。 —Are you a farmer? —No，but I used to be(a farmer). ——你是个农民吗？ ——不是，但我过去是。 2．使用so，not等时的省略 在英语中，可以用so，not或其他方式来省略上文或问句中的一部分或整个句子。 —Can you finish your work today? ——你今天能完成工作吗？ —I think so. ——我认为能。 —I don’t think so./I think not. ——我认为不能。 [名师点津]　hope，guess，be afraid的否定形式只能用not的形式，不能用not...so的形式。 3．介词的省略 (1)一些与动词、名词或形容词搭配的介词常常可以省略，而保留介词后的动词-ing形式。常见的结构有： ①have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth ②be busy (in) doing sth ③spend some time (in) doing sth ④stop/prevent sb (from) doing sth The heavy rain prevented him (from) arriving there on time. 大雨使得他没能按时到达那里。 (2)表示时间的介词at，on和in在next，last，this，these，yesterday，tomorrow，one，any，every，each，some等词之前时，一般省略。 We go to school (on) every day except Sundays. 除星期天外，我们每天都上学。 学生用书第164页 ◎巧学活用4 (1)补全句子 ①We can do nothing but give up (放弃). ②He was noticed to leave the office (离开了办公室). ③—Would you like to go shopping with me? —I’m afraid not (我恐怕不能). ④—Tom was injured, or he would have won the race. —I think so (我认为如此). (2)补全下列句中省略的介词 ①It was quite light and (at) any moment now the sun would rise. ②There were plenty of empty seats (on) that night. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$