05 专题一 第5讲 语篇结构-【名师导航】2025年高考英语二轮总复习课件（通用版）

专题一　阅读理解 第5讲　语篇结构 语篇意识是英语学科中的重要概念，它有助于考生更好地理解和分析文章，提高阅读理解效率。常见的语篇结构大致可分为五种类型：故事叙述型、现象解释型、结论解释型、观点展示型和问题解决型。 专题一　阅读理解 类型一　故事叙述型 常见文体 记叙文、夹叙夹议文 判断标志 叙述某个故事、某段经历或介绍某个人物。 行文结构 顺叙 可分为三类：按照时间的先后、地点的转换和事情的内在逻辑联系叙述。 倒叙 引人注目的高潮或结局提到文章的开头，再一步一步地揭示这个高潮或结局所形成的原因和经过。 插叙 在人物事件原定的叙述中，插入某些情况的介绍，交代某些关系，或对某些矛盾作侧面说明。 专题一　阅读理解 (2023·新课标Ⅰ卷，B) When John was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making. After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine. 专题一　阅读理解 The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge. He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water. 专题一　阅读理解 Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China. “Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor，” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what's happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.” 专题一　阅读理解 [结构分析] 专题一　阅读理解 类型二　现象解释型 常见文体 说明文、议论文 判断标志 开篇提出某种自然现象或社会现象，下文主要针对该现象进行解释说明。 行文结构 现象(包括介绍现象特征、背景、发展演变过程等)——解释(对现象成因、发展等进行解释)——评价(对上文的解释进行评价)。 专题一　阅读理解 (2021·全国乙卷，B) When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a landline (座机)? These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn't own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime. 专题一　阅读理解 Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter (29%)rely only on their smartphones, according to a survey (调查). Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket—19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category. More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally a factor (因素)—only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who've perhaps had the same home number for 50 years.Age isn't the only factor; I'd say it's also to do with the makeup of your household. 专题一　阅读理解 Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone (using Caller ID would take the fun out of it)． How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries? 专题一　阅读理解 [结构分析] 专题一　阅读理解 类型三　结论解释型 常见文体 说明文、议论文 判断标志 1. 多采用“总—分”结构； 2. 文章开头通常会出现一个明确的结论性语句，下文对该结论进行举例说明、对比分析或评价。 行文结构 (有的文章包含背景信息)给出结论——举例说明、解释结论——作出评价。 专题一　阅读理解 (2023·全国乙卷，C) What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables.But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the bestseller lists. 专题一　阅读理解 It's thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits.It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain's consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way.There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking. 专题一　阅读理解 According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking.The UK's obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV，it's no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking. 专题一　阅读理解 [结构分析] 专题一　阅读理解 类型四　观点展示型 常见文体 说明文、议论文 判断标志 文章首先提出一个已有的观点(可能是过去的、传统的、大众的，或是某个具体人物的观点)，然后引入一个新观点，作为对比或补充，下文针对相关观点的合理性及原因展开讨论。 行文结构 给出观点(新/旧观点)——展示观点、举例说明——评价解释。 专题一　阅读理解 (2023·新课标Ⅰ卷，D) On March 7,1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren't always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and 专题一　阅读理解 some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won't cancel each other out.In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates be independent.If for whatever reasons, people's errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate 专题一　阅读理解 than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn't the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. 专题一　阅读理解 Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 专题一　阅读理解 [结构分析] 专题一　阅读理解 类型五　问题解决型 常见文体 说明文、议论文 判断标志 文章开头往往介绍某种不利情况、棘手问题或出现设问句，下文可能出现solution、take action等提示词。 行文结构 交代背景——提出问题——介绍解决方案——评价解决方案(总结)。 专题一　阅读理解 (2022·新高考Ⅰ卷，B) Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜) was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out. 专题一　阅读理解 In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain，” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month's cover story. It's jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away—from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans. Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it.That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.” 专题一　阅读理解 If that's hard to understand, let's keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time—but for him, it's more like 12 boxes of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D．C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries？Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road. 专题一　阅读理解 Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don't think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won't eat，” Curtin says. 专题一　阅读理解 [结构分析] 专题一　阅读理解 感谢您的观看 THANK YOU $$