Unit2Understanding each other【速记清单】-2024-2025学年高中英语单元速记·巧练（译林版2020选择性必修第四册）

Unit 2 Understanding each other (选择性必修第四册) Unit2 核心词汇 1.　gentle　 adj.温柔的；温和的；柔和的 2.　mail　 n.电子邮件；邮政；邮件 3.　straightforward　 adj.坦诚的；简单的 4.　friction　 n.争执；摩擦；摩擦力 5.　clarify　 vt.使更清晰易懂，阐明 6.　tone　 n.语气，腔调；风格，特色 7.　gain　 vt.& vi.获得；增进，增长； （从……中）受益n.好处，利益 8.　precisely　 adv.准确地，恰好地；细心地；正是，确实 9.　jam　 n.果酱；拥挤，堵塞 10.　somewhat　 adv.有点，有几分，稍微 11.　kindergarten　 n.学前班；幼儿园 12.　recite　 vt.吟诵；列举 13.　accent　 n.口音，腔调；重音；着重点，强调vt.着重，强调，突出 14.　golf　 n.高尔夫球运动 15.　pure　 adj.纯净的；完全的 16.　skateboard　 n.滑板 17.　canteen　 n.食堂，餐厅 18.　fence　 n.栅栏，篱笆 阅读词汇 1.encode vt.　把……编码；把……译成电码（或密码）　 2.decode vt.　解（码），破译（尤指密码）　 3.feedback n.　反馈的意见（或信息）　 4.enterprise n.　公司，企业；规划，事业　 5.empathy n.　同感，共鸣，同情　 6.taboo n.　禁忌，忌讳；禁止，避讳　 7.cite vt.　提及，列举；引用，引述　 8.bacon n.　咸猪肉，熏猪肉　 9.tank n.　坦克；（贮放液体或气体的）罐　 10.integrate vt.& vi.　（使）合并；（使）加入　 11.bilingual adj.　会说两种语言的；用两种语言（写）的　 12.intervention n.　干涉行为，干预　 13.tribe n.　部落　 14.Germanic adj.　日耳曼语的；德国的　 15.linguist n.　语言学家；通晓数国语言的人　 短语 1.　put yourself in sb’s shoes　 处于某人的境地，设身处地 2.　account for sth　 是……的说明（或原因）；（数量上、比例上）占 3.　approve of　 　　赞成，赞同 4.　broaden one’s mind　 　　拓展视野，开阔眼界 5.　function as　 　　担任，充当 6.　attract one’s attention　 　吸引某人的注意 7.　face to face　 　　面对面 8.　refer to　　　参考；指的是；提到 9.　negotiate with　　　　与……谈判 10.　depend on/upon　　　依靠，依赖 11.　be knowledgeable about　　　对……有见识 12.　give serious consideration to　　　慎重考虑 13.　be confused about　 　　对……感到困惑 14.　out of style　 　　过时的 15.　for instance　 　　例如 16.　be based on　 　　以……为基础 17.　take notice of　 　注意到 句型 1.句型公式：状语从句的省略 教材原句：When spoken by a stranger， they can function as a means of attracting your attention. 1.此外，如果与沟通困难的人搭档，学生可能会感到不舒服。 Besides， students may feel uncomfortable 　if paired with someone　 who have difficulty in communication. 2.句型公式：动词-ing短语作结果状语 教材原句：Good communication skills will also help you build trust and gain respect， allowing relationships to become more positive and productive. 2.毕业后，这个项目在中国各地的艺术画廊展出，使他闻名全国。 After graduation， this project was exhibited in art galleries all over China， 　making him famous nationwide　. 3.句型公式：no sooner ...than ...一……就…… 教材原句：No sooner had I begun to understand how British people communicate than it was time to head back home. 3.我们一进入植物园就被各种各样的植物所吸引。 　No sooner had we entered the botanical garden than　 we were attracted by the various plants. 4.句型公式：that 引导表语从句 教材原句：What is special is that it is a Chinese poem and that she is able to recite it without an accent. 4.然而，在我看来，对学生最有利的是他们阅读英语书籍以增加词汇量。 However， from my point of view， what benefits students most is 　that they read English books to increase vocabulary　. 语法 定语从句 知识点01 重点词汇、短语 1．react vi.(对……)作出反应；有不良反应，过敏；起化学反应　reaction n．反应，回应；抗拒；化学反应　 　　 (1)react to sth. 对……作出反应 react on/upon 对……起作用，对……有影响，对……起反应 react with 与……起化学反应 react against 反抗，反对 react to the suggestion 对这个建议作出反应 react to emergency quickly 对紧急情况快速作出反应 (2)a chemical/nuclear reaction 化学/核反应 reaction to the event 对这个事件的反应 in reaction to 作为对……的反应 a reaction to 对……的反应 ◎单句语法填空 ①The football player reacted ________ the judge's decision by withdrawing from the match. ②If I find anyone who looks like the suspect, my immediate ________ (react) will be to tell the police. ③Hearing how others react ________ the book you have just read creates an added pleasure. ④There's been a drop in ticket sales in reaction ________ the review. ⑤The public reaction ________ the news should be paid attention ________. 答案：①against　②reaction　③to　④to　⑤to　to 2.gentle adj.温柔的；温和的；柔和的　比较gentler，最高级gentlest；gently adv.温柔地，温和地　　　　 (1)be gentle with 对……温柔 gentle manners 文雅的举止 a quiet and gentle man 一位温文尔雅的男士 a gentle voice/laugh/touch 温柔的声音/笑声/触摸 gentle smile/nature/music 温柔的微笑/温和的性情/柔和的音乐 a gentle breeze 和风 a little gentle exercise 少量温和的运动 a gentle wave 柔和的波浪 (2)say gently 温柔地说 kiss sb.gently on the cheek 温柔地亲吻某人的脸颊 ◎单句语法填空 ①He is the ________ (gentle) man I have ever known. ②As the small boat moved ________ (gentle) along the river he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water. ③One night, when I was eight, my mother ________ (gentle) asked me a question I would never forget. ④She is gentle ________ animals. 答案：①gentlest　②gently　③gently　④with 3.feedback n．反馈的意见(或信息) give feedback on 对……进行反馈 provide feedback 提供反馈意见 get/welcome feedback 得到/欢迎提供反馈信息 negative/positive feedback 消极/积极反馈 the feedback on 关于……的反馈 ◎单句语法填空 ①The teacher will give you feedback ________ the test. ②Your feedback ________ the product does the trick. 答案：①on　②on 4.competent adj.足以胜任的，有能力的，称职的　competence n．能力；胜任；本领 be competent in 胜任…… be competent to do sth. 有能力做某事 a competent lawyer 称职的律师 a competent pilot 合格的飞行员 a competent teacher 称职的教师 gain competence in (doing) sth.获得(做)……的能力 ◎单句语法填空 ①For these years, we have considered him ________ a competent lawyer. ②He's very competent ________ his work. ③Make sure the firm is competent ________ (carry) out the work. ④He went to the college to continue his study, hoping to gain ________ (competent) in computer programming. ⑤No one doubts his competence ________ an interpreter. 答案：①as　②in　③to carry　④competence　⑤as 5.suit vt.满足需要；相配，合身　n．套装，西装，西服　　 (1)suit one's needs 满足某人的需要 suit one's taste 适合某人的口味 suit everyone 适合每个人 suit sth.to sth. 使某物适合某物 be suited for/to... 适宜，适合(to是介词) suit sb.(fine) (很)合某人的意；对某人来说(很)合适 (2)a grey lightweight suit 轻薄灰色套装 a business suit 商务套装 a diving/protective/ski suit 潜水衣/防护服/滑雪服 (3)be suitable for... 适合…… be suitable to do sth. 适合做某事 suitable to use 适合用 ◎单句语法填空 ①The restaurant became popular for its wide range of foods that ________ (suit) all tastes and pockets. ②Employers usually decide within five minutes whether someone is suitable ________ the job. ③The four-day hike begins slowly but quickly changes into a difficult journey ________ (suit) for those in excellent shape. ④In conclusion, it's not suitable ________ (include) English words in Chinese dictionary. 答案：①suited　②for　③suitable　④to include 6．fold vt.折叠，对折；包，裹　n．褶，褶层，折叠部分　unfold vt.展开；显露 (1) (2) (3)bend vi.　　　　　　　　弯曲(近义词) ◎单句语法填空 ①[全国Ⅰ卷阅读]These pieces can ________ (fold) into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt. ◎完成句子 ②[全国Ⅱ卷阅读]这款名为Transition的交通工具有两个座位、四个轮子和一对折叠翅膀，这样它就可以像汽车一样驾驶。 The vehicle—named the Transition—has two seats, four wheels and wings that ________ so it can be driven like a car. 答案：①be folded　②fold up 7．knowledgeable adj.博学的，有见识的 be knowledgeable about 对……很在行 (a) knowledge of... 某一方面的知识；知道…… have a knowledge of 了解…… a general knowledge of 对……初步的了解 a sound knowledge of 对……透彻的了解 to one's knowledge 据某人所知 without one's knowledge 在某人不知道的情况下 acquire/gain knowledge 获得知识 enlarge/widen/broaden one's knowledge 扩充某人的知识 knowledge and approval 了解和认可 ◎单句语法填空 ①These messages can be difficult to interpret, even by ________ (knowledge) people. ②________ knowledge of astronomy is essential to understanding the Earth. ③How could one effectively be an unbiased writer with only a knowledge ________ the popular opinion of society？ 答案：①knowledgeable　②A　③of 8.sympathy n．同情；赞同　sympathetic adj.同情的；赞同的 (1)have/feel/show sympathy for sb. 对某人怀着/感到/表示同情 get sympathy from sb. 得到某人的同情 out of sympathy 出于同情 express sympathy for 对……表示同情 in sympathy with sb./sth. 支持某人/某事 have no sympathy for 对……没有同情 (2)be sympathetic to/towards sb. 对某人表示同情 ◎单句语法填空 ①He feels great sympathy ________ the little boy whose parents were both killed in an accident. ②I did him a favour out of ________ (sympathetic)． ③I was in sympathy ________ your suggestion. ④She was very ________ (sympathy) to the problems of adult students. 答案：①for　②sympathy　③with　④sympathetic 9.preference n．偏爱；偏爱的事物　prefer vt.更喜欢 (1)develop a preference for 养成对……的偏爱 have a preference for 对……偏爱 give preference to... 优先考虑…… in preference to 而不是 (2)prefer to do/doing... 更喜欢做…… prefer A to B (to是介词，其后接名词、代词或动词作宾语) 喜欢A胜过喜欢B prefer doing...to doing... 宁愿做……而不愿做…… ＝prefer to do...rather than do... ＝would rather do...than do... ＝would do...rather than do... (3)prefer sb. to do sth. 宁愿某人做某事 ◎单句语法填空 ①The professor preferred giving lectures to students to ________ (invite) to attend meetings. ②Rather than drive all the way every day, he prefers ________ (cycle) to his office. ③My mother would rather go to work than ________ (stay) at home. ④People develop a ________ (prefer) for a particular style of learning at an early age and the ________ (prefer) affects learning. 答案：①being invited　②to cycle　③stay ④preference　preference 10．embarrassed adj.窘迫的，尴尬的；拮据的 (1)be/feel embarrassed at/about 因……而感到尴尬/窘迫 be embarrassed to do sth. 尴尬/窘迫地做某事 become embarrassed 变得尴尬 an embarrassed silence 尴尬的沉默 (2)an embarrassing question/situation/mistake 令人难堪的问题/处境/错误 (much) to one's embarrassment 使某人(非常)尴尬的是 embarrass oneself 出丑 ◎单句语法填空 ①I was totally ________ (embarrass), for I mistook a stranger for my new neighbour. ②It is ________ (embarrass) that he can't put forward a specific method to handle the tough problem. ③Much to his ________ (embarrass)，he ran out of money when it was his turn to pay the bill. ④He was very embarrassed ________ (hear) people speak so highly of him. 答案：①embarrassed　②embarrassing　③embarrassment ④to hear 11．intention n．意图，计划intend　vt.打算，计划，想要 (1)have no intention of doing... 无意做…… have every intention of doing... 一心做…… with an/the intention of 抱有……的目的；打算…… (2)intend to do sth./doing sth.＝be intended to do sth. 打算做某事 intend sb. to do sth. 打算让某人做某事 be intended for 专供……使用；专为……而设计 had intended to do 本打算做(而实际未做) (3)intend＋that从句 打算…… ◎单句语法填空 ①Behind the simple style，however，is a serious message ________ (intend) for everyone. ②I didn't intend her ________ (see) the painting until it was finished. ③I ________ (intend) to come, but was prevented by the bad weather. ④He left England with the ________ (intend) of travelling in Africa. ⑤This money is intended ________ the development of the tourist industry. ⑥The advertisements are intended ________ (improve) the company's image. 答案：①intended　②to see　③had intended　④intention　⑤for　⑥to improve 12.tolerate vt.容许，允许；忍受，容忍；能经受tolerant adj.宽容的；容忍的；能耐……的　tolerance n．容忍；宽容；忍耐力 (1)be tolerant of 对……容忍或宽容 (2)have no tolerance for 无法容忍 tolerance to cold 耐寒力 zero tolerance 零容忍 [易混比较] can't tolerate sb./sth.不能忍受某人/某物 can't tolerate the air pollution不能忍受空气污染 can't stand (sb.) doing sth.(动名词前可带逻辑主语) 不能忍受(某人)做某事 can't stand being called a liar 不能忍受被称为撒谎者 ◎单句语法填空 ①Instead of blaming the child who had broken the vase, she gave him a ________ (tolerate) smile and let him go. ②Our school won't tolerate ________ (cheat) in exams. If caught, you will get severely punished. ③I can't stand ________ (work) with Jane, because she is constantly speaking. ④________ (tolerate) just means that you should respect the differences in others and not try to make them change. 答案：①tolerant　②cheating　③working　④Tolerance 13．cooperate vi.合作，协作；协助，配合　cooperation n．合作，协作 (1)cooperate with 与……合作 agree to cooperate with 同意和……合作 cooperate to do sth. 协同做某事 (2)in cooperation with 与……合作 with the cooperation of 在……的合作下 economic cooperation 经济合作 international cooperation 国际合作 technical cooperation 技术合作 trade cooperation 贸易合作 cooperation partners 合作伙伴 promote cooperation 促进合作 ◎单句语法填空 ①Mr.White had promised to cooperate ________ us but he cried off at the last minute. ②The success of our plan depends on your ________ (cooperate). 答案：①with　②cooperation 14.cite vt.提及，列举；引用，引述 cite sth.as an instance 举某物为例 cite sth.as proof of... 引……以证明…… cite sb.for sth. 因某事而嘉奖某人 cite...from sb. 引用某人的某作品 ◎单句语法填空 ①The astronomy data was cited ________ the reliable sources released by NASA. ②The essays ________ (cite) from the journal are of theoretical, practical, creative and comprehensive features. 答案：①from　②cited 15．pure adj.纯净的；完全的　purely adv.完全；仅仅　purify vt.使纯净　purity n．纯洁；纯净　　　　 (1)pure air 纯净的空气 pure gold/silk 纯金/真丝 pure water 纯净水 pure and simple (用于名词后表示强调) 纯粹；全然 pure love 纯真的爱情 (2)purely accidental 纯属意外；纯属偶然 (3)spiritual purity 心灵纯洁 ◎单句语法填空 ①It was ________ (pure) a question, no blame or anger in my tone. ②Putting green plants in the house will ________ (pure) the air inside. ③White is commonly associated with ________ (pure) and perfection. 答案：①purely　②purify　③purity 16.pessimistic adj.悲观的；悲观主义的　pessimism n．悲观　optimistic adj.乐观的　optimism n．乐观　　　　 (1)be pessimistic about 对……悲观 far too pessimistic 过于悲观 a pessimistic view of life 对人生的悲观看法 in a pessimistic mood 以悲观的情绪 have a pessimistic attitude to/towards... 对……持悲观态度 (2)There's no reason to be pessimistic.没有理由悲观。 (3)universal pessimism about the economy 对经济形势普遍的悲观看法 ◎单句语法填空 ①There is no reason to be pessimistic ________ the future, because we are young enough to do everything. ②They appeared surprisingly pessimistic ________ their chances of winning. ③________ (pessimistic), I think there is no good result in climate negotiation. 答案：①about　②about　③Pessimistically 17．tendency n．趋势，趋向；倾向，偏好　tend v．趋向；往往会；照顾；护理　　　　　　 (1)have a tendency to do sth. 倾向于做某事 a tendency to/towards... ……的倾向/趋势 a development tendency 一种发展趋势 have a natural tendency towards/to caution 天生小心谨慎 (2)tend to do sth. 易于做某事，往往会发生某事 tend to make mistakes 容易犯错 well-tended gardens 精心照料的花园 a shepherd tending his sheep 照看羊的牧人 tend on customers warmly 热情招待顾客 (3)There is a tendency (for sb./sth.) to do sth. (某人/某物)有做某事的趋势。 ◎单句语法填空 ①People tend ________ (think) that the problem will have no effect on them. ②Mum was always busy ________ (tend) to my baby sister during the night. ③There is no doubt that the earth has a tendency ________ (become) warmer and warmer. ④Prices continue to show an upward ________ (tend)． ⑤There is a tendency for your production ________ (expand). 答案：①to think　②tending　③to become　④tendency ⑤to expand 18.sincerely adv.真诚地，诚实地　sincere adj.真诚的；诚挚的；真实的　　　　 (1)be sincerely thankful for your help 由衷地感谢你的帮助 yours sincerely/sincerely yours (用于以某人名字开头的正式信件的末尾)谨上，敬上，谨启 (2) accept our sincere thanks 接受我们诚挚的谢意 a sincere attempt to resolve the problem 解决这一问题的认真尝试 ◎单句语法填空 ①My parents and I ________ (sincere) expect you to come and have dinner with us. ②It is the friendliest and ________ (sincere) form of communication, and is sure to be understood in any part of the world. ③________ (sincere) yours, Robbie Weinz. ④The author didn't think Juan was ________ (sincerely)． 答案：①sincerely　②sincerest　③Sincerely　④sincere 19．account for sth. 是……的说明(或原因)；(数量上、比例上)占；解释，说明 The bad weather may have accounted for the delay.天气不好可能是这次延误的原因。 She couldn't account for her spying on me. 她无法解释监视我的原因。 Students account for the majority of our customers. 我们的顾客大多数是学生。　　　　 on account of 因为 on no account 决不(位于句首时，句子用部分倒装语序) on this account 由于这个缘故 take...into account/take account of 考虑到，顾及 give a/an(full/detailed) account of (详细)描述……；(详细)解释(理由) give an account of a moving story 讲述一个感人的故事 the accounts department 会计部门 ◎单句语法填空 ①It is parents' absence from family that accounts ________ the children's unhappiness. ②It is said that body language accounts ________ 55 percent of a first impression while what you say just 7 percent. ③I opened ________ account after I made $1,000 by doing a part-time job during the summer vacation. ④The policeman gave an account ________ the traffic accident. ⑤We should take account ________ the requests of our customers. 答案：①for　②for　③an　④of　⑤of 20．apart from 除……之外(还) apart from (1) 除了…… (2) 除……外(还) [易混比较] apart from/except (for/that)　除了……(不包括) apart from/besides/in addition to 除了……(还)(包括) A is dark apart from/except C．(√) B is white apart from/besides/in addition to C．(√) ◎完成句子 除了良好的服务以外，这家餐馆还提供不同种类的传统山东菜。 ①________________ good service, the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Shandong dishes. 除了李华外，还有8名学生要参加这周五举行的运动会。 ②________________ Li Hua, eight other students are going to take part in the sports meeting to be held this Friday. 除了民间音乐，他还会演奏流行音乐。 ③__________________ folk music, he can perform pop music. 答案：①Apart from　②Apart from　③In addition to 21．in terms of 根据，依照；就……而言，在……方面 describe/measure/evaluate sth./sb.in terms of sth. 根据……描述/衡量/评价某物/某人 be on good/bad terms (with sb.) (与某人)关系好/不好 in the long/short term (注意term是单数形式)从长期/短期来看 in cultural/economic/financial terms 从文化/经济/财政角度来看 on one's own terms 按照自己的意愿 come to terms with 与……达成协议 in one's terms 从某人的角度来说 ◎完成句子 ①人们普遍认为应该从综合素质的角度来评价学生。 It is widely acknowledged that students should be evaluated _________________ overall quality. ②这么多年来我们和邻居的关系一直很好。 We have been ________________________ our neighbors for all these years. ③从长期来看，他们所做的事情对环境是有利的。 What they have done is good for the environment ________________________. 答案：①in terms of　②on good terms with　③in the long term 22．get straight to the point 直奔主题，开门见山 (1)at one point　　　一度；在某处；在某一时刻 at that point of history 在历史上的那一刻 in point of ability 就才能而言 in point of fact 实际上；其实 to the point 简明恰当的；简洁中肯的 on the point of 正要……的时候 (2)be on the point of doing...when... 正要做……这时…… ◎单句语法填空 ①Now, Let's get straight ________ the point. Let me know about you. ②Her comments were brief and ________ the point. ③She was ________ the point of going out when the telephone rang. ◎完成句子 我一度以为她要拒绝，但最后她同意了。 ④________________________ I thought she was going to refuse, but finally she agreed. 答案：①to　②to　③on　④At one point 23．broaden one's mind 拓展视野，开阔眼界 have a mind of one's own 有自己的想法，有主见 keep...in mind 记住，将……记在心中 change one's mind 改变某人的主意 ease one's mind 宽慰某人 make up one's mind (to do sth.) 下定决心(做某事) fix one's mind on/upon... 把注意力集中在…… read one's mind 看出某人的心思 put/set/turn one's mind to... 集中精力于…… flash through one's mind 闪过某人的脑海 take a load off one's mind 使某人如释重负 ◎单句语法填空 ①Few would disagree that travel ________ (broad) our minds. ②The sculptor has a mind of ________ (he) own in all his works. ③Williams' two books helped Benjamin to make up his mind ________ (be) a painter. ④And you should also keep in mind ________ comparing notes with your classmates frequently is a good way to improve your study. 答案：①broadens　②his　③to be　④that 24．refer to 提到，谈到；参考，查阅；涉及，关于 In fact, tradition also refers to the things that have been developing and that are still being created... 事实上，传统也指那些一直在发展和仍在被创造的事物…… (1)refer to sb./sth.　　　　　提到/谈到某人/某事 refer to sth. 查阅/参考…… refer...to... 把……提交给……； 把……指引到…… refer to...as... 将……称为…… (2)make no reference to 没有提及 in/with reference to 关于 [易混比较]参考，查阅 refer to a dictionary　　　　　查词典 look up the word in the dictionary 在词典中查单词 ◎单句语法填空 ①He referred ________ your illness. ②I often refer ________ the dictionary. ③She cooked the dinner by ________ (refer) to a cookbook. ④He referred me ________ the receptionist. ⑤The dispute (争议) was referred ________ the United Nations. 答案：①to　②to　③referring　④to　⑤to 知识点02 重点句型 1．no sooner had sb. done...than... 某人—做完某事就…… [教材原句]No sooner had I begun to understand how British people communicate than it was time to head back home.我刚开始了解英国人的沟通方式就到要回家的时候了。 [句式分析](1)scarcely, no sooner 等位于句首时，主句用部分倒装结构，从句不用倒装。 No sooner had she said it than she burst into tears.她刚一说完，泪水便夺眶而出。 (2)表示“一……就……”的常见表达： the moment/minute/instant/second(名词用作连词)＋句子 immediately/directly(副词用作连词)＋句子 hardly/scarcely...when... on/upon doing... [基础练习]单句语法填空 ①Upon ________ (graduate), she was assigned to the position of the manager. ②On ________ (arrive) home I discovered they had gone. ③No sooner had the film star arrived at the airport ________ he attracted people's attention. ④There was a letter waiting for him ________ his return. ⑤I remembered her name ________ (immediate) she'd gone. ⑥Hardly had she seated herself ________ she heard someone knocking at the door. ⑦She was frightened ________ the sight of a snake. 答案：①graduation/graduating　②arriving　③than　④on/upon ⑤immediately　⑥when　⑦at 2．whether...or not 引导让步状语从句 [教材原句]More importantly, whether you approve of the speaker's words or not, you need to be honest in your response.更重要的是，无论你是否赞同说话人的话，你都需要诚实地回答。 [句式分析](1)whether除了用于“whether...or...”结构外，还可用于“whether...or not”“whether or not...”结构，这三个结构既可引导让步状语从句，也可引导名词性从句。 Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 不管你是否相信，它都是真的。 (2)whether...or...“不管……还是……，无论……还是……”，在句中引导让步状语从句，表示在从句所提供的两种选择之下，主句所表示的结果都一样。作“是……还是……”讲时，引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句，用于提供两种选择。 Whether they consider this opinion or ignore it is not clear.(＝It is not clear whether they consider this opinion or ignore it.)他们是考虑这个意见还是忽视它还不清楚。(主语从句) [基础练习]指出下面whether or not所引导的从句是什么从句 ①Whether you go or not, I will go to participate in the activity.____________ ②It remains to be seen whether or not the phenomenon is normal.____________ ③The question is whether you can interact with the audience joyfully or not.____________ ④Multiple genes behaved differently, depending on whether someone had eaten or not before walking.____________ 答案：①让步状语从句　②主语从句(it为形式主语)　③表语从句　④宾语从句 3.This is because...这是因为…… [教材原句]This is because the word that corresponds to “umbrella” in Chinese sounds like another Chinese word which means “to separate”．这是因为汉语中与“伞”对应的字听起来像另一个字，意思是“分开”。 [易错比较](1)It/This/That is because...这/那是因为……(because引导表语从句，后接原因) (2)The reason (why...) is that...(……的)原因是…… (3)That is why...那就是为什么……(why引导表语从句，后接结果) [教师点津]引导表语从句：①连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever；②连接副词where，when，how，why。 [基础练习]单句语法填空 ①I'm all wet under the rain. This is ________ I forgot to bring an umbrella with me this afternoon. ②The reason ________ I write this letter to you is ________ I have a problem in respect of the writing style. ③I thought, this is ________ I've travelled thousands of miles. 答案：①because　②why　that　③why 4.what引导的主语从句＋is＋that引导的表语从句 [教材原句]What is special is that it is a Chinese poem and that she is able to recite it without an accent.特别的是，这是一首中国诗，她可以不带口音地背诵。 [句式分析](1)what...is that...是主系表结构，what引导主语从句，that引导表语从句。what引导主语从句时有一定的意义，起连接作用，并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等成分；that引导表语从句时，只起连接作用，不作句子成分，也无实际意义。 What made my mother upset was that my younger brother was ill.(what引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语) 让我妈妈难过的事情是我弟弟生病了。 (2)What I want to stress is that...我想强调的是…… What impressed me most is that...给我印象最深的是…… What disappointed/pleased me most is that...最令我失望的/高兴的是…… What is known to us is that...众所周知的是…… [基础练习]单句语法填空 ①What is important is ________ you point out his mistake. ②________ astonishes me is that the Japanese often eat raw fish. ③What is reported ________ that he has won the highest award in the competition. ④________ impresses me most is that through hard work, he overcame the temporary difficulties alone. 答案：①that　②What　③is　④What 一．语法精讲——定语从句 定语从句（讲义） 考点精讲（一）关系代词引导的定语从句 课前导入： A real friend is someone who① walks in when the rest of the world walk out.A real friend is someone whose② support we can count on.A real friend is someone who① sees our true self，not just the face who/whom/that③ we show to the world.Yet these days，the modern tools that keep us connected are eating away at the meaning of friendship.We may be able to make many friends online，but these friendships can be quite shallow.Social media like blogs has come between us and the friends who/whom/that③ we love.Texting and messaging cannot take the place of face-to-face chatting.“Sharing” our experiences on social media is not enough to express the values which/that④ matter most to us.“Liking” our friends’ photos online does not develop the connection which/that④ we share.To make friends a real part of our lives，we should put down our smartphones and meet them in person. [规则感悟]　①关系词指人作主语，可以用who，that引导。若先行词为someone，anyone，one等时，关系词只能用who。②关系词作定语，用whose引导，既可以指人也可以指物。③关系词指人作宾语，可以用who，whom，that引导。④关系词指物作主语或宾语，可以用which，that引导。 1．who，whom和whose引导的定语从句。 (1)who和whom都指人。who在定语从句中作主语、宾语；whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。 (2)whose指人的或物的，在定语从句中作定语，指物时可用of which代替，指人时可用of whom代替。 Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields. 有些成功的语言学习者，在其他领域常常会失败。 I have many friends (who/whom) I’m going to send postcards to. 我有很多朋友，我打算寄明信片给他们。 My eldest son，whose work takes him all over the world，is in New York at the moment. 我的大儿子目前在纽约，他的工作使他在全世界到处跑。 2．that和which引导的定语从句 that代替的先行词可以是人也可以是物，但是which代替的先行词只能是物。使用这两个关系词要注意以下两点： (1)6种只用that引导定语从句的情况。 ①先行词是all，everything，anything，nothing，something，little，much，none，few，the one等不定代词时。 ②先行词被all，any，few，every，no，little，much，some等修饰时。 ③先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级时。 ④先行词被the only，the very (正是，恰是), the last修饰时。 ⑤先行词既有人又有物时。 ⑥当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。 (2)4种只用which引导定语从句的情况。 ①引导非限制性定语从句时。 ②先行词为物，关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时。 ③先行词本身是that时。 ④关系代词后有插入语时。 3．as引导的定语从句 as引导限制性定语从句主要用于the same...as...，such...as...和so...as...结构中。 as既可以指人也可以指物，在从句中可作主语、宾语和表语。 We have found the same materials as are used in their factory.我们已经找到了和他们工厂里使用的一样的材料。 These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected. 这些房子以人们期望的低价出售了。 4．引导非限制性定语从句时as与which的区别 关系词 位置不同 表意不同 as 既可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，有时还可插入主句中 意为“正如……”，后面的谓语动词多用see，know，expect，say，mention，report等 which 通常放在主句之后 意为“这一点”或“这件事”等 As anybody can see，the elephant is like a snake. 正如每个人所看到的一样，这头大象像一条蛇。 The number of smokers，as is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. 正如报道的那样，吸烟者的数量仅在一年内就已经减少了百分之十七。 She married again，which was unexpected. 她再婚了，这是始料未及的。 5．定语从句中的主谓一致 (1)关系代词作从句的主语时，从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致；先行词是句子时，从句的谓语动词用单数。 The recorder that has been given to me is homemade.给我的那台录音机是国产的。 (2)“one of＋复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词，且关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词常用复数，但当one前有the、the only、the very等修饰时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。 He is one of the students who have made great progress.他是取得很大进步的学生之一。 He is the only one of the students who has made great progress. 他是这些学生中唯一一个取得很大进步的学生。 典例分析 1．A true friend is a person ________ reaches for your hand and touches your heart. A．who B．whom C．which D．whose 【答案】A 【详解】句意：一个真正的朋友是一个可以援手帮助并感动你心扉的人。 考查定语从句。此处是定语从句，先行词是人，引导词在从句中作主语，故选A。 2．The woman astronaut ________ gave us a lesson on space is Liu Yang. A．which B．whose C．who D．whom 【答案】C 【详解】句意：给我们在太空上上了一课的女宇航员叫刘洋。 考查定语从句。先行词是The woman astronaut，是人，且在从句中作主语，用who引导定语从句。故选C。 3．Lots of Chinese young people ___________ were born after 1995 use door-to-door cooking to save time. A．that B．those C．which D．/ 【答案】A 【详解】句意：为了节省时间，很多95后的中国年轻人都采用上门做饭的方式。 考查定语从句引导词。that引导定语从句时，先行词是人/物，在句中作主语或宾语；those那些，指示代词；which引导定语从句时，先行词是物，在句中作主语或宾语；/不填。空后“...were born after 1995”在句中作定语修饰名词，先行词Chinese young people，指人，且空处在句中作主语，所以用who引导，故选A。 4．If we study hard with big dreams, there is nothing ________ can’t be achieved. A．who B．that C．whom 【答案】B 【详解】句意：如果我们怀着远大的梦想努力学习，没有什么是不能实现的。 考查定语从句。此处是定语从句，先行词是nothing，引导词在从句中作主语，只能用that引导。故选B。 5．— Tom, what kind of stories do you prefer? — The ones ________ have a happy ending. A．that B．who C．those D．whom 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——汤姆，你喜欢什么样的故事？——那些有着幸福结局的故事。 考查定语从句。that用于某些动词、形容词和名词后，引出从句；who谁；those那些；whom谁，宾格。根据“The ones …have a happy ending.”可知，此处空后为定语从句修饰ones，ones指代stories“故事”，为物，使用关系代词that引导定语从句。故选A。 只使用 which，不能用that的情况 　（1）在非限制性定语从句中。如： 　I will take this one, which was exactly what we wanted. 我想买这个，它确实是我想要的。 　 (2) 定语从句由介词+关系代词引导，先行词是物时。如： 　The thing about which he is talking is of great importance. 他在谈论的那个事是很重要的。 　 (3) which 还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this相似。如： 　 He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy. 他在比赛中成功了，这使他父母很高兴。 典例分析 1．We stopped for something of great use, ________ we shouldn’t be lost in. A．who B．that C．which D．what 【答案】C 【详解】句意：我们为了一些有用的东西停下来，一些我们不应该沉迷其中的东西。 考查定语从句。who先行词指人；that先行词指人或物；which先行词指物；what不引导定语从句。分析句子结构可知，本句是非限制性定语从句，且先行词“something of great use”指物，故用which引导。故选C。 2．Do you know the city, Kunming, __________ is the capital city of Yunan? A．where B．which C．who D．whose 【答案】B 【详解】句意：你知道云南的首都昆明吗？ 考查定语从句。where，关系副词，指地点，在从句中作地点状语；which关系代词，指物，在从句中作主语或宾语；who关系代词，指人，在从句中作主语或宾语；whose关系代词，who的所有格，在从句中作定语。分析句子可知，is前缺少主语，先行词“Kunming”是物，且在句中作主语。故选B。 3．He seems not to have grasped ________ I meant, ________ greatly upsets me. A．what; who B．that; that C．what; which D．how; which 【答案】C 【详解】句意：他似乎没有领会我的意思，这让我非常难过。 考查从句。what什么；who谁；that那个；which哪一个；how怎么样。根据“He seems not to have grasped...I meant,...greatly upsets me.”可知grasped 之后是宾语从句且从句中meant后面缺少宾语,空处需填一个引导词what；逗号后面为非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，需填一个引导词指代前面整个句子，用which。故选C。 4．Beijing, __________ is the capital of China, is a city with a long history. A．that B．where C．when D．which 【答案】D 【详解】句意：北京，是中国的首都，是一个有着悠久历史的城市。 考查定语从句。that关系代词，指物/人，在从句中作主语或宾语，不能引导非限制性定语从句；where关系副词，指地点，在从句中作状语；when关系副词，指时间，在从句中作状语；which关系代词，指物，在从句中作主语或宾语。句子是非限制性定语从句，先行词在从句中作主语，此处应用which引导定语从句，故选D。 5．He was very rude to the customs officer, ________ of course made things even worse. A．who B．whom C．what D．which 【答案】D 【详解】句意：他对海关官员非常粗鲁，这当然使事情变得更糟。 考查定语从句。分析句子可知“...of course made things even worse”说明了主句事件的影响，是非限制性定语从句，先行词是主句，关系词用which，故选D。 只能用that,不用which 的情况 　(1) 先行词是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代词时。如： All that he said is true. 所有他说的都是真的。 　(2) 如果先行词被形容词最高级以及 first, last, any, few, much, no, some, only, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which。如： This is the only book that the old woman is interested in. 这是仅有的一本老妇人感兴趣的书。 (3) 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。如： It was the second house that I bought.这是我买的第二个房子。 (4) 先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。如： 如：This is the best book (that) I have read this year. 这是我今年读过的最好的书。 　(5) 先行词既包括人又包括物时。如： He talked about the people and the things that he remembered. 他谈论他记起得的人和事。 典例分析 1．I like the farm ________ I visited last week. A．where B．that C．who D．whom 【答案】B 【详解】句意：我喜欢我上周参观的那个农场。 考查定语从句关系词。根据“the farm ... I visited last week”可知此处是定语从句，先行词the farm指地点，但在从句中作宾语，用that引导定语从句。故选B。 2．When I have difficulty in learning English, my teacher Miss Chen always gives me some advice ________ can be useful. A．that B．what C．who D．whose 【答案】A 【详解】句意：当我学习英语有困难时，我的老师陈女士总是给我一些有用的建议。 考查定语从句。that引导定语从句，先行词为人或物，在从句中作主语或宾语；what不引导定语从句；who引导定语从句，先行词为人，在从句中作主语；whose引导定语从句，先行词为人或物，在从句中作定语。根据句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词为some advice，在从句中作主语，所以用that引导定语从句。故选A。 3．The earth is the planet ________ provides us with everything we need, fresh air, clean water and so on. It’s our duty to protect it. A．whose B．who C．what D．that 【答案】D 【详解】句意：地球为我们提供了我们所需要的一切，新鲜空气，清洁的水等等。保护它是我们的责任。考查定语从句。句子是定语从句，先行词是planet，关系词在从句中作主语，用that引导定语从句。故选D。 4．—Mom is waiting. Can we set off now? —Just a minute. I can’t find the shoes ________ I bought last week. A．that B．who C．what D．who 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——妈妈在等待。我们现在可以出发了吗？——等一下。我找不到我上周买的鞋了。考查定语从句。此处是定语从句，先行词是“the shoes”，指物，引导词在从句中作宾语，所以用that或which，结合选项，故选A。 5．The app “MAYI” encourages people to give away the clothes ________ they don’t need to the poor. A．what B．whom C．who D．that 【答案】D 【详解】句意：这款名为“MAYI”的应用鼓励人们把自己不需要的衣服送给穷人。 考查定语从句关系词。根据“the clothes ... they don’t need”可知此处是定语从句，先行词“the clothes”指物，且在从句中作宾语，用that引导定语从句。故选D。 定语从句中的主谓一致易错情况 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语动词在人称和数方面应该与先行词保持一致。其中，“one of+复数名词” 作先行词时，谓语动词用复数形式。”the one of/the only one of+复数名词”时，谓语动词用单数形式。 如：He is the man who / that lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那个男人。 He is one of the students in his class who have been to Germany.他是班上去过德国的学生之一。 典例分析 1．In my opinion, of all the books, this is the only one ______ is well worth reading. A．who B．that C．whom D．what 【答案】B 【详解】句意：在我看来，在所有的书中，这是唯一值得一读的。 考查定语从句关系词。根据“of all the books, this is the only one”可知先行词the only one指物，先行词用the only修饰时，只能用that引导限制性定语从句。故选B。 2．The girl ________ is reading under the tree ________ my sister. A．which; is B．whom; was C．who; is D．who; was 【答案】C 【详解】句意：在树下看书的那个女孩是我妹妹。 考查定语从句和be动词。which引导定语从句，先行词为物，在从句中作主语或宾语；whom引导定语从句，先行词为人，在从句中作宾语；who引导定语从句，先行词是人，在从句中作主语或宾语。第一空，分析句子结构可知，此处考查定语从句，先行词“The girl”指人，且在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who来引导从句，排除A和B；第二空，根据“is reading under the tree”可知，句子陈述现在的情况，时态应用一般现在时，主语“The girl”为第三人称单数，谓语be动词用is，排除D。故选C。 3．Hemingway（海明威）is the only one of the most famous writers with many wonderful works ________ born in America. A．that were B．who was C．who were 【答案】B 【详解】句意：海明威是唯一一位在美国出生的有着许多精彩作品的著名作家。 考查定语从句。分析句子可知，先行词指人，且先行词被the only修饰，谓语应用单数was。故选B。 4．Mr. Lang is a great Chinese pianist ________ become popular with many people around the world. A．who have B．who has C．whom has D．that have 【答案】B 【详解】句意：郎先生是一位伟大的并深受世界人民欢迎的中国钢琴家。 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处使用定语从句，先行词是“ a pianist”，引导词可使用“who或that，又因为先行词是第三人称单数，助动词应使用has。故选B。 5．He is one of my friends who ________ working hard. A．is B．was C．are D．were 【答案】C 【详解】句意：他是我的一个努力工作的朋友。 考查主谓一致。“one of+名词复数”后如果有定语从句修饰，那么定语从句的谓语动词用复数；结合句子可知是一般现在时，be动词用are。故选C。 考点精讲（二）关系副词引导的定语从句 课堂导入： A recent survey has found that many people suffer from sleep problems.Some are unable to fall asleep，some wake up in the middle of the night，and others simply do not get enough sleep.One of the reasons why① people fail to get a good night’s sleep is pressure from school or work.Noise pollution and light pollution in big cities may also contribute to sleep problems.In the short term，people with sleep problems often feel tired and have trouble concentrating.In the long term，they may be at increased risk of having a poor memory，being overweight and suffering a heart attack.Sleep problems are especially dangerous for teenagers.They are still growing，and night is the time when② their bodies grow faster.Teenagers who do not sleep well may experience situations where③ body development slows down，and their health suffers. So，if you have trouble getting a good night’s sleep，it might be time to make some changes in your lifestyle. [规则感悟]　①先行词表示原因，关系词在从句中作状语，用关系副词why。 ②先行词表示时间，关系词在从句中作状语，用关系副词when。③先行词表示情况，关系词在从句中作状语，用关系副词where。 1．关系副词指代的先行词及其作用。 先行词 关系副词 在从句中的作用 与“介词＋关系代词”的关系 表示时间的名词：time，day，year等 when 作时间状语 ＝at/in/on/during which 表示场所的名词：park，place，country，house等 where 作地点状语 ＝in/at/to/on which 表示原因的名词：reason why 作原因状语 ＝for which We live in an age when(in which) more information is available with great ease than ever before.我们生活在一个比以前任何时候都容易获得更多信息的时代。 The school where(at which) I studied for only two years was three kilometres away.我只在那里上了两年学的那所学校离这里有3 000米远。 The reason why(for which) he didn’t pass the driving test was that he lacked practice. 他没有通过驾照考试的原因是他缺乏练习。 2．有时先行词是表示抽象地点的名词，像activity，business，career，case，job，point，position，race，stage，situation等，当从句中缺少状语时，用关系副词where。 They have reached the point where they have to separate from each other. 他们已经到了必须分手的地步。 3．先行词occasion意为“时机”时，用关系副词when；意为“场合”时，用关系副词where。 I can remember very few occasions when he had to cancel a meeting because of ill health. 我记得他很少有因为健康不佳而不得不取消会议的情况。 Taking her with me on official occasions where many important figures are present has been a challenge. 在很多大人物到场的正式场合带上她对我而言是一种挑战。 4．当先行词way意为“方法、方式”，且在从句中作状语时，关系词可用that，in which或省略关系词。 It’s not what you say；it’s the way(that/in which) you say it. 问题不在于你说什么，而在于你怎么说。 5．关系副词与关系代词的选择。 选用关系代词与关系副词时，首先应明确关系副词不可作主语或宾语。若定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，则定语从句需用关系代词引导；从句的谓语是及物动词，而其后无宾语，就必须用关系代词替代先行词充当其宾语；若为不及物动词，则从句中不需要宾语，需要用关系副词。 考点精讲（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 课前导入： As is universally known，high school life is an important turning point and high school campus is an important place in which① students study and live.Here there are many kind teachers to whom② we can turn for help when we are in trouble.My classmates and I decided to do something for the coming graduation.Having had a heated discussion，we agreed on making a video with which③ we could record our experiences at school. Material collecting took us a whole week，during which④ we interviewed our teachers and took pictures of every aspect of school life.Some compromises were unavoidable，but the video turned out perfect.That day on which⑤ the video was played，it was well received.The students and teachers shared a great time，which surely gave us a great sense of achievement. [规则感悟]　“介词＋关系词”可以引导定语从句，如果先行词是物，关系词用which，如：①③④⑤；如果先行词是人，关系词用whom，如：②。介词可以根据与先行词的关系进行选择，如：①③④⑤，也可以根据与从句中谓语动词的搭配进行选择，如：②。 1．若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。 He is the person on whom you can depend. 他是你可以信赖的人。 He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen his bag. 他就是被小偷从房间里偷走包的那个人。 Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore，three of which were English novels.上周日我从书店买了一些书，其中三本是英文小说。 2．“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定： (1)依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定 I bought a great many books，on which I spent all my money that I had saved. 我买了很多书，花光了所有的积蓄。 (2)依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定 I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country. 我永远不会忘记在乡下度过的童年时光。 (3)根据所表达的意思来确定 The colourless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen. 没有它我们就不能生存的无色气体叫氧气。 3．whose引导的非限制性定语从句修饰物时，“whose＋名词”可以换为“the＋名词＋of which”；修饰人时，可以换为“the＋名词＋of whom”。 The newly built cafe，the walls of which(＝whose walls) are painted light green，is really a peaceful place for us，especially after hard work. 这家新建成的咖啡馆，它的墙壁被刷成了浅绿色，对我们来说，这真是一个安静的地方，特别是在辛苦工作后。 特别提醒　定语从句与其他七种易混句型的区别 (一)定语从句与并列句的区别 两个句子之间若有and，but，so等并列连词或分号则为并列句，此时不需要再填引导词。 1．She has written many novels，some of __________ are interesting. 分析　which　[which引导定语从句，修饰先行词novels，“some of which”在从句中作主语。] 2．She has written many novels，and some of ________ are interesting. 分析　them　[此句为and连接的并列句。] (二)定语从句与独立主格结构的区别 定语从句有谓语动词，所以需要引导词，而独立主格结构不是句子，没有谓语动词，所以不需要再填引导词。 1．She has collected many old stamps，most of ________ are worth thousands of dollars. 分析　which　[which引导定语从句，修饰先行词stamps，“most of which”在从句中作主语，后边有谓语动词are。] 2．She has collected many old stamps，most of ________ worth thousands of dollars. 分析　them　[逗号后面没有谓语动词，是独立主格结构，不需要引导词，故填them。] (三)定语从句与地点状语从句的区别 定语从句有表示地点的先行词，而地点状语从句则没有；定语从句修饰的是先行词，而地点状语从句修饰的是谓语动词。 1．We young people should go to the place ________ is in need of help. 分析　which/that　[关系代词which/that引导定语从句，修饰先行词“the place”，且在从句中作主语。] 2．We young people should go ____________ we’re most needed. 分析　where　[where引导地点状语从句，修饰主句谓语动词go。] (四)定语从句与时间状语从句的区别 定语从句有表示时间的先行词，而时间状语从句则没有；定语从句修饰先行词，而时间状语从句修饰谓语动词。 1．I will always remember the days ____________ I lived with my grandparents in the countryside. 分析　when　[when引导定语从句，修饰先行词“the days”，且在从句中作状语。] 2．I always remember the days in the countryside __________ I see the photo of my grandparents. 分析　when　[when引导时间状语从句，修饰谓语动词remember。] (五)定语从句与结果状语从句的区别 在the same...as...与such...as...结构中，as引导定语从句并在从句中充当一定的成分；such/so...that...引导的结果状语从句中，that在从句中不作成分。 1．This is such an interesting work of art __________ all of us like. 分析　as　[as引导定语从句，as在从句中作like的宾语。] 2．This is such an interesting work of art __________ all of us like it. 分析　that　[such...that...引导结果状语从句。] (六)定语从句与主语从句的区别 定语从句是形容词性从句，其作用相当于一个形容词，在整个句子中作定语，用来修饰前面的名词或代词；而主语从句是名词性从句，其作用相当于一个名词，在整个句子中作主语。 1．____________ is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month. 分析　As　[as引导非限制性定语从句，修饰后面整句话的内容。] 2．____________ is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month. 分析　It　[it作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句。] 3．____________ is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month. 分析　What　[what在此引导主语从句，在从句中充当主语，而后面的that引导的则是表语从句。] (七)定语从句与强调句型的区别 强调句的结构为“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他部分”，It is/was和that/who在句中不作任何成分，也不起连接作用，去掉后，句子依然完整。但是定语从句的关系词既起连接作用还在从句中充当成分，去掉以后结构就不完整了。 1．It was on the morning of May 1st ____________ I met Liang Wei at the airport. 分析　that　[将句子改为： I met Liang Wei on the morning of May 1st at the airport.显然，这句话是完整的，故为强调句。] 2．It is the factory ____________ Mr Wang works. 分析　where　[此句是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知the factory前少介词in，故填where。] 高考模拟试题 一、单项选择 1．（2024·山东·三模）—Do you know ________ will direct the new movie? —Cohen, ________ short films won awards, was chosen to direct the movie. A．whom; whose B．who; whose C．whose; who D．whom; who 【答案】B 【详解】考查宾语从句，定语从句。句意：——你知道谁将导演这部新电影吗?——科恩的短片曾获奖，他被选为这部电影的导演。分析第一句中位于动词know之后，因此需要填入，所以需要填入宾语从句的引导词，此处 指的是“导演电影”，所以是指人，且在从句中作主语，所以用who。第二空为定语从句的关系词，且在从句中作定语，所以用whose。故选B。 2．（2024·天津南开·二模）The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere _________ his employees enjoy their work. A．where B．which C．when D．that 【答案】A 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：公司老板正在努力营造一种轻松的氛围，让他的员工在其中享受工作。根据句意及主句谓语动词is和空后谓语动词enjoy可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词atmosphere“氛围”，先行词表地点或环境，空处表工作的环境或氛围，在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where来引导定语从句。故选A。 3．（2024·天津河西·三模）After getting back to her hometown after graduation, Jenny finds it is no longer the village ______ it used to be. A．that B．where C．what D．how 【答案】A 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：毕业回到家乡后，珍妮发现它不再是以前的那个村庄了。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导限制性定语从句，village是先行词，从句中缺少表语，因此使用关系代词that引导定语从句，故选A项。 4．（2024·天津滨海新·三模）True equality and excellent education are timeless issues ______ we should strive for and gain further insights into. A．where B．why C．when D．which 【答案】D 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：真正的平等和卓越的教育是我们应该努力追求并进一步深入了解的时代课题。分析句子结构可知，空处引导限定性定语从句，修饰先行词issues。先行词指物，在定语从句中作宾语，所以用关系代词which引导该从句。故选D。 5．（2024·陕西西安·三模）The president stood by a window inside the room, ______, looking over the square. A．where I entered B．into which I entered C．which I entered D．that I entered 【答案】C 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我走进去时，总统站在房间的一扇窗旁，俯瞰着广场。分析句子可知，空处是非限制性定语从句，先行词是room，关系词在从句中作宾语，应用关系代词which引导，动词enter是及物动词，后接宾语时无需加介词into，故选C。 6．（2022·山东·二模）Every student likes the woman teacher ______ temper is very gentle. A．whose B．who C．that D．whom 【答案】A 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：每个学生都喜欢那个脾气很温和的女老师。分析句子结构可知，空处需用关系词引导定语从句，先行词是teacher，指人，关系词在定语从句中作定语，表示所属关系，意为“……的”，所以空处需用whose引导定语从句。故选A。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 2 Understanding each other (选择性必修第四册) Unit2 核心词汇 1.________ adj.温柔的；温和的；柔和的 2._________ n.电子邮件；邮政；邮件 3.___________ adj.坦诚的；简单的 4.___________ n.争执；摩擦；摩擦力 5.___________ vt.使更清晰易懂，阐明 6._________ n.语气，腔调；风格，特色 7._________ vt.& vi.获得；增进，增长； （从……中）受益n.好处，利益 8._________ adv.准确地，恰好地；细心地；正是，确实 9.________ n.果酱；拥挤，堵塞 10.__________ adv.有点，有几分，稍微 11.___________ n.学前班；幼儿园 12.___________ vt.吟诵；列举 13.___________ n.口音，腔调；重音；着重点，强调vt.着重，强调，突出 14.___________ n.高尔夫球运动 15.___________ adj.纯净的；完全的 16.___________ n.滑板 17.___________ n.食堂，餐厅 18.___________ n.栅栏，篱笆 阅读词汇 1.encode vt.____________________________ 2.decode vt.______________________________ 3.feedback n._______________________________ 4.enterprise n._______________________________ 5.empathy n.___________________________ 6.taboo n.________________________ 7.cite vt._________________________ 8.bacon n.___________________________ 9.tank n._________________________________ 10.integrate vt.& vi._____________________________ 11.bilingual adj.___________________________________ 12.intervention n.________________ 13.tribe n.__________________ 14.Germanic adj._________________________ 15.linguist n.________________________________ 短语 1.__________________ 处于某人的境地，设身处地 2.___________________ 是……的说明（或原因）；（数量上、比例上）占 3.___________________ 　　赞成，赞同 4.____________________ 　　拓展视野，开阔眼界 5.____________________ 　　担任，充当 6._____________________ 　吸引某人的注意 7.____________________ 　　面对面 8.____________________　　参考；指的是；提到 9._____________________　　　与……谈判 10.____________________　　依靠，依赖 11._____________________　　对……有见识 12.______________________　　慎重考虑 13.______________________ 　　对……感到困惑 14.___________________ 　　过时的 15._________________ 　　例如 16.____________________ 　　以……为基础 17.______________________ 　注意到 句型 1.句型公式：状语从句的省略 教材原句：When spoken by a stranger， they can function as a means of attracting your attention. 1.此外，如果与沟通困难的人搭档，学生可能会感到不舒服。 Besides， students may feel uncomfortable _______________ who have difficulty in communication. 2.句型公式：动词-ing短语作结果状语 教材原句：Good communication skills will also help you build trust and gain respect， allowing relationships to become more positive and productive. 2.毕业后，这个项目在中国各地的艺术画廊展出，使他闻名全国。 After graduation， this project was exhibited in art galleries all over China， _________________________________________________________. 3.句型公式：no sooner ...than ...一……就…… 教材原句：No sooner had I begun to understand how British people communicate than it was time to head back home. 3.我们一进入植物园就被各种各样的植物所吸引。 _____________________________________ we were attracted by the various plants. 4.句型公式：that 引导表语从句 教材原句：What is special is that it is a Chinese poem and that she is able to recite it without an accent. 4.然而，在我看来，对学生最有利的是他们阅读英语书籍以增加词汇量。 However， from my point of view， what benefits students most is _____________________________________________________. 语法 定语从句 知识点01 重点词汇、短语 1．react vi.(对……)作出反应；有不良反应，过敏；起化学反应　reaction n．反应，回应；抗拒；化学反应　 　　 (1)react to sth. 对……作出反应 react on/upon 对……起作用，对……有影响，对……起反应 react with 与……起化学反应 react against 反抗，反对 react to the suggestion 对这个建议作出反应 react to emergency quickly 对紧急情况快速作出反应 (2)a chemical/nuclear reaction 化学/核反应 reaction to the event 对这个事件的反应 in reaction to 作为对……的反应 a reaction to 对……的反应 ◎单句语法填空 ①The football player reacted ________ the judge's decision by withdrawing from the match. ②If I find anyone who looks like the suspect, my immediate ________ (react) will be to tell the police. ③Hearing how others react ________ the book you have just read creates an added pleasure. ④There's been a drop in ticket sales in reaction ________ the review. ⑤The public reaction ________ the news should be paid attention ________. 2.gentle adj.温柔的；温和的；柔和的　比较gentler，最高级gentlest；gently adv.温柔地，温和地　　　　 (1)be gentle with 对……温柔 gentle manners 文雅的举止 a quiet and gentle man 一位温文尔雅的男士 a gentle voice/laugh/touch 温柔的声音/笑声/触摸 gentle smile/nature/music 温柔的微笑/温和的性情/柔和的音乐 a gentle breeze 和风 a little gentle exercise 少量温和的运动 a gentle wave 柔和的波浪 (2)say gently 温柔地说 kiss sb.gently on the cheek 温柔地亲吻某人的脸颊 ◎单句语法填空 ①He is the ________ (gentle) man I have ever known. ②As the small boat moved ________ (gentle) along the river he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water. ③One night, when I was eight, my mother ________ (gentle) asked me a question I would never forget. ④She is gentle ________ animals. 3.feedback n．反馈的意见(或信息) give feedback on 对……进行反馈 provide feedback 提供反馈意见 get/welcome feedback 得到/欢迎提供反馈信息 negative/positive feedback 消极/积极反馈 the feedback on 关于……的反馈 ◎单句语法填空 ①The teacher will give you feedback ________ the test. ②Your feedback ________ the product does the trick. 4.competent adj.足以胜任的，有能力的，称职的　competence n．能力；胜任；本领 be competent in 胜任…… be competent to do sth. 有能力做某事 a competent lawyer 称职的律师 a competent pilot 合格的飞行员 a competent teacher 称职的教师 gain competence in (doing) sth.获得(做)……的能力 ◎单句语法填空 ①For these years, we have considered him ________ a competent lawyer. ②He's very competent ________ his work. ③Make sure the firm is competent ________ (carry) out the work. ④He went to the college to continue his study, hoping to gain ________ (competent) in computer programming. ⑤No one doubts his competence ________ an interpreter. 5.suit vt.满足需要；相配，合身　n．套装，西装，西服　　 (1)suit one's needs 满足某人的需要 suit one's taste 适合某人的口味 suit everyone 适合每个人 suit sth.to sth. 使某物适合某物 be suited for/to... 适宜，适合(to是介词) suit sb.(fine) (很)合某人的意；对某人来说(很)合适 (2)a grey lightweight suit 轻薄灰色套装 a business suit 商务套装 a diving/protective/ski suit 潜水衣/防护服/滑雪服 (3)be suitable for... 适合…… be suitable to do sth. 适合做某事 suitable to use 适合用 ◎单句语法填空 ①The restaurant became popular for its wide range of foods that ________ (suit) all tastes and pockets. ②Employers usually decide within five minutes whether someone is suitable ________ the job. ③The four-day hike begins slowly but quickly changes into a difficult journey ________ (suit) for those in excellent shape. ④In conclusion, it's not suitable ________ (include) English words in Chinese dictionary. 6．fold vt.折叠，对折；包，裹　n．褶，褶层，折叠部分　unfold vt.展开；显露 (1) (2) (3)bend vi.　　　　　　　　弯曲(近义词) ◎单句语法填空 ①[全国Ⅰ卷阅读]These pieces can ________ (fold) into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt. ◎完成句子 ②[全国Ⅱ卷阅读]这款名为Transition的交通工具有两个座位、四个轮子和一对折叠翅膀，这样它就可以像汽车一样驾驶。 The vehicle—named the Transition—has two seats, four wheels and wings that ________ so it can be driven like a car. 7．knowledgeable adj.博学的，有见识的 be knowledgeable about 对……很在行 (a) knowledge of... 某一方面的知识；知道…… have a knowledge of 了解…… a general knowledge of 对……初步的了解 a sound knowledge of 对……透彻的了解 to one's knowledge 据某人所知 without one's knowledge 在某人不知道的情况下 acquire/gain knowledge 获得知识 enlarge/widen/broaden one's knowledge 扩充某人的知识 knowledge and approval 了解和认可 ◎单句语法填空 ①These messages can be difficult to interpret, even by ________ (knowledge) people. ②________ knowledge of astronomy is essential to understanding the Earth. ③How could one effectively be an unbiased writer with only a knowledge ________ the popular opinion of society？ 8.sympathy n．同情；赞同　sympathetic adj.同情的；赞同的 (1)have/feel/show sympathy for sb. 对某人怀着/感到/表示同情 get sympathy from sb. 得到某人的同情 out of sympathy 出于同情 express sympathy for 对……表示同情 in sympathy with sb./sth. 支持某人/某事 have no sympathy for 对……没有同情 (2)be sympathetic to/towards sb. 对某人表示同情 ◎单句语法填空 ①He feels great sympathy ________ the little boy whose parents were both killed in an accident. ②I did him a favour out of ________ (sympathetic)． ③I was in sympathy ________ your suggestion. ④She was very ________ (sympathy) to the problems of adult students. 9.preference n．偏爱；偏爱的事物　prefer vt.更喜欢 (1)develop a preference for 养成对……的偏爱 have a preference for 对……偏爱 give preference to... 优先考虑…… in preference to 而不是 (2)prefer to do/doing... 更喜欢做…… prefer A to B (to是介词，其后接名词、代词或动词作宾语) 喜欢A胜过喜欢B prefer doing...to doing... 宁愿做……而不愿做…… ＝prefer to do...rather than do... ＝would rather do...than do... ＝would do...rather than do... (3)prefer sb. to do sth. 宁愿某人做某事 ◎单句语法填空 ①The professor preferred giving lectures to students to ________ (invite) to attend meetings. ②Rather than drive all the way every day, he prefers ________ (cycle) to his office. ③My mother would rather go to work than ________ (stay) at home. ④People develop a ________ (prefer) for a particular style of learning at an early age and the ________ (prefer) affects learning. 10．embarrassed adj.窘迫的，尴尬的；拮据的 (1)be/feel embarrassed at/about 因……而感到尴尬/窘迫 be embarrassed to do sth. 尴尬/窘迫地做某事 become embarrassed 变得尴尬 an embarrassed silence 尴尬的沉默 (2)an embarrassing question/situation/mistake 令人难堪的问题/处境/错误 (much) to one's embarrassment 使某人(非常)尴尬的是 embarrass oneself 出丑 ◎单句语法填空 ①I was totally ________ (embarrass), for I mistook a stranger for my new neighbour. ②It is ________ (embarrass) that he can't put forward a specific method to handle the tough problem. ③Much to his ________ (embarrass)，he ran out of money when it was his turn to pay the bill. ④He was very embarrassed ________ (hear) people speak so highly of him. 11．intention n．意图，计划intend　vt.打算，计划，想要 (1)have no intention of doing... 无意做…… have every intention of doing... 一心做…… with an/the intention of 抱有……的目的；打算…… (2)intend to do sth./doing sth.＝be intended to do sth. 打算做某事 intend sb. to do sth. 打算让某人做某事 be intended for 专供……使用；专为……而设计 had intended to do 本打算做(而实际未做) (3)intend＋that从句 打算…… ◎单句语法填空 ①Behind the simple style，however，is a serious message ________ (intend) for everyone. ②I didn't intend her ________ (see) the painting until it was finished. ③I ________ (intend) to come, but was prevented by the bad weather. ④He left England with the ________ (intend) of travelling in Africa. ⑤This money is intended ________ the development of the tourist industry. ⑥The advertisements are intended ________ (improve) the company's image. 12.tolerate vt.容许，允许；忍受，容忍；能经受tolerant adj.宽容的；容忍的；能耐……的　tolerance n．容忍；宽容；忍耐力 (1)be tolerant of 对……容忍或宽容 (2)have no tolerance for 无法容忍 tolerance to cold 耐寒力 zero tolerance 零容忍 [易混比较] can't tolerate sb./sth.不能忍受某人/某物 can't tolerate the air pollution不能忍受空气污染 can't stand (sb.) doing sth.(动名词前可带逻辑主语) 不能忍受(某人)做某事 can't stand being called a liar 不能忍受被称为撒谎者 ◎单句语法填空 ①Instead of blaming the child who had broken the vase, she gave him a ________ (tolerate) smile and let him go. ②Our school won't tolerate ________ (cheat) in exams. If caught, you will get severely punished. ③I can't stand ________ (work) with Jane, because she is constantly speaking. ④________ (tolerate) just means that you should respect the differences in others and not try to make them change. 13．cooperate vi.合作，协作；协助，配合　cooperation n．合作，协作 (1)cooperate with 与……合作 agree to cooperate with 同意和……合作 cooperate to do sth. 协同做某事 (2)in cooperation with 与……合作 with the cooperation of 在……的合作下 economic cooperation 经济合作 international cooperation 国际合作 technical cooperation 技术合作 trade cooperation 贸易合作 cooperation partners 合作伙伴 promote cooperation 促进合作 ◎单句语法填空 ①Mr.White had promised to cooperate ________ us but he cried off at the last minute. ②The success of our plan depends on your ________ (cooperate). 14.cite vt.提及，列举；引用，引述 cite sth.as an instance 举某物为例 cite sth.as proof of... 引……以证明…… cite sb.for sth. 因某事而嘉奖某人 cite...from sb. 引用某人的某作品 ◎单句语法填空 ①The astronomy data was cited ________ the reliable sources released by NASA. ②The essays ________ (cite) from the journal are of theoretical, practical, creative and comprehensive features. 15．pure adj.纯净的；完全的　purely adv.完全；仅仅　purify vt.使纯净　purity n．纯洁；纯净　　　　 (1)pure air 纯净的空气 pure gold/silk 纯金/真丝 pure water 纯净水 pure and simple (用于名词后表示强调) 纯粹；全然 pure love 纯真的爱情 (2)purely accidental 纯属意外；纯属偶然 (3)spiritual purity 心灵纯洁 ◎单句语法填空 ①It was ________ (pure) a question, no blame or anger in my tone. ②Putting green plants in the house will ________ (pure) the air inside. ③White is commonly associated with ________ (pure) and perfection. 16.pessimistic adj.悲观的；悲观主义的　pessimism n．悲观　optimistic adj.乐观的　optimism n．乐观　　　　 (1)be pessimistic about 对……悲观 far too pessimistic 过于悲观 a pessimistic view of life 对人生的悲观看法 in a pessimistic mood 以悲观的情绪 have a pessimistic attitude to/towards... 对……持悲观态度 (2)There's no reason to be pessimistic.没有理由悲观。 (3)universal pessimism about the economy 对经济形势普遍的悲观看法 ◎单句语法填空 ①There is no reason to be pessimistic ________ the future, because we are young enough to do everything. ②They appeared surprisingly pessimistic ________ their chances of winning. ③________ (pessimistic), I think there is no good result in climate negotiation. 17．tendency n．趋势，趋向；倾向，偏好　tend v．趋向；往往会；照顾；护理　　　　　　 (1)have a tendency to do sth. 倾向于做某事 a tendency to/towards... ……的倾向/趋势 a development tendency 一种发展趋势 have a natural tendency towards/to caution 天生小心谨慎 (2)tend to do sth. 易于做某事，往往会发生某事 tend to make mistakes 容易犯错 well-tended gardens 精心照料的花园 a shepherd tending his sheep 照看羊的牧人 tend on customers warmly 热情招待顾客 (3)There is a tendency (for sb./sth.) to do sth. (某人/某物)有做某事的趋势。 ◎单句语法填空 ①People tend ________ (think) that the problem will have no effect on them. ②Mum was always busy ________ (tend) to my baby sister during the night. ③There is no doubt that the earth has a tendency ________ (become) warmer and warmer. ④Prices continue to show an upward ________ (tend)． ⑤There is a tendency for your production ________ (expand). 18.sincerely adv.真诚地，诚实地　sincere adj.真诚的；诚挚的；真实的　　　　 (1)be sincerely thankful for your help 由衷地感谢你的帮助 yours sincerely/sincerely yours (用于以某人名字开头的正式信件的末尾)谨上，敬上，谨启 (2) accept our sincere thanks 接受我们诚挚的谢意 a sincere attempt to resolve the problem 解决这一问题的认真尝试 ◎单句语法填空 ①My parents and I ________ (sincere) expect you to come and have dinner with us. ②It is the friendliest and ________ (sincere) form of communication, and is sure to be understood in any part of the world. ③________ (sincere) yours, Robbie Weinz. ④The author didn't think Juan was ________ (sincerely)． 19．account for sth. 是……的说明(或原因)；(数量上、比例上)占；解释，说明 The bad weather may have accounted for the delay.天气不好可能是这次延误的原因。 She couldn't account for her spying on me. 她无法解释监视我的原因。 Students account for the majority of our customers. 我们的顾客大多数是学生。　　　　 on account of 因为 on no account 决不(位于句首时，句子用部分倒装语序) on this account 由于这个缘故 take...into account/take account of 考虑到，顾及 give a/an(full/detailed) account of (详细)描述……；(详细)解释(理由) give an account of a moving story 讲述一个感人的故事 the accounts department 会计部门 ◎单句语法填空 ①It is parents' absence from family that accounts ________ the children's unhappiness. ②It is said that body language accounts ________ 55 percent of a first impression while what you say just 7 percent. ③I opened ________ account after I made $1,000 by doing a part-time job during the summer vacation. ④The policeman gave an account ________ the traffic accident. ⑤We should take account ________ the requests of our customers. 20．apart from 除……之外(还) apart from (1) 除了…… (2) 除……外(还) [易混比较] apart from/except (for/that)　除了……(不包括) apart from/besides/in addition to 除了……(还)(包括) A is dark apart from/except C．(√) B is white apart from/besides/in addition to C．(√) ◎完成句子 除了良好的服务以外，这家餐馆还提供不同种类的传统山东菜。 ①________________ good service, the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Shandong dishes. 除了李华外，还有8名学生要参加这周五举行的运动会。 ②________________ Li Hua, eight other students are going to take part in the sports meeting to be held this Friday. 除了民间音乐，他还会演奏流行音乐。 ③__________________ folk music, he can perform pop music. 21．in terms of 根据，依照；就……而言，在……方面 describe/measure/evaluate sth./sb.in terms of sth. 根据……描述/衡量/评价某物/某人 be on good/bad terms (with sb.) (与某人)关系好/不好 in the long/short term (注意term是单数形式)从长期/短期来看 in cultural/economic/financial terms 从文化/经济/财政角度来看 on one's own terms 按照自己的意愿 come to terms with 与……达成协议 in one's terms 从某人的角度来说 ◎完成句子 ①人们普遍认为应该从综合素质的角度来评价学生。 It is widely acknowledged that students should be evaluated _________________ overall quality. ②这么多年来我们和邻居的关系一直很好。 We have been ________________________ our neighbors for all these years. ③从长期来看，他们所做的事情对环境是有利的。 What they have done is good for the environment ________________________. 22．get straight to the point 直奔主题，开门见山 (1)at one point　　　一度；在某处；在某一时刻 at that point of history 在历史上的那一刻 in point of ability 就才能而言 in point of fact 实际上；其实 to the point 简明恰当的；简洁中肯的 on the point of 正要……的时候 (2)be on the point of doing...when... 正要做……这时…… ◎单句语法填空 ①Now, Let's get straight ________ the point. Let me know about you. ②Her comments were brief and ________ the point. ③She was ________ the point of going out when the telephone rang. ◎完成句子 我一度以为她要拒绝，但最后她同意了。 ④________________________ I thought she was going to refuse, but finally she agreed. 23．broaden one's mind 拓展视野，开阔眼界 have a mind of one's own 有自己的想法，有主见 keep...in mind 记住，将……记在心中 change one's mind 改变某人的主意 ease one's mind 宽慰某人 make up one's mind (to do sth.) 下定决心(做某事) fix one's mind on/upon... 把注意力集中在…… read one's mind 看出某人的心思 put/set/turn one's mind to... 集中精力于…… flash through one's mind 闪过某人的脑海 take a load off one's mind 使某人如释重负 ◎单句语法填空 ①Few would disagree that travel ________ (broad) our minds. ②The sculptor has a mind of ________ (he) own in all his works. ③Williams' two books helped Benjamin to make up his mind ________ (be) a painter. ④And you should also keep in mind ________ comparing notes with your classmates frequently is a good way to improve your study. 24．refer to 提到，谈到；参考，查阅；涉及，关于 In fact, tradition also refers to the things that have been developing and that are still being created... 事实上，传统也指那些一直在发展和仍在被创造的事物…… (1)refer to sb./sth.　　　　　提到/谈到某人/某事 refer to sth. 查阅/参考…… refer...to... 把……提交给……； 把……指引到…… refer to...as... 将……称为…… (2)make no reference to 没有提及 in/with reference to 关于 [易混比较]参考，查阅 refer to a dictionary　　　　　查词典 look up the word in the dictionary 在词典中查单词 ◎单句语法填空 ①He referred ________ your illness. ②I often refer ________ the dictionary. ③She cooked the dinner by ________ (refer) to a cookbook. ④He referred me ________ the receptionist. ⑤The dispute (争议) was referred ________ the United Nations. 知识点02 重点句型 1．no sooner had sb. done...than... 某人—做完某事就…… [教材原句]No sooner had I begun to understand how British people communicate than it was time to head back home.我刚开始了解英国人的沟通方式就到要回家的时候了。 [句式分析](1)scarcely, no sooner 等位于句首时，主句用部分倒装结构，从句不用倒装。 No sooner had she said it than she burst into tears.她刚一说完，泪水便夺眶而出。 (2)表示“一……就……”的常见表达： the moment/minute/instant/second(名词用作连词)＋句子 immediately/directly(副词用作连词)＋句子 hardly/scarcely...when... on/upon doing... [基础练习]单句语法填空 ①Upon ________ (graduate), she was assigned to the position of the manager. ②On ________ (arrive) home I discovered they had gone. ③No sooner had the film star arrived at the airport ________ he attracted people's attention. ④There was a letter waiting for him ________ his return. ⑤I remembered her name ________ (immediate) she'd gone. ⑥Hardly had she seated herself ________ she heard someone knocking at the door. ⑦She was frightened ________ the sight of a snake. 2．whether...or not 引导让步状语从句 [教材原句]More importantly, whether you approve of the speaker's words or not, you need to be honest in your response.更重要的是，无论你是否赞同说话人的话，你都需要诚实地回答。 [句式分析](1)whether除了用于“whether...or...”结构外，还可用于“whether...or not”“whether or not...”结构，这三个结构既可引导让步状语从句，也可引导名词性从句。 Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 不管你是否相信，它都是真的。 (2)whether...or...“不管……还是……，无论……还是……”，在句中引导让步状语从句，表示在从句所提供的两种选择之下，主句所表示的结果都一样。作“是……还是……”讲时，引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句，用于提供两种选择。 Whether they consider this opinion or ignore it is not clear.(＝It is not clear whether they consider this opinion or ignore it.)他们是考虑这个意见还是忽视它还不清楚。(主语从句) [基础练习]指出下面whether or not所引导的从句是什么从句 ①Whether you go or not, I will go to participate in the activity.____________ ②It remains to be seen whether or not the phenomenon is normal.____________ ③The question is whether you can interact with the audience joyfully or not.____________ ④Multiple genes behaved differently, depending on whether someone had eaten or not before walking.____________ 3.This is because...这是因为…… [教材原句]This is because the word that corresponds to “umbrella” in Chinese sounds like another Chinese word which means “to separate”．这是因为汉语中与“伞”对应的字听起来像另一个字，意思是“分开”。 [易错比较](1)It/This/That is because...这/那是因为……(because引导表语从句，后接原因) (2)The reason (why...) is that...(……的)原因是…… (3)That is why...那就是为什么……(why引导表语从句，后接结果) [教师点津]引导表语从句：①连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever；②连接副词where，when，how，why。 [基础练习]单句语法填空 ①I'm all wet under the rain. This is ________ I forgot to bring an umbrella with me this afternoon. ②The reason ________ I write this letter to you is ________ I have a problem in respect of the writing style. ③I thought, this is ________ I've travelled thousands of miles. 4.what引导的主语从句＋is＋that引导的表语从句 [教材原句]What is special is that it is a Chinese poem and that she is able to recite it without an accent.特别的是，这是一首中国诗，她可以不带口音地背诵。 [句式分析](1)what...is that...是主系表结构，what引导主语从句，that引导表语从句。what引导主语从句时有一定的意义，起连接作用，并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等成分；that引导表语从句时，只起连接作用，不作句子成分，也无实际意义。 What made my mother upset was that my younger brother was ill.(what引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语) 让我妈妈难过的事情是我弟弟生病了。 (2)What I want to stress is that...我想强调的是…… What impressed me most is that...给我印象最深的是…… What disappointed/pleased me most is that...最令我失望的/高兴的是…… What is known to us is that...众所周知的是…… [基础练习]单句语法填空 ①What is important is ________ you point out his mistake. ②________ astonishes me is that the Japanese often eat raw fish. ③What is reported ________ that he has won the highest award in the competition. ④________ impresses me most is that through hard work, he overcame the temporary difficulties alone. 一．语法精讲——定语从句 定语从句（讲义） 考点精讲（一）关系代词引导的定语从句 课前导入： A real friend is someone who① walks in when the rest of the world walk out.A real friend is someone whose② support we can count on.A real friend is someone who① sees our true self，not just the face who/whom/that③ we show to the world.Yet these days，the modern tools that keep us connected are eating away at the meaning of friendship.We may be able to make many friends online，but these friendships can be quite shallow.Social media like blogs has come between us and the friends who/whom/that③ we love.Texting and messaging cannot take the place of face-to-face chatting.“Sharing” our experiences on social media is not enough to express the values which/that④ matter most to us.“Liking” our friends’ photos online does not develop the connection which/that④ we share.To make friends a real part of our lives，we should put down our smartphones and meet them in person. [规则感悟]　①关系词指人作主语，可以用who，that引导。若先行词为someone，anyone，one等时，关系词只能用who。②关系词作定语，用whose引导，既可以指人也可以指物。③关系词指人作宾语，可以用who，whom，that引导。④关系词指物作主语或宾语，可以用which，that引导。 1．who，whom和whose引导的定语从句。 (1)who和whom都指人。who在定语从句中作主语、宾语；whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。 (2)whose指人的或物的，在定语从句中作定语，指物时可用of which代替，指人时可用of whom代替。 Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields. 有些成功的语言学习者，在其他领域常常会失败。 I have many friends (who/whom) I’m going to send postcards to. 我有很多朋友，我打算寄明信片给他们。 My eldest son，whose work takes him all over the world，is in New York at the moment. 我的大儿子目前在纽约，他的工作使他在全世界到处跑。 2．that和which引导的定语从句 that代替的先行词可以是人也可以是物，但是which代替的先行词只能是物。使用这两个关系词要注意以下两点： (1)6种只用that引导定语从句的情况。 ①先行词是all，everything，anything，nothing，something，little，much，none，few，the one等不定代词时。 ②先行词被all，any，few，every，no，little，much，some等修饰时。 ③先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级时。 ④先行词被the only，the very (正是，恰是), the last修饰时。 ⑤先行词既有人又有物时。 ⑥当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。 (2)4种只用which引导定语从句的情况。 ①引导非限制性定语从句时。 ②先行词为物，关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时。 ③先行词本身是that时。 ④关系代词后有插入语时。 3．as引导的定语从句 as引导限制性定语从句主要用于the same...as...，such...as...和so...as...结构中。 as既可以指人也可以指物，在从句中可作主语、宾语和表语。 We have found the same materials as are used in their factory.我们已经找到了和他们工厂里使用的一样的材料。 These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected. 这些房子以人们期望的低价出售了。 4．引导非限制性定语从句时as与which的区别 关系词 位置不同 表意不同 as 既可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，有时还可插入主句中 意为“正如……”，后面的谓语动词多用see，know，expect，say，mention，report等 which 通常放在主句之后 意为“这一点”或“这件事”等 As anybody can see，the elephant is like a snake. 正如每个人所看到的一样，这头大象像一条蛇。 The number of smokers，as is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. 正如报道的那样，吸烟者的数量仅在一年内就已经减少了百分之十七。 She married again，which was unexpected. 她再婚了，这是始料未及的。 5．定语从句中的主谓一致 (1)关系代词作从句的主语时，从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致；先行词是句子时，从句的谓语动词用单数。 The recorder that has been given to me is homemade.给我的那台录音机是国产的。 (2)“one of＋复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词，且关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词常用复数，但当one前有the、the only、the very等修饰时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。 He is one of the students who have made great progress.他是取得很大进步的学生之一。 He is the only one of the students who has made great progress. 他是这些学生中唯一一个取得很大进步的学生。 典例分析 1．A true friend is a person ________ reaches for your hand and touches your heart. A．who B．whom C．which D．whose 2．The woman astronaut ________ gave us a lesson on space is Liu Yang. A．which B．whose C．who D．whom 3．Lots of Chinese young people ___________ were born after 1995 use door-to-door cooking to save time. A．that B．those C．which D．/ 4．If we study hard with big dreams, there is nothing ________ can’t be achieved. A．who B．that C．whom 5．— Tom, what kind of stories do you prefer? — The ones ________ have a happy ending. A．that B．who C．those D．whom 只使用 which，不能用that的情况 　（1）在非限制性定语从句中。如： 　　I will take this one, which was exactly what we wanted. 我想买这个，它确实是我想要的。 　 (2) 定语从句由介词+关系代词引导，先行词是物时。如： 　　The thing about which he is talking is of great importance. 他在谈论的那个事是很重要的。 　 　(3) which 还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this相似。如： 　 He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy. 他在比赛中成功了，这使他父母很高兴。 典例分析 1．We stopped for something of great use, ________ we shouldn’t be lost in. A．who B．that C．which D．what 2．Do you know the city, Kunming, __________ is the capital city of Yunan? A．where B．which C．who D．whose 3．He seems not to have grasped ________ I meant, ________ greatly upsets me. A．what; who B．that; that C．what; which D．how; which 4．Beijing, __________ is the capital of China, is a city with a long history. A．that B．where C．when D．which 5．He was very rude to the customs officer, ________ of course made things even worse. A．who B．whom C．what D．which 只能用that,不用which 的情况 　(1) 先行词是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代词时。如： All that he said is true. 所有他说的都是真的。 　(2) 如果先行词被形容词最高级以及 first, last, any, few, much, no, some, only, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which。如： This is the only book that the old woman is interested in. 这是仅有的一本老妇人感兴趣的书。 (3) 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。如： It was the second house that I bought.这是我买的第二个房子。 (4) 先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。如： 如：This is the best book (that) I have read this year. 这是我今年读过的最好的书。 　(5) 先行词既包括人又包括物时。如： He talked about the people and the things that he remembered. 他谈论他记起得的人和事。 典例分析 1．I like the farm ________ I visited last week. A．where B．that C．who D．whom 2．When I have difficulty in learning English, my teacher Miss Chen always gives me some advice ________ can be useful. A．that B．what C．who D．whose 3．The earth is the planet ________ provides us with everything we need, fresh air, clean water and so on. It’s our duty to protect it. A．whose B．who C．what D．that 4．—Mom is waiting. Can we set off now? —Just a minute. I can’t find the shoes ________ I bought last week. A．that B．who C．what D．who 5．The app “MAYI” encourages people to give away the clothes ________ they don’t need to the poor. A．what B．whom C．who D．that 定语从句中的主谓一致易错情况 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语动词在人称和数方面应该与先行词保持一致。其中，“one of+复数名词” 作先行词时，谓语动词用复数形式。”the one of/the only one of+复数名词”时，谓语动词用单数形式。 如：He is the man who / that lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那个男人。 He is one of the students in his class who have been to Germany.他是班上去过德国的学生之一。 典例分析 1．In my opinion, of all the books, this is the only one ______ is well worth reading. A．who B．that C．whom D．what 2．The girl ________ is reading under the tree ________ my sister. A．which; is B．whom; was C．who; is D．who; was 3．Hemingway（海明威）is the only one of the most famous writers with many wonderful works ________ born in America. A．that were B．who was C．who were 4．Mr. Lang is a great Chinese pianist ________ become popular with many people around the world. A．who have B．who has C．whom has D．that have 5．He is one of my friends who ________ working hard. A．is B．was C．are D．were 考点精讲（二）关系副词引导的定语从句 课堂导入： A recent survey has found that many people suffer from sleep problems.Some are unable to fall asleep，some wake up in the middle of the night，and others simply do not get enough sleep.One of the reasons why① people fail to get a good night’s sleep is pressure from school or work.Noise pollution and light pollution in big cities may also contribute to sleep problems.In the short term，people with sleep problems often feel tired and have trouble concentrating.In the long term，they may be at increased risk of having a poor memory，being overweight and suffering a heart attack.Sleep problems are especially dangerous for teenagers.They are still growing，and night is the time when② their bodies grow faster.Teenagers who do not sleep well may experience situations where③ body development slows down，and their health suffers. So，if you have trouble getting a good night’s sleep，it might be time to make some changes in your lifestyle. [规则感悟]　①先行词表示原因，关系词在从句中作状语，用关系副词why。 ②先行词表示时间，关系词在从句中作状语，用关系副词when。③先行词表示情况，关系词在从句中作状语，用关系副词where。 1．关系副词指代的先行词及其作用。 先行词 关系副词 在从句中的作用 与“介词＋关系代词”的关系 表示时间的名词：time，day，year等 when 作时间状语 ＝at/in/on/during which 表示场所的名词：park，place，country，house等 where 作地点状语 ＝in/at/to/on which 表示原因的名词：reason why 作原因状语 ＝for which We live in an age when(in which) more information is available with great ease than ever before.我们生活在一个比以前任何时候都容易获得更多信息的时代。 The school where(at which) I studied for only two years was three kilometres away.我只在那里上了两年学的那所学校离这里有3 000米远。 The reason why(for which) he didn’t pass the driving test was that he lacked practice. 他没有通过驾照考试的原因是他缺乏练习。 2．有时先行词是表示抽象地点的名词，像activity，business，career，case，job，point，position，race，stage，situation等，当从句中缺少状语时，用关系副词where。 They have reached the point where they have to separate from each other. 他们已经到了必须分手的地步。 3．先行词occasion意为“时机”时，用关系副词when；意为“场合”时，用关系副词where。 I can remember very few occasions when he had to cancel a meeting because of ill health. 我记得他很少有因为健康不佳而不得不取消会议的情况。 Taking her with me on official occasions where many important figures are present has been a challenge. 在很多大人物到场的正式场合带上她对我而言是一种挑战。 4．当先行词way意为“方法、方式”，且在从句中作状语时，关系词可用that，in which或省略关系词。 It’s not what you say；it’s the way(that/in which) you say it. 问题不在于你说什么，而在于你怎么说。 5．关系副词与关系代词的选择。 选用关系代词与关系副词时，首先应明确关系副词不可作主语或宾语。若定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，则定语从句需用关系代词引导；从句的谓语是及物动词，而其后无宾语，就必须用关系代词替代先行词充当其宾语；若为不及物动词，则从句中不需要宾语，需要用关系副词。 考点精讲（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 课前导入： As is universally known，high school life is an important turning point and high school campus is an important place in which① students study and live.Here there are many kind teachers to whom② we can turn for help when we are in trouble.My classmates and I decided to do something for the coming graduation.Having had a heated discussion，we agreed on making a video with which③ we could record our experiences at school. Material collecting took us a whole week，during which④ we interviewed our teachers and took pictures of every aspect of school life.Some compromises were unavoidable，but the video turned out perfect.That day on which⑤ the video was played，it was well received.The students and teachers shared a great time，which surely gave us a great sense of achievement. [规则感悟]　“介词＋关系词”可以引导定语从句，如果先行词是物，关系词用which，如：①③④⑤；如果先行词是人，关系词用whom，如：②。介词可以根据与先行词的关系进行选择，如：①③④⑤，也可以根据与从句中谓语动词的搭配进行选择，如：②。 1．若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。 He is the person on whom you can depend. 他是你可以信赖的人。 He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen his bag. 他就是被小偷从房间里偷走包的那个人。 Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore，three of which were English novels.上周日我从书店买了一些书，其中三本是英文小说。 2．“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定： (1)依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定 I bought a great many books，on which I spent all my money that I had saved. 我买了很多书，花光了所有的积蓄。 (2)依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定 I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country. 我永远不会忘记在乡下度过的童年时光。 (3)根据所表达的意思来确定 The colourless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen. 没有它我们就不能生存的无色气体叫氧气。 3．whose引导的非限制性定语从句修饰物时，“whose＋名词”可以换为“the＋名词＋of which”；修饰人时，可以换为“the＋名词＋of whom”。 The newly built cafe，the walls of which(＝whose walls) are painted light green，is really a peaceful place for us，especially after hard work. 这家新建成的咖啡馆，它的墙壁被刷成了浅绿色，对我们来说，这真是一个安静的地方，特别是在辛苦工作后。 特别提醒　定语从句与其他七种易混句型的区别 (一)定语从句与并列句的区别 两个句子之间若有and，but，so等并列连词或分号则为并列句，此时不需要再填引导词。 1．She has written many novels，some of __________ are interesting. 分析　which　[which引导定语从句，修饰先行词novels，“some of which”在从句中作主语。] 2．She has written many novels，and some of ________ are interesting. 分析　them　[此句为and连接的并列句。] (二)定语从句与独立主格结构的区别 定语从句有谓语动词，所以需要引导词，而独立主格结构不是句子，没有谓语动词，所以不需要再填引导词。 1．She has collected many old stamps，most of ________ are worth thousands of dollars. 分析　which　[which引导定语从句，修饰先行词stamps，“most of which”在从句中作主语，后边有谓语动词are。] 2．She has collected many old stamps，most of ________ worth thousands of dollars. 分析　them　[逗号后面没有谓语动词，是独立主格结构，不需要引导词，故填them。] (三)定语从句与地点状语从句的区别 定语从句有表示地点的先行词，而地点状语从句则没有；定语从句修饰的是先行词，而地点状语从句修饰的是谓语动词。 1．We young people should go to the place ________ is in need of help. 分析　which/that　[关系代词which/that引导定语从句，修饰先行词“the place”，且在从句中作主语。] 2．We young people should go ____________ we’re most needed. 分析　where　[where引导地点状语从句，修饰主句谓语动词go。] (四)定语从句与时间状语从句的区别 定语从句有表示时间的先行词，而时间状语从句则没有；定语从句修饰先行词，而时间状语从句修饰谓语动词。 1．I will always remember the days ____________ I lived with my grandparents in the countryside. 分析　when　[when引导定语从句，修饰先行词“the days”，且在从句中作状语。] 2．I always remember the days in the countryside __________ I see the photo of my grandparents. 分析　when　[when引导时间状语从句，修饰谓语动词remember。] (五)定语从句与结果状语从句的区别 在the same...as...与such...as...结构中，as引导定语从句并在从句中充当一定的成分；such/so...that...引导的结果状语从句中，that在从句中不作成分。 1．This is such an interesting work of art __________ all of us like. 分析　as　[as引导定语从句，as在从句中作like的宾语。] 2．This is such an interesting work of art __________ all of us like it. 分析　that　[such...that...引导结果状语从句。] (六)定语从句与主语从句的区别 定语从句是形容词性从句，其作用相当于一个形容词，在整个句子中作定语，用来修饰前面的名词或代词；而主语从句是名词性从句，其作用相当于一个名词，在整个句子中作主语。 1．____________ is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month. 分析　As　[as引导非限制性定语从句，修饰后面整句话的内容。] 2．____________ is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month. 分析　It　[it作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句。] 3．____________ is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month. 分析　What　[what在此引导主语从句，在从句中充当主语，而后面的that引导的则是表语从句。] (七)定语从句与强调句型的区别 强调句的结构为“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他部分”，It is/was和that/who在句中不作任何成分，也不起连接作用，去掉后，句子依然完整。但是定语从句的关系词既起连接作用还在从句中充当成分，去掉以后结构就不完整了。 1．It was on the morning of May 1st ____________ I met Liang Wei at the airport. 分析　that　[将句子改为： I met Liang Wei on the morning of May 1st at the airport.显然，这句话是完整的，故为强调句。] 2．It is the factory ____________ Mr Wang works. 分析　where　[此句是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知the factory前少介词in，故填where。] 高考模拟试题 一、单项选择 1．（2024·山东·三模）—Do you know ________ will direct the new movie? —Cohen, ________ short films won awards, was chosen to direct the movie. A．whom; whose B．who; whose C．whose; who D．whom; who 2．（2024·天津南开·二模）The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere _________ his employees enjoy their work. A．where B．which C．when D．that 3．（2024·天津河西·三模）After getting back to her hometown after graduation, Jenny finds it is no longer the village ______ it used to be. A．that B．where C．what D．how 4．（2024·天津滨海新·三模）True equality and excellent education are timeless issues ______ we should strive for and gain further insights into. A．where B．why C．when D．which 5．（2024·陕西西安·三模）The president stood by a window inside the room, ______, looking over the square. A．where I entered B．into which I entered C．which I entered D．that I entered 6．（2022·山东·二模）Every student likes the woman teacher ______ temper is very gentle. A．whose B．who C．that D．whom 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$