Unit9 Human Biology【速记清单】-2024-2025学年高二英语单元速记•巧练（北师大版选择性必修三）

Unit 9 Human Biology Unit9 话题 文学与艺术 词汇 一词多义/熟词生义： abuse; opposed; trial 动词： calculate; innovate; contain; locate; estimate; differ 形容词/副词： accurate; bound; mere; rare; widespread; depressing; visible; actual; corresponding; artificially officially 名词： biology; capability; participant; barrier; comparison; treatment; emotion; blessing; variation; outbreak; globe; suspect 短语 be devoted to; take care of; get through; take place; in comparison with; depend on; up to; lead to; leave out 句型 1. Either...or... 2. the+序数词+名词+to do（作定语） 3. while引导让步状语从句 4. the way 后跟省略that/in which的定语从句 5. with复合结构 6. 现在分词（短语）作结果状语 7. 介词despite后跟名词（短语）作状语 语法 完成时态 写作 1. 穿校服的好处 2. 沙滩清理运动 考点1. participant　n.参加者，参与者 [佳句]Last spring, I was lucky enough to be chosen to participate in a cultural exchange program.　去年春天，我非常幸运地被选去参加了一个文化交流的项目。 【拓展】 (1)participate vi.　　　　　 　　 参加，参与 participate in(＝take part in) 参加，参与 (2)participation n. 参与，参加 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/一句多译(汲取榜样力量) (1)(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ) (participate) set out at 9 am from the gate of the school. (2)In addition to doing schoolwork and studying, American students must also participate _____various after­school activities. 虽然身有残疾，但他经常参加社区组织的一些社会活动。 (3)Though disabled, he often in the community. (4)Though disabled, he often in the community.(应用文写作之人物介绍) [联想发散] 表示“参加”的短语还有join in、compete in等。 考点2. comparison　n.比较 [佳句]Children are compared to young trees because they are still growing and can still be shaped.　人们把儿童比作小树，因为他们都还在成长，还能被塑造。 【拓展】 (1)in/by comparison with　　 与……相比 by comparison 相比而言 (2)compare v．& n. 比较；对比 compare...with... 把……和……相比较 compare...to... 把……比作……；把……和……相比 compared to/with... 与……相比(通常作状语) beyond/without compare 无与伦比，举世无双 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/一句多译 (1)(2022·北京卷)People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing others. (2)In many countries, shaking one's head means “no”， and nodding means “yes”. By ________________(compare), in Bulgaria and southern Albania, the gestures have the opposite meaning. 与前一项任务相比，这似乎是一个小挑战。 (3) the previous task, this one seems a small challenge. (4) the previous task, this one seems a small challenge. 考点3. devote...to　把……用于；献身于；致力于；专心于 [佳句]He devoted all his spare time to helping his students with their English. 他把所有的空闲时间都用来帮助他的学生学习英语。 【拓展】 (1)devote vt.　　　　 　 把……献(给)；把……专用于；专心于 devote oneself to 致力于；献身于 (2)devoted adj. 挚爱的；忠诚的 be devoted to 专心于；致力于 (3)devotion n. 热爱；奉献 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/一句多译 (1)A great person is someone who devotes his life to (help) others. (2)You will never gain success unless you are fully (devote) to your work. 他全身心地投入研究，没有时间与家人共度周末。 (3) he has no time to spend a weekend with his family.(形容词短语作状语) (4) he has no time to spend a weekend with his family.(现在分词短语作状语) [联想发散] 表示“专注于，致力于”的短语还有be absorbed in、 be lost in、 be buried in、 be occupied in、 focus on、 concentrate on等。 考点4. treatment　n.诊疗，治疗，疗法；对待方式 [佳句]It was summer, and my dad wanted to treat me to a vacation like never before. 那是在夏天，我爸爸想请我去度过一次前所未有的假期。 【拓展】 (1)under medical treatment 正在接受医学治疗 (2)treat vt.& vi. 治疗；对待；款待 treat sb.as... 把某人看作…… treat sb.to... 用……招待某人，以……款待某人 treat sb.with... 以……方式对待某人 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/完成句子 (1)Later，he worked in Africa，where many people suffered from blindness for lack of proper ______________(treat). (2)Always respect the old, and treat them kindness. (3)(2021·新高考全国卷Ⅰ满分作文)现在我把英文报《青年》作为我忠诚的朋友。 At the moment I ．(应用文写作之投稿) [联想发散] 表示“把……当……看待”的短语还有regard...as...、consider...as...、think of...as...等。 考点5. bound　adj.很有可能，肯定会　v．跳跃着跑 [佳句]If you keep on working hard like this, chances are bound to favour you. 如果你继续像这样努力工作的话，机会一定会垂青你的。(应用文写作之建议信) 【拓展】 be bound to do...　　 肯定会做……；有责任或义务做…… be bound for... 准备前往…… 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/完成句子 (1)On a bitterly cold day, the crew went aboard a massive ship bound Atlantic Ocean. (2)Now that you have done so much work, you are bound (win) the speech contest. (3)小杰克拿着一封信，蹦蹦跳跳进了房间。 Little Jack came ．(读后续写之动作描写) 考点6. abuse　vt.滥用，妄用；虐待　n.滥用；虐待；辱骂 [佳句]It's our duty to provide help for the abused children. 向被虐待的儿童提供帮助是我们的职责。 【拓展】 child abuse　　　　　　　　　　 虐待儿童 alcohol/drug abuse 酗酒/滥用药品 abuse of (one's) power/position 滥用职权 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/完成句子 (1)What she did was an abuse her position as manager. (2)I'm worried that many children are still (abuse). (3)官员们总是被提醒不要滥用职权。 The officials are always reminded not to ． (4)父母不能虐待自己的孩子。 Parents are not allowed to ．(应用文写作之倡议书) 考点7. contain　vt.包含，容纳，装盛；含有；抑制 [佳句]Finally, various delicious foods were provided to us, containing a symbol of our culture, such as Yuanxiao and Huntun. 最后，各种美味的食物提供给我们，包含了我们的文化象征，如元宵和馄饨。 【拓展】 (1)contain oneself　　　 克制自己 (2)container n. 容器；集装箱；货柜 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/完成句子 (1)The newly­built stadium is large enough (contain) 100 thousand audience. (2)He was so excited that he could hardly contain (he). (3)There are 60 students in our class， (contain) 35 boys and 25 girls. (4)他父亲再也无法控制自己的愤怒，怒气冲冲地冲出房间，砰地关上了门。 his father stormed out of the room, slamming the door furiously behind him. (形容词短语作状语) (读后续写之动作描写) 考点8. variation　n.变化物，变体；差异，变动 [佳句]Every day my grandfather eats a plate of cold ham without variation. 我的祖父每天吃一盘冷火腿，没有变化。 【拓展】 (1)vary vi.& vt.　　　　　　 变化；变更 vary with 随着……变化 (2)variety n. 多种式样 a variety of＝varieties of 各种各样的 (3)various adj. 各种各样的；多种(类型)的 various of 各种各样的 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/词汇/句式升级 (1)We've been collecting data from (vary) sources. (2)(2021·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing (vary) of wildlife. (3)As in China, the climate in Canada varies the area. (4)It is a new bicycle shop.It has all kinds of styles, such as children bicycles, field bicycles, racing bicycles and so on. →It is a new bicycle shop, such as children bicycles, field bicycles, racing bicycles and so on. (定语从句) 考点9. classify　vt.将……分类；把……归入一类 [佳句]Due to the growing popularity of environmentally­related and adventure travel, various types of trips are now being classified as ecotourism. 由于与环境相关的冒险旅行越来越流行，各种类型的旅行现在被归类为生态旅游。(2021·全国乙卷) 【拓展】 (1)classify...into...　　　 把……分成…… classify...as... 把……归类为…… (2)classified adj. 分类的 be classified by... 按……分类 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/完成句子 (1)Research findings have shown that about 20 percent of people can be classified “night owls”． (2)The children were classified different groups according to how much they know. (3)The students in the school were classified the subject they chose. (4)当你去图书馆的时候，你会发现图书馆里的书是按科目分类的。 When you go to the library, you will find the books in the library ． 考点10. opposed　adj.与某事物相反；反对某事物，不赞成某事物；反对的；对立的 [佳句]Hence, many educators are strongly opposed to protecting children too much in our daily routine. 因此，许多教育工作者强烈反对在日常生活中过多地保护儿童。 【拓展】 (1)be opposed to (doing) sth.　 反对(做)某事 (2)oppose vt.　　　　　 反对；抵制；阻挠 oppose (doing) sth. 反对(做)某事 oppose sb./sb.'s doing sth. 反对某人做某事 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/句式升级 (1)However，many students and parents oppose (separate) students into science and art. (2)Because all of my friends were opposed to my plan，I couldn't resist sobbing, hiding my face in my hands. → I couldn't resist sobbing, hiding my face in my hands.(with复合结构) → I couldn't resist sobbing, hiding my face in my hands.(独立主格结构)(读后续写之动作描写) [联想发散] 表示“反对、不赞成”的短语还有disagree with、be against、object to、hold a negative attitude towards。 考点11. estimate　vt.& n．估计，估算 [佳句]The university estimates that living expenses for international students are around $8，450 a year. 这所大学估算国际生一年的生活费用约为8 450 美元。 【拓展】 estimate sth. at...　　　 估价为…… estimate that... 估计…… It is estimated that...＝Sb./Sth. is estimated to do... 据估计…… 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/完成句子 (1)They estimated the cost to repair $800. (2)The old tree is estimated (be) at least 700 years old. (3)据估计，英语中80%的会话都是闲谈。 80% of all conversation in English is small talk. 考点12. bury　vt.埋葬，安葬；埋藏；掩埋；隐藏 [佳句]She buried her face in her hands and wept when she heard the bad news. 当她听到那个坏消息时，她掩面而泣。(读后续写之动作描写) 【拓展】 bury...in...　　　　　　　 把……埋到……里 bury one's face in one's hands 双手掩面 埋头于；专心于，沉浸于 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/一句多译 (1)Though (bury) in books these days, I have still joined several student clubs in order to improve myself. (2)He sank into a chair, (bury) his face in his hands. (3)Since she left, he has buried (he) in his work. 玛丽埋头于她的毕业论文，没有时间做兼职工作。 (4) Mary has no time to do a part­time job. (5) Mary has no time to do a part­time job. (6) Mary has no time to do a part­time job. [联想发散] 表示“专心于；致力于”的短语还有be devoted to、devote oneself to、be absorbed in、concentrate on、focus on、fix one's attention on、occupy oneself in doing/with、be occupied with。 考点13. corresponding　adj.相应的；对应的 [佳句]What she has just said isn't in correspondence with the views of the majority. 她刚才所说的同大多数人所持的观点不一致。 【拓展】 (1)correspondence n． 往来书信；通信联系；相关，相似 in correspondence with... 和……一致；与……有通信联系 (2)correspond v. 符合，相一致；相当于；通信 correspond to 相当于；相一致 correspond with 与……通信；与……相一致 (3)correspondent n. 通讯员；记者 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/同义替换(倡导和谐人际关系) (1)He has got both (correspond) education and talents and is by all means equal to this job. (2)Have you been corresponding him since you graduated from the university? (3)She is still corresponding with American friends she met nine years ago. →She is still American friends she met nine years ago. [联想发散] correspond无论作何意义讲，均是不及物动词。若表示“与……一致或相称”，其后可接介词to或with；若表示“与……相当或相等”，其后只接介词to，不接with；若表示“与……通信”，其后只接with，不接to。 考点14. differ　vi.不同，不一样；有异意 [佳句]He encourages us to express our opinions even if they are totally different from his own. 他鼓励我们表达自己的看法，即使完全不同于他的观点。(2020·全国卷Ⅰ满分作文) (应用文写作之人物介绍) 【拓展】 (1)differ from...in... 与……在……方面不同 (2)difference n. 不同；差异 make a difference to... 对……有作用或影响 make some/no/little difference (to...) (对……)有一些/没有/几乎没有作用或影响 tell the difference (between...and...) 辨别/区分(……与……) (3)different adj. 不同的 be different from...　 与……不同 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/完成句子(倡导和谐人际关系) (1)(2022·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Human speech contains more than 2，000 (differ) sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. (2)Though we completely differ each other character, we are still great friends. (3)Given these cultural (different), it comes as no surprise that Canada has been celebrating Multiculturalism Day since 2002. (4)有时仅仅一点善举也很有意义，让世界变得更加美丽和谐。 Sometimes making the world more beautiful and harmonious.(读后续写之主旨升华) 考点15. result from　由……引起/导致 [佳句]Not only did the festival make us know more about diverse cultures, but it also resulted in mutual understanding and friendship. 这个节日不仅使我们更多地了解不同的文化，而且促进了彼此的理解和友谊。(2022·浙江卷1月满分作文) 【拓展】 (1)result in　　　　　　 导致；造成 (2)as a result 结果 as a result of... 由于…… without result 没有结果；白费 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/完成句子(倡导和谐人际关系) (1)(2022·浙江卷1月读后续写)As result, he was right and we have become friends. (2)As far as I'm concerned, his failure in the competition resulted his casual attitude. (3)由于缺乏社交而产生的误解，如果处理不当，可能会导致严重的问题。 Misunderstandings if not handled properly, may ．(现在分词短语作定语) [联想发散] (1)result in的主语是“起因”，宾语是“结果”； (2)result from的主语是“结果”，宾语是“起因”； (3)表示“导致”的词语还有cause、lead to、contribute to等。 考点16. figure out　想出；理解，弄明白/清楚 [佳句]The terrible figure disappeared into the forest, after which Tom ran all the way home, his heart wildly beating.(读后续写之动作描写) 那个可怕的身影消失在森林后，汤姆的心狂跳不止，一路跑回了家。 【拓展】 figure n.　　　　　　 人物；数字；身材；轮廓；身影 vt. 认为；认定 keep one's figure 保持体形 have a good figure 身材好 a political figure 一位政治人物 【应用内化】 写出下列句中加黑部分的含义/完成句子(倡导健康生活) (1)(2022·新高考全国卷Ⅰ读后续写)Seeing his figure disappearing into thick evergreen forest, I felt relieved. (2)(2020·全国卷Ⅱ满分作文)All of us students figure that the fruit­picking activity is a great success. (3)(2022·浙江卷1月)Many people go crazy trying to figure out how to spend time with friends, family, work, play, etc. (4)只有通过均衡的饮食和规律的锻炼，你才能既保持体形又保持健康。 Only by means of balanced diets and regular exercise and stay healthy. (应用文写作之建议信) [联想发散] 表达“理解、明白”的还有understand、make sense of、have a better understanding of等。 考点17. suspect　n.(犯罪)嫌疑人，可疑分子　v.怀疑，不信任 [佳句]Pictures of the suspect were published in all the daily papers. 嫌疑人的照片刊登在各家日报上了。 【拓展】 (1)question a suspect　　 审问嫌疑人 a suspect package 可疑包裹 (2)suspect sb. of (doing) sth. 怀疑某人(做了)某事 suspect sb. to be... 怀疑/猜想某人是…… suspect that... 怀疑，猜想…… suspect sb. of a theft 怀疑某人有偷窃嫌疑 【应用内化】 语段填空/句型转换 (1)(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)While on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when ________________(suspect) of drug dealing. (2)Judging from his nervous expression, the police suspected him (be) a pickpocket. (3)Lisa's mother suspected that she had played the computer when she was away. →Lisa's mother ． 考点18. rare　adj.稀有的，罕见的，不常发生的；珍贵的；难得的 【拓展】 (1)It is rare (for sb.) to do sth. (某人)很少做某事。 (2)rarely adv. 稀少地；极少地 (置于句首时，后面的句子要用部分倒装) 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/完成句子 (1)It is rare (find) a person willing to totally abandon the comforts of life simply to help others. (2)He looks unhealthy because he (rare) takes exercise. (3)她是个热心肠的人。她很少拒绝帮助别人。 She is a warmhearted person. Rarely ．(应用文写作之人物介绍) 考点19. actual　adj.实际的，真实的 【拓展】 事实上，实际上 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/一句多译 (1)(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Shanghai may be the recognized home of the soup dumplings, but food historians will (actual) point you to the neighboring ancient canal town of Nanxiang as xiao long bao's birthplace. (2)事实上，他太粗心了，不适合照顾孩子。 ① he is so careless that he is not suitable for looking after children. ② he is so careless that he is not suitable for looking after children. ③ he is so careless that he is not suitable for looking after children. 考点20.“either...or...”意为“或者(要么)……或者(要么)……” (教材P52)Cloning is the process of making an exact copy of a plant or animal and developing it either naturally or artificially. 克隆是通过自然或人为的方式，对植物或动物进行精确复制、培育的过程。 [佳句]Not you but the scientist is to attend the ceremony to be held in our school. 不是你而是这个科学家将出席我校举行的典礼。 【拓展】 (1)either ... or...可连接并列的主语、宾语、谓语、表语等。连接并列主语时，谓语的数与靠近它的主语一致，即遵循“就近原则”； (2)遵循“就近原则”的其他并列连词： neither...nor...　 既不……也不…… not...but ... 不是……而是…… not only...but (also) ... 不但……而且…… 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/完成句子 (1)Either the students or he (be) to perform the experiment that is due tomorrow. (2)(2021·浙江卷6月)Although Mary loved flowers, neither she her husband was known as a gardener. (3)我的父母和我都讲一口流利的英语，这使我们能与外宾顺利交流。 making us communicate with foreign guests smoothly.(应用文写作之申请信) 考点21. the＋序数词＋名词＋to do(作定语) (教材P52)They were the first­ever primates (the order of mammals which include apes, monkeys, and humans) to have been cloned! 它们是有史以来首次被克隆的灵长目动物(哺乳动物的一个类别，包括猿、猴子和人类)! [佳句]The plum trees are the first to flower even as the snow is melting. 尽管雪还在融化，梅树就最先开花了。(2020·全国卷Ⅱ) 【拓展】 to have been cloned为动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰the first­ever primates。 常用动词不定式作后置定语的情况： (1)位于序数词、形容词最高级后或名词被序数词、形容词最高级或only、 last、 next等词修饰时； (2)一些名词后常用不定式作定语，常见的名词有time、 way、 reason、 chance、 right、 courage等； (3)当被修饰的词为something、nothing、anything等不定代词时，常用不定式作后置定语。 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/完成句子 (1)For a student, studying is the first thing (consider) while appearance is the second. (2)The ability (express) an idea is as important as the idea itself. (3)(2020·浙江卷7月)公元前10 000年后的一段时间，人们第一次真正试图控制他们所生活的世界。 Some time after 10，000 BC, people_________________________________________________ they lived in. 考点22. while引导让步状语从句 (教材P53)While some people believe it is crucial for scientific advancement, others raise moral concerns. 尽管有些人认为这对于科学的进步至关重要，但也有人提出了道德方面的担忧。 [佳句]While online shopping has changed our life, not all of its effects have been positive. 尽管网上购物已经改变了我们的生活，但它的影响并不都是积极正面的。 【拓展】 while引导让步状语从句时，意为“虽然、尽管”，可用although/though替换。 需要注意的是，while引导的让步状语从句通常位于主句之前，而although/though引导的让步状语从句可位于主句之前或之后。 (1)while意为“虽然、尽管”时，引导让步状语从句(从句常置于句首)； (2)while意为“然而、而”时，作并列连词用，表示对比或转折； (3)while意为“当……的时候”时，引导时间状语从句。 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/句型转换 (1)(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)While (enjoy) being close to nature, we began to help pick peaches covering every tree. (2)Tom is very good at science, his brother is good at art. (3) the sun's rays can age and harm our skin, they also give us beneficial VitaminD． (4)Traveling can broaden your mind, but it's not a good idea to spend too much time and money on it. → it's not a good idea to spend too much time and money on it.(while) 考点23. as引导定语从句 (教材P53)As Einstein said, “Science is a powerful instrument.”　正如爱因斯坦所言：“科学是一种强有力的工具。” [佳句]As a proverb goes, where there is a will, there is a way. Our efforts will pay off in time.　俗话说，有志者，事竟成。我们的努力终有回报。 【拓展】 as在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。 (1)as引导非限制性定语从句时，有“正如”之意，常放于主句之前； (2)as引导限制性定语从句时，先行词常被the same、such、as、so等修饰； (3)which引导非限制性定语从句，意为“这一点”，不可位于句首。 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/完成句子 (1)(2023·全国甲卷)Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow.” (2)Most importantly, we have developed a deep friendship through these activities, has doubled my joy! (3)众所周知，一个小小的善举可能足以起很大作用。 a small act of kindness may be powerful enough to make a difference.(读后续写之主旨升华) 考点24. the way后跟省略that/in which的定语从句 (教材P109)They can be caused by several different factors, such as a virus being carried into an area, or changes in the way people live, like more people living in an area, which increases the chances of them coming into contact with a virus or bacteria. 它们可能由不同因素引起，例如病毒被带入某个地区，或者由于人们生活方式的改变，比如说某一地区居住的人群增多，从而增加了接触病毒或细菌的几率。 [佳句]This film provides foreign audience with a fresh way of better knowing/to better know China's past and present. 这部电影为外国观众提供了一种更好地了解中国过去和现在的新方式。(2020·江苏卷满分作文) 【拓展】 (1)the way后面的定语从句不缺主语和宾语时，关系词用that或in which，也可省略关系词；当the/a way后面的定语从句缺少主语或宾语时，关系词用that或which，关系词在从句中作宾语时可省略； (2)当way后接of doing sth.或to do sth.时，所接成分也作定语修饰way。 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/完成句子(倡导健康生活) (1)(2022·浙江卷1月读后续写)Before leaving the lab, he checked the data in a way __________impressed me deeply. (2)We must come up with a way is environment­friendly enough to solve the problem. (3)健康的饮食和有规律的锻炼可能是你变得健康的唯一方法。 Healthy eating along with regular exercise is probably the only way ．(应用文写作之建议信) 考点25. with复合结构 (教材P30)With recent press reports drawing parallels between bird flu and killer epidemics of the past, Jim Smith looks at the sometimes depressing history of epidemics for clues about how we can create a more positive future without epidemics. 最近有新闻报道将禽流感和过去致命的流行病作对比，吉姆·史密斯在回顾屡屡令人感到沮丧的流行病史中寻找线索，从而创造一个远离流行病的更加美好的未来。 [佳句]With many unexpected problems arising, he was like a cat on hot bricks. 由于出现了许多意想不到的问题，他急得像一只热锅上的蚂蚁。 【拓展】 本句使用了with复合结构：“with＋宾语＋现在分词”。with复合结构在句中作状语，可表示原因、条件、伴随等。此结构还可作后置定语。with复合结构的构成： 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/句式升级 (1)(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)With over 2，500 bikes (store) in our five rental shops at strategic locations, we make sure there is always a bike available for you. (2)With so much homework (do), he won't have time to go shopping. (3)With so much work (fill) his mind, he couldn't sleep well. (4)The man was brought in with his hands (tie) behind his back.(读后续写之动作描写) (5)I have an important class meeting to attend, so I can't accompany you to the bookstore. → I can't accompany you to the bookstore.(with复合结构) 考点26. as引导时间状语从句 (教材P31)Many people fear it could be the next global epidemic, especially as scientists who have gone into detail studying tissue samples from the bodies of people who died of the 1918 Spanish Flu have proved that bird flu is a modern adaptation of that virus. 科学家们仔细研究了1918年西班牙流感死亡者尸体的组织样本，证明禽流感是该病毒的现代变异版本，许多人担心它可能会引起下一场全球流行病。 [佳句]As she grew older, she gained confidence. 随着年龄的增长，她获得了信心。 【拓展】 本句中as是连词，意为“当……的时候”，引导时间状语从句。as引导从句有以下用法： (1)意为“当……的时候，随着”，引导时间状语从句； (2)意为“由于，因为”，引导原因状语从句； (3)意为“正如，依照”，引导方式状语从句； (4)意为“尽管，虽然”，引导让步状语从句。 【应用内化】 写出下列句中as的含义/一句多译 (1)As China develops, Chinese is becoming more and more important. (2)He was watching her as she got ready. (3)Young as he is, he knows a lot. (4)As he is ill, he can't attend the meeting. 随着长大，她变得更漂亮了。 (5) she becomes more beautiful. (6) she becomes more beautiful. 考点27. 现在分词(短语)作结果状语 (教材P36)Scientists now estimate that up to 50% of the area's population died from the epidemic, making it one of the main causes of the fall of the Roman Empire.　现今科学家估计，发病区域多达50%的人口死于这一流行病，这使它成为罗马帝国衰落的主要原因之一。 [佳句]The polar bear approached us, making us freeze with terror and too scared to move an inch.(读后续写之心理描写) 北极熊向我们逼近，把我们吓呆了，一动也不敢动。(2020·浙江卷7月读后续写) 【拓展】 (1)现在分词(短语)作结果状语常表示意料、情理之中的结果，这种分词的逻辑主语可以是句子的主语也可以是整个主句； (2)不定式(短语)作结果状语常用于only to do结构中，表示出乎意料的结果，意为“不料……/结果却……”。 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/完成句子 (1)The child slipped and fell, (hit) his head against the door. (2)I jumped into the house with joy, only (find) the house empty. (3)他每天回来得很晚，这使他的妻子很生气。 He comes home late every evening, ． 考点28. “Sb./Sth.be believed to do...”＝“It is believed that...”意为“人们认为/相信……” (教材P36)Having killed up to 50 million people in 18 months, the Spanish Flu is believed to have been the most severe epidemic in history. 西班牙流感在18个月内造成5 000万人死亡，被认为是历史上最严重的流行病。 [佳句]It is hoped that ordinary people can live a rich and happy life. 人们希望普通人能过上富足和幸福的生活。 【拓展】 本句中主句是“Sb./Sth.be believed to do...”句型， 该句型可改写成“It is believed that...”或“People believe that...”意为“人们认为/相信……”。在上述句型中，不定式可用一般式(to do)、进行式(to be doing)和完成式(to have done)。 有类似用法的句式： It is said that...　　　　 据说…… It is hoped that... 人们希望…… It is reported that... 据报道…… It is suggested that...　　　 有人建议…… It is thought that... 人们认为…… It is known that... 众所周知…… 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/句型转换 (1)The number of English learners is said (increase) throughout the world every day. (2)The student is thought (break) the rules by cheating in the exam. (3)The flood in the south of China in the summer of that year is believed (be) the biggest in 100 years.(应用文写作之自然灾害) (4)It is said that he is the most brilliant painter the world has ever had. → the most brilliant painter the world has ever had. (5)It is believed that land animals have developed from sea animals. → from sea animals. 考点29. 介词despite后跟名词(短语)作状语 (教材P40)Despite these controversies, the great astronomer was officially buried again on 22 May, 2010 in Frombork. 尽管存在这些争议，这位伟大的天文学家于2010年5月22日再次被正式安葬在弗洛姆博克。 [佳句]In spite of/Despite many invitations, he would always decline to visit Oxford. 尽管多次受到邀请，他还是拒绝去牛津。 【拓展】 本句中despite是介词，相当于in spite of，意为“尽管、虽然”。 (1)in spite of和despite后跟名词； (2)although、 though、 as为连词，引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管”。 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/一句多译 (1) spite of all the problems, several of the players produced excellent performances. (2)It is unbelievable that Mr. Lucas leads a simple life his great wealth. (3) he is known to only a few people here, his reputation abroad is very great. (4)尽管天气不好，飞机还是起飞了。 ① the plane took off.(状语从句) ②The plane took off ．(介词短语) (5)尽管交通拥挤，他还是设法准时来了。 ① he managed to come on time.(介词短语) ② he managed to come on time.(状语从句) ③ he managed to come on time.(倒装) 一．语法精讲——完成时态 观察句子 I am Li Fan, Chairman of the Students' Union. I am writing to draw your attention to some improper behaviour on our campus: littering and scribbling. It ①has been making our school dirty and unpleasant. It is clearly not appropriate for a student to litter and scribble about. Last week, the Students' Union held a meeting to seek some solutions to these problems. After the meeting，the headmaster said that the school ②had made efforts to improve this situation and more dustbins would be placed around. Recently, the Students' Union ③has set up specific rules against such behaviour. At the same time, all of us should develop good habits and better behave ourselves. We believe that with the joint efforts, our school will become a more enjoyable place in the near future. 我的领悟 1．现在完成时强调动作的完成，如加黑处 ；其结构为 。 2．现在完成进行时的构成： 。现在完成进行时表示动作开始于过去，并一直持续到现在，动作可能仍在进行，也可能刚刚结束。如加黑处 。 3．过去完成时用于主从复合句，主从句动作都发生在 ，且有先后关系，如加黑处 。 语法知识精讲 完成时表示一个完成的动作，用来表示现在、过去或者未来某个时间点已经或者将会完成的动作。完成时包括现在完成时、现在完成进行时、过去完成时和过去完成进行时四种时态。 一、现在完成时 1．现在完成时的构成为have/has＋done，表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束。现在完成时常与up to now、so far、already、yet、now、recently、in the past few years、just等时间状语连用。 2．在条件、时间或让步状语从句中，表示将来某时之前已完成的动作。 3．下列情况下常用现在完成时： ①It is/has been＋一段时间＋since从句 ②This/That/It is the first/second/...time that＋现在完成时 ③It/This is the best/worst/most interesting/...＋名词＋从句(现在完成时) *In the past few years，great changes have taken place in my hometown. 在过去的几年里，我的家乡发生了巨大变化。 *When you have learned English，you will find it a bridge to so much knowledge. 当你学习英语之后，你会发现它是通往丰富知识的桥梁。 *It is/has been twenty years since I saw her. 我已经二十年没见她了。 *This is the first time that we have seen a film in the cinema as a family. 这是我们全家第一次在电影院看电影。 *This is the most interesting novel he has ever written. 这是他写的最有趣的一部小说。 [对点练习1]——单句语法填空 (1)The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945，and their power ______________(increase) enormously ever since. (2)—Oh no! We're too late. The train (leave). —That's OK.We'll catch the next train to London. (3)I (read) half of the English novel, and I'll try to finish it at the weekend. (4)—Look! Somebody (clean) the sofa. —Well, it wasn't me. I didn't do it. (5)—Do you regret not having gone abroad? —Not at all. I (not earn) as much, but I'm glad to contribute to our motherland. 二、现在完成进行时 1．现在完成进行时的构成为have/has＋been＋doing，表示过去的动作持续到现在并有可能延续下去，常和for、since引导的时间状语连用。 2．表示重复性动作。 3．表示某种感情色彩。 *The manager has been telling the workers how to improve the program since 9 am. 从上午9点开始，经理就一直在告诉工人如何改善这一方案。 *Too much has been happening today. 今天真是一个多事的日子。 [联想发散] 现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别： (1)现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复，而现在完成时表示动作发生过。 *Someone has phoned you. 有人给你打电话了。 *Someone has been phoning you. 有人一直在给你打电话。 (2)现在完成进行时强调动作，而现在完成时则强调结果。 *He has been cleaning the street. 他一直在打扫这条街。 *He has cleaned the street. 他已经打扫这条街了。 [对点练习2]——单句语法填空 (1)In order to find the missing child, villagers (do) all they can over the past five hours. (2)—Where is Peter？I can't find him anywhere. —He went to the library after breakfast and (write) his essay there ever since. (3)Marty (work) really hard on his book and he thinks he'll have finished it by Friday. 三、过去完成时 1．过去完成时的构成为had＋done，表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语(before、after、by、up till)，过去完成时不孤立使用。 2．动词hope、expect、think、intend、mean、want、suppose、plan用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算或意图。 3．在“hardly(scarcely)...when...、no sooner...than...”句型结构中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，意为“一……就……”。 4．by、by the end of、by the time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句时，主句用过去完成时。 5．表示“第几次做某事”时，主句用一般过去时，从句用过去完成时。 *Tom and I became friends in 2020，although we had met several years before. 我和汤姆在2020年成为朋友，尽管在几年前我们就见过面。 *I had intended to call on you，but I had an unexpected visitor. 我本来打算去看你，但是我有一位不速之客。 *Hardly had the speaker finished his speech when the audience kept asking him questions. 演讲者一结束他的讲话，观众就不停地向他提问。 *That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather. 那是她第二次看见她的祖父。 [对点练习3]——单句语法填空 (1)Before the eruption occurred, it (be) a booming Roman city. (2)It was the third time that the boy (be) late. (3)However, more than 1，600 years later，some scientists found the lost towns that _______________(bury) under the ashes. (4)The bodies of people who (die) in Pompeii left impressions in the ash that showed their exact shapes. 四、过去完成进行时 过去完成进行时的构成为had＋been＋doing，主要表示过去某一时间以前一直在进行的动作或表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去某一时间，这一动作可能已经停止也可能还在进行。 *When Alice came to herself，she did not know how long she had been lying there. 当艾丽丝苏醒过来的时候，她不知道自己已经在那儿躺了多久。(表示lie这一动作先于did not know，且lie这一动作还在进行) *She told me that she had been studying French for 5 years. 她告诉我她已经学习法语5年了。(动作仍继续) *She told me that she had been waiting for me for an hour. 她告诉我她已经等我一个小时了。(动作不再继续) [联想发散] 过去完成时和过去完成进行时的区别 (1)过去完成时：表示动作在过去的某一时间或某一动作之前已经完成。 *Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 当汤姆到达派对现场的时候，大部分客人都走了，他很失望。 (2)过去完成进行时：表示在过去某一特定时间以前发生的动作一直持续到这个特定时间，或者刚刚结束，或者还要延续。但是，绝不会延续到现在。 *It had been raining hard for three weeks.Nearly all the little trees on the mountain were washed away. 大雨一连下了三个星期，山上的小树差不多都给冲走了。 [对点练习4]——单句语法填空 (1)He (swim) for the last two hours. (2)He (work) in the factory for five years before he moved there. (3)He (quarrel) with his wife for an hour. (4)She (study) her lesson for twenty minutes when her little sister interrupted her. 随堂练习 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．For the past two years, Gordon's students (study) ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity. 2．During his stay in Xi'an, Jerry tried almost all the local foods his friends _____________________(recommend). 3．But latter I found out that I (do) exactly the same thing. 4．His parent (teach) in this school since they came to the city. 5．The twins，who (finish) their homework, were allowed to play badminton on the playground. 6．I was searching for these three western lowland gorillas (大猩猩) I ______________(observe). 7．You look thin and tired. You (work) too hard recently. Ⅱ.语法与写作 1． (学生们已离开教室了) when the teacher came in. 2．This research (大大提高了) our understanding of language learning. 3． (电影已经开始了) when they arrived at the cinema. 4．Robots (一直在做一些工作) on production lines since the 1960s. 5．The roads were full of people. (我们没有想到这一点). 2． 写作一　概要写作——穿校服的好处 写作要求 阅读下面的短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 It's the first day of school and you have to find the perfect clothes to make a good impression.Lucky for me, I don't have this problem：my private school requires me to wear a uniform. Some may think this is not a good idea, but I think it is very positive. In school, one of the most important things is your style. The more you have, the more popular you will probably be. With uniforms, there's no discrimination (歧视) because of what you're wearing.Everyone is united under the same style.Clothing often reflects who you are. In most schools, there are groups of students who dress alike.You may even avoid a particular person because of what they are wearing.Uniforms require students to get to know each other by finding out who they really are. There are many styles of clothing, some appropriate (合适的) for school and others not.Peers and the media pressure us to dress and look in a certain way. Some clothing contains logos (标志) promoting alcohol or even violence.Since some students want to fit in and be cool, they tend to wear this type of clothing.In most school systems，however，it is not allowed.Uniforms help remove these problems.All students look similar.They all fit in.There are no distractions (使人分心的事物).Uniforms allow students to concentrate on learning instead of what they are wearing. Money also plays a big part in the clothing we wear.Not all styles are affordable.Some students may even feel pressured to steal to get the right clothing.Although uniforms are initially expensive, they can be worn for years，making them cost less than regular clothes.I believe uniforms help unite us in a common goal：to do well in school.They are a symbol of our unity.They make it clear to everyone that we are more than just our clothes：we are all individuals. 审题谋篇 第一步：审题构思很关键 第二步：补全句子雏形现 1．我认为穿校服有很多好处。 As far as I am concerned, wearing school uniforms ． 2．尽管有些人认为穿校服有一些负面效应，但我还是强烈支持穿校服。 I am strongly for wearing uniforms. 3．穿校服不但可以消除歧视，还可以展示学生的本性。 Wearing school uniforms ． 4．校服有利于学生避免一些不合适的穿衣风格，帮助他们专注于学习而不是时尚。 Uniforms benefit students by avoiding some inappropriate clothing styles, and ． 5．校服很耐穿，能为学生节约很多钱。 School uniforms are durable, ． 第三步：句式升级造亮点 6．用“be of＋名词”结构改写第二步中的句1 7．用as引导的倒装句改写第二步中的句2 8．用“not only...but also...”的倒装句式改写第二步中的句3 9．用现在分词短语作结果状语改写第二步中的句5 第四步：过渡衔接连成篇 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 实战演练 阅读下面的短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 It is important that you teach your baby to read at an early age. Why? Obviously, being able to read is the basis for any successful education, so the earlier they start, the better. All too often, parents leave educating their children up to schools, which probably explains why the United States is currently ranked 18th in its rate of reading and writing. Teaching your baby to read provides brain exercise and it has also been shown to increase the baby's IQ because there is simply no better time in a person's life for learning than when they are babies. During this period, their brains are developing rapidly. The sooner they begin to read, the sooner they can begin to learn other subjects. This way, by the time your children begin school, they will already know what's being taught, and will be put on the fast track. Maybe they will even skip a grade down the road. One of the cases was 17­month­old Elizabeth Barrett who drew public's attention. She was given a series of words and even sentences that she could read quite well. Her parents had been reading to her since she was born and had provided her with a very early education. Reading is the most important thing to teach babies at a young age. It doesn't have to be stressful or difficult for your child. Learning can be fun at such an early age, and it can be accomplished so easily that they won't have to struggle in order to learn. If you're interested in teaching your baby to read, the best way to start is by spending just a few minutes every day. Flash cards are a helpful tool. Simply show your baby matching picture on the opposite side. There are also videos that help to teach babies to read. There is no better time to teach your baby to read than the present. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 写作二　续写微技能——沙滩清理运动 Ⅰ 话题表达聚焦 Ⅱ 基于主题语境的续写实践 1.完成句子/句式升级 (1)阿弗洛兹是印度的一名律师，他已经四年没有周末休息日了，也没时间准备开庭。[定语从句；spend time/money (in) doing sth.] Afroz, a lawyer in India, in four years, didn't for court. (2)实际上，他正忙着保护当地沙滩免受塑料污染。[be busy (in) doing] Actually, plastic pollution. (3)孩童时他曾在那里玩耍，看到那里发生了如此大的变化，他感到很难过。(be upset to do；宾语从句) He had played there as a child and ． (4)沙子已经看不见了，因为上面覆盖着一层超过五英尺厚的垃圾，其中大部分是塑料垃圾。 (because 引导原因状语从句；“most of＋关系代词”引导定语从句) The sand was no longer visible a layer of garbage more than five feet thick, ． (5)阿弗洛兹下定决心开始在每周日上午从沙滩上捡塑料垃圾。(make up one's mind) Afroz from the beach every Sunday morning. (6)行动只有他和一个邻居参与，看起来非常孤独。(which引导非限制性定语从句) It was just him and a neighbor, ． (7)消息广为流传，在社交媒体的帮助下，更多志愿者加入到这项运动中来。(并列句；with the help of；get done) Words spread more volunteers ． 它已经成为世界上最大的沙滩清理运动。(现在完成时) worldwide. 用非限制性定语从句合并以上两个句子： (8)当地沙滩最终清理完成，阿弗洛兹的下一个目标是扩大范围到下一片沙滩。(动词不定式作表语) The local beach was finally cleaned and ． 2.衔接美文 将以上各句合并成小短文并背诵，注意使用合适的过渡衔接词。 ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ participant　n.参加者，参与者 【搭配】participate in(＝take part in) 参加，参与 【联想】participate vi.　　　　　 　　参加，参与 comparison　n.比较 【搭配】compare...with... 把……和……相比较 【联想】compare v．& n. 比较；对比 devote...to　把……用于；献身于；致力于；专心于 【搭配】devote oneself to 致力于；献身于 【联想】devoted adj. 挚爱的；忠诚的 devotion n. 热爱；奉献 treatment　n.诊疗，治疗，疗法；对待方式 【搭配】under medical treatment 正在接受医学治疗 【联想】treat sb.with... 以……方式对待某人 bound　adj.很有可能，肯定会　v．跳跃着跑 【搭配】be bound to do...　肯定会做……；有责任或义务做…… 【联想】be bound for... 准备前往…… abuse　vt.滥用，妄用；虐待　 n.滥用；虐待；辱骂 【搭配】alcohol/drug abuse 酗酒/滥用药品 【联想】abuse of (one's) power/position 滥用职权 contain　vt.包含，容纳，装盛；含有；抑制 【搭配】contain oneself　　克制自己 【联想】container n. 器；集装箱；货柜 variation　n.变化物，变体；差异，变动 【搭配】a variety of＝varieties of 各种各样的 【联想】various adj. 各种各样的；多种(类型)的 classify　vt.将……分类；把……归入一类 【搭配】classify...as... 把……归类为…… 【联想】classified adj. 分类的 opposed　adj.与某事物相反；反对某事物，不赞成某事物；反对的；对立的 【搭配】be opposed to (doing) sth.　反对(做)某事 【联想】oppose vt.　　　　　反对；抵制；阻挠 estimate　vt.& n．估计，估算 【搭配】estimate that... 估计…… 【联想】It is estimated that...据估计…… bury　vt.埋葬，安葬；埋藏；掩埋；隐藏 【搭配】bury...in...　把……埋到……里 【联想】bury one's face in one's hands 双手掩面 corresponding　adj.相应的；对应的 【搭配】correspond to 相当于；相一致 【联想】correspond v. 符合，相一致；相当于；通信 differ　vi.不同，不一样；有异意 【搭配】differ from...in... 与……在……方面不同 【联想】difference n. 不同；差异 different adj. 不同的 result from　由……引起/导致 【搭配】result in　　　导致；造成 【联想】as a result 结果 figure out　想出；理解，弄明白/清楚 【搭配】have a good figure 身材好 【联想】keep one's figure 保持体形 1.Human cloning, which is expected to cure many serious diseases and save lives, may bring disasters of social morality.　 人类克隆有望治愈很多严重的疾病，挽救生命，但也有可能会带来社会道德方面的灾难。 2.Modern medicine prolongs people's lives and relieves patients of sufferings from many diseases.　现代医学延长了人们的寿命，减轻了患者因众多疾病所带来的痛苦。 3.Early to bed and early to rise will make you healthy, rich and wise. 早睡早起会使你健康、富有和聪明。 4.A healthy diet consists of eating a variety of foods rich in vitamins, fibre and mineral, and low in fat and calories. 健康的饮食包括吃各种富含维生素、纤维和矿物质、低脂肪和低卡路里的食物。 5.In my opinion, we should try to develop healthy eating habits to build up a strong body. 　 在我看来，我们应当努力养成健康的饮食习惯来增强体质。 6.Tips for keeping healthy are: work regularly and rest adequately, keep good hours and have a healthy diet. 保持身体健康的温馨提示：工作规律、休息充足、早睡早起、健康饮食。 7.I am writing to say something about food safety, which has caused great concern among the public.　我写信是想谈谈食品安全问题，它引起了公众的极大关注。 8.We believe taking exercise can keep us healthier and more energetic to improve our grades.　 我们相信锻炼能使我们更健康、更有活力，从而提高我们的成绩。 9.In the last decades, it is advances in medical technology that have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past. 在过去的几十年间，是医疗技术的进步使得人们活得比过去更长成为可能。 10.We should focus our efforts on cloning animals and stem cells to be used in medical research.　 我们应该把我们的努力放在克隆动物和能用于医学研究的干细胞上。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！15 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 9 Human Biology Unit9 话题 文学与艺术 词汇 一词多义/熟词生义： abuse; opposed; trial 动词： calculate; innovate; contain; locate; estimate; differ 形容词/副词： accurate; bound; mere; rare; widespread; depressing; visible; actual; corresponding; artificially officially 名词： biology; capability; participant; barrier; comparison; treatment; emotion; blessing; variation; outbreak; globe; suspect 短语 be devoted to; take care of; get through; take place; in comparison with; depend on; up to; lead to; leave out 句型 1. Either...or... 2. the+序数词+名词+to do（作定语） 3. while引导让步状语从句 4. the way 后跟省略that/in which的定语从句 5. with复合结构 6. 现在分词（短语）作结果状语 7. 介词despite后跟名词（短语）作状语 语法 完成时态 写作 1. 穿校服的好处 2. 沙滩清理运动 考点1. participant　n.参加者，参与者 [佳句]Last spring, I was lucky enough to be chosen to participate in a cultural exchange program.　去年春天，我非常幸运地被选去参加了一个文化交流的项目。 【拓展】 (1)participate vi.　　　　　 　　 参加，参与 participate in(＝take part in) 参加，参与 (2)participation n. 参与，参加 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/一句多译(汲取榜样力量) (1)(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Participants (participate) set out at 9 am from the gate of the school. (2)In addition to doing schoolwork and studying, American students must also participate in various after­school activities. 虽然身有残疾，但他经常参加社区组织的一些社会活动。 (3)Though disabled, he often takes part in some social activities in the community. (4)Though disabled, he often participates in some social activities in the community.(应用文写作之人物介绍) [联想发散] 表示“参加”的短语还有join in、compete in等。 考点2. comparison　n.比较 [佳句]Children are compared to young trees because they are still growing and can still be shaped.　人们把儿童比作小树，因为他们都还在成长，还能被塑造。 【拓展】 (1)in/by comparison with　　 与……相比 by comparison 相比而言 (2)compare v．& n. 比较；对比 compare...with... 把……和……相比较 compare...to... 把……比作……；把……和……相比 compared to/with... 与……相比(通常作状语) beyond/without compare 无与伦比，举世无双 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/一句多译 (1)(2022·北京卷)People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others. (2)In many countries, shaking one's head means “no”， and nodding means “yes”. By comparison(compare), in Bulgaria and southern Albania, the gestures have the opposite meaning. 与前一项任务相比，这似乎是一个小挑战。 (3)Compared with the previous task, this one seems a small challenge. (4)In/By comparison with the previous task, this one seems a small challenge. 考点3. devote...to　把……用于；献身于；致力于；专心于 [佳句]He devoted all his spare time to helping his students with their English. 他把所有的空闲时间都用来帮助他的学生学习英语。 【拓展】 (1)devote vt.　　　　 　 把……献(给)；把……专用于；专心于 devote oneself to 致力于；献身于 (2)devoted adj. 挚爱的；忠诚的 be devoted to 专心于；致力于 (3)devotion n. 热爱；奉献 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/一句多译 (1)A great person is someone who devotes his life to helping(help) others. (2)You will never gain success unless you are fully devoted(devote) to your work. 他全身心地投入研究，没有时间与家人共度周末。 (3)Devoted to the research, he has no time to spend a weekend with his family.(形容词短语作状语) (4)Devoting himself to the research, he has no time to spend a weekend with his family.(现在分词短语作状语) [联想发散] 表示“专注于，致力于”的短语还有be absorbed in、 be lost in、 be buried in、 be occupied in、 focus on、 concentrate on等。 考点4. treatment　n.诊疗，治疗，疗法；对待方式 [佳句]It was summer, and my dad wanted to treat me to a vacation like never before. 那是在夏天，我爸爸想请我去度过一次前所未有的假期。 【拓展】 (1)under medical treatment 正在接受医学治疗 (2)treat vt.& vi. 治疗；对待；款待 treat sb.as... 把某人看作…… treat sb.to... 用……招待某人，以……款待某人 treat sb.with... 以……方式对待某人 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/完成句子 (1)Later，he worked in Africa，where many people suffered from blindness for lack of proper treatment(treat). (2)Always respect the old, and treat them with kindness. (3)(2021·新高考全国卷Ⅰ满分作文)现在我把英文报《青年》作为我忠诚的朋友。 At the moment I treat the English newspaper Youth as my loyal friend．(应用文写作之投稿) [联想发散] 表示“把……当……看待”的短语还有regard...as...、consider...as...、think of...as...等。 考点5. bound　adj.很有可能，肯定会　v．跳跃着跑 [佳句]If you keep on working hard like this, chances are bound to favour you. 如果你继续像这样努力工作的话，机会一定会垂青你的。(应用文写作之建议信) 【拓展】 be bound to do...　　 肯定会做……；有责任或义务做…… be bound for... 准备前往…… 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/完成句子 (1)On a bitterly cold day, the crew went aboard a massive ship bound for Atlantic Ocean. (2)Now that you have done so much work, you are bound to win(win) the speech contest. (3)小杰克拿着一封信，蹦蹦跳跳进了房间。 Little Jack came bounding into the room holding a letter．(读后续写之动作描写) 考点6. abuse　vt.滥用，妄用；虐待　n.滥用；虐待；辱骂 [佳句]It's our duty to provide help for the abused children. 向被虐待的儿童提供帮助是我们的职责。 【拓展】 child abuse　　　　　　　　　　 虐待儿童 alcohol/drug abuse 酗酒/滥用药品 abuse of (one's) power/position 滥用职权 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/完成句子 (1)What she did was an abuse of her position as manager. (2)I'm worried that many children are still being abused(abuse). (3)官员们总是被提醒不要滥用职权。 The officials are always reminded not to abuse their power． (4)父母不能虐待自己的孩子。 Parents are not allowed to abuse their children．(应用文写作之倡议书) 考点7. contain　vt.包含，容纳，装盛；含有；抑制 [佳句]Finally, various delicious foods were provided to us, containing a symbol of our culture, such as Yuanxiao and Huntun. 最后，各种美味的食物提供给我们，包含了我们的文化象征，如元宵和馄饨。 【拓展】 (1)contain oneself　　　 克制自己 (2)container n. 容器；集装箱；货柜 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/完成句子 (1)The newly­built stadium is large enough to contain(contain) 100 thousand audience. (2)He was so excited that he could hardly contain himself(he). (3)There are 60 students in our class，containing(contain) 35 boys and 25 girls. (4)他父亲再也无法控制自己的愤怒，怒气冲冲地冲出房间，砰地关上了门。 Unable to contain his anger, his father stormed out of the room, slamming the door furiously behind him. (形容词短语作状语) (读后续写之动作描写) 考点8. variation　n.变化物，变体；差异，变动 [佳句]Every day my grandfather eats a plate of cold ham without variation. 我的祖父每天吃一盘冷火腿，没有变化。 【拓展】 (1)vary vi.& vt.　　　　　　 变化；变更 vary with 随着……变化 (2)variety n. 多种式样 a variety of＝varieties of 各种各样的 (3)various adj. 各种各样的；多种(类型)的 various of 各种各样的 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/词汇/句式升级 (1)We've been collecting data from various(vary) sources. (2)(2021·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety(vary) of wildlife. (3)As in China, the climate in Canada varies with the area. (4)It is a new bicycle shop.It has all kinds of styles, such as children bicycles, field bicycles, racing bicycles and so on. →It is a new bicycle shop, which has various/varieties of/a variety of styles, such as children bicycles, field bicycles, racing bicycles and so on. (定语从句) 考点9. classify　vt.将……分类；把……归入一类 [佳句]Due to the growing popularity of environmentally­related and adventure travel, various types of trips are now being classified as ecotourism. 由于与环境相关的冒险旅行越来越流行，各种类型的旅行现在被归类为生态旅游。(2021·全国乙卷) 【拓展】 (1)classify...into...　　　 把……分成…… classify...as... 把……归类为…… (2)classified adj. 分类的 be classified by... 按……分类 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/完成句子 (1)Research findings have shown that about 20 percent of people can be classified as “night owls”． (2)The children were classified into different groups according to how much they know. (3)The students in the school were classified by the subject they chose. (4)当你去图书馆的时候，你会发现图书馆里的书是按科目分类的。 When you go to the library, you will find the books in the library are classified by subject． 考点10. opposed　adj.与某事物相反；反对某事物，不赞成某事物；反对的；对立的 [佳句]Hence, many educators are strongly opposed to protecting children too much in our daily routine. 因此，许多教育工作者强烈反对在日常生活中过多地保护儿童。 【拓展】 (1)be opposed to (doing) sth.　 反对(做)某事 (2)oppose vt.　　　　　 反对；抵制；阻挠 oppose (doing) sth. 反对(做)某事 oppose sb./sb.'s doing sth. 反对某人做某事 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/句式升级 (1)However，many students and parents oppose separating(separate) students into science and art. (2)Because all of my friends were opposed to my plan，I couldn't resist sobbing, hiding my face in my hands. →With all of my friends opposed to my plan, I couldn't resist sobbing, hiding my face in my hands.(with复合结构) →All of my friends opposed to my plan, I couldn't resist sobbing, hiding my face in my hands.(独立主格结构)(读后续写之动作描写) [联想发散] 表示“反对、不赞成”的短语还有disagree with、be against、object to、hold a negative attitude towards。 考点11. estimate　vt.& n．估计，估算 [佳句]The university estimates that living expenses for international students are around $8，450 a year. 这所大学估算国际生一年的生活费用约为8 450 美元。 【拓展】 estimate sth. at...　　　 估价为…… estimate that... 估计…… It is estimated that...＝Sb./Sth. is estimated to do... 据估计…… 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/完成句子 (1)They estimated the cost to repair at $800. (2)The old tree is estimated to be(be) at least 700 years old. (3)据估计，英语中80%的会话都是闲谈。 It is estimated that 80% of all conversation in English is small talk. 考点12. bury　vt.埋葬，安葬；埋藏；掩埋；隐藏 [佳句]She buried her face in her hands and wept when she heard the bad news. 当她听到那个坏消息时，她掩面而泣。(读后续写之动作描写) 【拓展】 bury...in...　　　　　　　 把……埋到……里 bury one's face in one's hands 双手掩面 埋头于；专心于，沉浸于 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/一句多译 (1)Though buried(bury) in books these days, I have still joined several student clubs in order to improve myself. (2)He sank into a chair, burying(bury) his face in his hands. (3)Since she left, he has buried himself(he) in his work. 玛丽埋头于她的毕业论文，没有时间做兼职工作。 (4)Buried in her graduation paper, Mary has no time to do a part­time job. (5)Burying herself in her graduation paper, Mary has no time to do a part­time job. (6)Because she was buried in her graduation paper, Mary has no time to do a part­time job. [联想发散] 表示“专心于；致力于”的短语还有be devoted to、devote oneself to、be absorbed in、concentrate on、focus on、fix one's attention on、occupy oneself in doing/with、be occupied with。 考点13. corresponding　adj.相应的；对应的 [佳句]What she has just said isn't in correspondence with the views of the majority. 她刚才所说的同大多数人所持的观点不一致。 【拓展】 (1)correspondence n． 往来书信；通信联系；相关，相似 in correspondence with... 和……一致；与……有通信联系 (2)correspond v. 符合，相一致；相当于；通信 correspond to 相当于；相一致 correspond with 与……通信；与……相一致 (3)correspondent n. 通讯员；记者 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/同义替换(倡导和谐人际关系) (1)He has got both corresponding(correspond) education and talents and is by all means equal to this job. (2)Have you been corresponding with him since you graduated from the university? (3)She is still corresponding with American friends she met nine years ago. →She is still in correspondence with American friends she met nine years ago. [联想发散] correspond无论作何意义讲，均是不及物动词。若表示“与……一致或相称”，其后可接介词to或with；若表示“与……相当或相等”，其后只接介词to，不接with；若表示“与……通信”，其后只接with，不接to。 考点14. differ　vi.不同，不一样；有异意 [佳句]He encourages us to express our opinions even if they are totally different from his own. 他鼓励我们表达自己的看法，即使完全不同于他的观点。(2020·全国卷Ⅰ满分作文) (应用文写作之人物介绍) 【拓展】 (1)differ from...in... 与……在……方面不同 (2)difference n. 不同；差异 make a difference to... 对……有作用或影响 make some/no/little difference (to...) (对……)有一些/没有/几乎没有作用或影响 tell the difference (between...and...) 辨别/区分(……与……) (3)different adj. 不同的 be different from...　 与……不同 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/完成句子(倡导和谐人际关系) (1)(2022·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Human speech contains more than 2，000 different(differ) sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. (2)Though we completely differ from each other in character, we are still great friends. (3)Given these cultural differences(different), it comes as no surprise that Canada has been celebrating Multiculturalism Day since 2002. (4)有时仅仅一点善举也很有意义，让世界变得更加美丽和谐。 Sometimes only a little kindness can make a great difference, making the world more beautiful and harmonious.(读后续写之主旨升华) 考点15. result from　由……引起/导致 [佳句]Not only did the festival make us know more about diverse cultures, but it also resulted in mutual understanding and friendship. 这个节日不仅使我们更多地了解不同的文化，而且促进了彼此的理解和友谊。(2022·浙江卷1月满分作文) 【拓展】 (1)result in　　　　　　 导致；造成 (2)as a result 结果 as a result of... 由于…… without result 没有结果；白费 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/完成句子(倡导和谐人际关系) (1)(2022·浙江卷1月读后续写)As a result, he was right and we have become friends. (2)As far as I'm concerned, his failure in the competition resulted from his casual attitude. (3)由于缺乏社交而产生的误解，如果处理不当，可能会导致严重的问题。 Misunderstandings resulting from lack of social communication, if not handled properly, may result in serious problems．(现在分词短语作定语) [联想发散] (1)result in的主语是“起因”，宾语是“结果”； (2)result from的主语是“结果”，宾语是“起因”； (3)表示“导致”的词语还有cause、lead to、contribute to等。 考点16. figure out　想出；理解，弄明白/清楚 [佳句]The terrible figure disappeared into the forest, after which Tom ran all the way home, his heart wildly beating.(读后续写之动作描写) 那个可怕的身影消失在森林后，汤姆的心狂跳不止，一路跑回了家。 【拓展】 figure n.　　　　　　 人物；数字；身材；轮廓；身影 vt. 认为；认定 keep one's figure 保持体形 have a good figure 身材好 a political figure 一位政治人物 【应用内化】 写出下列句中加黑部分的含义/完成句子(倡导健康生活) (1)(2022·新高考全国卷Ⅰ读后续写)Seeing his figure disappearing into thick evergreen forest, I felt relieved.身影 (2)(2020·全国卷Ⅱ满分作文)All of us students figure that the fruit­picking activity is a great success.认为 (3)(2022·浙江卷1月)Many people go crazy trying to figure out how to spend time with friends, family, work, play, etc.弄明白 (4)只有通过均衡的饮食和规律的锻炼，你才能既保持体形又保持健康。 Only by means of balanced diets and regular exercise can you keep your figure and stay healthy. (应用文写作之建议信) [联想发散] 表达“理解、明白”的还有understand、make sense of、have a better understanding of等。 考点17. suspect　n.(犯罪)嫌疑人，可疑分子　v.怀疑，不信任 [佳句]Pictures of the suspect were published in all the daily papers. 嫌疑人的照片刊登在各家日报上了。 【拓展】 (1)question a suspect　　 审问嫌疑人 a suspect package 可疑包裹 (2)suspect sb. of (doing) sth. 怀疑某人(做了)某事 suspect sb. to be... 怀疑/猜想某人是…… suspect that... 怀疑，猜想…… suspect sb. of a theft 怀疑某人有偷窃嫌疑 【应用内化】 语段填空/句型转换 (1)(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)While on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected(suspect) of drug dealing. (2)Judging from his nervous expression, the police suspected him to be(be) a pickpocket. (3)Lisa's mother suspected that she had played the computer when she was away. →Lisa's mother suspected her of playing the computer when she was away． 考点18. rare　adj.稀有的，罕见的，不常发生的；珍贵的；难得的 【拓展】 (1)It is rare (for sb.) to do sth. (某人)很少做某事。 (2)rarely adv. 稀少地；极少地 (置于句首时，后面的句子要用部分倒装) 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/完成句子 (1)It is rare to find(find) a person willing to totally abandon the comforts of life simply to help others. (2)He looks unhealthy because he rarely(rare) takes exercise. (3)她是个热心肠的人。她很少拒绝帮助别人。 She is a warmhearted person. Rarely does she refuse to help others．(应用文写作之人物介绍) 考点19. actual　adj.实际的，真实的 【拓展】 事实上，实际上 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/一句多译 (1)(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Shanghai may be the recognized home of the soup dumplings, but food historians will actually(actual) point you to the neighboring ancient canal town of Nanxiang as xiao long bao's birthplace. (2)事实上，他太粗心了，不适合照顾孩子。 ①Actually, he is so careless that he is not suitable for looking after children. ②In fact, he is so careless that he is not suitable for looking after children. ③As a matter of fact, he is so careless that he is not suitable for looking after children. 考点20.“either...or...”意为“或者(要么)……或者(要么)……” (教材P52)Cloning is the process of making an exact copy of a plant or animal and developing it either naturally or artificially. 克隆是通过自然或人为的方式，对植物或动物进行精确复制、培育的过程。 [佳句]Not you but the scientist is to attend the ceremony to be held in our school. 不是你而是这个科学家将出席我校举行的典礼。 【拓展】 (1)either ... or...可连接并列的主语、宾语、谓语、表语等。连接并列主语时，谓语的数与靠近它的主语一致，即遵循“就近原则”； (2)遵循“就近原则”的其他并列连词： neither...nor...　 既不……也不…… not...but ... 不是……而是…… not only...but (also) ... 不但……而且…… 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/完成句子 (1)Either the students or he is(be) to perform the experiment that is due tomorrow. (2)(2021·浙江卷6月)Although Mary loved flowers, neither she nor her husband was known as a gardener. (3)我的父母和我都讲一口流利的英语，这使我们能与外宾顺利交流。 Not only my parents but I speak English fluently, making us communicate with foreign guests smoothly.(应用文写作之申请信) 考点21. the＋序数词＋名词＋to do(作定语) (教材P52)They were the first­ever primates (the order of mammals which include apes, monkeys, and humans) to have been cloned! 它们是有史以来首次被克隆的灵长目动物(哺乳动物的一个类别，包括猿、猴子和人类)! [佳句]The plum trees are the first to flower even as the snow is melting. 尽管雪还在融化，梅树就最先开花了。(2020·全国卷Ⅱ) 【拓展】 to have been cloned为动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰the first­ever primates。 常用动词不定式作后置定语的情况： (1)位于序数词、形容词最高级后或名词被序数词、形容词最高级或only、 last、 next等词修饰时； (2)一些名词后常用不定式作定语，常见的名词有time、 way、 reason、 chance、 right、 courage等； (3)当被修饰的词为something、nothing、anything等不定代词时，常用不定式作后置定语。 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/完成句子 (1)For a student, studying is the first thing to consider(consider) while appearance is the second. (2)The ability to express(express) an idea is as important as the idea itself. (3)(2020·浙江卷7月)公元前10 000年后的一段时间，人们第一次真正试图控制他们所生活的世界。 Some time after 10，000 BC, people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived in. 考点22. while引导让步状语从句 (教材P53)While some people believe it is crucial for scientific advancement, others raise moral concerns. 尽管有些人认为这对于科学的进步至关重要，但也有人提出了道德方面的担忧。 [佳句]While online shopping has changed our life, not all of its effects have been positive. 尽管网上购物已经改变了我们的生活，但它的影响并不都是积极正面的。 【拓展】 while引导让步状语从句时，意为“虽然、尽管”，可用although/though替换。 需要注意的是，while引导的让步状语从句通常位于主句之前，而although/though引导的让步状语从句可位于主句之前或之后。 (1)while意为“虽然、尽管”时，引导让步状语从句(从句常置于句首)； (2)while意为“然而、而”时，作并列连词用，表示对比或转折； (3)while意为“当……的时候”时，引导时间状语从句。 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/句型转换 (1)(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)While enjoying(enjoy) being close to nature, we began to help pick peaches covering every tree. (2)Tom is very good at science, while his brother is good at art. (3)While/Though/Although the sun's rays can age and harm our skin, they also give us beneficial VitaminD． (4)Traveling can broaden your mind, but it's not a good idea to spend too much time and money on it. →While traveling can broaden your mind, it's not a good idea to spend too much time and money on it.(while) 考点23. as引导定语从句 (教材P53)As Einstein said, “Science is a powerful instrument.”　正如爱因斯坦所言：“科学是一种强有力的工具。” [佳句]As a proverb goes, where there is a will, there is a way. Our efforts will pay off in time.　俗话说，有志者，事竟成。我们的努力终有回报。 【拓展】 as在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。 (1)as引导非限制性定语从句时，有“正如”之意，常放于主句之前； (2)as引导限制性定语从句时，先行词常被the same、such、as、so等修饰； (3)which引导非限制性定语从句，意为“这一点”，不可位于句首。 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/完成句子 (1)(2023·全国甲卷)Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, as Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow.” (2)Most importantly, we have developed a deep friendship through these activities, which has doubled my joy! (3)众所周知，一个小小的善举可能足以起很大作用。 As is known to us, a small act of kindness may be powerful enough to make a difference.(读后续写之主旨升华) 考点24. the way后跟省略that/in which的定语从句 (教材P109)They can be caused by several different factors, such as a virus being carried into an area, or changes in the way people live, like more people living in an area, which increases the chances of them coming into contact with a virus or bacteria. 它们可能由不同因素引起，例如病毒被带入某个地区，或者由于人们生活方式的改变，比如说某一地区居住的人群增多，从而增加了接触病毒或细菌的几率。 [佳句]This film provides foreign audience with a fresh way of better knowing/to better know China's past and present. 这部电影为外国观众提供了一种更好地了解中国过去和现在的新方式。(2020·江苏卷满分作文) 【拓展】 (1)the way后面的定语从句不缺主语和宾语时，关系词用that或in which，也可省略关系词；当the/a way后面的定语从句缺少主语或宾语时，关系词用that或which，关系词在从句中作宾语时可省略； (2)当way后接of doing sth.或to do sth.时，所接成分也作定语修饰way。 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/完成句子(倡导健康生活) (1)(2022·浙江卷1月读后续写)Before leaving the lab, he checked the data in a way that/which impressed me deeply. (2)We must come up with a way that/which is environment­friendly enough to solve the problem. (3)健康的饮食和有规律的锻炼可能是你变得健康的唯一方法。 Healthy eating along with regular exercise is probably the only way (that/in which) you can become fit．(应用文写作之建议信) 考点25. with复合结构 (教材P30)With recent press reports drawing parallels between bird flu and killer epidemics of the past, Jim Smith looks at the sometimes depressing history of epidemics for clues about how we can create a more positive future without epidemics. 最近有新闻报道将禽流感和过去致命的流行病作对比，吉姆·史密斯在回顾屡屡令人感到沮丧的流行病史中寻找线索，从而创造一个远离流行病的更加美好的未来。 [佳句]With many unexpected problems arising, he was like a cat on hot bricks. 由于出现了许多意想不到的问题，他急得像一只热锅上的蚂蚁。 【拓展】 本句使用了with复合结构：“with＋宾语＋现在分词”。with复合结构在句中作状语，可表示原因、条件、伴随等。此结构还可作后置定语。with复合结构的构成： 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/句式升级 (1)(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)With over 2，500 bikes stored(store) in our five rental shops at strategic locations, we make sure there is always a bike available for you. (2)With so much homework to do(do), he won't have time to go shopping. (3)With so much work filling(fill) his mind, he couldn't sleep well. (4)The man was brought in with his hands tied(tie) behind his back.(读后续写之动作描写) (5)I have an important class meeting to attend, so I can't accompany you to the bookstore. →With an important class meeting to attend, I can't accompany you to the bookstore.(with复合结构) 考点26. as引导时间状语从句 (教材P31)Many people fear it could be the next global epidemic, especially as scientists who have gone into detail studying tissue samples from the bodies of people who died of the 1918 Spanish Flu have proved that bird flu is a modern adaptation of that virus. 科学家们仔细研究了1918年西班牙流感死亡者尸体的组织样本，证明禽流感是该病毒的现代变异版本，许多人担心它可能会引起下一场全球流行病。 [佳句]As she grew older, she gained confidence. 随着年龄的增长，她获得了信心。 【拓展】 本句中as是连词，意为“当……的时候”，引导时间状语从句。as引导从句有以下用法： (1)意为“当……的时候，随着”，引导时间状语从句； (2)意为“由于，因为”，引导原因状语从句； (3)意为“正如，依照”，引导方式状语从句； (4)意为“尽管，虽然”，引导让步状语从句。 【应用内化】 写出下列句中as的含义/一句多译 (1)As China develops, Chinese is becoming more and more important.随着 (2)He was watching her as she got ready.当……的时候 (3)Young as he is, he knows a lot.尽管，虽然 (4)As he is ill, he can't attend the meeting.由于，因为 随着长大，她变得更漂亮了。 (5)As she grows up, she becomes more beautiful. (6)With her growing up, she becomes more beautiful. 考点27. 现在分词(短语)作结果状语 (教材P36)Scientists now estimate that up to 50% of the area's population died from the epidemic, making it one of the main causes of the fall of the Roman Empire.　现今科学家估计，发病区域多达50%的人口死于这一流行病，这使它成为罗马帝国衰落的主要原因之一。 [佳句]The polar bear approached us, making us freeze with terror and too scared to move an inch.(读后续写之心理描写) 北极熊向我们逼近，把我们吓呆了，一动也不敢动。(2020·浙江卷7月读后续写) 【拓展】 (1)现在分词(短语)作结果状语常表示意料、情理之中的结果，这种分词的逻辑主语可以是句子的主语也可以是整个主句； (2)不定式(短语)作结果状语常用于only to do结构中，表示出乎意料的结果，意为“不料……/结果却……”。 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/完成句子 (1)The child slipped and fell, hitting(hit) his head against the door. (2)I jumped into the house with joy, only to find(find) the house empty. (3)他每天回来得很晚，这使他的妻子很生气。 He comes home late every evening, making his wife very angry． 考点28. “Sb./Sth.be believed to do...”＝“It is believed that...”意为“人们认为/相信……” (教材P36)Having killed up to 50 million people in 18 months, the Spanish Flu is believed to have been the most severe epidemic in history. 西班牙流感在18个月内造成5 000万人死亡，被认为是历史上最严重的流行病。 [佳句]It is hoped that ordinary people can live a rich and happy life. 人们希望普通人能过上富足和幸福的生活。 【拓展】 本句中主句是“Sb./Sth.be believed to do...”句型， 该句型可改写成“It is believed that...”或“People believe that...”意为“人们认为/相信……”。在上述句型中，不定式可用一般式(to do)、进行式(to be doing)和完成式(to have done)。 有类似用法的句式： It is said that...　　　　 据说…… It is hoped that... 人们希望…… It is reported that... 据报道…… It is suggested that...　　　 有人建议…… It is thought that... 人们认为…… It is known that... 众所周知…… 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/句型转换 (1)The number of English learners is said to be increasing(increase) throughout the world every day. (2)The student is thought to have broken(break) the rules by cheating in the exam. (3)The flood in the south of China in the summer of that year is believed to be(be) the biggest in 100 years.(应用文写作之自然灾害) (4)It is said that he is the most brilliant painter the world has ever had. →He is said to be the most brilliant painter the world has ever had. (5)It is believed that land animals have developed from sea animals. →Land animals are believed to have developed from sea animals. 考点29. 介词despite后跟名词(短语)作状语 (教材P40)Despite these controversies, the great astronomer was officially buried again on 22 May, 2010 in Frombork. 尽管存在这些争议，这位伟大的天文学家于2010年5月22日再次被正式安葬在弗洛姆博克。 [佳句]In spite of/Despite many invitations, he would always decline to visit Oxford. 尽管多次受到邀请，他还是拒绝去牛津。 【拓展】 本句中despite是介词，相当于in spite of，意为“尽管、虽然”。 (1)in spite of和despite后跟名词； (2)although、 though、 as为连词，引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管”。 【应用内化】 单句语法填空/一句多译 (1)In spite of all the problems, several of the players produced excellent performances. (2)It is unbelievable that Mr. Lucas leads a simple life despite his great wealth. (3)Although/Though he is known to only a few people here, his reputation abroad is very great. (4)尽管天气不好，飞机还是起飞了。 ①Although/Though the weather was bad, the plane took off.(状语从句) ②The plane took off despite/in spite of the bad weather．(介词短语) (5)尽管交通拥挤，他还是设法准时来了。 ①In spite of/Despite the heavy traffic, he managed to come on time.(介词短语) ②Although/Though the traffic was heavy, he managed to come on time.(状语从句) ③Heavy as the traffic was, he managed to come on time.(倒装) 一．语法精讲——完成时态 观察句子 I am Li Fan, Chairman of the Students' Union. I am writing to draw your attention to some improper behaviour on our campus: littering and scribbling. It ①has been making our school dirty and unpleasant. It is clearly not appropriate for a student to litter and scribble about. Last week, the Students' Union held a meeting to seek some solutions to these problems. After the meeting，the headmaster said that the school ②had made efforts to improve this situation and more dustbins would be placed around. Recently, the Students' Union ③has set up specific rules against such behaviour. At the same time, all of us should develop good habits and better behave ourselves. We believe that with the joint efforts, our school will become a more enjoyable place in the near future. 我的领悟 1．现在完成时强调动作的完成，如加黑处③；其结构为have/has＋现在分词。 2．现在完成进行时的构成：have/has been＋现在分词。现在完成进行时表示动作开始于过去，并一直持续到现在，动作可能仍在进行，也可能刚刚结束。如加黑处①。 3．过去完成时用于主从复合句，主从句动作都发生在过去，且有先后关系，如加黑处②。 语法知识精讲 完成时表示一个完成的动作，用来表示现在、过去或者未来某个时间点已经或者将会完成的动作。完成时包括现在完成时、现在完成进行时、过去完成时和过去完成进行时四种时态。 一、现在完成时 1．现在完成时的构成为have/has＋done，表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束。现在完成时常与up to now、so far、already、yet、now、recently、in the past few years、just等时间状语连用。 2．在条件、时间或让步状语从句中，表示将来某时之前已完成的动作。 3．下列情况下常用现在完成时： ①It is/has been＋一段时间＋since从句 ②This/That/It is the first/second/...time that＋现在完成时 ③It/This is the best/worst/most interesting/...＋名词＋从句(现在完成时) *In the past few years，great changes have taken place in my hometown. 在过去的几年里，我的家乡发生了巨大变化。 *When you have learned English，you will find it a bridge to so much knowledge. 当你学习英语之后，你会发现它是通往丰富知识的桥梁。 *It is/has been twenty years since I saw her. 我已经二十年没见她了。 *This is the first time that we have seen a film in the cinema as a family. 这是我们全家第一次在电影院看电影。 *This is the most interesting novel he has ever written. 这是他写的最有趣的一部小说。 [对点练习1]——单句语法填空 (1)The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945，and their power has been increased(increase) enormously ever since. (2)—Oh no! We're too late. The train has left (leave). —That's OK.We'll catch the next train to London. (3)I have read(read) half of the English novel, and I'll try to finish it at the weekend. (4)—Look! Somebody has cleaned(clean) the sofa. —Well, it wasn't me. I didn't do it. (5)—Do you regret not having gone abroad? —Not at all. I haven't earned(not earn) as much, but I'm glad to contribute to our motherland. 二、现在完成进行时 1．现在完成进行时的构成为have/has＋been＋doing，表示过去的动作持续到现在并有可能延续下去，常和for、since引导的时间状语连用。 2．表示重复性动作。 3．表示某种感情色彩。 *The manager has been telling the workers how to improve the program since 9 am. 从上午9点开始，经理就一直在告诉工人如何改善这一方案。 *Too much has been happening today. 今天真是一个多事的日子。 [联想发散] 现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别： (1)现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复，而现在完成时表示动作发生过。 *Someone has phoned you. 有人给你打电话了。 *Someone has been phoning you. 有人一直在给你打电话。 (2)现在完成进行时强调动作，而现在完成时则强调结果。 *He has been cleaning the street. 他一直在打扫这条街。 *He has cleaned the street. 他已经打扫这条街了。 [对点练习2]——单句语法填空 (1)In order to find the missing child, villagers have been doing(do) all they can over the past five hours. (2)—Where is Peter？I can't find him anywhere. —He went to the library after breakfast and has been writing(write) his essay there ever since. (3)Marty has been working(work) really hard on his book and he thinks he'll have finished it by Friday. 三、过去完成时 1．过去完成时的构成为had＋done，表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语(before、after、by、up till)，过去完成时不孤立使用。 2．动词hope、expect、think、intend、mean、want、suppose、plan用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算或意图。 3．在“hardly(scarcely)...when...、no sooner...than...”句型结构中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，意为“一……就……”。 4．by、by the end of、by the time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句时，主句用过去完成时。 5．表示“第几次做某事”时，主句用一般过去时，从句用过去完成时。 *Tom and I became friends in 2020，although we had met several years before. 我和汤姆在2020年成为朋友，尽管在几年前我们就见过面。 *I had intended to call on you，but I had an unexpected visitor. 我本来打算去看你，但是我有一位不速之客。 *Hardly had the speaker finished his speech when the audience kept asking him questions. 演讲者一结束他的讲话，观众就不停地向他提问。 *That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather. 那是她第二次看见她的祖父。 [对点练习3]——单句语法填空 (1)Before the eruption occurred, it had been(be) a booming Roman city. (2)It was the third time that the boy had been(be) late. (3)However, more than 1，600 years later，some scientists found the lost towns that had been buried (bury) under the ashes. (4)The bodies of people who had died(die) in Pompeii left impressions in the ash that showed their exact shapes. 四、过去完成进行时 过去完成进行时的构成为had＋been＋doing，主要表示过去某一时间以前一直在进行的动作或表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去某一时间，这一动作可能已经停止也可能还在进行。 *When Alice came to herself，she did not know how long she had been lying there. 当艾丽丝苏醒过来的时候，她不知道自己已经在那儿躺了多久。(表示lie这一动作先于did not know，且lie这一动作还在进行) *She told me that she had been studying French for 5 years. 她告诉我她已经学习法语5年了。(动作仍继续) *She told me that she had been waiting for me for an hour. 她告诉我她已经等我一个小时了。(动作不再继续) [联想发散] 过去完成时和过去完成进行时的区别 (1)过去完成时：表示动作在过去的某一时间或某一动作之前已经完成。 *Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 当汤姆到达派对现场的时候，大部分客人都走了，他很失望。 (2)过去完成进行时：表示在过去某一特定时间以前发生的动作一直持续到这个特定时间，或者刚刚结束，或者还要延续。但是，绝不会延续到现在。 *It had been raining hard for three weeks.Nearly all the little trees on the mountain were washed away. 大雨一连下了三个星期，山上的小树差不多都给冲走了。 [对点练习4]——单句语法填空 (1)He had been swimming(swim) for the last two hours. (2)He had worked(work) in the factory for five years before he moved there. (3)He had been quarrelling(quarrel) with his wife for an hour. (4)She had been studying(study) her lesson for twenty minutes when her little sister interrupted her. 随堂练习 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．For the past two years, Gordon's students have been studying (study) ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity. 2．During his stay in Xi'an, Jerry tried almost all the local foods his friends had recommended (recommend). 3．But latter I found out that I had been doing(do) exactly the same thing. 4．His parent has taught(teach) in this school since they came to the city. 5．The twins，who had finished(finish) their homework, were allowed to play badminton on the playground. 6．I was searching for these three western lowland gorillas (大猩猩) I had been observing(observe). 7．You look thin and tired. You have been working(work) too hard recently. Ⅱ.语法与写作 1．The students had left the classroom(学生们已离开教室了) when the teacher came in. 2．This research has done much to advance(大大提高了) our understanding of language learning. 3．The film had begun(电影已经开始了) when they arrived at the cinema. 4．Robots have been doing some jobs(一直在做一些工作) on production lines since the 1960s. 5．The roads were full of people. We hadn't thought of that(我们没有想到这一点). 2． 写作一　概要写作——穿校服的好处 写作要求 阅读下面的短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 It's the first day of school and you have to find the perfect clothes to make a good impression.Lucky for me, I don't have this problem：my private school requires me to wear a uniform. Some may think this is not a good idea, but I think it is very positive. In school, one of the most important things is your style. The more you have, the more popular you will probably be. With uniforms, there's no discrimination (歧视) because of what you're wearing.Everyone is united under the same style.Clothing often reflects who you are. In most schools, there are groups of students who dress alike.You may even avoid a particular person because of what they are wearing.Uniforms require students to get to know each other by finding out who they really are. There are many styles of clothing, some appropriate (合适的) for school and others not.Peers and the media pressure us to dress and look in a certain way. Some clothing contains logos (标志) promoting alcohol or even violence.Since some students want to fit in and be cool, they tend to wear this type of clothing.In most school systems，however，it is not allowed.Uniforms help remove these problems.All students look similar.They all fit in.There are no distractions (使人分心的事物).Uniforms allow students to concentrate on learning instead of what they are wearing. Money also plays a big part in the clothing we wear.Not all styles are affordable.Some students may even feel pressured to steal to get the right clothing.Although uniforms are initially expensive, they can be worn for years，making them cost less than regular clothes.I believe uniforms help unite us in a common goal：to do well in school.They are a symbol of our unity.They make it clear to everyone that we are more than just our clothes：we are all individuals. 审题谋篇 第一步：审题构思很关键 第二步：补全句子雏形现 1．我认为穿校服有很多好处。 As far as I am concerned, wearing school uniforms has many benefits． 2．尽管有些人认为穿校服有一些负面效应，但我还是强烈支持穿校服。 Although some people consider wearing school uniforms has some negative effects, I am strongly for wearing uniforms. 3．穿校服不但可以消除歧视，还可以展示学生的本性。 Wearing school uniforms can not only contribute to getting rid of discrimination, but it can also reveal the true nature of students． 4．校服有利于学生避免一些不合适的穿衣风格，帮助他们专注于学习而不是时尚。 Uniforms benefit students by avoiding some inappropriate clothing styles, and help them focus on learning instead of fashion． 5．校服很耐穿，能为学生节约很多钱。 School uniforms are durable, so they can save a lot of money for students． 第三步：句式升级造亮点 6．用“be of＋名词”结构改写第二步中的句1 As far as I am concerned, wearing school uniforms is of great benefit. 7．用as引导的倒装句改写第二步中的句2 Negative as some people consider wearing school uniforms, I am strongly for wearing uniforms. 8．用“not only...but also...”的倒装句式改写第二步中的句3 Not only can wearing school uniforms contribute to getting rid of discrimination, but it can also reveal the true nature of students. 9．用现在分词短语作结果状语改写第二步中的句5 School uniforms are durable, thus saving a lot of money for students. 第四步：过渡衔接连成篇 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ One possible version： As far as I am concerned, wearing school uniforms is of great benefit. Negative as some people consider wearing school uniforms, I am strongly for wearing uniforms.(要点1) Firstly, not only can wearing school uniforms contribute to getting rid of discrimination, but it can also reveal the true nature of students.(要点2)Secondly, uniforms benefit students by avoiding some inappropriate clothing styles，and help them focus on learning instead of fashion.(要点3)Lastly, school uniforms are durable, thus saving a lot of money for students, and also remind them of their common goal in school.(要点4) 实战演练 阅读下面的短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 It is important that you teach your baby to read at an early age. Why? Obviously, being able to read is the basis for any successful education, so the earlier they start, the better. All too often, parents leave educating their children up to schools, which probably explains why the United States is currently ranked 18th in its rate of reading and writing. Teaching your baby to read provides brain exercise and it has also been shown to increase the baby's IQ because there is simply no better time in a person's life for learning than when they are babies. During this period, their brains are developing rapidly. The sooner they begin to read, the sooner they can begin to learn other subjects. This way, by the time your children begin school, they will already know what's being taught, and will be put on the fast track. Maybe they will even skip a grade down the road. One of the cases was 17­month­old Elizabeth Barrett who drew public's attention. She was given a series of words and even sentences that she could read quite well. Her parents had been reading to her since she was born and had provided her with a very early education. Reading is the most important thing to teach babies at a young age. It doesn't have to be stressful or difficult for your child. Learning can be fun at such an early age, and it can be accomplished so easily that they won't have to struggle in order to learn. If you're interested in teaching your baby to read, the best way to start is by spending just a few minutes every day. Flash cards are a helpful tool. Simply show your baby matching picture on the opposite side. There are also videos that help to teach babies to read. There is no better time to teach your baby to read than the present. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ One possible version： Teaching your baby to read as young as possible is crucial owing to the necessity of obtaining successful education. (要点1) It needs starting as soon as possible because babies' intelligence will be improved when their brains develop fast. (要点2) Important as it is, relaxation and easiness could be brought into the learning process. (要点3) Therefore, for people keen on teaching babies to read, it is high time to begin with sparing some time regularly with effective teaching materials. (要点4) 写作二　续写微技能——沙滩清理运动 Ⅰ 话题表达聚焦 Ⅱ 基于主题语境的续写实践 1.完成句子/句式升级 (1)阿弗洛兹是印度的一名律师，他已经四年没有周末休息日了，也没时间准备开庭。[定语从句；spend time/money (in) doing sth.] Afroz, a lawyer in India, who hasn't had a weekend off in four years, didn't spend time (in) preparing for court. (2)实际上，他正忙着保护当地沙滩免受塑料污染。[be busy (in) doing] Actually, he was busy (in) saving the local beach from plastic pollution. (3)孩童时他曾在那里玩耍，看到那里发生了如此大的变化，他感到很难过。(be upset to do；宾语从句) He had played there as a child and was upset to see how much it had changed． (4)沙子已经看不见了，因为上面覆盖着一层超过五英尺厚的垃圾，其中大部分是塑料垃圾。 (because 引导原因状语从句；“most of＋关系代词”引导定语从句) The sand was no longer visible because it was covered by a layer of garbage more than five feet thick, most of which was plastic waste． (5)阿弗洛兹下定决心开始在每周日上午从沙滩上捡塑料垃圾。(make up one's mind) Afroz made up his mind to begin picking up plastic waste from the beach every Sunday morning. (6)行动只有他和一个邻居参与，看起来非常孤独。(which引导非限制性定语从句) It was just him and a neighbor, which seemed quite lonely． (7)消息广为流传，在社交媒体的帮助下，更多志愿者加入到这项运动中来。(并列句；with the help of；get done) Words spread and with the help of social media, more volunteers got involved in the campaign． 它已经成为世界上最大的沙滩清理运动。(现在完成时) It has become the largest beach cleanup campaign worldwide. 用非限制性定语从句合并以上两个句子： Words spread and with the help of social media, more volunteers got involved in the campaign, which has become the largest beach cleanup campaign worldwide. (8)当地沙滩最终清理完成，阿弗洛兹的下一个目标是扩大范围到下一片沙滩。(动词不定式作表语) The local beach was finally cleaned and Afroz's next goal is to expand to another beach． 2.衔接美文 将以上各句合并成小短文并背诵，注意使用合适的过渡衔接词。 ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ One possible version： Afroz, a lawyer in India, who hasn't had a weekend off in four years, didn't spend time (in) preparing for court. Actually, he was busy (in) saving the local beach from plastic pollution.He had played there as a child and was upset to see how much it had changed. The sand was no longer visible because it was covered by a layer of garbage more than five feet thick, most of which was plastic waste. Then, Afroz made up his mind to begin picking up plastic waste from the beach every Sunday morning. At first, it was just him and a neighbor, which seemed quite lonely. Later, words spread and with the help of social media, more volunteers got involved in the campaign, which has become the largest beach cleanup campaign worldwide. The local beach was finally cleaned and Afroz's next goal is to expand to another beach. participant　n.参加者，参与者 【搭配】participate in(＝take part in) 参加，参与 【联想】participate vi.　　　　　 　　参加，参与 comparison　n.比较 【搭配】compare...with... 把……和……相比较 【联想】compare v．& n. 比较；对比 devote...to　把……用于；献身于；致力于；专心于 【搭配】devote oneself to 致力于；献身于 【联想】devoted adj. 挚爱的；忠诚的 devotion n. 热爱；奉献 treatment　n.诊疗，治疗，疗法；对待方式 【搭配】under medical treatment 正在接受医学治疗 【联想】treat sb.with... 以……方式对待某人 bound　adj.很有可能，肯定会　v．跳跃着跑 【搭配】be bound to do...　肯定会做……；有责任或义务做…… 【联想】be bound for... 准备前往…… abuse　vt.滥用，妄用；虐待　 n.滥用；虐待；辱骂 【搭配】alcohol/drug abuse 酗酒/滥用药品 【联想】abuse of (one's) power/position 滥用职权 contain　vt.包含，容纳，装盛；含有；抑制 【搭配】contain oneself　　克制自己 【联想】container n. 器；集装箱；货柜 variation　n.变化物，变体；差异，变动 【搭配】a variety of＝varieties of 各种各样的 【联想】various adj. 各种各样的；多种(类型)的 classify　vt.将……分类；把……归入一类 【搭配】classify...as... 把……归类为…… 【联想】classified adj. 分类的 opposed　adj.与某事物相反；反对某事物，不赞成某事物；反对的；对立的 【搭配】be opposed to (doing) sth.　反对(做)某事 【联想】oppose vt.　　　　　反对；抵制；阻挠 estimate　vt.& n．估计，估算 【搭配】estimate that... 估计…… 【联想】It is estimated that...据估计…… bury　vt.埋葬，安葬；埋藏；掩埋；隐藏 【搭配】bury...in...　把……埋到……里 【联想】bury one's face in one's hands 双手掩面 corresponding　adj.相应的；对应的 【搭配】correspond to 相当于；相一致 【联想】correspond v. 符合，相一致；相当于；通信 differ　vi.不同，不一样；有异意 【搭配】differ from...in... 与……在……方面不同 【联想】difference n. 不同；差异 different adj. 不同的 result from　由……引起/导致 【搭配】result in　　　导致；造成 【联想】as a result 结果 figure out　想出；理解，弄明白/清楚 【搭配】have a good figure 身材好 【联想】keep one's figure 保持体形 1.Human cloning, which is expected to cure many serious diseases and save lives, may bring disasters of social morality.　 人类克隆有望治愈很多严重的疾病，挽救生命，但也有可能会带来社会道德方面的灾难。 2.Modern medicine prolongs people's lives and relieves patients of sufferings from many diseases.　现代医学延长了人们的寿命，减轻了患者因众多疾病所带来的痛苦。 3.Early to bed and early to rise will make you healthy, rich and wise. 早睡早起会使你健康、富有和聪明。 4.A healthy diet consists of eating a variety of foods rich in vitamins, fibre and mineral, and low in fat and calories. 健康的饮食包括吃各种富含维生素、纤维和矿物质、低脂肪和低卡路里的食物。 5.In my opinion, we should try to develop healthy eating habits to build up a strong body. 　 在我看来，我们应当努力养成健康的饮食习惯来增强体质。 6.Tips for keeping healthy are: work regularly and rest adequately, keep good hours and have a healthy diet. 保持身体健康的温馨提示：工作规律、休息充足、早睡早起、健康饮食。 7.I am writing to say something about food safety, which has caused great concern among the public.　我写信是想谈谈食品安全问题，它引起了公众的极大关注。 8.We believe taking exercise can keep us healthier and more energetic to improve our grades.　 我们相信锻炼能使我们更健康、更有活力，从而提高我们的成绩。 9.In the last decades, it is advances in medical technology that have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past. 在过去的几十年间，是医疗技术的进步使得人们活得比过去更长成为可能。 10.We should focus our efforts on cloning animals and stem cells to be used in medical research.　 我们应该把我们的努力放在克隆动物和能用于医学研究的干细胞上。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！15 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$