Unit 3 Environmental Protection 单元语法Grammar 直接引语和间接引语-2024-2025学年高二英语选择性必修第三册单元重难点易错题精练（人教版2019）

Unit 3 Environmental Protection 直接引语和间接引语 一、基本概念 直接引语：直接引用别人说的原话，将其放在引号内，原说话人的话语内容、标点符号、语气等都原样呈现。例如：He said, "I'm happy today."（他说：“我今天很开心。”）这里双引号里的内容就是直接引语。 间接引语：是用自己的话把别人说的话转述出来，不用引号，在人称、时态、语序等方面通常要根据具体情况做出相应调整。比如把上面的直接引语变为间接引语就是：He said that he was happy that day.（他说他那天很开心。） 二、变化规则 （一）人称的变化 遵循“一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新”的原则。 “一随主”指的是直接引语中的第一人称要随主句的主语变化。例如： 直接引语：I said, "I like reading books."（我说：“我喜欢读书。”） 间接引语：I said that I liked reading books.（我说我喜欢读书。） “二随宾”意思是直接引语中的第二人称要跟随主句的宾语进行变化。比如： 直接引语：He said to me, "You are smart."（他对我说：“你很聪明。”） 间接引语：He told me that I was smart.（他告诉我我很聪明。） “第三人称不更新”就是直接引语里的第三人称一般保持不变。例如： 直接引语：She said, "He is a good student."（她说：“他是个好学生。”） 间接引语：She said that he was a good student.（她说他是个好学生。） （二）时态的变化 当主句谓语动词是一般过去时的时候，直接引语变为间接引语，时态通常要做相应改变： 一般现在时变为一般过去时： 直接引语：He said, "I study English every day."（他说：“我每天学习英语。”） 间接引语：He said that he studied English every day.（他说他每天学习英语。） 现在进行时变为过去进行时： 直接引语：She said, "I'm watching TV now."（她说：“我正在看电视呢。”） 间接引语：She said that she was watching TV then.（她说她当时正在看电视。） 一般将来时变为过去将来时： 直接引语：Tom said, "I will go to Beijing tomorrow."（汤姆说：“我明天要去北京。”） 间接引语：Tom said that he would go to Beijing the next day.（汤姆说他第二天要去北京。） 现在完成时变为过去完成时： 直接引语：They said, "We have finished our work."（他们说：“我们已经完成工作了。”） 间接引语：They said that they had finished their work.（他们说他们已经完成工作了。） 不过，如果直接引语表述的是客观真理、自然现象、名言警句等，时态通常保持不变。例如： 直接引语：The teacher said, "The earth moves around the sun."（老师说：“地球绕着太阳转。”） 间接引语：The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.（老师说地球绕着太阳转。） （三）指示代词、时间状语、地点状语的变化 指示代词： this变为that，these变为those。例如： 直接引语：He said, "This book is mine."（他说：“这本书是我的。”） 间接引语：He said that that book was his.（他说那本书是他的。） 时间状语： now变为then，today变为that day，tonight变为that night，yesterday变为the day before，tomorrow变为the next day/the following day，last week变为the week before等。例如： 直接引语：She said, "I saw him yesterday."（她说：“我昨天见到他了。”） 间接引语：She said that she had seen him the day before.（她说她前一天见到他了。） 地点状语： here通常变为there。例如： 直接引语：They said, "We are having a party here."（他们说：“我们在这里举办派对呢。”） 间接引语：They said that they were having a party there.（他们说他们在那里举办派对呢。） （四）语序的变化 直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，要用连词that引导（that在口语中常可省略），然后把句子语序变为陈述语序（即主语在前，谓语等在后）。例如： 直接引语：He said, "I'm a student."（他说：“我是个学生。”） 间接引语：He said (that) he was a student.（他说他是个学生。） 直接引语如果是一般疑问句，变为间接引语时，要用连词if或whether引导，语序变为陈述语序。例如： 直接引语：She asked me, "Are you busy?"（她问我：“你忙吗？”） 间接引语：She asked me if/whether I was busy.（她问我是否忙。） 直接引语如果是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语时，保留原来的疑问词，语序变为陈述语序。例如： 直接引语：He asked me, "What's your name?"（他问我：“你叫什么名字？”） 间接引语：He asked me what my name was.（他问我我的名字是什么。） 习题对点练习 1．“I will finish the mural by tomorrow,” the painter promised. (使用间接引语改写) 2．“I finished the portrait yesterday,” she said. （使用间接引语改写） 3．“This piece was inspired by a dream I had,” the artist explained. （使用间接引语改写） 4．“You should never mix oil and watercolors,” the teacher warned. （使用间接引语改写） 5．“I have always wanted to work with clay,” the sculptor told me. （使用间接引语改写） 6．“I think the composition is perfect as it is,” said the artist.（使用间接引语改写） 7．He says, “I have accepted the manager’s suggestion.” (直接引语改为间接引语) 8．He asked me, “When will you go to Beijing?” He asked me go to Beijing. (直接引语改为间接引语) 9．Linda asked me, “What are you doing?” Linda asked me .(直接引语改为间接引语) 10．“Do you know where the library is?” a schoolmate asked me. A schoolmate asked knew where the library was. (直接引语改为间接引语) 11．“I’m sorry, but I have already had an engagement tonight,” Sara said. Sara said sorry had already had an engagement that night. (直接引语改为间接引语) 12．My classmates said to me, “Mary particularly wants to talk to you.” My classmates particularly wanted to talk to .(直接引语改为间接引语) 13．Jim said to me, “I will visit the Summer Palace next week.” Jim told me that he would visit the Summer Palace .(直接引语改为间接引语) 14．An English teacher asked his students, “Are you interested in my lessons?” An English teacher asked his students if were interested in lessons. (直接引语改为间接引语) 15．“Let’s work together to stop climate change,” the expert said. (直接引语改为间接引语) 16．“I don’t want to go there with Alice,” said Tom. (变间接引语) Tom said that he to go there with Alice. 17．Kevin asked, “When are you going to work, John?” (直接引语变成间接引语) 18．“Light travels faster than sound,” the teacher told us. (直接引语变为间接引语) 19．She said, “It is nine o' clock now.” (直接引语变为间接引语) 20．“Does your sister like blue dresses or green ones?” Kate asked. (直接引语变为间接引语) 21．“Why don’t you take a walk after supper?” he advised. (直接引语变为间接引语) 22．John said, "I'm going to London with my father." (直接引语变为间接引语) 23．The boss told Xiao Wang that he must finish the task. →The boss said,  “ .” (改为直接引语) 24．“I went home with my sister, ” she said. →She said that . (句型转换) 25．“You must come here before five,” he said. — He said that I .  (句型转换) 26．He said, “You can sit here, Jim.” →He told Jim that .  (句型转换) 27．The policeman said to the thief, “Freeze!” (改为间接引语) →The policeman the thief . 28．“What’s wrong with you?” Lily asked me. (改为间接引语) →Lily asked me with . 29．“Go to the front at once!” the officer said to the soldiers. (改为间接引语) →The officer the soldiers the front at once. 30．He said, “Please come here again tomorrow.” (同义句转换) →He again 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 答案 1．The painter promised that he would finish the mural by the next day. 【详解】考查直接引语变间接引语。句意：画家保证他将在第二天完成这幅壁画。此处改为间接引语时，promise后跟that引导的宾语从句；直接引语中主语为I，需改为第三人称单数he；by tomorrow改为by the next day，用过去将来时。故改为The painter promised that he would finish the mural by the next day. 2．She said that she had finished the portrait the day before. 【详解】考查间接引语。句意：她说她前一天就完成了肖像画。直接引语是陈述句，改为间接引语时，需用that作引导词，引导宾语从句；主句的时态是一般过去时，直接引语中的动词时态要相应地变为过去完成时had finished；人称I改为she；时间状语yesterday改为the day before。故答案为She said that she had finished the portrait the day before. 3．The artist explained that the piece was inspired by a dream he had had. 【详解】考查间接引语。句意：“这件作品的灵感来自于我做过的一个梦，”艺术家解释说。该句的直接引语改写为间接引语，间接引语是陈述句，用以连接词that引导的宾语从句表达，放在主句The artist explained后；根据“explained”和句意可知，从句应为一般过去时，表示过去发生的动作，艺术家做过的梦指的是灵感被激发前发生的动作，故应用过去完成时。故答案为The artist explained that the piece was inspired by a dream he had had。 4．The teacher warned that one should never mix oil and watercolors. 【详解】考查间接引语。句意：“你们不应该把油和水彩混在一起，”老师警告说。该句的直接引语改写为间接引语，直接引语为陈述句，可用以连接词that引导的宾语从句表达，放在主句The teacher warned后；直接引语中的“You”泛指“任何人”，可用one来转述。故答案为The teacher warned that one should never mix oil and watercolors. 5．The sculptor told me that he had always wanted to work with clay. 【详解】考查间接引语。句意：“我一直想用粘土来创作，”雕塑家告诉我。该句的直接引语改写为间接引语，可用以连接词that引导的宾语从句来表达，放在主句The sculptor told me后；根据“told”和句意可知，直接引语中的现在完成时应改为过去完成时，“I”指的是“the sculptor”，应用第三人称he来转述。故答案为The sculptor told me that he had always wanted to work with clay. 6．The artist said that he thought the composition was perfect as it was. 【详解】考查间接引语。句意：“我认为这幅画的构图很完美，”艺术家说。该句中的直接引语改写为间接引语，直接引语为陈述句，用以连接词that引导的宾语从句来表达，放在主句The artist said后；根据“said”可知，改写后从句为一般过去时，“I”指的是“the artist”，应用第三人称he来转述。故答案为The artist said that he thought the composition was perfect as it was。 7．He says that he has accepted the manager’s suggestion. 【详解】考查直接引语改为间接引语。句意：他说他接受了经理的建议。此处直接引语改为间接引语，应将第一人称改为第三人称，故改为He says that he has accepted the manager’s suggestion. 8．when I would 【详解】考查直接引语变为间接引语。句意：他问我什么时候去北京。在转换为间接引语时，直接引语中需要用陈述句语序，并且时态需要根据主句的时态进行相应的调整。主句使用了一般过去时，因此直接引语中的一般将来时需要调整为过去将来时。此外，直接引语中的第二人称you需要变为第一人称I。故变为when I would。 9．what I was doing 【详解】考查直接引语和间接引语、宾语从句、时态。句意：琳达问我：“你在做什么？”改后的句子中，空格部分为asked的宾语，用what引导的宾语从句，从句要用陈述语序。根据me可知，将引文中的you变为I，作从句主语；由asked可知，本句描述过去正发生的动作，故时态用过去进行时，从句主语为I，be动词用was。故答案为：what I was doing。 10． whether I/if I/me whether I/me if I 【详解】考查间接引语。句意：“你知道图书馆在哪儿吗？”一个同学问我。直接引语改为间接引语asked的宾语me可保留也可省去，“Do you know where the library is”是一般疑问句，改为间接引语时用whether/if引导宾语从句，宾语从句中的主语用I，因此空格处是(me) whether/if I。故填(me) whether/if I。 11． that she was/she was but that she 【详解】考查直接引语改为间接引语。句意：萨拉说：“对不起，但我今晚已经有约了。”陈述句直接引语变间接引语时，用that引导宾语从句，可以省略，当含有两个that引导的宾语从句时，第二个that不能省略，根据时态一致原则，主句是一般过去时，从句用一般过去时，第一人称I改为第三人称设。故答案为①(that) she was②but that she。 12． told me that Mary/told me Mary me 【详解】考查直接引语改为间接引语。句意：我的同学对我说：“玛丽特别想和你谈谈。”直接引语改为间接引语时，said to me改为told me that，that引出宾语从句，不作成分，无意义，可以省略；直接引语中的人称要做相应调整，此处Mary是第三人称，不变，you改为me。故答案为①told me (that) Mary ②me。 13．the next/following week 【详解】考查间接引语。句意：吉姆告诉我下星期他要去颐和园。本句中为间接引语，时间为过去，所以需要将“next week”改为the next week或者the following week。故答案为the next/following week。 14． they his 【详解】考查间接引语。句意：一位英语老师问他的学生是否对他的课感兴趣。直接引语改为间接引语时，直接引语中第二人称复数改为第三人称复数；第一人称改为第三人称。故填①they；②his。 15．The expert suggested working together to stop climate change. 【详解】考查直接引语变间接引语、动名词。句意：专家说：“让我们一起来阻止气候变化。”直接引语为祈使句，变为间接引语时把陈述句的said变为suggested，suggest doing sth.“建议做某事”，用work“工作”的动名词，作suggested的宾语。故答案为：The expert suggested working together to stop climate change. 16． didn’t want 【详解】考查变间接引语。句意：汤姆说他不想和爱丽丝一起去那里。此处主句为一般过去时，宾语从句也需用一般过去时，故填①didn’t；②want。 17．Kevin asked John when he was going to work. 【详解】考查直接引语变成间接引语。此处直接引语变成间接引语时，疑问句改为陈述句语序，现在进行时改为过去进行时，主语为改为he，John提前到when之前。故改为Kevin asked John when he was going to work. 18．The teacher told us light travels faster than sound. 【详解】考查间接引语、宾语从句和时态。句意：“光比声音传播得快，”老师告诉我们。原句中的直接引语“Light travels much faster than sound”为陈述句，改为间接引语转化为that引导的宾语从句，宾语从句陈述客观真理，用一般现在时。故答案是The teacher told us light travels faster than sound.。 19．She said that it was nine o' clock then. 【详解】考查直接引语变为间接引语。句意：她说：“现在是九点钟”。直接引语变为间接引语时，若主句为过去时态，变为间接引语的宾语从句通常要将时态往后推一个,即一般现在时变为一般过去时。本句中的直接引语为一般现在时，变成一般过去时，now 变成then。故填She said that it was nine o' clock then. 20．Kate asked whether my sister liked blue dresses or green ones. 【详解】考查间接引语。句意：凯特问我姐姐喜欢蓝色的裙子还是绿色的。原句中直接引语为一般疑问句，句中有or，间接引语改成用whether引导的宾语从句，用陈述句语序；由“Kate asked”可知，此句为一般过去时，结合句意可知宾语从句也为一般过去时，your sister改为my sister，故答案为Kate asked whether my sister liked blue dresses or green ones. 21．He advised me to take a walk after supper. 【详解】考查直接引语变间接引语。句意：“你为什么不在晚饭后散散步呢?”他建议道。直接引语“Why don’t you take a walk after supper?”是一个表示建议的句子，结合advise可知，转化为固定搭配advise sb. to do sth.，时态保持不变。故填He advised me to take a walk after supper. 22．John said that he was going to London with his father. 【详解】考查句型转换。句意：约翰说：“我和我父亲将要去伦敦。”根据直接引语变为间接引语的语法规则，将直接引语变为间接引语时，主语由第一人称I变为第三人称he，将谓语动词由现在进行时表示一般将来时变为由过去进行时表示过去将来时，即由am going to变为was going to；将第一人称物主代词my变为第三人称物主代词his，故转换为：John said that he was going to London with his father。 23．Xiao Wang, you must finish the task. 【详解】考查句型转换。句意：老板告诉小王他必须完成任务。分析句子结构，本句包含宾语从句，为间接引语，需转换为直接引语，根据间接引语转直接引语的相关知识，主句中told变为said，主句宾语的人称保持不变；宾语从句中第三人称变为第二人称，因谓语部分为情态动词+动词原形，保持不变，故填Xiao Wang, you must finish the task. 24．she had gone home with her sister 【详解】考查直接引语变间接引语。句意：她说她和姐姐一起回家了。直接引语变间接引语中，主句用一般过去时，从句需用过去完成时，第一人称变第三人称。故填she had gone home with her sister。 25．had to go there before five 【详解】考查间接引语。句意：他说我必须在5点之前到那里。分析句子结构，这里考查的是直接引语变为间接引语。直接引语转为间接引语时，从句的时态要和主句相对应，本句中主句使用了一般过去时，从句动作发生在主句动作之后，所以从句也应用一般过去时；直接引语中使用了must，转为间接引语时要变为have to，此处用过去式had to；直接引语中使用了come，转为间接引语时要变为go；直接引语中使用了here，转为间接引语时要变为there。故填had to go there before five。 26．he could sit there 【详解】考查直接引语变间接引语。句意：他告诉吉姆他可以坐在那里。此处主句为一般过去时，宾语从句应用过去相对应的时态，且第二人称变第三人称，故填he could sit there。 27． ordered to freeze 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：警察命令那个贼不要动。直接引语如是祈使句，变间接引语时，须将祈使句变为动词不定式，并在动词不定式前用tell, ask, order等，根据句意，警察是对那个贼下命令，故空一用order，原句主句是一般过去时，故填ordered。空二三填to freeze。故答案是：①ordered②to③freeze。 28． what was wrong me 【详解】考查时态和语序。句意：莉莉问我出了什么事。带有特殊疑问词的直接引语变为由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句，语序为陈述语序，此处what作主语，主句主语是一般过去时，变间接引语用相应的过去时，故用一般过去时，故答案是what was wrong me。 29． ordered to go to 【详解】考查间接引语。句意：这个军官对士兵们说立刻去前线。祈使句变间接引语，通常把祈使句变成不定式，并将主句主语变成ask/order/tell等，根据句意，此处用order，原句是一般过去时，应用一般过去时。故填①ordered；②to；③go；④to。 30． asked/told/ordered me to go there the next/following day 【详解】考查间接引语。句意：他让我第二天再去那里。直接引语祈使句变间接引语，把原来的said (to sb.)变成asked/told/ordered，其句式为ask/tell/order sb. (not) to do sth.，其对应的人称、时间状语、地点状语按要求作出相应的变化，将come改为go，将here改为there，将tomorrow改为the next/following day，故填①asked/told/ordered ②me ③to ④go ⑤there ⑥the ⑦next/following ⑧day。 答案第1页，共2页 答案第1页，共2页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$