专题02. 名词-2025年新高考英语语法知识通关必备及母题对点精练

2025年新高考英语语法知识通关必备及母题对点精练 专题02. 名词 核心考点思维导图 核心考点讲练 核心考点1. 名词的定义及分类 名词是表示人、事物、地点和抽象概念名称的词。 核心考点2. 可数名词变复数规则 1. 规则变化 变化规则 例词 1 一般情况在词尾加-s human(人类)→humans (2021)；crowd(人群)→crowds (2017)；day→ days (2016) ；strength（优势）→strengths；month→mouths；person→persons或people 2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es，注意th结尾直接加-s dish（碟子；饭菜→dishes；branch（树枝）→ branches; box→boxes 3 以-f或-fe结尾的词 变-f和-fe为v再加-es knife（刀）→knives； leaf（叶子）→leaves 口诀助记：妻子(wife-wives)持刀(knife-knives)去宰狼(wolf-wolves)，小偷(thief-thieves)吓得发了慌；躲在架(shelf-shelves)后保己(self-selves)命(life-lives)，半(half-halves)片树叶(leaf-leaves)遮目光 个别的加-s roof(房顶)→roofs；chef(厨师)→chefs；chief(首领；酋长)→chiefs；proof(证据)→proofs 4 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es activity→activities (2021); study(研究）→studies; factory(工厂)→factories 6 以-o结尾的名词 一般加-s photo（照片）→photos；bamboo（竹子）→bamboos 少数加-es heroes→heroes；potato→potatoes 口诀助记：黑人（negroes）英雄（heroes）爱吃土豆（potatoes）西红柿（tomatoes）和芒果（mangoes） 2. 不规则变化 变化规则 例词 1 改变内部元音字母 foot→feet★；tooth→teeth★；goose(鹅)→geese; man→men★；policeman→policemen★ 2 单复数相同 sheep→sheep★；fish(活鱼)→fish★（鱼肉为不可数名词）； Chinese(中国人)→Chinese；means(方式)→means；series(系列)→series；species(物种) →species 3 无规则变化 child→children★；mouse→mice；ox→oxen(公牛)；medium-media(媒体) ；bacterium-bacteria(细菌) 6 合成 名词 将主体名词变为复数 passer-by(路人)→passers-by；son-in-law（女婿）→sons--in-law 无主体名词将最后一部分变为复数 grown-up(成年人)→grown-ups 将两部分都变为复数 woman singer→women-singers；man servant→men-servants 对点精练 语法填空 1. (2024全国甲卷)Although parks of all sizes and types exist at any level, the national parks, in particular, tend to catch our attention because of their large size and variety. They are ________ (treasure) of American heritage（遗产). 2. (2024全国I卷)These plants included modern Western ________ (favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel. 3. (2024全国Ⅱ卷)Tang and Shakespeare were contemporaries and both died in 1616. Although they could never have met, there are common ________ (theme) in their works, said Paul Edmondson, head of research for the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. 4. (2024浙江1月首考)Who knows, perhaps some of the more forward-looking__________ (one) may yet come out with a whole range of “just for you” pack sizes with special offers as well. 5. (2023全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place which welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life, with 21st-century architectural ________ (wonder) standing side by side with historical buildings of the past. 6. (2023全国Ⅱ卷)They also need to be ready to give ________ (interview) in English with international journalists. 7. (2022全国I卷)The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate______(population)and homes of giant pandas, and eventually achieve a desired level of population in the wild. 8. (2021全国甲卷)Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and ________ (watchtower) to fake pictures or just to watch the local people going about their daily routines. 9. (2021全国乙卷) ________(activity) there range from whale watching to hiking (远足) and accommodations aim to have a low impact on the natural environment. 10. (2021全国Ⅰ卷)The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we  ________ (human) are. 11. (2018全国Ⅰ卷) Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all ________ (cause). 12. (2017全国Ⅰ卷) This trend,…, has had some unintended side _______(effect) such as overweight and heart disease… 13. (2017全国Ⅱ卷) It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible ________(crowd) on the roads… 14. (2017全国Ⅲ卷) She has turned down several ___________(invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies. 15. (2016全国Ⅲ卷) Recent ______ (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly. 答案速对 1. treasures(宝藏) 2. favourites(最爱) 3.themes(主题) 4. ones(one代词，ones为复数形式) 5. wonders(奇迹；奇观) 6. interviews(采访) 7. populations(数量；人口) 8. watchtowers(瞭望塔) 9. activities(活动) 10. humans(活动) 11. causes(原因) 12. effects(side effect 副作用 用复数) 13. crowds(人群) 14. invitations(邀请) 15. studies(研究) 核心考点3. 不可数名词 不可数名词没有复数形式，一般不能用a/an或数词直接修饰，做主语时看成单数形式。常考的不可数名词如下： 单词 词义 单词 词义 advice 建议 baggage/luggage 行李 change 零钱 furniture 家具 hair 头发 homework 家庭作业 information 信息 knowledge 知识 money 钱 news 新闻；消息 progress 进步 traffic 交通 equipment 设备 meat 肉 room 空间 luck 运气 music 音乐 housework 家务 fun 乐趣 wealth 财富 milk 牛奶 weather 天气 orange 橙汁 food 食物 work 工作 paper 纸 bread 面包 trouble 麻烦 air 空气 rubbish 垃圾 只修饰不可数名词的常见修饰语有much, a great deal of, a large amount of，注意some, any, plenty of, lots of, a lot of, a large quantity of, quantities of，masses of等即可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词。 对点精练 短文改错 1. (2017全国Ⅱ卷) Besides, they often get some useful informations from the Internet. 2. (2016全国Ⅰ卷) The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier. 3. (2016全国Ⅱ卷) If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we can’t get from books. 4. (2011全国新课标) It felt very strange to travel without any luggages. 答案速对 1. information---information(信息) 2. airs---air(空气) 3. knowledges---knowledge(知识) 4. luggage 核心考点4. 名词所有格 所有格形式 举例 1 ‘s/s’类一般表示有生命的名词所有格，但时间、距离、国家城市等无生命名词也可以使用:单数及不规则名词复数’s/复数名词s’ a teacher’s duty一个教师职责; the boss’s office老板的办公室; Women’s Day 妇女节；Children’s Day 儿童节； Teachers’ Day教师节; the parents’ right父母的权利; yesterday’s newspaper昨天的报纸; two miles’ walk两英里的路程；China’s history中国的历史 注意：the doctor’s=the doctor’s office 医务所；the Smith’s 史密斯的家（区分the Smiths 史密斯一家人） 2 of类一般表示无生命名词的所有格 the mouth of the river 河口；the cover of the book 书的封面 3 双重所有格由of所有格和‘s/s’或名词性物主代词构成 a student of my father’s 我爸爸的一个学生; a friend of mine 我的一个朋友 对点精练 语法填空 1. (2025浙江1月)I really want to make this work for ________(people) lives today,... 2. (2021年八省联考) A________ (student) college experience is his or her own, and the student must put his or her education first. 3. The tourist center is far away from here indeed. It’s two __________(hour) walk. 4. Painting is good to __________(one) health and lifts spirits. 5. I came across a good friend of__________(I) in the square the other day , but we didn’t talk much because he was rushing to catch the bus . 6. In April 2020, the Suzhou government launched the__________( nation) first offline unconditional return service.  答案速对 1. people’s 2. student’s 3. hours’ 4. one’s 5. mine 6. nation’s 核心考点5. 抽象名词的具体化 抽象名词的具体化是指某些抽象不可数名词可以加a/an或变复数表具体的人或实物。 a success表示一个成功的人或事; a pleasure 一件快乐的事：常见的有“惊（surprise)乐（pleasure)憾（pity)傲（pride)慰（comfort)险（danger)助（help)成（success)败（failure)美（beauty)”。牢记下列短语：have a good time 玩得高兴 have a good knowledge of 精通 at a speed of 以...速度 reach a height of 到达...高度 at an altitude of 在海拔...高度 对点精练 (2017全国卷语法填空改编)However, the railway quickly proved to be __________great success and within six months, more than 25, 000 people were using it every day. 答案速对 a (a grest success 一个巨大的成功) 核心考点6：名词的句法功能 核心考点7：其他词性转化为名词 1. -ion/-tion/-ation/-sion 结尾的名词compete→competition 比赛 admit→admission 准许加入 2. -ment 结尾的名词argue→argument 争论announce→announcement 宣布 3. -r/-er/-or结尾的名词perform→performer 表演者educate→educator 教育家 4. -ure结尾的名词fail→failure 失败；失败者mix→mixture 混合；混合物press→pressure 压力depart→departure 离开；启程 5. -th结尾的名词grow→growth 成长 deep→depth 深度long→length 长度 die→death 死亡strong→strength 力量；长处warm→warmth 温暖 6. -ance/-ence结尾的名词annoy→annoyance 烦恼guide→guidance 指导exist→existence 存在；生活 7. -al 结尾的名词arrive→arrival 到达approve→approval 赞成；批准survive→survival 幸存；残存物 8. -ness结尾的名词rich→richness 丰富aware→awareness weak→weakness 软弱；弱点意识 9. -dom 结尾的名词free→freedom 自由wise→wisdom 智慧 10. -y/-ty/-ity结尾的名词wise→wisdom智慧recover→recovery 痊愈；恢复honest→honesty 诚实safe→safety 安全 cruel→cruelty 残忍popular→popularity 流行 对点精练 语法填空 1. (2025浙江1月)Tanya’s shop offers fashion clothes for women to rent rather than purchase them outright, providing a less expensive __________ (solve) to one-time event dressing. 2. (2024 全国甲卷) They all agreed and vowed (承诺) to promote the idea at the__________(complete) of their journey. 3. (2024全国Ⅰ卷) The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route which brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the__________(rich) of gardening in England. 4. (2024全国Ⅱ卷)Those cultural elements have increased Stratford’s international __________ (visible), said Edmondson... 5. (2023全国甲卷) However, Cason’s theme is a more weighty __________ (warn) about environmental destruction. 6. (2023全国Ⅱ卷)Since June 2017, right before the __________ (arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking English. 7. (2022全国甲卷) Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road, in order to promote environmental __________ (protect). 8. (2022全国乙卷) As a main promoter of the International Tea Day, the birthplace of tea and the largest tea-producing country, China has a __________(responsible) to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry. 9. (2021全国乙卷) ... and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the __________(develop) of the local areas. 10. (2020全国Ⅰ卷) The far side of the moon is of particular ________ (interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more so than the familiar near side. 11. (2020全国Ⅱ卷) Chinese New Year is a_____________ (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring. 12. (2020全国Ⅲ卷) Filled with _______ (curious), the artist packed his bags and left. 13. (2019全国Ⅰ卷) In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a _______(believe) that populations are increasing. 14. (2019全国Ⅲ卷) When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting ____________ (compete) to watch, together with the story behind it. 15. (2018全国Ⅱ卷) This switch has decreased __________ (pollute) in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people. 16. (2018全国Ⅲ卷) My name is Mireya Mayor. I’m a __________ (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys. 17. (2017年全国Ⅱ卷·69) This development was only possible with the _________(introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts. 答案速对 1. solution (解决方法) 2. completion(完成) 3. richness(丰富性) 4. visibility(能见度) 5. warning(警告) 6. arrival(到达) 7. protection(保护) 8. responsibility(责任感) 9. development(发展) 10. interest(be of interest=be interesting 有趣的) 11. celebration(庆祝) 12. curiosity(好奇心) 13. belief(信念；认识) 14. competition(比赛；竞赛) 15. pollution(污染) 16. scientist(科学家) 17. introduction(引进；介绍) 核心考点6. 名词作定语 名词作定语往往是说明被修饰词的材料、用途、类别等，用作定语的名词通常用单数。如gold medal 金牌 winter holiday 寒假 Friday night 周五晚上  conservation efforts for animals 动物的保护工作等。 对点精练 语法填空 1. China and the United States have maintained good communications in their giant panda __________(conserve) efforts over the years and worked together to save the endangered species.  短文改错 2. (2012年全国Ⅱ卷) When I was little, Friday’s night was our family game night. 3. In many ways, the education’s system in the USA is not different from that in the UK. 答案速对 1. conservation(保护) 2. Friday’s---Friday 3. education’s---education 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$