内容正文:
专题四 语法填空
年份 语篇类型 主题语境与话题 短文词数 有提示词 无提示词
谓
语
动
词 非
谓
语
动
词 形
容
词 副
词 名
词 代
词 冠
词 介
词 代
词 并
列
连
词 从
句
引
导
词
2024 说明文 人与社会·丝绸之路如何影响现代的英国花园 215 1 1 2 0 3 0 1 1 0 0 1
新课标Ⅰ卷·语法填空
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年份 语篇类型 主题语境与话题 短文词数 有提示词 无提示词
谓
语
动
词 非
谓
语
动
词 形
容
词 副
词 名
词 代
词 冠
词 介
词 代
词 并
列
连
词 从
句
引
导
词
2023 说明文 人与社会·中国美食小笼包 207 0 4 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0
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年份 语篇
类型 主题语境与话题 短文词数 有提示词 无提示词
谓
语
动
词 非
谓
语
动
词 形
容
词 副
词 名
词 代
词 冠
词 介
词 代
词 并
列
连
词 从
句
引
导
词
2022 说明文 人与自然·建立大熊猫国家公园(GPNP)的计划 215 2 2 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
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年份 语篇类型 主题语境与话题 短文词数 有提示词 无提示词
谓
语
动
词 非谓
语动
词 形
容
词 副
词 名
词 代
词 冠
词 介
词 代
词 并
列
连
词 从
句
引
导
词
2021 记叙文 人与自我·登黄山的经历 218 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
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[命题分析]
1. 文章体裁:以说明文和记叙文为主,建议适当关注议论文。
2. 选材特点:已考主题语境包括“人与社会、人与自然和人与自我”,选材大多体现“中国元素”。
3. 设题规律:文章长度约210词左右,共设10个题空,其中 6~7道题有提示词,3~4道题无提示词。有提示词类填空考查的项目主要是谓语动词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词、名词与代词等;无提示词类填空考查的项目主要是冠词、介词、代词、并列连词与从句引导词等。
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专题四 语法填空
第1讲 “有提示词类”解题指导
语法填空题中“有提示词类”题目所给出的提示词主要是动词、名词、形容词、副词、代词等实词,考查的知识点主要有非谓语动词、动词的时态和语态、词形转换等。“有提示词类”题目思维方向图如下:
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第1课时 谓语动词的确定
任务一 研析解题技法
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语法填空中考查谓语动词的题目是提示词为动词的高频考向之一。解题时,可先根据题空处所在句的主语和上下文表达的意义,以及“时态、语态和主谓一致”语法知识来确定。
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确定依据1:时间状语
思维方向一 时态
时态 时间状语
一般现在时 now, today, nowadays, every year, usually等
一般过去时 yesterday, last week, in 2022, the other day, two years ago, previously等
一般将来时 tomorrow, next year, in the future, soon等
现在进行时 now, at present, at this moment等
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时态 时间状语
现在完成时 recently, lately, already, since+时间点,for+时间段,by+现在时间段,so far, up to now, up till now, to date, ever since, in recent years, in/over/during the last/past+时间段等
过去完成时 by+过去时间点,by the end of+过去时间点,before+过去时间点等
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(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)
The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that
58. (be) previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority 59. to increase (increase) effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
[分析]考查动词的时态和主谓一致。设空处在that引导的限制性定语从句中作谓语,先行词为“a significant number of areas”,关系词在从句中作主语。根据“previously”可知,从句的时态应为一般过去时。根据“主谓一致”原则可知,从句主语为复数,从句谓语也应用复数形式。故填were。
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(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷)
The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example,
38. (form) the core collection of the British Museum 39. which/that opened in 1759.
[分析]考查动词的时态。设空处为谓语动词,根据时间状语“in 1759”可知,应使用一般过去时。故填formed。
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确定依据2:平行关系
1. 并列连词and, but, or, not only ... but also ..., neither ... nor ...等前后的谓语动词时态要一致;
2. 同一个主语的两个或两个以上的并列谓语动词时态要一致。
(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)
He quickly 63. (throw) his tools aside, and started running, arms out.
[分析]考查动词的时态。根据句中的并列连词and可知,设空处与下文的“started”构成并列结构,故应该使用一般过去时。throw为动词,意为“扔”,过去式为threw。故填threw。
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确定依据3:常用句式
掌握固定句式也是解决时态问题快速且行之有效的方式,因此平时要积累并熟记一些常用句式。如:
(1)was/were doing ... when sb. did ...
(2)had (just/hardly/scarcely) done ... when+一般过去时
(3)This/It/That is the first/second ... time that sb. has/have done ... (从句用现在完成时)
This/It/That was the first/second ... time that sb. had done ... (从句用过去完成时)
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(4)祈使句+and/or+陈述句(陈述句用一般将来时)
(5)It is (high) time that sb. did/should do ...
(6)It is/has been+时间段+since sb./sth. did ...
(7)It will be+时间段+before从句(从句用一般现在时)
(8)It was+时间段+before从句(从句用一般过去时)
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(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)
Henry 62. (fix) his car when he heard the screams. He looked up and saw Eric hanging from the balcony.
[分析]考查动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知,设空处在句中作谓语。根据下文的“when he heard the screams”可知,此处考查固定句式“was/were doing ... when sb. did ...”结构,且主语为单数。故填was fixing。
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确定依据4:语境暗示
在时间状语和其他参照物都不明显的情况下,通过语境暗示来确定时态,也是解决时态问题的一种行之有效的方法。
(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)
As a little girl, I 65. (wish) to be a zookeeper when I grew up.
[分析]考查动词的时态。分析句子结构可知,本句缺少谓语动词,所以wish在此处作谓语,和主语I之间是主动关系,根据下文的“when I grew up”可知,应用一般过去时。故填wished。
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(2023·全国乙卷)
The 69. remarkable (remark) development of this city, which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world, 70. (mean) there is always something new to discover here, and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years.
[分析]考查动词的时态。分析句子结构可知,设空处为谓语动词;结合上下文时态可知用一般现在时;本句主语为“The remarkable development of this city”,所以谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故填means。
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(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)
Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse 60. (walk) visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road, by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for 61. the first time.
[分析]考查动词的时态。此处陈述客观情况,时态应用一般现在时;且主语“the Silk Route Garden”是第三人称单数,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。walk意为“陪伴……走,护送……走”。故填walks。
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分析语境并判断所给动词与其对应的主语之间的逻辑关系是确定谓语动词语态的关键。如果所给动词的主语是该动作的执行者,该动词就用主动语态;如果所给动词的主语是该动作的承受者,该动词就用被动语态。
思维方向二 语态
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被动语态的构成
被动语态 动词构成(以be或do为例)
一般现在时 am/is/are+过去分词
一般过去时 was/were+过去分词
一般将来时 will be+过去分词
现在完成时 has/have been+过去分词
现在进行时 am/is/are being+过去分词
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(2023·全国甲卷)
Carson proves that a simple literary form that has been passed down through the ages can still 70. (employ) today to draw attention to important truths.
[分析]考查动词的语态。从句主语“a simple literary form”与“employ”之间为被动关系,所以用被动语态。情态动词can后接动词原形。故填be employed。
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(2023·全国乙卷)
66. Having visited (visit) several times over the last 10 years, I 67. (amaze) by the co-existence of old and new, and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遗产) while constantly growing.
[分析]考查动词的时态和语态。设空处为本句谓语动词,根据下文的“how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遗产) while constantly growing”可知,本句用一般过去时;主语I和动词amaze之间为被动关系,所以用被动语态。故填was amazed。
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(2023·浙江1月卷)
In the Ming Dynasty, the centre was the Forbidden City, 58. surrounded (surround) in concentric (同心的) circles by the Inner City and Outer City. Citizens of higher social classes 59. (permit) to live closer to the centre of the circles.
[分析]考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知,设空处在句中作谓语,和主语Citizens of higher social classes构成被动关系,再结合上文的“In the Ming Dynasty”可知应用一般过去时,设空处为一般过去时的被动语态,主语为复数,谓语动词应用复数形式。 故填were permitted。
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(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)
After a three-year pilot period, the GPNP will be officially set up next year. The GPNP 60. (design) to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity (完整性) of natural ecosystems, preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones, 61. and leaving behind precious natural assets (资产) for future generations”.
[分析]考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知,设空处在句中作谓语,主语The GPNP与design之间为被动关系,且描述的是事实,因此用一般现在时的被动语态,主语为单数,谓语动词应用单数形式。故填is designed。
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(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)
A statue commemorating Shakespeare and Tang was put up at Shakespeare's Birthplace Garden in 2017. Two years later, a six-meter-tall pavilion, 60. inspired (inspire) by The Peony Pavilion, 61. (build) at the Firs Garden, just ten minutes' walk from Shakespeare's birthplace.
[分析]考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知,设空处在句中作谓语;根据上文的“Two years later”可知,此处描述过去发生的动作,时态应用一般过去时;主语“a six-meter-tall pavilion”与动词build之间构成被动关系,应用被动语态;且主语为单数,be动词应用was。故填was built。
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在做语法填空有关谓语的题目时不仅要考虑谓语动词的时态和语态,还要根据主谓一致的原则确定谓语动词的单复数。
思维方向三 主谓一致
项目 注意事项
语法一致原则 主语后跟有with, together with, as well as, but, except, along with, rather than, like, including, in addition to等连接的短语时,谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。
就近一致原则 由either ... or ..., neither ... nor ..., not ... but ..., not only ... but also ...等连接的并列主语,谓语动词通常与距离最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
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项目 注意事项
意义一致原则 1. 由连词and连接的并列主语是同一概念(不可分割的整体)时,谓语动词用单数;
2. 非谓语动词、名词性从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数。
特殊情况 1. “many a/more than one+单数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数,表示复数意义;
2. “half/most/the rest/the remaining/one third of+名词”作主语时,若这个结构中的名词为复数,则谓语动词用复数形式;若这个结构中的名词为单数或不可数名词,则谓语动词用单数形式;
3. all, the remaining, the rest, what, who, some, most等作主语时,谓语动词的数根据它们的实际意义而定。
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(2022·全国甲卷)
In the last five years, Cao 67. (walk) through 34 countries in six continents, and in 2016, he reached the top of Kilimanjaro, Africa's 68. highest (high) mountain.
[分析]考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据时间状语“In the last five years”可知,此处应用现在完成时,主语Cao为单数,助动词应用has。故填has walked。
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(2022·北京卷)
The use of those plastics 20. (increase) by 300% since 2019. The world won't survive if this situation continues.
[分析]考查动词的时态和主谓一致。 根据句中的“since 2019”可知,此处用现在完成时。主语The use of those plastics为单数含义,助动词用has。故填has increased。
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(2021·全国甲卷)
The Xi'an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China's long history. It 61. (build) originally to protect the city 62. in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复).
[分析]考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知,设空处作谓语,主语与动词build之间为被动关系,应用被动语态。根据时间状语“in the Tang dynasty”可知,应用一般过去时,主语It为第三人称单数,谓语动词应用单数形式。故填was built。
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(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)
Some of the things that Tang was writing about 58. (be) also Shakespeare's concerns.
[分析]考查动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知,本句谓语部分不完整;根据题空前的“was writing about”及语境可知,此处介绍过去的情况,时态应用一般过去时;且主语为“Some of the things”,是复数概念, be动词应用were。故填were。
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任务二 深化迁移应用
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A
About 1,500 years ago in China, silk production was a state secret. The silk trade was so 1. (value) that anyone who tried to take silkworm eggs or mulberry seeds out of China 2. (put) to death. However, in 552 AD, two monks smuggled silkworm eggs to Constantinople, and then silk production spread worldwide.
A silkworm actually isn't a worm at all. It's 3. type of caterpillar that once 4. (exist) in the wild, but now it only survives in domesticated form. Silkworms are fussy eaters, 5. (dine) only on mulberry leaves. When a silkworm has had 6. (it) fill, it spins a cocoon from a single strand (缕) of silk, two to three thousand feet long!
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According to legend, a Chinese empress discovered how to harvest silk when a cocoon fell into her tea. She plucked it from the teacup by the loose end of the silk, then unravelled the whole cocoon. To harvest silk
7. (commercial), cocoons are first steamed to kill the pupae inside. That's because the silkworm would break the silk if it began to emerge
8. a moth (蛾). Next the cocoon is soaked in hot water—rather than tea—to dissolve the sticky coating that binds the silk. Then a machine unwinds the single strand 9. makes up each cocoon. Twisted together, these strands make the fine thread 10. (use) to weave silk cloth.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了蚕丝的产生过程。
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1. valuable 考查形容词。根据句子结构可知,题空前是系动词was, 而系动词后常接形容词作表语。故填valuable。
2. would be put/was put 考查动词的时态和语态。分析句子结构可知,设空处为谓语动词。anyone与谓语put之间是被动关系,此处描述过去发生的事情或过去将要发生的事情,用过去将来时或者一般过去时。故填would be put/was put。
3. a 考查冠词。a type of为固定短语,意为“一种”。故填a。
4. existed 考查动词的时态。根据时间状语once可知,本句的时态为一般过去时。故填existed。
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5. dining 考查非谓语动词。根据谓语动词are可知,设空处填非谓语动词。Silkworms与dine在逻辑上是主动关系,所以用现在分词。故填dining。
6. its 考查代词。分析句子成分可知,题空后的“fill”是名词,题空前的“has had”是动词,故可判断出设空处作定语。形容词性物主代词its作定语,修饰名词fill。故填its。
7. commercially 考查副词。根据题空前的“To harvest silk”可知,设空处修饰不定式,常用副词形式。 故填commercially。
8. as 考查介词。根据题空处的逻辑意义“它开始以一只蚕蛾的形式出现(即它开始变成蚕蛾)”可知,此处表示“作为”。故填as。
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9. which/that 考查定语从句。先行词为the single strand作定语从句的主语,关系代词应为which/that。故填which/that。
10. used 考查非谓语动词。设空处为非谓语动词,the fine thread与use为被动关系,所以用过去分词作后置定语。故填used。
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B
China is known as the home of tea. It is said that Shennong discovered tea around 2700 BCE. At first, tea leaves 1. (chew). During the Tang Dynasty, 2. (advance) were made in the processing of tea. The leaves were steamed, oxidised (氧化) and pounded into cake form. This made tea easier 3. (transport) and more pleasing to the tongue.
The earliest batch (批次) of tea is often ready to be picked before Qingming. This precious small output of tea, widely 4. (seek) after for its outstanding quality, is called Mingqian tea. The seasonal tea is known 5. its tender leaves and fresh flavour. They have 6. better flavour than the later batches which can be grown overnight.
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East China's Zhejiang Province is acknowledged as a major producer of tea. In spring, local hillsides 7. (fill) with tea workers sowing seeds on their land. In the peak seasons, many tourists flock to witness the beautiful scenery of tea farms for 8. (they), while enjoying a cup of tea.
There are many ways you can experience tea culture in China. You can visit a tea plantation in Hangzhou or elsewhere to learn 9. tea is grown and harvested. You can sit inside a 10. (tradition) teahouse and take in the classical atmosphere as you drink tea.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国茶叶的起源及其发展。
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专题四 语法填空
1. were chewed 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。此处在句中作谓语,句子描述过去发生的事,应用一般过去时,主语tea leaves和动词chew之间是被动关系,应用一般过去时的被动语态,主语是复数。故填were chewed。
2. advances 考查名词复数。根据题空后的“were”可知,此处应用名词复数作主语。故填advances。
3. to transport 考查非谓语动词。make sth.+形容词+to do为固定用法,意为“使得做某事是……的”。故填to transport。
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4. sought 考查非谓语动词。句中有谓语,前后无连词,此处应用非谓语动词作后置定语,修饰名词tea,且动词seek和tea之间是被动关系,应用过去分词作后置定语。故填sought。
5. for 考查介词。be known for为固定搭配,意为“因……而著名”,符合语境。故填for。
6. a 考查冠词。此处表示“一个更好的口味”,为泛指,应用不定冠词来修饰,且better发音是以辅音音素开头,应用a。故填a。
7. are filled 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。此处为固定搭配be filled with,表示“填满”,句子描述一般性事实,应用一般现在时,且主语是复数,be动词应用are。故填are filled。
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8. themselves 考查代词。此处表示“他们自己”,应用反身代词themselves。故填themselves。
9. how 考查宾语从句。设空处引导宾语从句,且从句缺少方式状语,应用how来修饰。故填how。
10. traditional 考查形容词。此处应用形容词作定语,修饰名词teahouse。故填traditional。
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