Unit3Careers and skills【速记清单】-2024-2025学年高中英语单元速记·巧练（译林版2020选择性必修第四册）

Unit 3 Careers and skills (选择性必修第四册) Unit2 核心词汇 1.___________ n.薪金，薪水 2.___________ n.劳工；劳动，（尤指）体力劳动；分娩期，分娩 vi.努力做；干苦力活 3.___________ vt.预料；预计 4.___________ adj.更好的，占优势的n.级别（或地位、职位）更高的人 5.__________ n.雇员，职员；仆人 6._________ n.职员，簿记员，文书 7.__________ adj.分别的，各自的 8.___________ n.领导应有的品质；领导地位 9.___________ adj.每周的 adv.每周地 n.周报，周刊 10.__________ adj.每月的 adv.每个月 n.月刊 11.__________ n.贷款，借款；借出vt.借出，贷与（尤指钱） 12._________ adj.最著名的，最成功的，第一的n.首相，总理 13.________ n.标签；（不恰当的）称谓vt.贴标签于；（尤指不公正地）把……称为 14._________ n.刮脸，剃须 vi.& vt.剃（须发），刮脸 15.__________ n.方式，风格，样式 16.___________ n.持续时间，期间 17._________ vt.推断，推论，推理 18._________ adj.真诚的，可信赖的；真的，名副其实的 19.____________ n.虹，彩虹 20.__________ n.女士，夫人 21.___________ adj.临时的，短暂的 阅读词汇 1.endeavour vi._________ n.___________ 2.budget n._____________ 3.client n._______________ 4.subjective adj._______________ 5.directory n._____________________________ 6.plug vt._______________n.________________ 7.groundwork n.____________________________ 8.institute n.________________vt._______________________ 9.proportion n.______________________________ 10.fabric n._____________________ 11.fibre n.__________________________________ 12.profile n._____________ vt._______________________ 13.criterion n._______________________ 14.convey vt._____________________________ 15.yawn vi.____________________ 16.bowling n.__________________ 17.tournament n.__________________________ 短语 1.__________________　　 谋生 2._________________　　舒适区，放松区 3.____________________　　权衡，斟酌 4.___________________　　让……处于危险之中 5.__________________ 　　立即行动起来，马上大干起来 6.___________________　　处于有利地位，有优势 7.___________________　　在……之前 8.__________________　　从事，忙于 9.____________ 动身，出发；使爆炸；引起；拉响（警报） 10.________________　　　喜爱 11.__________________ 　　直到……结束，在整个……期间 12.________________________　　全力以赴 13.____________________　　对……满意 14._________________　　使自己适应或习惯于…… 15.______________　　以……为傲 16._______________　　对……合适的 17.________________　　毫不耽搁地 18._______________ 　　回顾，回首 句型 1.句型公式：make＋it＋形容词＋for sb to do 教材原句：Our rapidly changing workplace makes it necessary for us to keep up and develop new skills. 1.窗外的噪音使她很难专注于读书。 The noise outside the window ____________________________________. 2.句型公式：部分倒装句 教材原句：Not only does work benefit us personally， it also contributes to the health of society. 2.通过展览，您不仅可以欣赏到精彩的图画，还可以更好地了解中国传统绘画艺术。 Through the exhibition，______________________________， but you can also understand the art of traditional Chinese painting better. 3.句型公式：whether ...or ... 教材原句：Whether we are scientists， lawyers， doctors， public servants， consultants， clerks， receptionists or butchers， we all make our respective contributions. 3.不管成功与否，我们已尽了最大努力。 __________________________________， I have done our best. 语法 名词性从句 知识点01 重点词汇、短语 1．salary n. 薪金，薪水　　　　 earn/get/receive a salary 赚工资 pay sb. a salary 付给某人工资 offer sb. a salary 给某人工资 an annual salary of ￡40,000 40 000英镑的年薪 net monthly salary 净月薪 a ten percent salary increase 加薪10% on quite a good/decent salary 薪水相当丰厚 on a/one small salary 薪水微薄 take a drop in salary 接受较低薪水 [易混词比较]salary/wage/pay salary常指非体力劳动者的“月薪”“年薪”等； wage通常指按周或按日领取的工资、工钱； pay指“薪水，报酬”时是不可数名词，包含salary和wage。 ◎单句语法填空 ①To her relief, she retired at 50 ________ a full salary. ②It's not by any means ________ brilliant salary but it's adequate for our needs. 2．attain vt. 获得；达到　attainable adj. 能实现的，可获得　attainment n. 获得，达到　　　　 attain the people's trust 取信于民 attain independence 获得独立 attain knowledge 获得知识 attain positions of power 获得要职 attain this standard 达到这个标准 attain one's ideal weight 达到理想的体重 an attainable goal 可实现的目标 ◎单句语法填空 ①To the teacher's great joy, most of our students ________ (attain) five A grades in their exams last week. ②Few people could ever hope ________ (attain) an acceptable standard of living. ③Most of our students attained five “A” grades ________ their exams. ④We must ensure that we do not set ourselves goals that are not ________ (attain)． ⑤The ________ (attain) of his ambition was still a dream. 3．passion n. 酷爱；强烈情感 with great passion 以极大的热情；充满激情地 be full of passion in one's life 生活中充满激情 have a passion for 对……有强烈的爱好；酷爱 be filled with passion 充满激情 arouse one's passion 唤起某人的激情 his passion for football 他对足球的热爱 ◎单句语法填空 ①My daughter has an attractive character, and she often helps me to do housework ________ great passion. ②People here are full ________ passion and because of this, I get to like English. ③It was when she first arrived in China that she developed a passion ________ paper-cutting. 4．fond adj. 喜爱 (1)be fond of 喜欢，喜爱(表示状态) be fond of sb./sth. 喜欢某人/某物 grow/become fond of 逐渐喜欢(表示动作) (2)“喜欢做某事”的其他表达： (3)a fondness for animals 喜爱动物 a fond look/embrace 慈爱的目光/温情的拥抱 ◎单句语法填空 ①I'm fond ________ English and do well in both speaking and writing. ②My brother is fond of ________ (point) out my mistakes, and that's why I don't like him. ③You needn't have told me that, for George's ________ (fond) for fishing was well known. 5．anticipate vt.预料；预计；期盼，期望　anticipation　n. 预计，预料；期盼，期望 anticipate the result of 预期……的结果 anticipate doing sth. 预期做某事 anticipate a rise 预计会上涨 anticipate questions 预测问题 than anticipated 比预期/预计 It is anticipated that... 预计…… in anticipation of 预料…… happy/eager/excited anticipation 愉快的/殷切的/激动的期盼 [归纳拓展]anticipate/expect anticipate怀着喜悦或痛苦之心来预想； expect怀着确信之心来期待。 ◎单句语法填空 ①We should not only focus on solving the immediate problems of today but also on trying to solve the ________ (anticipate) problems of the future. ②We thought the concert in the park would be popular but we didn't anticipate so many people ________ (turn) up. ③It ________ (anticipate) that her sad mood can last for a rather long time. ④She's even decorated the spare room in anticipation ________ your visit. 6．respective adj. 分别的，各自的　respectively adv. 分别，各自　respect n. 点，方面；尊敬；敬意 (1)the respective roles of men and women in society 男女在社会中各自的角色 their respective roles in society 他们各自在社会中的角色 in their respective fields/careers 在他们各自的领域/事业中 (2)in every respect 在每一方面 in respect to/of...＝with respect to... 关于…… ◎单句语法填空 ①It was a great surprise that my husband and I got pay rises of 8% and 10% ________ (respective)． ②They are each recognized specialists in their ________ (respect) fields. ③The three men were given work according to their ________ (respectively) abilities. ④Lamb excels others ________ every respect. ⑤He is my senior ________ respect to this. 7.operate vt. 操作，使运行；经营，管理；使用　vi. 运转，工作；经营，营业；起作用，产生影响：动手术 (1)operate a computer 操作计算机 operate a farm 经营农场 operate well 运转良好 operate on... 给……做手术 (2)in operation 工作中；使用中；有效 come into operation 开始工作，开始生效 put sth. into operation 实施；使……运转 a security operation 安全行动 a three-hour heart operation 三个小时的心脏手术 ◎单句语法填空 ①What skills are needed ________ (operate) this machine is unknown to him. ②She wanted to work in a hospital there to learn how to operate ________ patients. ③The workman had a finger cut off by the machine he ________ (operate) then. ④He is recovering from ________ operation on his shoulder. ⑤The police have launched a major ________ (operate) against drug suppliers. 8．hire vt. & vi.聘用，雇用；租用　n．新雇员；租借 hire sth./sb. 租用某物/雇用某人 hire sth. out 出租某物 for hire 供出租 on hire 出租的 hire a car/room/video 租汽车/房间/录像带 hire a lawyer 聘请律师 hire oneself out to sb. 为某人工作，受聘于某人，受雇于某人 cars for hire 供租用的汽车 be on hire from 从……租来的 [易混比较]hire/employ/rent hire：短期、临时或一次性“雇用，租用”，宾语是人或物。 hire a boat 租一条船 employ：长时间“雇用”，宾语多是人。 employ a security officer雇用保安员 rent：长时间“出租；租用”，宾语是房屋、土地等。 rent a house from sb. 租某人的房子 rent out 出租 rent at/for sth. 以……的价格出租 ◎单句语法填空 ①Fortunately, I ________ (hire) by the first company I applied to. ②Why don't you hire ________ your spare room to other people, and earn some money? ③He wondered why only college graduates could hire themselves out ________ this grand supermarket. ④Because it is an area of outstanding natural beauty, there are many boats ________ hire on the river. 9．commercial adj. 商业的，贸易的；盈利的；商业性的　commercially adv. 商业化地；可买到地 commerce n. 商业，贸易　　 a commercial organization 商业组织 a commercial radio station/TV channel 商业电台/电视频道 the commercial heart of the city 城市的商业中心 a commercial vehicle(＝one that is used for carrying goods or passengers who pay) 商用车辆 the first commercial flights across the Atlantic 头几次横跨大西洋的商业飞行　　　　　　　　 commercially produced/grown/developed 商业化生产的/种植的/开发的 electronic commerce (e-commerce) 电子商务 ◎单句语法填空 ①The drug is still being tested and will not go into ________ (commerce) production for at least two years. ②It was the first ________ (commercial) available machine to employ artificial intelligence. 10.budget n. 预算 a monthly/an annual/a family budget 每月/年度/家庭预算 an advertising budget of $2 million 预计200万美元的广告费 a big-budget movie 一部巨额预算的电影 budget cuts 预算削减 on a tight budget 预算紧张 ◎单句语法填空 ①She will design a fantastic new kitchen for you—and all ________ your budget. ②Their son would get married, so they had furnished the house ________ a tight budget. 11.institute n．机构，机构建筑　vt. 建立，制定(体系、政策等)；实行　　　 a research institute 研究所，研究机构 the Institute for Space Studies 太空研究所 institutes of higher education 高等学校 an institute of technology 理工学院 institute a number of changes 实行一些改革 ◎单句语法填空 ①The project brings together many international ________(institute), field campaigns, and activities. ②These regulations have reduced cigarette smoking very much since they ________ (institute)． ③After graduating from college, she worked for two years at ________ institute for research in English teaching. 12．qualification n. 资格，资历；学历；合格，达到标准　qualify v．使具备资格，使合格　qualified adj. 具备……的学历(或资历)；符合资格　　　　 have the qualifications to do sth./for doing sth. be qualified to do sth./for sth. 有做某事的资格 academic/educational/professional/vocational qualifications 学术/教育/专业/职业资历 a nursing/teaching qualification 护理/教学资格 acquire/gain/get/obtain/have/hold qualifications 获得/取得/得到/拿到/拥有/持有资格 qualify sb. to do sth. 使某人具备做某事的资格 qualify for 有……的资格 ◎单句语法填空 ①One of the ________ (qualification) you need to work here is a sense of humour! ②After the interview, he was told that he had no qualifications ________ the post. ③He took all kinds of tests to prove he was ________ (qualify) for this important task. ④He failed to reach the required standard, and did not qualify ________ the race. 13.swing vi. & vt. (swung, swung) (使)改变；(使)摆动，摇摆　n. 改变；摆动；秋千 swing into action 立即行动起来；马上大干起来 swing from...to... (意见、情绪等)从……变成…… swing between...and... 在……和……之间摇摆 swing back and forth 来回摆动 swing from side to side 左右摆动 take a wild swing at 对准……猛地挥拍一击 play on the swing 荡秋千 ◎单句语法填空 ①A shop sign was creaking as it ________ (swing) in the wind. ②It's typical of him to sit on the stool, ________ (swing) his legs. ③Educational practice often witnesses sudden ________ (swing) and changes. 14.prior adj. 在前的；优先的，占先的　priority n. 优先事项；优先权 (1)prior to 在……之前 prior arrangement 事先安排 prior notice 预先通知 during the week prior to the meeting 在开会前一周内 (2)a high/low priority 重点/非重点项目 give priority to 优先考虑…… have priority over sb. 比某人有优先权 enjoy priority 享有优先权 establish priority 确立优先权 take priority over... 比……优先 ◎单句语法填空 ①They had to refuse the dinner invitation because of ________ prior engagement. ②It had rained solidly for 10 days prior ________ my arrival and so the falls were at their most spectacular. ③Women are more likely to give ________ (prior) to child care and education policies. ④Old people have priority ________ young people ________ taking seats. ⑤She travelled to America prior ________ her marriage. 15．delay n. 延迟的时间；延期，耽搁　vi.& vt.延迟，延期；使迟到，使拖延 a delay of two hours/a two-hour delay 两小时的延误 a flight delay 航班的延误 without delay 立即，毫不迟延地 delay doing sth. 推迟做某事 ◎单句语法填空 ①To our disappointment, there has been ________ delay in the book's publication. ②A severe accident happened on the highway, which needs to be tackled ________ delay. ③I think we should delay ________ (decide) about this until next year. ④I ________ (delay) by traffic, wondering how my teacher would punish me. 16．duration n. 持续时间，期间　　　　　 for the duration of 直到……结束，在整个……期间 a contract of three years' duration 三年期的合同 a flight of over eight hours' duration 持续八个多小时的飞行 for the duration of your holiday 在你度假期间 ◎单句语法填空 ①He was given the task of protecting her ________ the duration of the trial. ②Diseases resulting from stress are related to the ________ (duration) of stress. 17．justify vt. 对……作出解释，为……辩解；证明……正确 justify oneself 为自己辩解 justify doing sth. 证明做某事正确(或正当、有理) in justification of... 为……辩护 justify sth. 为某事辩护 ◎单句语法填空 ①It is the only thing that I could do—I don't have to justify ________ (I) to anyone. ②Having stayed at home for a week, I can't really justify ________ (take) another day off work. ③Are you sure that these measures ________ (justify)? ④There is no justification ________ a willful murder. ⑤The end ________(justify) the means 18.seize vt. 抓住，把握；捉住，夺；攻占；没收 seize sb.by the arm 抓住某人的胳膊 seize a thief 抓住小偷 seize hold of 抓住…… seize the opportunity to do sth. 抓住/把握做某事的机会 seize power 夺权 ◎单句语法填空 ①Police were reported ________ (seize) all copies of this morning's edition of the newspaper. ②As an old saying goes, “A wise man is always ________ (seize) the chance and turning it into success.” ③Parents should actively urge their children _______ (seize) the opportunity to join sports teams. 19．not least 尤其，特别 This applies, not least, to dogs. 这尤其适用于狗。 The documentary caused a lot of bad feeling, not least among the workers whose lives it described. 那部纪录片引起了许多人的反感，片中描写到其生活的工人尤其如此。 at least 至少，不少于 last but not least 最后但同等重要的是 not in the least 一点也不；丝毫不 ◎完成句子 ①Indeed, it tends to grow, ________________ (尤其)because employees are keen. ②Really, I'm ____________________ (一点也不) tired. ③The grass needs to be cut ________________ (至少)once a week in summer. ④________________________ (最后但同等重要的是), I'd like to thank all the catering staff. 20．deal with 解决；处理；应付 (1) (2)一词多义：涉及；探讨；与……做生意 deal with details 讨论细节 deal with a topic 谈论话题 deal with this company 和这家公司做生意 [易混比较]deal with/do with ·deal with与how连用； ·do with与what连用。 I have no idea how to deal with the problem. ＝I have no idea what to do with the problem. 我不知道该如何处理这个问题。 ◎单句语法填空 ①Deal with a man ________ he deals with you. ②This book deals with ________ to deal with some businessmen. ③[2019·天津二考阅读]A man should learn suitable ways ________(deal) with life. ④I can't control what happens to me, but I can choose how I deal ________ it. ⑤________ should you deal with the problem caused by an offensive email? 21．keep track of 与……保持联系；了解……的动态　track n. 跑道；轨道；足迹，车辙　v. 跟踪；追踪 lose track of 不了解……的情况，不了解……的动态；与……失去联系；忘记…… lose track of a friend 与一个朋友失去联系 lose track of what he was doing 忘记他在做什么 lose all track of time 完全忘了时间 be on track 步入正轨 back on track 重回正轨 be on the right/wrong track 思路正确/错误 be on the track of 追踪…… track and field 田径运动 track down 追踪到，追查到 ◎单句语法填空 ①[江苏卷阅读]Keep track ________ children's use of social media. ②I've lost track ________ how many times he called last week. ③I tried to get my life back ________ track after my operation. ④Children continued ________ (track) the path of the butterfly. ⑤But unlike most collectors, Zac tracks ________ the medals' rightful owners, and returns them. 22.on the other hand 另一方面；反过来说 on the one hand... on the other hand... 一方面……另一方面…… for one thing... for another... 首先……再者…… [名师点津]on the one hand... on the other hand...用于引出不同的或对立的观点、思想等；而for one thing...for another...用于列举原因或理由，陈述的两方面情况通常一致。 ◎单句语法填空 ①I'd like to eat out, but ________ the other hand I should be trying to save money. ②—Why won't you come to New York with me? —For one thing, I don't like flying, and ________ another, I can't afford it. 23．rely on 依靠；依赖；信赖(＝rely upon)　reliable adj. 值得信赖的 rely on/upon sb./sth. to do sth. /for sth.依靠/信赖某人/某物做某事/获得某物 rely on/upon sb./sth. doing sth.依靠/信赖某人/某物做某事 rely on/upon it that... 相信/指望…… ◎单句语法填空 ①It's unwise to simply rely ________ technology. ②You can't always rely on others' help ________ your homework. ③You can rely on me ________ (keep) your secret. ④You may rely on ________ that she can eam her living. 24.set off 出发，动身 set about doing sth.＝set out to do sth. 着手做某事 set aside 把……放在一边；省出 set down 写下，记下；让……下车 set out 动身，启程(＋for＋地点) ◎单句语法填空 ①This month millions of American kids can forget about classroom bells and set off ________ grandparents' homes, sleep-away camps and lifeguard stands. ②Traditionally, college students hold a graduation ceremony to encourage themselves before they set off ________ their life journey. 25.put...under pressure置……于压力之下　press v. 按，压；催促，敦促　n. 报刊，新闻界 the pressure of work 工作压力 under pressure 在压力下 reduce pressure 减轻压力 put pressure on sb. 给某人施加压力 apply pressure to 压住…… be/come under pressure to do sth.面临做某事的压力 air/water/blood pressure 气压/水压/血压 ◎单句语法填空 ①I know I can act ________ pressure in a scary situation. ②Parents need to encourage kids to develop their potential without putting too much pressure ________ them. ③The nurse applied ________ (press) to his arm to stop the bleeding. ④It appears to be important to find ways to reduce ________ (press)． 知识点02 重点句型 1．be sure to do sth. 一定会做某事；务必要做某事 [教材原句]Dress appropriately for your interview and gentlemen, be sure to have a good shave. 面试时穿着得体，先生们，一定要好好刮胡子。 [易混点比较] be sure to do sth.一定会做某事；务必要做某事(说话者对主语的判断或要求) be sure of/about/that...对……有信心/有把握(主语对自己的判断和拥有的信念) be sufe of the future对未来有把握 be sure of her honesty相信她的诚实 [基础练习]单句语法填空 ①When John had an idea, it was sure ________ (be) a good one. ②Be sure ________ what you're hoping to achieve, and devote your efforts to it. ③Of course, you want to make sure ________ you become an accepted and valuable part of your new neighborhood. ④We are sure ________ your English will improve a lot. 2．be to do...必须……；一定…… [教材原句]Negative body language, such as yawning, looking around and crossing your arms, is to be avoided because it implies that you are bored, anxious or defensive. 消极的肢体语言，如打哈欠、四下张望、交叉双臂等，要避免，因为这意味着你感到无聊、焦虑或有防御心理。 [句式分析]be to do...结构的常见用法： ①表示按计划、安排即将发生某事。 They are to be married in October. 他们打算10月结婚。 ②表示应该做什么，也表示命令、禁止、义务或可能性，接近于should，must，have to等。 When am I to come？我该什么时候来？ No one is to leave the building. 任何人不得离开这座大楼。 ③表示注定要发生的事。 Better days are soon to follow. 好日子很快就会到来。 [基础练习]单句语法填空 ①[江苏卷阅读]So even if emissions were ________ (begin) to decrease today, we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate change. ②At college, the young man didn't know that he was ________ (become) the first black president of the United States of America. ③When surfing the Internet, no one is ________ (browse) unhealthy websites. 3．be thought to be...被认为是…… [教材原句]Clothes with designer labels in shops are generally thought to be too expensive. 人们普遍认为商店里的名牌服装太贵。 [句式分析] (1)在be thought to...中动词不定式一般有三种形式，即一般式、进行式和完成式。 ①一般式(to do)：表示与主句谓语的动作同时(或几乎同时)发生或在主句谓语动作之后发生的事情。 ②进行式(to be doing)：表示主句谓语的动作发生时，不定式动作正在进行。 ③完成式(to have done)：表示在主句谓语的动作之前发生的事情。 You were thought to be a teacher when someone asked your occupation. 当有人问你的职业时，你被认为是一名老师。He is thought to be reading a document. 他被认为是在看一份文件。 Some of the items on display are thought to have come from the collection of Emperor Qianlong (1711～1799), a great admirer of Shang Dynasty bronze. 部分展品被认为是来自对商朝青铜器大为赞赏的乾隆皇帝(1711年～1799年)的收藏。 (2)类似句式结构： sb. be believed/said/reported/known to do/to be doing/to have done sth. [基础练习]单句语法填空 ①He is believed ________ (write) a new book. ②He is widely thought to ________ (suffer) from cancer. ③The fire is thought to ________ (start) in an upstairs room. ④We meant to ________ (arrive) in Shanghai this week, but my grandma was ill so we couldn't leave. ⑤They intended ________ (go)to the countryside that day, but were put off the trip by reports of traffic jams. ⑥He's thought ________(be) one of the best students in our school. 4.make＋it＋adj.＋(for sb./sth.) to do [教材原句]The fact that you have a passion for your idea will make it much easier to motivate yourself. 你对自己的想法有激情这个事实会让你更容易激励自己。 [句式分析] (1)make＋it＋名词/形容词＋to do/从句 He made it clear that he objected. 他明确表示反对。 (2)“make＋宾语＋宾补”还有以下形式： ①make＋名词/代词＋形容词 ②make＋名词/代词＋不带to的不定式 ③make＋名词/代词＋过去分词 ④make＋名词/代词＋名词 The news made him happy.这则消息使他高兴。 The teacher made him stay after school. 老师让他放学后留下来。 He can make himself understood in English. 他能用英语让别人理解他的意思。 This movie made him a star. 这部电影使他成了一个明星。 [误区警示] “make＋宾语＋不带to的不定式”结构用于被动语态时，to要还原。 He was made to stay after school. 他被要求放学后留下来。 [基础练习]单句语法填空 ①I find ________ hard to learn gymastics. ②I made ________ a rule to keep diaries. ③I feed it necessary ________(take) plenty of exercise every day. ④I believe ________ no use ________(read) without understanding. ⑤We all take ________ for granted ________ Mike can succeed. ⑥They made him tell them everything. ＝He was made __________ (tell) them everything. 一．语法精讲——名词性从句 名词性从句（讲义） 名词性从句是在句子中起名词作用的句子，它的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中可作主语、宾语、表语和同位语，因此名词性从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 课前导入： Many students don’t know what they should do①，but what Xiao Meng wants to do② is earn money.The reason is that she wants to lessen her parents’ burden③.It is said that many small companies need graduates to do part-time jobs②.Xiao Meng has applied for two jobs but she is not sure whether she will be employed①.She also wonders when she will be admitted to a college① and which city she will go①.She is anxious for the news that she is admitted to a good university④. [规则感悟]　①位于及物动词或形容词之后的从句是宾语从句。②谓语动词之前的从句为主语从句。此外，该从句可以用it作形式主语。③位于be动词之后的从句是表语从句。④位于抽象名词之后，解释该名词内容的从句为同位语从句。 1．名词性从句的引导词如下表所示 引导词 功能 从属连词 that 在从句中不作任何成分，也没有词汇意义 whether，if 在从句中不作任何成分，意为“是否” because，as if/though 在从句中不作任何成分，分别意为“因为”“好像” 连接代词 who(ever)，whom(ever)，what(ever)，whose，which-(ever) who(ever)和what(ever)在从句中作主语、宾语或表语； whom(ever)在从句中作宾语； which(ever)在从句中作主语、宾语； whose在从句中作定语 连接副词 when(ever)，where，wherever，why，how(ever) 在从句中作状语 2.名词性从句的语序是陈述语序 Do you know where will the party be held？(×) Do you know where the party will be held？(√) 3．名词性从句的时态 (1)当主句是现在时态(一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时)时， 从句可根据实际情况使用各种时态。 It annoys me that he broke my favourite vase. 他打碎了我最喜欢的花瓶，这令我很生气。 Do you know when and where he bought the book？你知道他什么时候在哪里买的这本书吗？ I have heard that our teacher will come back tomorrow.我听说我们的老师明天就回来了。 (2)当主句的谓语动词是过去时的时候，宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理，其谓语动词也用某种过去时态。 I asked her if she would allow me to interview her，and she readily agreed. 我问她是否允许我采访她，她欣然同意了。 My teacher said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 老师说太阳从东方升起西方落下。 (客观真理) 4．what与that的用法 that是从属连词，在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，也没有任何意义。而what是连接代词，在名词性从句中充当成分，通常充当主语、宾语或表语。 I believe that I will succeed if I study hard. 我相信如果我努力学习我会成功的。 I believe what he said because he is an honest man.我相信他说的话，因为他是个诚实的人。 5．whether与if的用法 (1)用whether或if均可的情况 ①引导大部分动词后的宾语从句时，两者均可使用。 ②it作形式主语，且主语从句在句末时，两者均可引导主语从句。 (2)用whether而不用if的情况 ①引导主语从句置于句首时； ②引导表语从句和同位语从句时； ③引导介词的宾语从句时； ④引导词与or not连用时； ⑤引导词后接to do时； ⑥有些动词如discuss，decide等后的宾语从句。 6．what，who，which与whatever，whoever，whichever引导名词性从句的区别 (1)what引导名词性从句意为“什么”，带有疑问意味；意为“……的事情”，表示肯定的意思。who意思是“谁”，带有疑问意味；which意思是“哪一个”，带有疑问意味。 Do you know who broke the window? 你知道是谁打坏的窗子吗？ (2)whatever，whoever，whichever意思分别为“所……的一切事或东西”“任何……的人”“……的任何一种东西”等，并且充当成分，相当于anything that，anyone who等。 She is very dear to me.We have been prepared to do whatever it takes to save her life.＝She is very dear to me.We have been prepared to do anything that it takes to save her life. 她是我的至亲，我们已经准备好了不惜一切代价救她的命。 7．that不可省略的情况 (1)that引导主语从句且从句置于句首时；that引导表语从句时；that引导同位语从句时；当it作形式宾语，that引导的从句作真正的宾语时。 (2)当主句谓语后接两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，第一个that可省略，其他的that不可省略。 She said (that) her ambition was to enter a key university，that she would study hard to make her dream come true，and that she would live up to her parents’ expectations. 她说她的志向是考上一所重点大学，她会努力学习，实现自己的梦想，不辜负父母的期望。 8．同位语从句位于表示概念或思维的抽象名词之后，对该抽象名词起解释说明的作用 常见的抽象名词有news，idea，fact，promise，conclusion，theory，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，word(消息)，possibility，decision等。 At first many people were astonished at the conclusion that the earth was not the centre of the universe.起初很多人对地球不是宇宙中心这一结论感到惊讶。 9．why与because 引导表语从句的区别 why与because 引导表语从句时，前者强调结果，后者强调原因。 I had a cold.That was why I didn’t attend school.我感冒了，因此我没去上学。 I didn’t attend school. That was because I had a cold.我没去上学，那是因为我感冒了。 注意：(1)句子的主语为the reason时，表语从句用that引导，表示原因，此时不用because。 The reason why she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat. 她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。 (2)由why引导的从句作主语时，表语从句用that引导。 Why we decided to put off the match was that the weather was too terrible. 我们决定推迟比赛的原因是天气太糟糕了。 10．as if/though引导的表语从句 as if/though引导的表语从句通常置于系动词look，seem，sound，be等后面，从句中既可以用虚拟语气，也可用陈述语气。 It sounds as if somebody is knocking at/on the door.听起来好像有人在敲门。 She treats him as if he were a stranger. 她待他如陌生人。 11．同位语从句和定语从句的区别 同位语从句是用于解释说明所修饰名词的具体内容的，而定语从句是对作先行词的名词的限制、描绘或说明。that在同位语从句中只是连接主从句，没有任何意义，不在从句中充当句子成分；that在定语从句中是关系代词，不但连接主从句，而且指代被修饰的名词或代词(即先行词)，在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。 I had no idea that Brisbane has so many people! (that引导同位语从句，不能省略) The idea (that) he put forward at the meeting is very reasonable.(that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略) 名词性从句易错题剖析 易错陷阱1：主语从句连接词what/that/whether/if易混易错点 【分析】 1.that引导主语从句时，无词义，只起连接作用，一般不能省略。what在从句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。 2. whether引导的主语从句可放在句首，if引导主语从句在句尾，且用it作形式主语。 3. It作形式主语，that引导真正的主语从句。 4. What引导主语从句时，谓语动词一般用复数形式，若表语是复数，则谓语用复数。 易错陷阱2：宾语从句引导词及介词后接宾语从句易混易错点 【分析】1.doubt用于肯定句时，宾语从句用whether，doubt用于否定句时，宾语从句用that引导。 2. 介词后跟宾语从句时只能用wh-类连接词引导；如：I’m surprised at what he said. 3. 介词后如果跟that从句，要先加it作形式宾语，再加that从句。 如：depend on it that...; rely on it that...; see to it that...等。 4. 宾语从句的时态：主句是现在时或将来时，从句用句意的各种时态。主句是过去时， 从句用相应的过去时态。 从句表示客观事实或真理，从句都用现在时。 易错陷阱3：表语从句引导词及三个句式易混易错点 【分析】1. as if/as though 引导时，从句可用陈述语气，也可以用虚拟语气。 2. That is why+结果，表示“那就是.....的原因”。 3. That is because+原因，表示“那是因为......”。 4. The reason why/for... is that ..., 表示“......的原因是......”。 易错陷阱4：同位语从句与定语从句易混易错点 【分析】that引导同位语从句时，在从句中不作句子成分；that引导定语从句时，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。同位语经常修饰的名词有：fact, idea, news, promise, information, message, belief, opinion, possibility, thought, wish, truth, question, problem, reply, answer, report, suggestion, advice, order, warning等。 主语从句引导词what/that/whether/if易混易错点 【例1】 Huawei withstood strict sanctions from the US govt. and now able to produce their own 5G phones, a great victory! does not kill you will make you stronger! 易错分析：谓语动词判断错误容易易引起句子结构的误判，两个动词时需先判断主句谓语动词。 __________ people in western countries think we Muslim women are oppressed and controlled by men is wrong. 易错分析：长难句结构分析失误，主句谓语动词容易找错。 It is possible _________ caffeine may cause birth defects in humans, too. 易错分析：对形式主语it的用法掌握不牢。 For example, Mary-Jo Saunders is learning a Chinese poem today. ___________ is special is that she is able to recite it without an accent. 宾语从句引导词及介词后跟宾语从句易混易错点 【例2】 These words of her give us a look into the heart of this amazing woman, and ___________ carried her through a life of hard choices. 易错分析：本题因为句子成分判断错误引起句意理解不当，从而影响并列连词and之后的句子成分和句意。 On the first day of the Start of Autumn, usually people will weigh themselves and compare their weight to ___________ it was at the Start of Summer. Many love to find out ___________ the pictures were originally taken. 易错分析：只关注句子成分而忽略句意则容易误填that。句法和句意结合是解题必不可少的。 Phrases like “replace weapons of war with gifts of jade and silk” and “gentle as jade” perfectly show___________jade symbolizes in the minds of Chinese people. 表语从句引导词及三个句式易混易错点 【例3】This is___________they need an English trainer. 易错分析：表语从句三大易混句式掌握不牢，且句意理解不清。 The fresh thin air, snow-covered mountains and graceful animals running on the plains are ___________we’re here-to observe Tibetan antelopes, which are being hunted, legally, for their valuable fur. 易错分析：表语从句中往往涉及长句，则句子结构分析和句意都不可忽视。 It has rich cultural tourism resources as it is___________ Mount Tai rises, the Yellow River flows into the sea, and Confucius was born. In my case this is___________ happened—my parents turned in to me and my needs and the shyness all but disappeared completely over time. 同位语从句与定语从句易混易错点 【例4】Therefore our findings raise an exciting possibility___________ we may be able to promote health and  happiness by developing positive attitudes such as optimism.” 易错分析：同位语从句经常修饰的名词记忆不牢，而且句子较长容易引起句意理解错误。 Despite the fact ___________ a skywell’s size and design vary from region to region, it is almost always rectangular (长方形) and located in the core of a house. My question ___________ I shall get in touch with him has not been answered. 易错分析：同位语从句引导词不仅用that，还可用其他连词如，whether, who, what, when, where等。 Catching sight of the sunrise and sunset, Kua Fu suddenly hit upon an idea___________he wanted to race against the sun to see who ran faster! 高考模拟试题 一、单项选择 1．（2024·天津南开·二模）This ancient vase is very special and I will do _________ I can to restore it. A．that B．which C．whatever D．whichever 2．（2024·山东·三模）He spends a lot of time on Tik Tok. That’s ______ his sight get worse and worse. A．because B．why C．how D．what 3．（2024·天津河西·二模）Didn’t it ever occur to you ______ the English poem was about? Understanding its theme is the most important thing. A．that B．when C．how D．what 4．（2024·天津河东·二模）In communicating with others, ________ works best of all, I suppose, is a smile. A．what B．that C．which D．how 5．（2024·山东泰安·一模）The question is ________ the film is worth seeing. A．where B．that C．whether D．what 6．（23-24·上海·三模）It was widely confirmed by scientists that that was exactly ________ global greenhouse gas emission needs to be addressed as soon as possible. A．why B．how C．when D．whether 7．（23-24·广东广州·三模）The manager put forward a suggestion ______ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do. A．whether B．that C．which D．why 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 3 Careers and skills (选择性必修第四册) Unit2 核心词汇 1.　salary　 n.薪金，薪水 2.　labour　 n.劳工；劳动，（尤指）体力劳动；分娩期，分娩 vi.努力做；干苦力活 3.　anticipate　 vt.预料；预计 4.　superior　 adj.更好的，占优势的n.级别（或地位、职位）更高的人 5.　servant　 n.雇员，职员；仆人 6.　clerk　 n.职员，簿记员，文书 7.　respective　 adj.分别的，各自的 8.　leadership　 n.领导应有的品质；领导地位 9.　weekly　 adj.每周的 adv.每周地 n.周报，周刊 10.　monthly　 adj.每月的 adv.每个月 n.月刊 11.　loan　 n.贷款，借款；借出vt.借出，贷与（尤指钱） 12.　premier　 adj.最著名的，最成功的，第一的n.首相，总理 13.　label　 n.标签；（不恰当的）称谓vt.贴标签于；（尤指不公正地）把……称为 14.　shave　 n.刮脸，剃须 vi.& vt.剃（须发），刮脸 15.　mode　 n.方式，风格，样式 16.　duration　 n.持续时间，期间 17.　infer　 vt.推断，推论，推理 18.　genuine　 adj.真诚的，可信赖的；真的，名副其实的 19.　rainbow　 n.虹，彩虹 20.　madam　 n.女士，夫人 21.　temporary　 adj.临时的，短暂的 阅读词汇 1.endeavour vi.　努力，尽力　 n.　努力，尝试　 2.budget n.　预算　 3.client n.　客户，委托人　 4.subjective adj.　主观的　 5.directory n.　名录，电话号码簿，公司名录　 6.plug vt.　补足，供给；堵塞，封堵　n.　插头；插座　 7.groundwork n.　基础工作，准备工作　 8.institute n.　机构，机构建筑　vt.　建立，制定（体系、政策等）　 9.proportion n.　正确的比例；部分，份额；比例；体积，面积　 10.fabric n.　织物，布料　 11.fibre n.　纤维制品；纤维素；纤维　 12.profile n.　概述；形象；侧面轮廓　 vt.　概述，写简介　 13.criterion n.　标准，准则　 14.convey vt.　表达，传递；传送，运送　 15.yawn vi.　打哈欠　 16.bowling n.　保龄球运动　 17.tournament n.　锦标赛　 短语 1.　earn a living　　　 谋生 2.　comfort zone　　　舒适区，放松区 3.　weigh up　　　权衡，斟酌 4.　put sth on the line　　　让……处于危险之中 5.　swing into action　 　　立即行动起来，马上大干起来 6.　gain the upper hand　　　处于有利地位，有优势 7.　prior to　　　在……之前 8.　be engaged in　　　从事，忙于 9.　set off　 动身，出发；使爆炸；引起；拉响（警报） 10.　be fond of　　　　喜爱 11.　for the duration　 　　直到……结束，在整个……期间 12.　put one’s best foot forward　　　全力以赴 13.　be satisfied with　　　对……满意 14.　adapt oneself to　　　使自己适应或习惯于…… 15.　take pride in　　　以……为傲 16.　be suitable for　　　对……合适的 17.　without delay　　　毫不耽搁地 18.　look back on　 　　回顾，回首 句型 1.句型公式：make＋it＋形容词＋for sb to do 教材原句：Our rapidly changing workplace makes it necessary for us to keep up and develop new skills. 1.窗外的噪音使她很难专注于读书。 The noise outside the window 　made it hard for her to focus on reading　. 2.句型公式：部分倒装句 教材原句：Not only does work benefit us personally， it also contributes to the health of society. 2.通过展览，您不仅可以欣赏到精彩的图画，还可以更好地了解中国传统绘画艺术。 Through the exhibition，　not only can you admire wonderful pictures　， but you can also understand the art of traditional Chinese painting better. 3.句型公式：whether ...or ... 教材原句：Whether we are scientists， lawyers， doctors， public servants， consultants， clerks， receptionists or butchers， we all make our respective contributions. 3.不管成功与否，我们已尽了最大努力。 　Whether or not we’re successful　， I have done our best. 语法 名词性从句 知识点01 重点词汇、短语 1．salary n. 薪金，薪水　　　　 earn/get/receive a salary 赚工资 pay sb. a salary 付给某人工资 offer sb. a salary 给某人工资 an annual salary of ￡40,000 40 000英镑的年薪 net monthly salary 净月薪 a ten percent salary increase 加薪10% on quite a good/decent salary 薪水相当丰厚 on a/one small salary 薪水微薄 take a drop in salary 接受较低薪水 [易混词比较]salary/wage/pay salary常指非体力劳动者的“月薪”“年薪”等； wage通常指按周或按日领取的工资、工钱； pay指“薪水，报酬”时是不可数名词，包含salary和wage。 ◎单句语法填空 ①To her relief, she retired at 50 ________ a full salary. ②It's not by any means ________ brilliant salary but it's adequate for our needs. 答案：①on　②a 2．attain vt. 获得；达到　attainable adj. 能实现的，可获得　attainment n. 获得，达到　　　　 attain the people's trust 取信于民 attain independence 获得独立 attain knowledge 获得知识 attain positions of power 获得要职 attain this standard 达到这个标准 attain one's ideal weight 达到理想的体重 an attainable goal 可实现的目标 ◎单句语法填空 ①To the teacher's great joy, most of our students ________ (attain) five A grades in their exams last week. ②Few people could ever hope ________ (attain) an acceptable standard of living. ③Most of our students attained five “A” grades ________ their exams. ④We must ensure that we do not set ourselves goals that are not ________ (attain)． ⑤The ________ (attain) of his ambition was still a dream. 答案：①attained　②to attain　③in　④attainable　⑤attainment 3．passion n. 酷爱；强烈情感 with great passion 以极大的热情；充满激情地 be full of passion in one's life 生活中充满激情 have a passion for 对……有强烈的爱好；酷爱 be filled with passion 充满激情 arouse one's passion 唤起某人的激情 his passion for football 他对足球的热爱 ◎单句语法填空 ①My daughter has an attractive character, and she often helps me to do housework ________ great passion. ②People here are full ________ passion and because of this, I get to like English. ③It was when she first arrived in China that she developed a passion ________ paper-cutting. 答案：①with　②of　③for 4．fond adj. 喜爱 (1)be fond of 喜欢，喜爱(表示状态) be fond of sb./sth. 喜欢某人/某物 grow/become fond of 逐渐喜欢(表示动作) (2)“喜欢做某事”的其他表达： (3)a fondness for animals 喜爱动物 a fond look/embrace 慈爱的目光/温情的拥抱 ◎单句语法填空 ①I'm fond ________ English and do well in both speaking and writing. ②My brother is fond of ________ (point) out my mistakes, and that's why I don't like him. ③You needn't have told me that, for George's ________ (fond) for fishing was well known. 答案：①of　②pointing　③fondness 5．anticipate vt.预料；预计；期盼，期望　anticipation　n. 预计，预料；期盼，期望 anticipate the result of 预期……的结果 anticipate doing sth. 预期做某事 anticipate a rise 预计会上涨 anticipate questions 预测问题 than anticipated 比预期/预计 It is anticipated that... 预计…… in anticipation of 预料…… happy/eager/excited anticipation 愉快的/殷切的/激动的期盼 [归纳拓展]anticipate/expect anticipate怀着喜悦或痛苦之心来预想； expect怀着确信之心来期待。 ◎单句语法填空 ①We should not only focus on solving the immediate problems of today but also on trying to solve the ________ (anticipate) problems of the future. ②We thought the concert in the park would be popular but we didn't anticipate so many people ________ (turn) up. ③It ________ (anticipate) that her sad mood can last for a rather long time. ④She's even decorated the spare room in anticipation ________ your visit. 答案：①anticipated　②turning　③is anticipated　④of 6．respective adj. 分别的，各自的　respectively adv. 分别，各自　respect n. 点，方面；尊敬；敬意 (1)the respective roles of men and women in society 男女在社会中各自的角色 their respective roles in society 他们各自在社会中的角色 in their respective fields/careers 在他们各自的领域/事业中 (2)in every respect 在每一方面 in respect to/of...＝with respect to... 关于…… ◎单句语法填空 ①It was a great surprise that my husband and I got pay rises of 8% and 10% ________ (respective)． ②They are each recognized specialists in their ________ (respect) fields. ③The three men were given work according to their ________ (respectively) abilities. ④Lamb excels others ________ every respect. ⑤He is my senior ________ respect to this. 答案：①respectively　②respective　③respective　④in　⑤in 7.operate vt. 操作，使运行；经营，管理；使用　vi. 运转，工作；经营，营业；起作用，产生影响：动手术 (1)operate a computer 操作计算机 operate a farm 经营农场 operate well 运转良好 operate on... 给……做手术 (2)in operation 工作中；使用中；有效 come into operation 开始工作，开始生效 put sth. into operation 实施；使……运转 a security operation 安全行动 a three-hour heart operation 三个小时的心脏手术 ◎单句语法填空 ①What skills are needed ________ (operate) this machine is unknown to him. ②She wanted to work in a hospital there to learn how to operate ________ patients. ③The workman had a finger cut off by the machine he ________ (operate) then. ④He is recovering from ________ operation on his shoulder. ⑤The police have launched a major ________ (operate) against drug suppliers. 答案：①to operate　②on　③was operating ④an　⑤operation 8．hire vt. & vi.聘用，雇用；租用　n．新雇员；租借 hire sth./sb. 租用某物/雇用某人 hire sth. out 出租某物 for hire 供出租 on hire 出租的 hire a car/room/video 租汽车/房间/录像带 hire a lawyer 聘请律师 hire oneself out to sb. 为某人工作，受聘于某人，受雇于某人 cars for hire 供租用的汽车 be on hire from 从……租来的 [易混比较]hire/employ/rent hire：短期、临时或一次性“雇用，租用”，宾语是人或物。 hire a boat 租一条船 employ：长时间“雇用”，宾语多是人。 employ a security officer雇用保安员 rent：长时间“出租；租用”，宾语是房屋、土地等。 rent a house from sb. 租某人的房子 rent out 出租 rent at/for sth. 以……的价格出租 ◎单句语法填空 ①Fortunately, I ________ (hire) by the first company I applied to. ②Why don't you hire ________ your spare room to other people, and earn some money? ③He wondered why only college graduates could hire themselves out ________ this grand supermarket. ④Because it is an area of outstanding natural beauty, there are many boats ________ hire on the river. 答案：①was hired　②out　③to　④for 9．commercial adj. 商业的，贸易的；盈利的；商业性的　commercially adv. 商业化地；可买到地 commerce n. 商业，贸易　　 a commercial organization 商业组织 a commercial radio station/TV channel 商业电台/电视频道 the commercial heart of the city 城市的商业中心 a commercial vehicle(＝one that is used for carrying goods or passengers who pay) 商用车辆 the first commercial flights across the Atlantic 头几次横跨大西洋的商业飞行　　　　　　　　 commercially produced/grown/developed 商业化生产的/种植的/开发的 electronic commerce (e-commerce) 电子商务 ◎单句语法填空 ①The drug is still being tested and will not go into ________ (commerce) production for at least two years. ②It was the first ________ (commercial) available machine to employ artificial intelligence. 答案：①commercial　②commercially 10.budget n. 预算 a monthly/an annual/a family budget 每月/年度/家庭预算 an advertising budget of $2 million 预计200万美元的广告费 a big-budget movie 一部巨额预算的电影 budget cuts 预算削减 on a tight budget 预算紧张 ◎单句语法填空 ①She will design a fantastic new kitchen for you—and all ________ your budget. ②Their son would get married, so they had furnished the house ________ a tight budget. 答案:①within　②on 11.institute n．机构，机构建筑　vt. 建立，制定(体系、政策等)；实行　　　 a research institute 研究所，研究机构 the Institute for Space Studies 太空研究所 institutes of higher education 高等学校 an institute of technology 理工学院 institute a number of changes 实行一些改革 ◎单句语法填空 ①The project brings together many international ________(institute), field campaigns, and activities. ②These regulations have reduced cigarette smoking very much since they ________ (institute)． ③After graduating from college, she worked for two years at ________ institute for research in English teaching. 答案：①institutes　②were instituted　③an 12．qualification n. 资格，资历；学历；合格，达到标准　qualify v．使具备资格，使合格　qualified adj. 具备……的学历(或资历)；符合资格　　　　 have the qualifications to do sth./for doing sth. be qualified to do sth./for sth. 有做某事的资格 academic/educational/professional/vocational qualifications 学术/教育/专业/职业资历 a nursing/teaching qualification 护理/教学资格 acquire/gain/get/obtain/have/hold qualifications 获得/取得/得到/拿到/拥有/持有资格 qualify sb. to do sth. 使某人具备做某事的资格 qualify for 有……的资格 ◎单句语法填空 ①One of the ________ (qualification) you need to work here is a sense of humour! ②After the interview, he was told that he had no qualifications ________ the post. ③He took all kinds of tests to prove he was ________ (qualify) for this important task. ④He failed to reach the required standard, and did not qualify ________ the race. 答案：①qualifications　②for　③qualified　④for 13.swing vi. & vt. (swung, swung) (使)改变；(使)摆动，摇摆　n. 改变；摆动；秋千 swing into action 立即行动起来；马上大干起来 swing from...to... (意见、情绪等)从……变成…… swing between...and... 在……和……之间摇摆 swing back and forth 来回摆动 swing from side to side 左右摆动 take a wild swing at 对准……猛地挥拍一击 play on the swing 荡秋千 ◎单句语法填空 ①A shop sign was creaking as it ________ (swing) in the wind. ②It's typical of him to sit on the stool, ________ (swing) his legs. ③Educational practice often witnesses sudden ________ (swing) and changes. 答案：①swung　②swinging　③swings 14.prior adj. 在前的；优先的，占先的　priority n. 优先事项；优先权 (1)prior to 在……之前 prior arrangement 事先安排 prior notice 预先通知 during the week prior to the meeting 在开会前一周内 (2)a high/low priority 重点/非重点项目 give priority to 优先考虑…… have priority over sb. 比某人有优先权 enjoy priority 享有优先权 establish priority 确立优先权 take priority over... 比……优先 ◎单句语法填空 ①They had to refuse the dinner invitation because of ________ prior engagement. ②It had rained solidly for 10 days prior ________ my arrival and so the falls were at their most spectacular. ③Women are more likely to give ________ (prior) to child care and education policies. ④Old people have priority ________ young people ________ taking seats. ⑤She travelled to America prior ________ her marriage. 答案：①a　②to　③priority　④over　in　⑤to 15．delay n. 延迟的时间；延期，耽搁　vi.& vt.延迟，延期；使迟到，使拖延 a delay of two hours/a two-hour delay 两小时的延误 a flight delay 航班的延误 without delay 立即，毫不迟延地 delay doing sth. 推迟做某事 ◎单句语法填空 ①To our disappointment, there has been ________ delay in the book's publication. ②A severe accident happened on the highway, which needs to be tackled ________ delay. ③I think we should delay ________ (decide) about this until next year. ④I ________ (delay) by traffic, wondering how my teacher would punish me. 答案：①a　②without　③deciding　④was delayed 16．duration n. 持续时间，期间　　　　　 for the duration of 直到……结束，在整个……期间 a contract of three years' duration 三年期的合同 a flight of over eight hours' duration 持续八个多小时的飞行 for the duration of your holiday 在你度假期间 ◎单句语法填空 ①He was given the task of protecting her ________ the duration of the trial. ②Diseases resulting from stress are related to the ________ (duration) of stress. 答案：①for　②duration 17．justify vt. 对……作出解释，为……辩解；证明……正确 justify oneself 为自己辩解 justify doing sth. 证明做某事正确(或正当、有理) in justification of... 为……辩护 justify sth. 为某事辩护 ◎单句语法填空 ①It is the only thing that I could do—I don't have to justify ________ (I) to anyone. ②Having stayed at home for a week, I can't really justify ________ (take) another day off work. ③Are you sure that these measures ________ (justify)? ④There is no justification ________ a willful murder. ⑤The end ________(justify) the means 答案：①myself　②taking　③are justified　④for　⑤justifies 18.seize vt. 抓住，把握；捉住，夺；攻占；没收 seize sb.by the arm 抓住某人的胳膊 seize a thief 抓住小偷 seize hold of 抓住…… seize the opportunity to do sth. 抓住/把握做某事的机会 seize power 夺权 ◎单句语法填空 ①Police were reported ________ (seize) all copies of this morning's edition of the newspaper. ②As an old saying goes, “A wise man is always ________ (seize) the chance and turning it into success.” ③Parents should actively urge their children _______ (seize) the opportunity to join sports teams. 答案：①to have seized　②seizing　③to seize 19．not least 尤其，特别 This applies, not least, to dogs. 这尤其适用于狗。 The documentary caused a lot of bad feeling, not least among the workers whose lives it described. 那部纪录片引起了许多人的反感，片中描写到其生活的工人尤其如此。 at least 至少，不少于 last but not least 最后但同等重要的是 not in the least 一点也不；丝毫不 ◎完成句子 ①Indeed, it tends to grow, ________________ (尤其)because employees are keen. ②Really, I'm ____________________ (一点也不) tired. ③The grass needs to be cut ________________ (至少)once a week in summer. ④________________________ (最后但同等重要的是), I'd like to thank all the catering staff. 答案：①not least　②not in the least　③at least　④Last but not least 20．deal with 解决；处理；应付 (1) (2)一词多义：涉及；探讨；与……做生意 deal with details 讨论细节 deal with a topic 谈论话题 deal with this company 和这家公司做生意 [易混比较]deal with/do with ·deal with与how连用； ·do with与what连用。 I have no idea how to deal with the problem. ＝I have no idea what to do with the problem. 我不知道该如何处理这个问题。 ◎单句语法填空 ①Deal with a man ________ he deals with you. ②This book deals with ________ to deal with some businessmen. ③[2019·天津二考阅读]A man should learn suitable ways ________(deal) with life. ④I can't control what happens to me, but I can choose how I deal ________ it. ⑤________ should you deal with the problem caused by an offensive email? 答案：①as　②how　③to deal　④with　⑤How 21．keep track of 与……保持联系；了解……的动态　track n. 跑道；轨道；足迹，车辙　v. 跟踪；追踪 lose track of 不了解……的情况，不了解……的动态；与……失去联系；忘记…… lose track of a friend 与一个朋友失去联系 lose track of what he was doing 忘记他在做什么 lose all track of time 完全忘了时间 be on track 步入正轨 back on track 重回正轨 be on the right/wrong track 思路正确/错误 be on the track of 追踪…… track and field 田径运动 track down 追踪到，追查到 ◎单句语法填空 ①[江苏卷阅读]Keep track ________ children's use of social media. ②I've lost track ________ how many times he called last week. ③I tried to get my life back ________ track after my operation. ④Children continued ________ (track) the path of the butterfly. ⑤But unlike most collectors, Zac tracks ________ the medals' rightful owners, and returns them. 答案：①of　②of　③on　④tracking　⑤down 22.on the other hand 另一方面；反过来说 on the one hand... on the other hand... 一方面……另一方面…… for one thing... for another... 首先……再者…… [名师点津]on the one hand... on the other hand...用于引出不同的或对立的观点、思想等；而for one thing...for another...用于列举原因或理由，陈述的两方面情况通常一致。 ◎单句语法填空 ①I'd like to eat out, but ________ the other hand I should be trying to save money. ②—Why won't you come to New York with me? —For one thing, I don't like flying, and ________ another, I can't afford it. 答案：①on　②for 23．rely on 依靠；依赖；信赖(＝rely upon)　reliable adj. 值得信赖的 rely on/upon sb./sth. to do sth. /for sth.依靠/信赖某人/某物做某事/获得某物 rely on/upon sb./sth. doing sth.依靠/信赖某人/某物做某事 rely on/upon it that... 相信/指望…… ◎单句语法填空 ①It's unwise to simply rely ________ technology. ②You can't always rely on others' help ________ your homework. ③You can rely on me ________ (keep) your secret. ④You may rely on ________ that she can eam her living. 答案：①on　②for　③to keep　④it 24.set off 出发，动身 set about doing sth.＝set out to do sth. 着手做某事 set aside 把……放在一边；省出 set down 写下，记下；让……下车 set out 动身，启程(＋for＋地点) ◎单句语法填空 ①This month millions of American kids can forget about classroom bells and set off ________ grandparents' homes, sleep-away camps and lifeguard stands. ②Traditionally, college students hold a graduation ceremony to encourage themselves before they set off ________ their life journey. 答案：①for　②on 25.put...under pressure置……于压力之下　press v. 按，压；催促，敦促　n. 报刊，新闻界 the pressure of work 工作压力 under pressure 在压力下 reduce pressure 减轻压力 put pressure on sb. 给某人施加压力 apply pressure to 压住…… be/come under pressure to do sth.面临做某事的压力 air/water/blood pressure 气压/水压/血压 ◎单句语法填空 ①I know I can act ________ pressure in a scary situation. ②Parents need to encourage kids to develop their potential without putting too much pressure ________ them. ③The nurse applied ________ (press) to his arm to stop the bleeding. ④It appears to be important to find ways to reduce ________ (press)． 答案：①under　②on　③pressure　④pressure 知识点02 重点句型 1．be sure to do sth. 一定会做某事；务必要做某事 [教材原句]Dress appropriately for your interview and gentlemen, be sure to have a good shave. 面试时穿着得体，先生们，一定要好好刮胡子。 [易混点比较] be sure to do sth.一定会做某事；务必要做某事(说话者对主语的判断或要求) be sure of/about/that...对……有信心/有把握(主语对自己的判断和拥有的信念) be sufe of the future对未来有把握 be sure of her honesty相信她的诚实 [基础练习]单句语法填空 ①When John had an idea, it was sure ________ (be) a good one. ②Be sure ________ what you're hoping to achieve, and devote your efforts to it. ③Of course, you want to make sure ________ you become an accepted and valuable part of your new neighborhood. ④We are sure ________ your English will improve a lot. 答案：①to be　②about　③that　④that 2．be to do...必须……；一定…… [教材原句]Negative body language, such as yawning, looking around and crossing your arms, is to be avoided because it implies that you are bored, anxious or defensive. 消极的肢体语言，如打哈欠、四下张望、交叉双臂等，要避免，因为这意味着你感到无聊、焦虑或有防御心理。 [句式分析]be to do...结构的常见用法： ①表示按计划、安排即将发生某事。 They are to be married in October. 他们打算10月结婚。 ②表示应该做什么，也表示命令、禁止、义务或可能性，接近于should，must，have to等。 When am I to come？我该什么时候来？ No one is to leave the building. 任何人不得离开这座大楼。 ③表示注定要发生的事。 Better days are soon to follow. 好日子很快就会到来。 [基础练习]单句语法填空 ①[江苏卷阅读]So even if emissions were ________ (begin) to decrease today, we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate change. ②At college, the young man didn't know that he was ________ (become) the first black president of the United States of America. ③When surfing the Internet, no one is ________ (browse) unhealthy websites. 答案：①to begin　②to become　③to browse 3．be thought to be...被认为是…… [教材原句]Clothes with designer labels in shops are generally thought to be too expensive. 人们普遍认为商店里的名牌服装太贵。 [句式分析] (1)在be thought to...中动词不定式一般有三种形式，即一般式、进行式和完成式。 ①一般式(to do)：表示与主句谓语的动作同时(或几乎同时)发生或在主句谓语动作之后发生的事情。 ②进行式(to be doing)：表示主句谓语的动作发生时，不定式动作正在进行。 ③完成式(to have done)：表示在主句谓语的动作之前发生的事情。 You were thought to be a teacher when someone asked your occupation. 当有人问你的职业时，你被认为是一名老师。He is thought to be reading a document. 他被认为是在看一份文件。 Some of the items on display are thought to have come from the collection of Emperor Qianlong (1711～1799), a great admirer of Shang Dynasty bronze. 部分展品被认为是来自对商朝青铜器大为赞赏的乾隆皇帝(1711年～1799年)的收藏。 (2)类似句式结构： sb. be believed/said/reported/known to do/to be doing/to have done sth. [基础练习]单句语法填空 ①He is believed ________ (write) a new book. ②He is widely thought to ________ (suffer) from cancer. ③The fire is thought to ________ (start) in an upstairs room. ④We meant to ________ (arrive) in Shanghai this week, but my grandma was ill so we couldn't leave. ⑤They intended ________ (go)to the countryside that day, but were put off the trip by reports of traffic jams. ⑥He's thought ________(be) one of the best students in our school. 答案：①to be writing　②be suffering　③have started　④have arrived　⑤to have gone　⑥to be 4.make＋it＋adj.＋(for sb./sth.) to do [教材原句]The fact that you have a passion for your idea will make it much easier to motivate yourself. 你对自己的想法有激情这个事实会让你更容易激励自己。 [句式分析] (1)make＋it＋名词/形容词＋to do/从句 He made it clear that he objected. 他明确表示反对。 (2)“make＋宾语＋宾补”还有以下形式： ①make＋名词/代词＋形容词 ②make＋名词/代词＋不带to的不定式 ③make＋名词/代词＋过去分词 ④make＋名词/代词＋名词 The news made him happy.这则消息使他高兴。 The teacher made him stay after school. 老师让他放学后留下来。 He can make himself understood in English. 他能用英语让别人理解他的意思。 This movie made him a star. 这部电影使他成了一个明星。 [误区警示] “make＋宾语＋不带to的不定式”结构用于被动语态时，to要还原。 He was made to stay after school. 他被要求放学后留下来。 [基础练习]单句语法填空 ①I find ________ hard to learn gymastics. ②I made ________ a rule to keep diaries. ③I feed it necessary ________(take) plenty of exercise every day. ④I believe ________ no use ________(read) without understanding. ⑤We all take ________ for granted ________ Mike can succeed. ⑥They made him tell them everything. ＝He was made __________ (tell) them everything. 答案：①it　②it　③to take　④it　reading　⑤it　that　⑥to tell 一．语法精讲——名词性从句 名词性从句（讲义） 名词性从句是在句子中起名词作用的句子，它的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中可作主语、宾语、表语和同位语，因此名词性从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 课前导入： Many students don’t know what they should do①，but what Xiao Meng wants to do② is earn money.The reason is that she wants to lessen her parents’ burden③.It is said that many small companies need graduates to do part-time jobs②.Xiao Meng has applied for two jobs but she is not sure whether she will be employed①.She also wonders when she will be admitted to a college① and which city she will go①.She is anxious for the news that she is admitted to a good university④. [规则感悟]　①位于及物动词或形容词之后的从句是宾语从句。②谓语动词之前的从句为主语从句。此外，该从句可以用it作形式主语。③位于be动词之后的从句是表语从句。④位于抽象名词之后，解释该名词内容的从句为同位语从句。 1．名词性从句的引导词如下表所示 引导词 功能 从属连词 that 在从句中不作任何成分，也没有词汇意义 whether，if 在从句中不作任何成分，意为“是否” because，as if/though 在从句中不作任何成分，分别意为“因为”“好像” 连接代词 who(ever)，whom(ever)，what(ever)，whose，which-(ever) who(ever)和what(ever)在从句中作主语、宾语或表语； whom(ever)在从句中作宾语； which(ever)在从句中作主语、宾语； whose在从句中作定语 连接副词 when(ever)，where，wherever，why，how(ever) 在从句中作状语 2.名词性从句的语序是陈述语序 Do you know where will the party be held？(×) Do you know where the party will be held？(√) 3．名词性从句的时态 (1)当主句是现在时态(一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时)时， 从句可根据实际情况使用各种时态。 It annoys me that he broke my favourite vase. 他打碎了我最喜欢的花瓶，这令我很生气。 Do you know when and where he bought the book？你知道他什么时候在哪里买的这本书吗？ I have heard that our teacher will come back tomorrow.我听说我们的老师明天就回来了。 (2)当主句的谓语动词是过去时的时候，宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理，其谓语动词也用某种过去时态。 I asked her if she would allow me to interview her，and she readily agreed. 我问她是否允许我采访她，她欣然同意了。 My teacher said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 老师说太阳从东方升起西方落下。 (客观真理) 4．what与that的用法 that是从属连词，在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，也没有任何意义。而what是连接代词，在名词性从句中充当成分，通常充当主语、宾语或表语。 I believe that I will succeed if I study hard. 我相信如果我努力学习我会成功的。 I believe what he said because he is an honest man.我相信他说的话，因为他是个诚实的人。 5．whether与if的用法 (1)用whether或if均可的情况 ①引导大部分动词后的宾语从句时，两者均可使用。 ②it作形式主语，且主语从句在句末时，两者均可引导主语从句。 (2)用whether而不用if的情况 ①引导主语从句置于句首时； ②引导表语从句和同位语从句时； ③引导介词的宾语从句时； ④引导词与or not连用时； ⑤引导词后接to do时； ⑥有些动词如discuss，decide等后的宾语从句。 6．what，who，which与whatever，whoever，whichever引导名词性从句的区别 (1)what引导名词性从句意为“什么”，带有疑问意味；意为“……的事情”，表示肯定的意思。who意思是“谁”，带有疑问意味；which意思是“哪一个”，带有疑问意味。 Do you know who broke the window? 你知道是谁打坏的窗子吗？ (2)whatever，whoever，whichever意思分别为“所……的一切事或东西”“任何……的人”“……的任何一种东西”等，并且充当成分，相当于anything that，anyone who等。 She is very dear to me.We have been prepared to do whatever it takes to save her life.＝She is very dear to me.We have been prepared to do anything that it takes to save her life. 她是我的至亲，我们已经准备好了不惜一切代价救她的命。 7．that不可省略的情况 (1)that引导主语从句且从句置于句首时；that引导表语从句时；that引导同位语从句时；当it作形式宾语，that引导的从句作真正的宾语时。 (2)当主句谓语后接两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，第一个that可省略，其他的that不可省略。 She said (that) her ambition was to enter a key university，that she would study hard to make her dream come true，and that she would live up to her parents’ expectations. 她说她的志向是考上一所重点大学，她会努力学习，实现自己的梦想，不辜负父母的期望。 8．同位语从句位于表示概念或思维的抽象名词之后，对该抽象名词起解释说明的作用 常见的抽象名词有news，idea，fact，promise，conclusion，theory，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，word(消息)，possibility，decision等。 At first many people were astonished at the conclusion that the earth was not the centre of the universe.起初很多人对地球不是宇宙中心这一结论感到惊讶。 9．why与because 引导表语从句的区别 why与because 引导表语从句时，前者强调结果，后者强调原因。 I had a cold.That was why I didn’t attend school.我感冒了，因此我没去上学。 I didn’t attend school. That was because I had a cold.我没去上学，那是因为我感冒了。 注意：(1)句子的主语为the reason时，表语从句用that引导，表示原因，此时不用because。 The reason why she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat. 她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。 (2)由why引导的从句作主语时，表语从句用that引导。 Why we decided to put off the match was that the weather was too terrible. 我们决定推迟比赛的原因是天气太糟糕了。 10．as if/though引导的表语从句 as if/though引导的表语从句通常置于系动词look，seem，sound，be等后面，从句中既可以用虚拟语气，也可用陈述语气。 It sounds as if somebody is knocking at/on the door.听起来好像有人在敲门。 She treats him as if he were a stranger. 她待他如陌生人。 11．同位语从句和定语从句的区别 同位语从句是用于解释说明所修饰名词的具体内容的，而定语从句是对作先行词的名词的限制、描绘或说明。that在同位语从句中只是连接主从句，没有任何意义，不在从句中充当句子成分；that在定语从句中是关系代词，不但连接主从句，而且指代被修饰的名词或代词(即先行词)，在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。 I had no idea that Brisbane has so many people! (that引导同位语从句，不能省略) The idea (that) he put forward at the meeting is very reasonable.(that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略) 名词性从句易错题剖析 易错陷阱1：主语从句连接词what/that/whether/if易混易错点 【分析】 1.that引导主语从句时，无词义，只起连接作用，一般不能省略。what在从句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。 2. whether引导的主语从句可放在句首，if引导主语从句在句尾，且用it作形式主语。 3. It作形式主语，that引导真正的主语从句。 4. What引导主语从句时，谓语动词一般用复数形式，若表语是复数，则谓语用复数。 易错陷阱2：宾语从句引导词及介词后接宾语从句易混易错点 【分析】1.doubt用于肯定句时，宾语从句用whether，doubt用于否定句时，宾语从句用that引导。 2. 介词后跟宾语从句时只能用wh-类连接词引导；如：I’m surprised at what he said. 3. 介词后如果跟that从句，要先加it作形式宾语，再加that从句。 如：depend on it that...; rely on it that...; see to it that...等。 4. 宾语从句的时态：主句是现在时或将来时，从句用句意的各种时态。主句是过去时， 从句用相应的过去时态。 从句表示客观事实或真理，从句都用现在时。 易错陷阱3：表语从句引导词及三个句式易混易错点 【分析】1. as if/as though 引导时，从句可用陈述语气，也可以用虚拟语气。 2. That is why+结果，表示“那就是.....的原因”。 3. That is because+原因，表示“那是因为......”。 4. The reason why/for... is that ..., 表示“......的原因是......”。 易错陷阱4：同位语从句与定语从句易混易错点 【分析】that引导同位语从句时，在从句中不作句子成分；that引导定语从句时，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。同位语经常修饰的名词有：fact, idea, news, promise, information, message, belief, opinion, possibility, thought, wish, truth, question, problem, reply, answer, report, suggestion, advice, order, warning等。 主语从句引导词what/that/whether/if易混易错点 【例1】 Huawei withstood strict sanctions from the US govt. and now able to produce their own 5G phones, a great victory! does not kill you will make you stronger! 易错分析：谓语动词判断错误容易易引起句子结构的误判，两个动词时需先判断主句谓语动词。 【答案】what 【解析】考查主语从句。句意：杀不死你的，会让你更强大！引导主语从句，从句缺少主语，指“……的东西”应用what。故填what。 __________ people in western countries think we Muslim women are oppressed and controlled by men is wrong. 易错分析：长难句结构分析失误，主句谓语动词容易找错。 【答案】That 【解析】考查主语从句。这是一个复合句。主句谓语动词是is。句意：西方国家的人认为我们穆斯林妇女被男性所压迫是错误的。主语是一个主语从句，且在主语从句中谓语动词think后又跟了一个宾语从句we Muslim women are oppressed and controlled by men。主语从句中并不缺少句子成分，故用That。 It is possible _________ caffeine may cause birth defects in humans, too. 易错分析：对形式主语it的用法掌握不牢。 【答案】that 【解析】考查主语从句。分析句子结构可知，It作形式主语，真正的主语是设空处所引导的从句，且该空在从句中不作任何成分，故填that。句意：咖啡因也可能导致人类的先天缺陷。 For example, Mary-Jo Saunders is learning a Chinese poem today. ___________ is special is that she is able to recite it without an accent. 【答案】What 【解析】考查主语从句。句意：特别的是，她能毫无口音地背出来。空格处引导主语从句，从句中缺少主语，“什么”的意思，用连词what，位于句首，首字母大写。故填What。 宾语从句引导词及介词后跟宾语从句易混易错点 【例2】 These words of her give us a look into the heart of this amazing woman, and ___________ carried her through a life of hard choices. 易错分析：本题因为句子成分判断错误引起句意理解不当，从而影响并列连词and之后的句子成分和句意。 【答案】 what 【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：她的这些话让我们看到了这位了不起的女人的内心，以及是什么让她度过了艰难的人生选择。分析句子可知，空处引导名词性从句作介词into的宾语，从句中缺少主语，且结合句意可知，主语指物，应用连接代词what作引导词。故填what。 On the first day of the Start of Autumn, usually people will weigh themselves and compare their weight to ___________ it was at the Start of Summer. 【答案】what 【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：在立秋的第一天，人们通常会称自己的体重，并与立夏时的体重进行比较。句子分析可知，“___________it was at the Start of Summer”为名词性从句作介词to的宾语，设空处引导名词性从句，在句中作表语，表示“立夏时的体重”，此宾语从句用连接代词what引导。故填what。 Many love to find out ___________ the pictures were originally taken. 易错分析：只关注句子成分而忽略句意则容易误填that。句法和句意结合是解题必不可少的。 【答案】where 【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：许多人喜欢找出这些照片最初是在哪里拍摄的。分析句子结构和意思可知，空格处引导宾语从句，从句基本成分完整，上下文需要表示地点的连词，所以用where。故填where。 Phrases like “replace weapons of war with gifts of jade and silk” and “gentle as jade” perfectly show___________jade symbolizes in the minds of Chinese people. 【答案】what 【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：“化干戈为玉帛”、“温柔如玉”等短语，完美地展现了玉在中国人心目中的象征。引导宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，指物，应用连接代词what引导。故填what。 表语从句引导词及三个句式易混易错点 【例3】This is___________they need an English trainer. 易错分析：表语从句三大易混句式掌握不牢，且句意理解不清。 【答案】 why 【详解】考查表语从句。句意：这就是他们需要英语培训师的原因。分析句子结构可知，空处引导表语从句，从句中结构完整，应该用连接副词连接，前文提到需要培训师的原因，此处是表达“这就是他们需要英语培训师的原因”之意，应用why引导表语从句。故填why。 The fresh thin air, snow-covered mountains and graceful animals running on the plains are ___________we’re here-to observe Tibetan antelopes, which are being hunted, legally, for their valuable fur. 易错分析：表语从句中往往涉及长句，则句子结构分析和句意都不可忽视。 【答案】why 【解析】考查表语从句连接词。句意：清新稀薄的空气，白雪覆盖的山脉和优雅的动物在平原上奔跑，这就是我们来到这里的原因——观察藏羚羊，它们被非法猎杀，以获取宝贵的皮毛。根据谓语动词“are”可知，空处引导表语从句，在句中作状语；根据句意，应用连接副词why，表示“我们为什么来到这里”。故填why。 It has rich cultural tourism resources as it is___________ Mount Tai rises, the Yellow River flows into the sea, and Confucius was born. 【答案】where 【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：这里是泰山的所在地、黄河入海口、孔子诞生地，文化旅游资源丰富。分析句子，设空处引导的是表语从句，引导词在从句中作地点状语，表示“在山东省这里”用where。故填where。 In my case this is___________ happened—my parents turned in to me and my needs and the shyness all but disappeared completely over time. 【答案】what 【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：就我而言，事情就是这样：我的父母向我求助，随着时间的推移，我的需求和害羞几乎完全消失了。分析句子结构，这是一个包含表语从句的复合句，空白处在表语从句中做主语，表示内容，使用what连接表语从句，故填what。 同位语从句与定语从句易混易错点 【例4】Therefore our findings raise an exciting possibility___________ we may be able to promote health and  happiness by developing positive attitudes such as optimism.” 易错分析：同位语从句经常修饰的名词记忆不牢，而且句子较长容易引起句意理解错误。 【答案】that 【解析】考查连接词。句意：因此，我们的发现提出了一种令人兴奋的可能性，即我们可以通过培养乐观等积极态度来促进健康和幸福。本句为同位语从句修饰possibility，且从句中不缺少成分，故用that引导。故填that。 Despite the fact ___________ a skywell’s size and design vary from region to region, it is almost always rectangular (长方形) and located in the core of a house. 【答案】that 【解析】考查同位语从句。句意：尽管天井的尺寸和设计因地区而异，但它几乎总是矩形的，位于房屋的核心。分析句子结构和意思可知，空格处引导同位语从句，对前面的名词fact进行解释和说明，从句基本成分完整，上下文意思连贯，用连词that引导。故填that。 My question ___________ I shall get in touch with him has not been answered. 易错分析：同位语从句引导词不仅用that，还可用其他连词如，whether, who, what, when, where等。 【答案】how 【解析】考查同位语从句。句意：我如何与他保持联系的问题还没有得到答复。分析句子结构，可知question后从句为同位语从句，根据从句结构及被修饰词question可知应使用连接副词。由句意可知填how，表示方式。 Catching sight of the sunrise and sunset, Kua Fu suddenly hit upon an idea___________he wanted to race against the sun to see who ran faster! 【答案】that 【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：看到日出和日落，夸父突然有了一个主意，他想和太阳赛跑，看谁跑得更快！idea后面接同位语从句，从句不缺少成分，且句意完整，应用that。故填that。 高考模拟试题 一、单项选择 1．（2024·天津南开·二模）This ancient vase is very special and I will do _________ I can to restore it. A．that B．which C．whatever D．whichever 【答案】C 【详解】考查宾语从句。句意：这个古代花瓶非常特别，我会尽我所能来修复它。do后接宾语从句，从句中can后省略了动词do，设空处需填宾语从句引导词，且在从句中作宾语表示内容，whatever“任何一切”符合题意。故选C。 2．（2024·山东·三模）He spends a lot of time on Tik Tok. That’s ______ his sight get worse and worse. A．because B．why C．how D．what 【答案】B 【详解】考查表语从句。句意：他在Tik Tok上花费了很多时间。这就是为什么他的视力越来越差的原因。空处需要引导表语从句。根据“He spends a lot of time on Tik Tok.”可知，表语从句需要连接副词why引导，表示“这就是为什么视力越来越差的原因”。而because引导表语从句时表示原因，how引导表语从句时表示方式，what引导表语从句时在从句中作主语或宾语等，所以A，C，D均不正确。故选B。 3．（2024·天津河西·二模）Didn’t it ever occur to you ______ the English poem was about? Understanding its theme is the most important thing. A．that B．when C．how D．what 【答案】D 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：你难道没有想到这首英文诗是关于什么的吗？理解它的主题是最重要的。分析句子结构和意思可知，这里it是形式主语，空格处引导的从句是真正的主语成分，从句缺少介词about的宾语，上下文需要“什么”的意思，用连词what引导。故选D。 4．（2024·天津河东·二模）In communicating with others, ________ works best of all, I suppose, is a smile. A．what B．that C．which D．how 【答案】A 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：在与他人交流时，我认为最有效的是微笑。此处为连接词引导的主语从句，结合句子结构可知，此处为连接代词what引导的主语从句，what在从句中作主语成分，意为“最有效的事情”。故选A项。 5．（2024·山东泰安·一模）The question is ________ the film is worth seeing. A．where B．that C．whether D．what 【答案】C 【详解】考查表语从句。句意：问题是这部电影是否值得一看。分析句子结构可知，本空引导表语从句，从句缺少“是否”含义，应用whether引导。故选C。 6．（23-24·上海·三模）It was widely confirmed by scientists that that was exactly ________ global greenhouse gas emission needs to be addressed as soon as possible. A．why B．how C．when D．whether 【答案】A 【详解】考查名词性从句连接词。句意：科学家们普遍认为，这正是需要尽快解决全球温室气体排放问题的原因。A. why为什么，……的原因；B. how如何，怎样；C. when什么时候；D. whether是否。句子分析可知，“________ global greenhouse gas emission needs to be addressed as soon as possible”在that引导的主语从句中作表语，设空处在表语从句中作状语，根据句中“It was widely confirmed by scientists”以及空后“global greenhouse gas emission needs to be addressed as soon as possible”可知设空处表示“……的原因”用连接副词why。故选A。 7．（23-24·广东广州·三模）The manager put forward a suggestion ______ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do. A．whether B．that C．which D．why 【答案】B 【详解】考查同位语从句。句意：经理建议我们应该有一个助手。有太多的工作要做。分析句子可知，空处引导同位语从句，补充说明suggestion的内容，从句中结构、意义完整，应用that引导，故选B。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$