专题一 第一讲 语篇阅读——解题之道-【金版教程】2025年高考英语大二轮专题复习冲刺方案课件PPT（经典版）

WELCOME UNIT 第一篇　突破阅读——赢半壁江山 专题一 语篇阅读 年份 卷别 体裁 题目类型 试题特点 细节理解 推理 判断 词句猜测 主旨 大意 2024 新课标Ⅰ卷 应用文·记叙文·议论文·说明文 8 5 1 1 1.体裁广泛 包括应用文、记叙文(夹叙夹议文)、说明文、议论文、新闻报道等。 2．题材丰富 题材围绕人与自我、人与社会、人与自然三大主题，涉及故事、科普、人文、社会现象、文化活动等。 新课标Ⅱ卷 应用文·新闻报道·说明文·书评 9 4 1 1 全国甲卷 应用文·说明文·说明文·说明文 7 6 1 1 2023 新课标Ⅰ卷 应用文·记叙文·说明文·说明文 6 7 1 1 全国甲卷 应用文·记叙文·说明文·说明文 9 5 1 0 全国乙卷 应用文·记叙文·说明文·议论文 5 8 1 1 2022 新高考Ⅰ卷 应用文·夹叙夹议文·说明文·说明文 8 5 1 1 3．题型多样 题型以细节理解、推理判断为主，词句猜测、主旨大意为辅。细节理解题约占60%，难度稳中有升。 4．特点鲜明 一般选自各大主流英文报刊和媒体网站；含有大量的派生词、词性转换、熟词生义及英语短语和习语；长难句多，句式结构复杂。 新高考Ⅱ卷 应用文·记叙文·说明文·说明文 7 5 2 1 全国甲卷 应用文·说明文·记叙文·夹叙夹议文 8 3 1 3 全国乙卷 应用文·议论文·说明文·说明文 8 5 1 1 1．对知识的考查更注重深度和广度。主要体现在词汇方面，突出了对构词法、熟词生义、语块和习语的考查。阅读加重了对语块、习语的考查比重。 2．突出思辨性，强调思维品质。阅读考查深层理解的题目(主旨大意题、推理判断题)有增加的趋势。同时语篇选材加大了对长难句的考查力度，语境也越来越复杂，对句式分析能力提出了更高的要求。 3．命题生活化，强调积极的引导作用。高考选材注重育人功能，目的是通过试题梳理积极的、健康的价值观，多以生活中的具体实例和活动给以指导，或传达团结、诚信、乐观、善良的积极态度，引导关注与生活实际紧密相关的内容或问题。这体现了高考的积极引导功能，也体现了高考的育人功能，预计未来高考将会延续这一趋势。 WELCOME UNIT 第一讲 语篇阅读——解题之道 近几年真题中语篇阅读越来越多地融入词汇活用、派生词、合成词、长难句等，这些通常会给阅读造成一定的理解障碍，正因如此，我们更要抓住这类题的解题共性，即解题之道，在洞悉解题的共性策略之下，再去进一步掌握不同题型、不同体裁、不同考查点的个性特点。以下是解阅读题的共性策略。 策略1　不可逐词阅读 (1)阅读时不可逐词逐句读，这样读虽然不会产生遗漏，但会造成阅读理解时间不够。 (2)阅读时应按意群读，意群是指句子中按意思和结构划分出的各个成分，每一个成分即一个意群。同一意群中的词关系紧密，不能随意拆分，否则就会引起误解。 (3)分意群时，可以根据意思和句子成分进行，如主谓、动宾结构、介词短语、固定搭配等。常用口诀：主谓宾状分清楚，固定搭配聚一起。不同成分断开来，主从连词要分清。 (4)阅读时以意群为单位，成组视读，这样所接收到的是成组的信息，而不是一个个独立的单词。 (5)意群阅读能更好、更快地理解文章主要内容，大大提高阅读效率。 [真题指路] (2024·浙江高考1月) If I ever get trapped outside my house again, my local telephone box will, sadly no longer be able to connect me with my keys. But it can certainly keep me entertained while I wait for my wife to rescue me.(用斜线划出意群) 答案：If I ever get trapped/outside my house/again, /my local telephone box/will, sadly no longer be able to connect me/with my keys./But it can certainly keep me entertained/while I wait for my wife to rescue me. 译文：如果我再次被困在屋外，很遗憾，我将无法通过我家附近的电话亭取得我的钥匙。但是当我等待我的妻子来救我的时候，它肯定能让我保持快乐。 答案 策略2　人名地名可略过 在阅读过程中，如果发现很多以大写字母开头的生词或者一连串的斜体单词，我们可以快速略过，只需判定生词是哪类事物即可，比如人名、地名、作品名(常用斜体)、报刊名(常用斜体)、物种名、机构组织名等，无需弄明白其具体所指。这些单词一般不会影响我们对文章大意的理解。 [真题指路] 　(2023·全国乙卷) James Barry (C.1789 1865) was born Margaret Bulkley in Ireland but, dressed as a man, she was accepted by Edinburgh University to study medicine. She qualified as a surgeon in 1813, then joined the British Army, serving overseas. Barry retired in 1859, having practiced her entire medical profession living and working as a man.(标出文中专有名词) 答案：James Barry; Margaret Bulkley; Ireland; Edinburgh University; British Army。译文：某人(James Barry) (1789～1865)出生于某地(Ireland)，本名为(Margaret Bulkley)，但她打扮成男人的样子，被某大学(Edinburgh University)录取学习医学。1813年，她取得了外科医生的资格，随后加入某组织(the British Army)，在海外服役。Barry在1859年退休，她的整个医学生涯都是以男性身份生活和工作的。根据上下文直接将句中首字母大写的生词或一连串的斜体单词转换为“某人”“某地”“某个组织”“某部作品”等，提取关键信息，加快阅读速度。 答案 策略3　锁定动词留主干 锁定句子的谓语动词，去掉各种非核心成分(插入语、定语等)，只保留句子的主干。 [真题指路] 　(2024·浙江高考1月) A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information­poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively. 34．What does the author suggest readers do? A．Absorb new information readily. B．Be selective information consumers. C．Use diverse information sources. D．Protect the information environment. 答案：B　Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric 状语从句 consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, 主语 谓语 宾语 介词短语 resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively. 现在分词短语 不定式短语 译文：因此，就像我们需要更仔细地考虑我们的卡路里消耗一样，我们也需要更仔细地考虑我们的信息消耗，抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱惑，以便最有效地管理我们的时间。只保留主干可知，我们对于信息消耗要更加深思，对应B项(做有选择的信息消费者。)。故选B。 答案 策略4　正向引领秒杀答案 语篇阅读类文章的选材不但体现了广泛性，还涉及了时代性、真实性和思想性等方面，体现了思想上的引导和教育。做题时需尽量准确把握命题人的选材意图和文章的写作意图；一些积极的、正能量的、与观点呼应的选项往往读完题干和选项就能锁定答案。 [真题指路] 　(2022·全国甲卷) 30．What does Ginni think about Antarctica after the journey? A．It could be a home for her. B．It should be easily accessible. C．It should be well preserved. D．It needs to be fully introduced. 解析：对比四个选项：A项(这可能是她的一个家。)，B项(它应该很容易到达。)，C项(它应该被好好地保护。)，D项(它需要被全面引入。)可知，C项具备正向、积极的价值观，和时下的素质教育相吻合。故选C。 答案 解析 策略5　关注内容的替换或转换 文本写作中常常将前面提到的内容使用不同的表达来替(转)换(除非必需的或有目的的原词、句复现)，这样既丰富了文笔，又准确地表达了文义和情感。通过“换句话说”重新建构意义相同的新句子，来考查对语篇阅读的理解和思维判断。 (1)同义替换 [真题指路1] 　(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷) Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies—say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces. 30．Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers? A．They can hold students' attention. B．They are more convenient to prepare. C．They help develop advanced skills. D．They are more informative than text. 解析：根据“Audio (音频) and video ... the same person.(音频和视频可能比文本更具吸引力，因此大学教师越来越多地转向这些技术，例如安排在线讲座而不是同一个人的文章。)”可知，音频和视频比文本更能吸引学生的注意力，所以大学教师越来越多地使用这些技术。A项中的hold students' attention是 engaging的同义替换。故选 A。 答案 解析 解析：根据题干中的convenient app 定位到该段，由该段中的“Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time.”可知，这个便捷的应用程序提供了实时的生长数据。B项中的 Current 是文中 real time的同义替换。故选B。 [真题指路2] 　(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷) Specifically, it's a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. 29．What information does the convenient app offer? A．Real－time weather changes. B．Current condition of the plants. C．Chemical pollutants in the soil. D．Availability of pre－seeded pods. 答案 解析 [真题指路3] 　(2023· 新课标Ⅰ卷) The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it's right for you. 28．What is the book aimed at? A．Teaching critical thinking skills. B．Advocating a simple digital lifestyle. C．Solving philosophical problems. D．Promoting the use of a digital device. 答案 解析：“The goal of this book is”是题干中的“is the book aimed at”的同义替换，说明答案就在此句中。根据该句中的“to make the case for digital minimalism (为极简数字主义辩护)”可知，B项(倡导简单的数字生活方式。)是这本书的目的。故选B。 解析 [真题指路4] 　(2023·全国甲卷) Nahm Head Chef David Thompson, who received a Michelin star for his London－based Thai restaurant of the same name, opened this branch in the Metropolitan Hotel in 2010. Issaya Siamese Club Issaya Siamese Club is internationally known Thai chef Ian Kittichai's first flagship Bangkok restaurant. 21．What do Nahm and Issaya Siamese Club have in common? A．They adopt modern cooking methods. B．They have branches in London. C．They have top－class chefs. D．They are based in hotels. 解析：根据Nahm部分中的“Head Chef David Thompson ... in 2010.”以及Issaya Siamese Club部分中的“Issaya Siamese Club ... flagship Bangkok restaurant.”可知，Nahm和Issaya Siamese Club的共同之处是它们都有一流的厨师；其中top­class替换Michelin star和internationally known。故选C。 答案 解析 [真题指路5] 　(2023· 新课标Ⅱ卷) Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. 24．What do we know about Abby Jaramillo? A．She used to be a health worker. B．She grew up in a low－income family. C．She owns a fast food restaurant. D．She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts. 答案 解析：根据“Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts”可知，Abby Jaramillo和另一位老师发起了Urban Sprouts项目，即她是Urban Sprouts项目的发起者。D项中的initiator “发起人，创始人”与原文中的started是同义替换。故选D。 解析 [真题指路6] 　(2023· 新课标Ⅰ卷) Guided City Tours The 2.5-hour tour covers the Gooyer Windmill, the Skinny Bridge, the Rijksmuseum, Heineken Brewery and much more. The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour, starting at 1：00 pm every day. You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online. 23．Where does the guided city tour start? A．The Gooyer, Windmill. B．The Skinny Bridge. C．Heineken Brewery. D．Dam Square. 答案 解析：根据Guided City Tours部分中的“The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour, starting at 1：00 pm every day. (旅游团每小时整点从达姆广场出发，每天下午1点开始。)”可知，句中的depart和题干中的start是同义替换。故选D。 解析 (2)反义替换 除了使用同义词和近义词进行语义替换之外，反义词或“否定词＋反义词”也是常用技巧，通常表现为正话反说。 [真题指路7] 　(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷) Guidelines •Teachers and chaperones should model good behavior for the group and remain with students at all times. •Children are not allowed unaccompanied in all areas of the Museum. •Children should play nicely with each other and exhibits. •Use your indoor voice when at the Museum. 23．What are children prohibited from doing at the Museum? A．Using the computer. B．Talking with each other. C．Touching the exhibits. D．Exploring the place alone. 解析：题干中主语children，地点at the Museum，动词短语sb be prohibited from doing sth “某人被禁止做某事”对应文中的“are not allowed unaccompanied(不允许在没有陪同的情况下)”，其中allow被反义替换为prohibit, unaccompanied被同义替换为alone。故选D。 答案 解析 (3)简化及合并替换 在语言表述中，作为定语的修饰语可以采用后置限定，这种修饰方式一般包括了多个单词，而设题时往往采用更加简洁的修饰方式，采用前置限定。 [真题指路8] 　(2022·全国乙卷) Schools and Colleges A special low entrance charge of ￡2 per person is available to all in full­time education, up to and including those at first degree level, in organised groups with teachers. 23．How can full­time students get group discounts? A．They should go on Sunday mornings. B．They should come from art schools. C．They must be led by teachers. D．They must have ID cards with them. 解析：题干中信息词full­time students对应了文中的“all in full­time education”，题干中使用前置修饰；A special low entrance charge of ￡2被简化为discounts；in organised groups with teachers是获得团体折扣的条件。故选C。 答案 解析 (4)句子转换 受题干和选项的词数限制，往往会对语篇中的长句进行缩句或简化处理，为了考查对句法知识的掌握以及语篇的理解，设题时还会采取“换一句话”的替换方式，如用被动语态表述句子。 [真题指路9] 　(2022·全国甲卷) St David's Hall St David's Hall is the award winning National Concert Hall of Wales standing at the very heart of Cardiff's entertainment centre. With an impressive 2，000－seat concert hall, St David's Hall is home to the annual Welsh Proms Cardiff. It presents live entertainment, including pop, rock, folk, jazz, musicals, dance, world music, films and classical music. 21．Where is the Welsh Proms Cardiff hosted? A．At the New Theatre. B．At the Glee Club. C．At Sherman Cymru. D．At St David's Hall. 解析：本题题干使用了被动表述，对应文中的目标句“St David's Hall is home to the annual Welsh Proms Cardiff”，把原来的宾语Welsh Proms Cardiff替换成了题干中的主语。故选D。 答案 解析 策略6　透过衔接词看逻辑关系 阅读时要关注段与段、句子与句子之间的衔接词，这些衔接词前后传递的信息通常是有分量的，常常隐藏着答案或能推导出答案。常见的衔接词有： (1)表示转折的词：but, however, nevertheless, while, though等。 (2)表示列举的词：such as, for example, for instance等。 (3)表示罗列的词：first, second, third, to begin with, to conclude等。 (4)表示结果的词：so, therefore, thus, consequently, as a result等。 (5)表示对比的词：on the contrary, by contrast, in comparison等。 (6)表示目的的词：so that, in order that等。 (7)表示递进的词：also, besides, moreover, furthermore, what's more, in addition, apart from等。 (8)表示重述的词：that is, that is to say, in other words等。 (9)表示类比的词：similarly, like, also, just as, as well等。 [真题指路1] 　(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷) “We're trying to generate a language that helps bring the human－nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it，” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. 35．What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn? A．Language study. B．Environmental conservation. C．Public education. D．Intercultural communication. 解析：文中表示目的的衔接词“so that”标志着此处要出现作者想要达到的目的或想要传达的观点，结合“And for that ... interact with it(要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动)”可知，Peter Kahn (彼得·卡恩)认为在我们与大自然互动之前应该先保护自然。故选B。 答案 解析 [真题指路2] 　(2020·北京高考) Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self­driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change. 42．What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Enormous in quantity. B．Changeable daily. C．Stable in quality. D．Present everywhere. 解析：根据画线词后的“For example”可知，下文是对画线词所在句的举例：算法帮助人们在金融市场进行大量的交易，自动驾驶汽车出现在城市的街道，智能手机实现不同语言间的转换等。这些例子都是人工智能被广泛应用到生活中不同领域的体现，由此可推知，画线词表示无处不在。故选D。 答案 解析 [真题指路3] 　(2023·浙江高考1月) What Hammond is referring to is the question of meaning, and meaning is central to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of machines. A computer works with symbols. Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols into another. But it does not specify what those symbols mean. Indeed, to a computer, meaning is irrelevant. 30．What is Project Debater unable to do according to Hammond? A．Create rules. B．Comprehend meaning. C．Talk fluently. D．Identify difficult words. 解析：根据“But it does not specify what those symbols mean. Indeed, to a computer, meaning is irrelevant.”可知，转折连词But后文与前文内容相反，说明Project Debater无法理解意义。故选B。 答案 解析 [真题指路4] 　(2023·全国甲卷) Terri, who now rents a house with friends in Wandsworth, South West London, says DIY also saves her from losing any deposit when a tenancy (租期) comes to an end. She adds: “I’ve moved house many times and I always like to personalise my room and put up pictures. So, it’s been useful to know how to cover up holes and repaint a room to avoid any charges when I’ve moved out.” 26．How did Terri avoid losing the deposit on the house she rented? A．By making it look like before. B．By furnishing it herself. C．By splitting the rent with a roommate. D．By cancelling the rental agreement. 解析：根据“So, it's been useful ... when I've moved out.”可知，Terri (泰瑞)通过掩盖坑洞以及重新粉刷房间，让它看起来像以前一样，来避免被扣除租房的押金。表示结果的词so后为答案所在处。故选A。 答案 解析 [真题指路5] 　(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷) According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions (份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid. 13．What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to? A．Big eaters. B．Overweight persons. C．Picky eaters. D．Tall thin persons. 答案 解析：画线词所在句的上半句“And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions (份)”提出，你的做法应与现有的研究——你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭相反；下半句则提出，你真正应该避免的是the beanpoles with big appetites。根据标志着对比关系的contrary to可推知，画线词与heavier people形成对比。故选D。 解析 [真题指路6] 　(2023·全国乙卷) We managed to leave this spot to climb higher because of the spare time until sunset. However, we did not mark the route (路线) so we ended up almost missing the sunset entirely. 26．What can we infer from the author's trip with friends to Devil's Lake? A．They went crazy with the purple quartz rock. B．They felt stressed while waiting for the sunset. C．They reached the shooting spot later than expected. D．They had problems with their equipment. 答案 解析：根据“However, we did not mark the route (路线) so we ended up almost missing the sunset entirely.(然而，我们没有标出路线，所以我们几乎完全错过了日落。)”可推知，在恶魔湖之旅中，作者和朋友到达拍摄地点的时间比预期的要晚。转折词However后为答案所在处。故选C。 解析 策略7　做好阅读标记 在阅读的时候，做好以下几处标记，可以为解题节省时间： ①给段落标序号 ②标记重要的句子(各段中心句) ③标记关键词 ④标记说明顺序的过渡词 ⑤标记重要概念句 ⑥标记解说性语句 [真题指路] 　(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷) She adds that the program's benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo's special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside，” she says, “and they feel successful.” 26．Which of the following best describes the impact of the program? A．Far－reaching. B．Predictable. C．Short－lived. D．Unidentifiable. 答案 解析：本题的关键是找到该项目对学生的好处，根据标记的中心句“the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition”可知，该段为答案所在，根据本段内容可知，这个项目不仅给学生提供了营养价值，而且让许多学生对园艺产生兴趣，对有情绪控制问题的学生也起到了镇静作用，综上所述，该项目的影响是深远的。故选A。 解析 R $$