专题02 阅读理解之推理判断题-备战2025年高考英语二轮复习新题速递

专题02 阅读理解之推理判断题 ———————————————————————————————————————————— 1．（2024高三·全国·专题练习）When I was a little girl, I liked drawing, freely and joyously making marks on the walls at home. In primary school, I learned to write using chalks. Writing seemed to be another form of drawing. I shaped individual letters into repeating lines, which were abstract forms, delightful but meaningless patterns. In secondary school, art was my favourite subject. Since I loved it so much I thought I was good at it. For the art O-level exam I had to present an oil painting. I found it difficult, but still hoped to pass. I failed, with a low grade. I’d been over-confident. Now I’d been declared talentless. But other channels of creativity stayed open: I went on writing poems and stories. Still, I went to exhibitions often. I continued my habitual drawing, which I now characterised as childish doodling (乱画). In my 30s, I made painter friends and learned new ways of looking at art. However, I couldn’t let myself have a go at actually doing it. Though these new friends were abstract painters using oil paints, or were printmakers or sculptors, I took oil painting as the taboo (禁忌) high form I wasn’t allowed to practice. One night, in my early 40s, I dreamed that a big woman in red approached me, handed me a bag of paints, and told me to start painting. The dream felt so authoritative that it shook me. It was a form of energy, giving me back something I’d lost. Accordingly, I started by experimenting with water colours. Finally, I bought some oil paints. Although I have enjoyed breaking my decades-long taboo about working with oil paints, I have discovered I now prefer chalks and ink. I let my line drawings turn into cartoons I send to friends. It all feels free and easy. Un-anxious. This time around, I can accept my limitations but keep going. Becoming a successful painter calls for being resolute. I realised I was always afraid of wanting too much. That dream reminded me that those fears and desires could encourage me to take risks and make experiments. How did the author feel about the result of the art exam? A．Scared. B．Worried. C．Discouraged. D．Wronged. 2．（2025高三·全国·专题练习）The Impossible Burger is entirely free of meat. But it looks, smells, feels and-most importantly-tastes so much like real hamburger beef. In fact, plant-based burger alternatives have set off a strong resistance from the beef industry. The Center for Consumer Freedom, a nonprofit that advocates on behalf of the fast food and meat industries has launched an “informational” campaign targeting plant-based meats. The campaign has included TV and online ads, as well as print ads in newspapers. The ads seem to imply that not only is an artificial burger too processed, but that it might be even less healthy than the average beef burger. While it’s true that a plant-based meat alternative is processed and it’s true that eating one is not as healthy as a pile of raw vegetables, it’s best to take the ads with a generous pinch of salt. For instance, the additives and preservatives in plant-based meat highlighted in one ad sure sound scary. Who wants something called titanium dioxide (二氧化钛) in their meal? But the truth is that additives such as those listed in the ads are regularly used in all sorts of packaged foods. And if methylcellulose, a food thickener, sounds unpleasant, it’s really nothing compared with salmonella (沙门菌) poisoning you can get from regular meat. Also, the ad campaign misses the bigger point. Choosing an Impossible or Beyond burger isn’t just about healthy eating Burgers, whether they are made from processed pea protein or processed meat, will never be as healthy as organic raw vegetables. What’s appealing is the prospect or enjoying a juicy burger without the bitter aftertaste of guilt. Let’s face it, there are huge environmental costs to eating cows. Cattle raising is contributing to climate. change, and not just because methane (甲烷) from cows and cattle is responsible for about 14.5% of greenhouse gas. More broadly, our global food production system releases more than a third of the world’s greenhouse gases. Yet we can’t seem to control our meat appetite even knowing that large areas of the Amazon forest have been ruined, and continue to be cut down to make room for more cattle to feed the growing demand for beef. Humans also know full well that many animals live short, cruel lives in awful conditions for the purpose of becoming foods for humans to enjoy at dinner. A plant-based meat that satisfies meat desires and delivers protein but with a smaller climate footprint is a potential environmental game changer and the reason Impossible Foods was one of those receiving the UN, Global Climate Action Award in 2019. No wonder the meat industry is on guard. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage? I: Introduction      P: Point     Sp: Sub-point(次要点)     C: Conclusion A． B． C． D． 3.（2025高三·全国·专题练习） Where to Shop in London James Smith & Sons Have you ever seen a nobleman with a fine walking stick or a fashionable woman with an umbrella that's definitely not one of those five-dollar bargains from New York City street? Well； you could be that person too. But you have to go to Jame Smith & Sons. They specialize in all kinds of high-quality walking sticks and umbrellas. Harvie & Hudson UK and Italy are two leading countries when it comes to clothing for men. And you know that it’ll cost you your wages of several months to buy a suit of clothes there. But Harvie & Hudson is fairly accessible, especially for the kind of quality you get. A worthy alternative! You can’t go wrong with two sport jackets for around £200. That's a good deal. Hatchards Hatchards in Piccadilly, which opened in 1797, can claim to be the oldest bookstore in the UK with around 100,000 books, and has a special section for signed first editions, and children's books. Beyond that, it offers personalized book subscription services for a very reasonable sum — you'll just need to pay additional postage for shipment to America. The Whisky Exchange For those who love whisky and brandy, this is the best choice, since ifs one of the city's important liquor stores. It’s possible to order bottles to be shipped to America. You're bound to find something you'll never see at home. Ifs like the Willy Wonka factory for Scotch drinkers and collectors. Who are the target readers of the text? A．The natives. B．British visitors. C．Foreign students. D．American travelers. 4．（2024高三·全国·专题练习）Have we reached the peak of the culture war? Looking at my social media feeds, it seems that polarised thinking and misinformation have never been more common. How am I supposed to feel when users I once admired now draw on questionable evidence to support their beliefs? Perhaps it is time for us all to adopt a little “existential humility”. I came across this idea in a paper by Jeffrey Greenat Virginia from Common Wealth University and his colleagues. They build on a decade of research examining the benefits of “intellectual humility” more generally — our ability to recognise the errors in our judgement and remain aware of the limits of our knowledge. You can get a flavour of this research by rating your agreement with the following statements, ranging from 1 (not at all like me) to 5 (very like me): I question my own opinions because they could be wrong; I recognise the value in opinions that are different from my own; in the face of conflicting evidence, I am open to changing my opinions. People who score highly on this assessment are less likely to form knee-jerk reactions on a topic, and they find it easier to consider the strengths or weaknesses of a logical argument. They are less likely to be influenced by misinformation, since they tend to read the article in full, investigate the sources of a news story and compare its reporting to other statements, before coming to a strong conclusion about its truth. Developing “intellectual humility” would be an excellent idea in all fields, but certain situations may make it particularly difficult to achieve. Greenat points out that some beliefs are so central to our identity that any challenge can activate an existential crisis, as if our whole world view and meaning in life are under threat. As a result, we become more insistent in our opinions and seek any way to protect them. This may reduce some of our feelings of uncertainty, but it comes at the cost of more analytical thinking. For these reasons, Greenat defines “existential humility” as the capacity to entertain the thought of another world view without becoming so defensive and closed-minded. So how could we achieve it? This will be the subject of future research, but the emotion of awe (a feeling of great respect and admiration) may offer one possibility. One study found that watching awe-inspiring videos about space and the universe led to humbler thinking, including a greater capacity to admit weaknesses. Perhaps we could all benefit from interrupting our despair with awe-inspiring content. At the very least, we can try to question our preconceptions before offering our views on social media and be a little less ready to criticize when others disagree. Regarding the culture war on social media, the author is _______. A．embarrassed B．concerned C．panicked D．stressed 5．（2024高三·全国·专题练习）You’ve raced to the supermarket only to realise you’ve left the shopping list home. You need to memorise which groceries to pick up before you forget. Thankfully, there’s a memory aid that’s perfect for the job: the peg-word method. What is the peg-word method? It employs a set of pre-determined words, regarded as peg words, for the to-be-remembered information. Peg words act as a structure to help you remember particular items. Essentially, you’re hanging information you need to recall on these pegs, which allows it to be recalled quickly and easily. Initially, to use this method, you will have to remember the peg words as well as the numbers: one=bun two= shoe three=tree four= door five= hive six= sticks seven= heaven eight= gate nine =vine ten= hen The next step is to create associations between the information you need to remember and the item linked with the corresponding number. If the first item, for instance, is milk, then you need to visualise the milk and a bun (小圆面包) together. The more unusual you can make your image, the more likely you are to remember it. In this case, you could imagine a bun drinking a glass of milk. Why is it useful? As the case shows, it is most useful when it comes to remembering lists and you can recall the listed items easily in order. Another way to use this memory aid is to memorise important numbers, like phone numbers or dates. For instance, you need to remember that William Shakespeare was born in the year 1564. First, change that number to bun-hive-sticks-door. Then imagine a story to help you remember the series: William Shakespeare put a bun in a beehive to coat it in honey, but he didn’t like how sticky it became so he threw it at a door. The peg-word method has been wildly recognized as a helpful memory aid. For more information, please visit https://jojomemory.com/. What is the purpose of this passage? A．To introduce a helpful memory tool. B．To advertise a brain training program. C．To highlight the importance of peg words. D．To analyze the necessity of training memory. 6．（2024高三·全国·专题练习）The streets and roofs of cities all absorb heat, making some urban areas hotter than rural ones. These “urban heat islands” can also develop underground as city heat spreads downward, and subway tracks and other subsurface infrastructure (基础设施) also constantly radiate warmth into the surrounding earth. A new study of downtown Chicago shows underground hotspots may threaten the very same structures that give off the heat in the first place. “Without anyone realizing it, the city of Chicago’s downtown was deforming,” says study author Rotta Loria, an environmental engineer. Humans aren’t the only potentially affected. “For a lot of things in the subsurface, it’s kind of ‘out of sight, out of mind’,” says Grant Ferguson, a geologist. But the underground world is full of creatures that have adapted to subsurface existence such as insects and snails. As the temperature rises because of climate change and underground urban development, scientists are keeping eyes on the potential implications for underground ecosystems. But the question of how underground hotspots could affect infrastructure has gone largely unstudied. Because materials expand and contract with temperature change, Rotta suspected that heat coming from underground could be contributing to wear and tear on various structures. To understand how underground temperature difference has affected the ground’s physical properties, he used a computer model to simulate (模拟) the underground environment from the 1950s to now—and then to 2050. He found that by the middle of this century, some areas may lift upward by as much as 0.50 inch or settle by as much as 0.32 inch, depending on the soil makeup of the area involved. Though these may sound like small displacements, Rotta says they could cause cracks in the foundations of some buildings, causing buildings to fall. Kathrin Menberg, a geoscientist in Germany, says these displacement predictions are far beyond her guesses and could be linked to the soft, clay-heavy soils. “Clay material is particularly sensitive,” she says, “It would be a big issue in all cities worldwide that are built on such material.” Like climate change above the surface, underground changes occur gradually. “These effects took decades to develop,” Ferguson says, adding that increased underground temperatures would likewise take a long time to dissipate on their own. “We could basically turn everything off, and it’s going to remain there, the temperature signal, for quite a while.” But Ferguson says this wasted heat energy could also be reused, presenting an opportunity to both cool the subsurface and save on energy costs. Still, this assumption could fail as aboveground climate change continues to boost underground warming. However slowly, this heat will gather beneath our feet. “It’s like climate change,” Rotta Loria says. “Maybe we don’t see it always, but it’s happening.” What does the author intend to tell us? A．Underground climate change is a silent danger. B．Humans fail to notice the dramatic climate change. C．Cooling the subsurface helps control urban heat rises. D．Researching underground heat helps save on energy costs. 7．（2024高三下·全国·专题练习）As this year draws to a close, I still remember the fear I felt on a bright Saturday morning in late September, at a five-kilometer race in Clarkston, Georgia, as I waited for my 11-year-old son at the finish line. I knew he could run a 5k in about 30 minutes. When I didn't see him at the 35-minute mark, I began to wonder what had gone wrong. Had he gotten lost? Was he hit by a car? About an hour earlier, when we drove into town, my son noticed an insect on my car. It was bright green, no longer than a fingernail. And it was friendly. This little green thing hopped onto my son's finger, where it stayed for a long, long time. It stayed so long that we eventually gave it a name: Little Friend. A few minutes before the race, Little Friend jumped off my son’s hand and landed on the sidewalk. But pedestrian traffic was heavy and unpredictable. Little Friend was in danger. So my son knelt and reached out his hand. Little Friend came back. The race was about to start, and the tiny green insect was in for a wild ride. My son would run fast, and the race would be long, and his arms would swing, and Little Friend would eventually be shaken off. “You will lose Little Friend,” I told him. My son nodded, treating the moment with appropriate seriousness. The race began, and I lost sight of him. The excitement at the finish line gave way to anxiety when my son did not show up. I kept asking people if they'd seen him. No one had. And beyond the 40-minute mark, I was in a panic. But there he was, thank goodness, just ahead of the 45-minute mark. And there was Little Friend, riding on the upper crook of his right thumb like a very small captain on a very tall ship. My predictions had been wrong. My son had not run fast, and he had not lost Little Friend. And these two facts seemed somehow related. He blamed a cold he was getting over. I suspected it was more than that, but I didn’t question him too much about it. We walked back to the car, smiling, and found some bushes in the parking lot that seemed like a good place for my son to drop off Little Friend. “Be free,” my son said, and gently put it in the bushes. My son knew the truth. Sometimes life gives you something beautiful, a fragile, short-lived treasure in your hand. There is no need to rush ahead. Treat it gently. Enjoy each moment. Hold on while you can. One day my son will leave too, running off on his own adventure. As for the way his son treated Little Friend, the writer is ________. A．indifferent B．anxious C．appreciative D．doubtful 8．（2024高三下·全国·专题练习）While some allergies (过敏症) disappear over time or with treatment, others last a lifetime. For decades, scientists have been searching for the source of these lifetime allergies. Recently, researchers found that memory B cells may be involved. These cells produce a different class of antibodies known as IgG, which ward off viral infections. But no one had identified exactly which of those cells were recalling allergens or how they switched to making the IgE antibodies responsible for allergies. To uncover the mysterious cells, two research teams took a deep dive into the immune (免疫的) cells of people with allergies and some without. Immunologist Joshua Koenig and colleagues examined more than 90, 000 memory B cells from six people with birch allergies, four people allergic to dust mites and five people with no allergies. Using a technique called RNA sequencing, the team identified specific memory B cells, which they named MBC2s that make antibodies and proteins associated with the immune response that causes allergies. In another experiment, Koenig and colleagues used a peanut protein to go fishing for memory B cells from people with peanut allergies. The team pulled out the same type of cells found in people with birch and dust mite allergies. In people with peanut allergies, those cells increased in number and produced IgE antibodies as the people started treatment to desensitize them to peanut allergens. Another group led by Maria Curotto de Lafaille, an immunologist at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City, also found that similar cells were more plentiful in 58 children allergic to peanuts than in 13 kids without allergies. The team found that the cells are ready to switch from making protective IgG antibodies to allergy-causing IgE antibodies. Even before the switch, the cells were making RNA for IgE but didn’t produce the protein. Making that RNA enables the cells to switch the type of antibodies they make when they encounter allergens. The signal to switch partially depends on a protein called JAK, the group discovered. “Stopping JAK from sending the signal could help prevent the memory cells from switching to IgE production,” Lafaille says. She also predicts that allergists may be able to examine aspects of these memory cells to forecast whether a patient's allergy is likely to last or disappear with time or treatment. “Knowing which population of cells store allergies in long-term memory may eventually help scientists identify other ways to kill the allergy cells,” says Cecilia Berin, an immunologist at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. “You could potentially get rid of not only your peanut allergy but also all of your allergies.” What can we learn from the two research teams’ work? A．MBC2s make antibodies and proteins that prevent allergies. B．Memory B cells generate both RNA for IgE and the corresponding protein. C．JAK plays a role in controlling antibody production when exposed to allergens. D．Allergists are capable of predicting whether an allergy will last or disappear. 9．（2024高三下·全国·专题练习）Evan Selinger, professor in RIT’s Department of Philosophy, has taken an interest in the ethics (伦理标准) of Al and the policy gaps that need to be filled in. Through a humanities viewpoint, Selinger asks the questions, “How can AI cause harm, and what can governments and companies creating Al programs do to address and manage it?” Answering them, he explained, requires an interdisciplinary approach. “AI ethics go beyond technical fixes. Philosophers and other humanities experts are uniquely skilled to address the nuanced (微妙的) principles, value conflicts, and power dynamics. These skills aren’t just crucial for addressing current issues. We desperately need them to promote anticipatory (先行的) governance, ” said Selinger. One example that illustrates how philosophy and humanities experts can help guide these new, rapidly growing technologies is Selinger’s work collaborating with a special AI project. “One of the skills I bring to the table is identifying core ethical issues in emerging technologies that haven’t been built or used by the public. We can take preventative steps to limit risk, including changing how the technology is designed, ”said Selinger. Taking these preventative steps and regularly reassessing what risks need addressing is part of the ongoing journey in pursuit of creating responsible AI. Selinger explains that there isn’t a step-by-step approach for good governance. “AI ethics have core values and principles, but there’s endless disagreement about interpreting and applying them and creating meaningful accountability mechanisms, ” said Selinger. “Some people are rightly worried that AI can become integrated into ‘ethics washing’-weak checklists, flowery mission statements, and empty rhetoric that covers over abuses of power. Fortunately, I’ve had great conversations about this issue, including with some experts, on why it is important to consider a range of positions. ” Some of Selinger’s recent research has focused on the back-end issues with developing AI, such as the human impact that comes with testing AI chatbots before they’re released to the public. Other issues focus on policy, such as what to do about the dangers posed by facial recognition and other automated surveillance(监视) approaches. Selinger is making sure his students are informed about the ongoing industry conversations on AI ethics and responsible AI. “Students are going to be future tech leaders. Now is the time to help them think about what goals their companies should have and the costs of minimizing ethical concerns. Beyond social costs, downplaying ethics can negatively impact corporate culture and hiring, ” said Selinger. “To attract top talent, you need to consider whether your company matches their interests and hopes for the future. ” What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? A．More companies will use AI to attract top talent. B．Understanding AI ethics will help students in the future. C．Selinger favors companies that match his students’ values. D．Selinger is likely to focus on back-end issues such as policy. 10.（2024高三下·全国·专题练习）As this year draws to a close, I still remember the fear I felt on a bright Saturday morning in late September, at a five-kilometer race in Clarkston, Georgia, as I waited for my 11-year-old son at the finish line. I knew he could run a 5k in about 30 minutes. When I didn't see him at the 35-minute mark, I began to wonder what had gone wrong. Had he gotten lost? Was he hit by a car? About an hour earlier, when we drove into town, my son noticed an insect on my car. It was bright green, no longer than a fingernail. And it was friendly. This little green thing hopped onto my son's finger, where it stayed for a long, long time. It stayed so long that we eventually gave it a name: Little Friend. A few minutes before the race, Little Friend jumped off my son’s hand and landed on the sidewalk. But pedestrian traffic was heavy and unpredictable. Little Friend was in danger. So my son knelt and reached out his hand. Little Friend came back. The race was about to start, and the tiny green insect was in for a wild ride. My son would run fast, and the race would be long, and his arms would swing, and Little Friend would eventually be shaken off. “You will lose Little Friend,” I told him. My son nodded, treating the moment with appropriate seriousness. The race began, and I lost sight of him. The excitement at the finish line gave way to anxiety when my son did not show up. I kept asking people if they'd seen him. No one had. And beyond the 40-minute mark, I was in a panic. But there he was, thank goodness, just ahead of the 45-minute mark. And there was Little Friend, riding on the upper crook of his right thumb like a very small captain on a very tall ship. My predictions had been wrong. My son had not run fast, and he had not lost Little Friend. And these two facts seemed somehow related. He blamed a cold he was getting over. I suspected it was more than that, but I didn’t question him too much about it. We walked back to the car, smiling, and found some bushes in the parking lot that seemed like a good place for my son to drop off Little Friend. “Be free,” my son said, and gently put it in the bushes. My son knew the truth. Sometimes life gives you something beautiful, a fragile, short-lived treasure in your hand. There is no need to rush ahead. Treat it gently. Enjoy each moment. Hold on while you can. One day my son will leave too, running off on his own adventure. 10．How did the writer probably feel when he finally saw his son appear in sight? A．Relieved. B．Depressed. C．Satisfied. D．Disappointed. 11．The son failed to run as fast as his father had expected probably because ________. A．he was lost B．he was recovering from a cold C．he was afraid to lose the tiny insect D．he was slowed down by the heavy traffic 12．What will the writer most probably do after the race? A．Treasure every moment he has with his son. B．Encourage his son to take more adventures. C．Tell his son to take races seriously. D．Get more insects for his son. 11．（2024高三下·全国·专题练习）A shopkeeper’s son breaks a window, causing a crowd to gather. They tell the shopkeeper not to be angry: actually, the broken window is a reason to celebrate, since it will create work for the glazier (装玻璃的工人). In the story, written by a 19th-century economist, the crowd envisions the work involved in repairing the window, but not that involved in everything else on which the shopkeeper could have spent his money — unseen possibilities that would have brought him greater happiness. If that window were to be broken these days, people might have a different reaction, especially if they were NIMBYs (Not In My Back Yard) who oppose any local construction that affects their quality of life. Their concern might be with the “embodied carbon”. The production of a piece of glass would carry a sizeable carbon cost. Similarly, the bricks and concrete in a building are relics of past emissions. They are, the logic goes, embodied carbon. Conserving what already exists, rather than adding to the building stock, will avoid increasing these embodied emissions — or so NIMBYs often suggest. At its worst, this idea is based on a warped logic. Greenhouse gases released by the construction of an existing building will heat the planet whether the building is repaired or knocked down. The emissions have been taken out of the world’s “carbon budget”, so treating them as anew debit means double counting. The right question to ask is whether it is worth using the remaining carbon budget to repair a building or it is better to knock it down. Choosing between these possibilities requires thinking about the unseen. It used to be said that construction emitted two types of emissions. Besides the embodied sort, there were operational ones from cooling, heating and providing electricity to residents. Around the world, buildings account for 39% of annual emissions, according to the World Green Building Council, of which 28% come from operational carbon. These two types of emissions might be enough for the architects designing an individual building. But when it comes to broader questions, economists ought also to consider how the placement of buildings affects the manner in which people work, shop and travel. Density (密度) lowers the per-person cost of public transport, and this reduces car use. Research by Green Alliance, a pressure group, suggests that in Britain a policy of “demolish (拆除) and densify” — replacing semi-detached housing near public transport with blocks of flats — would save substantial emissions. Without such demolition, potential residents would typically have to move to the suburbs instead, saving money on rent but consuming more energy. Targeted subsidies (补贴), especially for research and development into construction materials, could speed up the pace at which the built environment decarbonises. What will never work, however, is allowing the loudest voices to decide how to use land and ignoring the carbon emissions of their would-be neighbours once they are out of sight. The first two paragraphs are written to ________. A．exemplify an outlook on energy conservation B．present a new way of relieving energy crisis C．explain people’s reaction to a broken window D．introduce an argument on carbon emission 12．（2024高三下·全国·专题练习）Abeid was born in a village of Tanzania and dreamt of flying a plane, soaring (翱翔) through the sky. Due to financial difficulties, he became a wildlife guide instead. Abeid didn’t give up. He became a chief pilot of hot air ballooning at the age of 20. His passion for flying was matched by his skill both as a pilot and as a guide. Then, he came up with the idea of flying across the Serengeti from east to west, which would take four flights on successive days, taking off and landing where no one had ever seen a balloon before. As a journalist, I was so lucky to make a journey with Abeid. We were up at 3 am. Abeid walked into the basket and checked the lines and the fastenings. Moments later, he was instructing me to get into it. With barely time to catch my breath, he gave a long blast (猛吹) on the burners and the basket tipped upright. Over the following days, we gasped at the joy and wonder of the sky; at the beauty and complexity of the land beneath us. There was no fear, just a sense of being part of something fantastic as we floated in the silence of the African sky. But not everything went entirely to Abeid’s carefully worked-out plan. The rains that had started to fall every afternoon slowed the air. On the final day, we landed 20km short of the destination. Luckily, we finally made the crossing the next morning. When we were returning to the land, crowds of people shouted and waved. Many children looked up as we flew over them, and started to run. As Abeid brought the balloon down, people gathered around the balloon, pressing against the basket. Those children were also there, flushed and breathless, eyes wide with amazement. Abeid and I both looked at each other in silent agreement. Suddenly we were helping some children into the basket. Abeid lifted off and we flew just a few hundred metres with the excited crowd running alongside. I realized that Abeid’s journey was more than just about flying. It was about hope, inspiration, and the joy of sharing one’s passion. And as I penned down the last words of this extraordinary experience, I knew that Abeid’s story would resonate (回荡) far beyond the Serengeti. Which of the following best describes the journey across the Serengeti? A．Smooth. B．Pioneering. C．Painful. D．Eco-friendly. 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 1 / 15 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题02 阅读理解之推理判断题 ———————————————————————————————————————————— 1．（2024高三·全国·专题练习）When I was a little girl, I liked drawing, freely and joyously making marks on the walls at home. In primary school, I learned to write using chalks. Writing seemed to be another form of drawing. I shaped individual letters into repeating lines, which were abstract forms, delightful but meaningless patterns. In secondary school, art was my favourite subject. Since I loved it so much I thought I was good at it. For the art O-level exam I had to present an oil painting. I found it difficult, but still hoped to pass. I failed, with a low grade. I’d been over-confident. Now I’d been declared talentless. But other channels of creativity stayed open: I went on writing poems and stories. Still, I went to exhibitions often. I continued my habitual drawing, which I now characterised as childish doodling (乱画). In my 30s, I made painter friends and learned new ways of looking at art. However, I couldn’t let myself have a go at actually doing it. Though these new friends were abstract painters using oil paints, or were printmakers or sculptors, I took oil painting as the taboo (禁忌) high form I wasn’t allowed to practice. One night, in my early 40s, I dreamed that a big woman in red approached me, handed me a bag of paints, and told me to start painting. The dream felt so authoritative that it shook me. It was a form of energy, giving me back something I’d lost. Accordingly, I started by experimenting with water colours. Finally, I bought some oil paints. Although I have enjoyed breaking my decades-long taboo about working with oil paints, I have discovered I now prefer chalks and ink. I let my line drawings turn into cartoons I send to friends. It all feels free and easy. Un-anxious. This time around, I can accept my limitations but keep going. Becoming a successful painter calls for being resolute. I realised I was always afraid of wanting too much. That dream reminded me that those fears and desires could encourage me to take risks and make experiments. How did the author feel about the result of the art exam? A．Scared. B．Worried. C．Discouraged. D．Wronged. 【答案】C 【导语】本文是记叙文。叙述了作者从童年到40多岁对绘画的兴趣、经历、挫折、重新发现以及个人成长的心路历程。 【详解】推理判断题。根据第二段“I found it difficult, but still hoped to pass. I failed, with a low grade. I’d been over-confident. Now I’d been declared talentless.(我觉得很难，但仍希望能通过测试。我没有通过，而且成绩很低。我过于自信了。现在，我被宣布为毫无(油画)天赋的人了)”并结合下文中作者多年不碰油画的经历可推知，作者对美术考试的结果感到气馁。故选C。 2．（2025高三·全国·专题练习）The Impossible Burger is entirely free of meat. But it looks, smells, feels and-most importantly-tastes so much like real hamburger beef. In fact, plant-based burger alternatives have set off a strong resistance from the beef industry. The Center for Consumer Freedom, a nonprofit that advocates on behalf of the fast food and meat industries has launched an “informational” campaign targeting plant-based meats. The campaign has included TV and online ads, as well as print ads in newspapers. The ads seem to imply that not only is an artificial burger too processed, but that it might be even less healthy than the average beef burger. While it’s true that a plant-based meat alternative is processed and it’s true that eating one is not as healthy as a pile of raw vegetables, it’s best to take the ads with a generous pinch of salt. For instance, the additives and preservatives in plant-based meat highlighted in one ad sure sound scary. Who wants something called titanium dioxide (二氧化钛) in their meal? But the truth is that additives such as those listed in the ads are regularly used in all sorts of packaged foods. And if methylcellulose, a food thickener, sounds unpleasant, it’s really nothing compared with salmonella (沙门菌) poisoning you can get from regular meat. Also, the ad campaign misses the bigger point. Choosing an Impossible or Beyond burger isn’t just about healthy eating Burgers, whether they are made from processed pea protein or processed meat, will never be as healthy as organic raw vegetables. What’s appealing is the prospect or enjoying a juicy burger without the bitter aftertaste of guilt. Let’s face it, there are huge environmental costs to eating cows. Cattle raising is contributing to climate. change, and not just because methane (甲烷) from cows and cattle is responsible for about 14.5% of greenhouse gas. More broadly, our global food production system releases more than a third of the world’s greenhouse gases. Yet we can’t seem to control our meat appetite even knowing that large areas of the Amazon forest have been ruined, and continue to be cut down to make room for more cattle to feed the growing demand for beef. Humans also know full well that many animals live short, cruel lives in awful conditions for the purpose of becoming foods for humans to enjoy at dinner. A plant-based meat that satisfies meat desires and delivers protein but with a smaller climate footprint is a potential environmental game changer and the reason Impossible Foods was one of those receiving the UN, Global Climate Action Award in 2019. No wonder the meat industry is on guard. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage? I: Introduction      P: Point     Sp: Sub-point(次要点)     C: Conclusion A． B． C． D． 【答案】D 【导语】这是一篇议论文。针对植物性汉堡的出现，牛肉行业强烈抵制并列举了植物性汉堡诸多问题；但作者认为植物性汉堡既能满足肉类需求，又能提供蛋白质，且气候足迹（对气候的影响）更小，是一种潜在的环境改变者。 【详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“The Impossible Burger is entirely free of meat. But it looks, smells, feels and-most importantly-tastes so much like real hamburger beef.(素食汉堡是完全没有肉的。但是它的外观、气味、感觉和味道-最重要的是-都非常像真正的汉堡牛肉)”引出文章的主题，介绍“植物性汉堡”；接下来“In fact, plant-based burger alternatives have set off a strong resistance from the beef industry. The Center for Consumer Freedom, a nonprofit that advocates on behalf of the fast food and meat industries has launched an “informational” campaign targeting plant-based meats. The campaign has included TV and online ads, as well as print ads in newspapers. The ads seem to imply that not only is an artificial burger too processed, but that it might be even less healthy than the average beef burger.(事实上，以植物为基础的汉堡替代品已经引起了牛肉行业的强烈抵制。消费者自由中心是一个代表快餐和肉类行业倡导的非营利组织，它发起了一场针对植物性肉类的“信息”运动。这场运动包括电视和网络广告，以及报纸上的平面广告。这些广告似乎在暗示，人造汉堡不仅加工过度，而且可能比普通牛肉汉堡更不健康)”提出有人反对植物性汉堡的观点；根据第二段“While it’s true that a plant-based meat alternative is processed and it’s true that eating one is not as healthy as a pile of raw vegetables, it’s best to take the ads with a generous pinch of salt.(虽然植物性肉类替代品确实是经过加工的，而且吃植物性肉类也确实不如一堆生蔬菜健康，但最好还是对这些广告持谨慎态度)”提出对那些反对意见的广告要谨慎看待（即支持植物性汉堡）；第三段和第六段是支持的次要点；第四和五段讲它有缺点，即不支持的次要点；最后一段是作者的总结和看法，因此文章中思想的发展结构应该是D项。 3.（2025高三·全国·专题练习） Where to Shop in London James Smith & Sons Have you ever seen a nobleman with a fine walking stick or a fashionable woman with an umbrella that's definitely not one of those five-dollar bargains from New York City street? Well； you could be that person too. But you have to go to Jame Smith & Sons. They specialize in all kinds of high-quality walking sticks and umbrellas. Harvie & Hudson UK and Italy are two leading countries when it comes to clothing for men. And you know that it’ll cost you your wages of several months to buy a suit of clothes there. But Harvie & Hudson is fairly accessible, especially for the kind of quality you get. A worthy alternative! You can’t go wrong with two sport jackets for around £200. That's a good deal. Hatchards Hatchards in Piccadilly, which opened in 1797, can claim to be the oldest bookstore in the UK with around 100,000 books, and has a special section for signed first editions, and children's books. Beyond that, it offers personalized book subscription services for a very reasonable sum — you'll just need to pay additional postage for shipment to America. The Whisky Exchange For those who love whisky and brandy, this is the best choice, since ifs one of the city's important liquor stores. It’s possible to order bottles to be shipped to America. You're bound to find something you'll never see at home. Ifs like the Willy Wonka factory for Scotch drinkers and collectors. Who are the target readers of the text? A．The natives. B．British visitors. C．Foreign students. D．American travelers. 【答案】B 【导语】本文是一篇应用文，推荐了适合英国游客的四大购物圣地。 【详解】推理判断题。根据文章题目“Where to Shop in London”(在伦敦去哪里购物)以及文章介绍个四大购物圣地选择可推断出，文章的受众应该是来英国的游客，尤其是来伦敦的游客。故选B。 4．（2024高三·全国·专题练习）Have we reached the peak of the culture war? Looking at my social media feeds, it seems that polarised thinking and misinformation have never been more common. How am I supposed to feel when users I once admired now draw on questionable evidence to support their beliefs? Perhaps it is time for us all to adopt a little “existential humility”. I came across this idea in a paper by Jeffrey Greenat Virginia from Common Wealth University and his colleagues. They build on a decade of research examining the benefits of “intellectual humility” more generally — our ability to recognise the errors in our judgement and remain aware of the limits of our knowledge. You can get a flavour of this research by rating your agreement with the following statements, ranging from 1 (not at all like me) to 5 (very like me): I question my own opinions because they could be wrong; I recognise the value in opinions that are different from my own; in the face of conflicting evidence, I am open to changing my opinions. People who score highly on this assessment are less likely to form knee-jerk reactions on a topic, and they find it easier to consider the strengths or weaknesses of a logical argument. They are less likely to be influenced by misinformation, since they tend to read the article in full, investigate the sources of a news story and compare its reporting to other statements, before coming to a strong conclusion about its truth. Developing “intellectual humility” would be an excellent idea in all fields, but certain situations may make it particularly difficult to achieve. Greenat points out that some beliefs are so central to our identity that any challenge can activate an existential crisis, as if our whole world view and meaning in life are under threat. As a result, we become more insistent in our opinions and seek any way to protect them. This may reduce some of our feelings of uncertainty, but it comes at the cost of more analytical thinking. For these reasons, Greenat defines “existential humility” as the capacity to entertain the thought of another world view without becoming so defensive and closed-minded. So how could we achieve it? This will be the subject of future research, but the emotion of awe (a feeling of great respect and admiration) may offer one possibility. One study found that watching awe-inspiring videos about space and the universe led to humbler thinking, including a greater capacity to admit weaknesses. Perhaps we could all benefit from interrupting our despair with awe-inspiring content. At the very least, we can try to question our preconceptions before offering our views on social media and be a little less ready to criticize when others disagree. Regarding the culture war on social media, the author is _______. A．embarrassed B．concerned C．panicked D．stressed 【答案】B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了谦逊的好处。 【详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“Have we reached the peak of the culture war? Looking at my social media feeds, it seems that polarised thinking and misinformation have never been more common. How am I supposed to feel when users I once admired now draw on questionable evidence to support their beliefs?(我们已经到了文化战争的顶峰了吗？看看我的社交媒体动态，两极分化的思维和错误信息似乎从未如此普遍。当我曾经崇拜的用户现在用可疑的证据来支持他们的信念时，我该作何感想？)”可知，关于社交媒体上的文化战争，作者是担忧的。故选B项。 5．（2024高三·全国·专题练习）You’ve raced to the supermarket only to realise you’ve left the shopping list home. You need to memorise which groceries to pick up before you forget. Thankfully, there’s a memory aid that’s perfect for the job: the peg-word method. What is the peg-word method? It employs a set of pre-determined words, regarded as peg words, for the to-be-remembered information. Peg words act as a structure to help you remember particular items. Essentially, you’re hanging information you need to recall on these pegs, which allows it to be recalled quickly and easily. Initially, to use this method, you will have to remember the peg words as well as the numbers: one=bun two= shoe three=tree four= door five= hive six= sticks seven= heaven eight= gate nine =vine ten= hen The next step is to create associations between the information you need to remember and the item linked with the corresponding number. If the first item, for instance, is milk, then you need to visualise the milk and a bun (小圆面包) together. The more unusual you can make your image, the more likely you are to remember it. In this case, you could imagine a bun drinking a glass of milk. Why is it useful? As the case shows, it is most useful when it comes to remembering lists and you can recall the listed items easily in order. Another way to use this memory aid is to memorise important numbers, like phone numbers or dates. For instance, you need to remember that William Shakespeare was born in the year 1564. First, change that number to bun-hive-sticks-door. Then imagine a story to help you remember the series: William Shakespeare put a bun in a beehive to coat it in honey, but he didn’t like how sticky it became so he threw it at a door. The peg-word method has been wildly recognized as a helpful memory aid. For more information, please visit https://jojomemory.com/. What is the purpose of this passage? A．To introduce a helpful memory tool. B．To advertise a brain training program. C．To highlight the importance of peg words. D．To analyze the necessity of training memory. 【答案】A 【导语】本文为一篇应用文，介绍了一种辅助帮助记忆的工具——挂钩词法。 【详解】推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Thankfully, there’s a memory aid that’s perfect for the job: the peg-word method.(值得庆幸的是，有一种记忆辅助工具非常适合这项工作:挂钩词法)”及最后一段“The peg-word method has been wildly recognized as a helpful memory aid. For more information, please visit https://jojomemory.com/.(挂钩词法被广泛认为是一种有助于记忆的方法。欲了解更多信息，请访问https://jojomemory.com/)”可推知，本文是为了向大家介绍一种有用的记忆工具。故选A。 6．（2024高三·全国·专题练习）The streets and roofs of cities all absorb heat, making some urban areas hotter than rural ones. These “urban heat islands” can also develop underground as city heat spreads downward, and subway tracks and other subsurface infrastructure (基础设施) also constantly radiate warmth into the surrounding earth. A new study of downtown Chicago shows underground hotspots may threaten the very same structures that give off the heat in the first place. “Without anyone realizing it, the city of Chicago’s downtown was deforming,” says study author Rotta Loria, an environmental engineer. Humans aren’t the only potentially affected. “For a lot of things in the subsurface, it’s kind of ‘out of sight, out of mind’,” says Grant Ferguson, a geologist. But the underground world is full of creatures that have adapted to subsurface existence such as insects and snails. As the temperature rises because of climate change and underground urban development, scientists are keeping eyes on the potential implications for underground ecosystems. But the question of how underground hotspots could affect infrastructure has gone largely unstudied. Because materials expand and contract with temperature change, Rotta suspected that heat coming from underground could be contributing to wear and tear on various structures. To understand how underground temperature difference has affected the ground’s physical properties, he used a computer model to simulate (模拟) the underground environment from the 1950s to now—and then to 2050. He found that by the middle of this century, some areas may lift upward by as much as 0.50 inch or settle by as much as 0.32 inch, depending on the soil makeup of the area involved. Though these may sound like small displacements, Rotta says they could cause cracks in the foundations of some buildings, causing buildings to fall. Kathrin Menberg, a geoscientist in Germany, says these displacement predictions are far beyond her guesses and could be linked to the soft, clay-heavy soils. “Clay material is particularly sensitive,” she says, “It would be a big issue in all cities worldwide that are built on such material.” Like climate change above the surface, underground changes occur gradually. “These effects took decades to develop,” Ferguson says, adding that increased underground temperatures would likewise take a long time to dissipate on their own. “We could basically turn everything off, and it’s going to remain there, the temperature signal, for quite a while.” But Ferguson says this wasted heat energy could also be reused, presenting an opportunity to both cool the subsurface and save on energy costs. Still, this assumption could fail as aboveground climate change continues to boost underground warming. However slowly, this heat will gather beneath our feet. “It’s like climate change,” Rotta Loria says. “Maybe we don’t see it always, but it’s happening.” What does the author intend to tell us? A．Underground climate change is a silent danger. B．Humans fail to notice the dramatic climate change. C．Cooling the subsurface helps control urban heat rises. D．Researching underground heat helps save on energy costs. 【答案】A 【导语】本文为一篇说明文，介绍了城市的热量正在向地下传播，这会影响到一些地面建筑材料，且这种变化是不易察觉的，是一种无声的危险。 【详解】推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The streets and roofs of cities all absorb heat, making some urban areas hotter than rural ones. These “urban heat islands” can also develop underground as city heat spreads downward, and subway tracks and other subsurface infrastructure(基础设施) also constantly radiate warmth into the surrounding earth.(城市的街道和屋顶都会吸收热量，这使得一些城市地区比农村地区更热。随着城市热量向下传播，这些“城市热岛”也会在地下发展，地铁轨道和其他地下基础设施也会不断向周围的地球辐射热量)”及第二段“A new study of downtown Chicago shows underground hotspots may threaten the very same structures that give off the heat in the first place.(一项针对芝加哥市中心的新研究表明，地下热点可能会威胁到最初散发热量的相同结构)”结合最后一段““It’s like climate change,” Rotta Loria says. “Maybe we don’t see it always, but it’s happening.”(“这就像气候变化，”罗塔·洛里亚说。“也许我们并不总是看到这种情况，但它正在发生。”)”可知，本文介绍了城市的热量正在向地下传播，这会影响到一些地面建筑材料，且这种变化是不易察觉的，因此，作者想要告诉我们“地下气候变化是一种无声的危险”。故选A。 7．（2024高三下·全国·专题练习）As this year draws to a close, I still remember the fear I felt on a bright Saturday morning in late September, at a five-kilometer race in Clarkston, Georgia, as I waited for my 11-year-old son at the finish line. I knew he could run a 5k in about 30 minutes. When I didn't see him at the 35-minute mark, I began to wonder what had gone wrong. Had he gotten lost? Was he hit by a car? About an hour earlier, when we drove into town, my son noticed an insect on my car. It was bright green, no longer than a fingernail. And it was friendly. This little green thing hopped onto my son's finger, where it stayed for a long, long time. It stayed so long that we eventually gave it a name: Little Friend. A few minutes before the race, Little Friend jumped off my son’s hand and landed on the sidewalk. But pedestrian traffic was heavy and unpredictable. Little Friend was in danger. So my son knelt and reached out his hand. Little Friend came back. The race was about to start, and the tiny green insect was in for a wild ride. My son would run fast, and the race would be long, and his arms would swing, and Little Friend would eventually be shaken off. “You will lose Little Friend,” I told him. My son nodded, treating the moment with appropriate seriousness. The race began, and I lost sight of him. The excitement at the finish line gave way to anxiety when my son did not show up. I kept asking people if they'd seen him. No one had. And beyond the 40-minute mark, I was in a panic. But there he was, thank goodness, just ahead of the 45-minute mark. And there was Little Friend, riding on the upper crook of his right thumb like a very small captain on a very tall ship. My predictions had been wrong. My son had not run fast, and he had not lost Little Friend. And these two facts seemed somehow related. He blamed a cold he was getting over. I suspected it was more than that, but I didn’t question him too much about it. We walked back to the car, smiling, and found some bushes in the parking lot that seemed like a good place for my son to drop off Little Friend. “Be free,” my son said, and gently put it in the bushes. My son knew the truth. Sometimes life gives you something beautiful, a fragile, short-lived treasure in your hand. There is no need to rush ahead. Treat it gently. Enjoy each moment. Hold on while you can. One day my son will leave too, running off on his own adventure. As for the way his son treated Little Friend, the writer is ________. A．indifferent B．anxious C．appreciative D．doubtful 【答案】C 【导语】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了作者的儿子为了一个捡到的小虫子“小朋友”放弃跑步比赛，并最终放“小朋友”自由，这让作者意识到有时候，生活给你一些美丽的东西，是你手中脆弱的、短暂的财富。没有必要匆匆忙忙。温柔地对待它，享受每一刻。 【详解】推理判断题。根据文章倒数第四段“We walked back to the car, smiling, and found some bushes in the parking lot that seemed like a good place for my son to drop off Little Friend.(我们微笑着走回车上，在停车场发现了一些灌木丛，我儿子把小朋友送到那里似乎是个好地方)”、文章倒数第三段““Be free,” my son said, and gently put it in the bushes.(“自由吧，”儿子说着，轻轻地把它放在灌木丛里)”以及文章倒数第二段“My son knew the truth. Sometimes life gives you something beautiful, a fragile, short-lived treasure in your hand. There is no need to rush ahead. Treat it gently. Enjoy each moment.(我儿子知道真相。有时候，生活给你一些美丽的东西，是你手中脆弱的、短暂的财富。没有必要匆匆忙忙。温柔地对待它。享受每一刻)”可推知，作者对儿子对待小朋友的方式感到欣赏。故选C。 8．（2024高三下·全国·专题练习）While some allergies (过敏症) disappear over time or with treatment, others last a lifetime. For decades, scientists have been searching for the source of these lifetime allergies. Recently, researchers found that memory B cells may be involved. These cells produce a different class of antibodies known as IgG, which ward off viral infections. But no one had identified exactly which of those cells were recalling allergens or how they switched to making the IgE antibodies responsible for allergies. To uncover the mysterious cells, two research teams took a deep dive into the immune (免疫的) cells of people with allergies and some without. Immunologist Joshua Koenig and colleagues examined more than 90, 000 memory B cells from six people with birch allergies, four people allergic to dust mites and five people with no allergies. Using a technique called RNA sequencing, the team identified specific memory B cells, which they named MBC2s that make antibodies and proteins associated with the immune response that causes allergies. In another experiment, Koenig and colleagues used a peanut protein to go fishing for memory B cells from people with peanut allergies. The team pulled out the same type of cells found in people with birch and dust mite allergies. In people with peanut allergies, those cells increased in number and produced IgE antibodies as the people started treatment to desensitize them to peanut allergens. Another group led by Maria Curotto de Lafaille, an immunologist at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City, also found that similar cells were more plentiful in 58 children allergic to peanuts than in 13 kids without allergies. The team found that the cells are ready to switch from making protective IgG antibodies to allergy-causing IgE antibodies. Even before the switch, the cells were making RNA for IgE but didn’t produce the protein. Making that RNA enables the cells to switch the type of antibodies they make when they encounter allergens. The signal to switch partially depends on a protein called JAK, the group discovered. “Stopping JAK from sending the signal could help prevent the memory cells from switching to IgE production,” Lafaille says. She also predicts that allergists may be able to examine aspects of these memory cells to forecast whether a patient's allergy is likely to last or disappear with time or treatment. “Knowing which population of cells store allergies in long-term memory may eventually help scientists identify other ways to kill the allergy cells,” says Cecilia Berin, an immunologist at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. “You could potentially get rid of not only your peanut allergy but also all of your allergies.” What can we learn from the two research teams’ work? A．MBC2s make antibodies and proteins that prevent allergies. B．Memory B cells generate both RNA for IgE and the corresponding protein. C．JAK plays a role in controlling antibody production when exposed to allergens. D．Allergists are capable of predicting whether an allergy will last or disappear. 【答案】C 【导语】这是一篇说明文，本文主要讲述两个研究小组为了揭示与发生过敏有关的细胞进行研究，最终确定了特定的记忆B细胞。 【详解】推理判断题。根据第五段中“The team found that the cells are ready to switch from making protective IgG antibodies to allergy-causing IgE antibodies. Even before the switch, the cells were making RNA for IgE but didn’t produce the protein. Making that RNA enables the cells to switch the type of antibodies they make when they encounter allergens. The signal to switch partially depends on a protein called JAK, the group discovered.(研究小组发现，这些细胞已经准备好从产生保护性的IgG抗体转变为引起过敏的IgE抗体。即使在转换之前，细胞也在为IgE制造RNA，但不产生蛋白质。小组发现，制造这种RNA可以使细胞在遇到过敏原时转换抗体的类型。转换信号部分取决于一种叫做JAK的蛋白质)”可知，当暴露于过敏原时，JAK在控制抗体产生中起作用，故选C。 9．（2024高三下·全国·专题练习）Evan Selinger, professor in RIT’s Department of Philosophy, has taken an interest in the ethics (伦理标准) of Al and the policy gaps that need to be filled in. Through a humanities viewpoint, Selinger asks the questions, “How can AI cause harm, and what can governments and companies creating Al programs do to address and manage it?” Answering them, he explained, requires an interdisciplinary approach. “AI ethics go beyond technical fixes. Philosophers and other humanities experts are uniquely skilled to address the nuanced (微妙的) principles, value conflicts, and power dynamics. These skills aren’t just crucial for addressing current issues. We desperately need them to promote anticipatory (先行的) governance, ” said Selinger. One example that illustrates how philosophy and humanities experts can help guide these new, rapidly growing technologies is Selinger’s work collaborating with a special AI project. “One of the skills I bring to the table is identifying core ethical issues in emerging technologies that haven’t been built or used by the public. We can take preventative steps to limit risk, including changing how the technology is designed, ”said Selinger. Taking these preventative steps and regularly reassessing what risks need addressing is part of the ongoing journey in pursuit of creating responsible AI. Selinger explains that there isn’t a step-by-step approach for good governance. “AI ethics have core values and principles, but there’s endless disagreement about interpreting and applying them and creating meaningful accountability mechanisms, ” said Selinger. “Some people are rightly worried that AI can become integrated into ‘ethics washing’-weak checklists, flowery mission statements, and empty rhetoric that covers over abuses of power. Fortunately, I’ve had great conversations about this issue, including with some experts, on why it is important to consider a range of positions. ” Some of Selinger’s recent research has focused on the back-end issues with developing AI, such as the human impact that comes with testing AI chatbots before they’re released to the public. Other issues focus on policy, such as what to do about the dangers posed by facial recognition and other automated surveillance(监视) approaches. Selinger is making sure his students are informed about the ongoing industry conversations on AI ethics and responsible AI. “Students are going to be future tech leaders. Now is the time to help them think about what goals their companies should have and the costs of minimizing ethical concerns. Beyond social costs, downplaying ethics can negatively impact corporate culture and hiring, ” said Selinger. “To attract top talent, you need to consider whether your company matches their interests and hopes for the future. ” What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? A．More companies will use AI to attract top talent. B．Understanding AI ethics will help students in the future. C．Selinger favors companies that match his students’ values. D．Selinger is likely to focus on back-end issues such as policy. 【答案】B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了RIT哲学系教授Evan Selinger对于对人工智能的伦理的一些看法和建议。 【详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段““Students are going to be future tech leaders. Now is the time to help them think about what goals their companies should have and the costs of minimizing ethical concerns. Beyond social costs, downplaying ethics can negatively impact corporate culture and hiring, ” said Selinger. “To attract top talent, you need to consider whether your company matches their interests and hopes for the future.”(“学生们将成为未来的科技领袖。现在是时候帮助他们思考他们的公司应该有什么样的目标，以及最小化道德问题的成本。除了社会成本之外，轻视道德还会对企业文化和招聘产生负面影响。”“为了吸引顶尖人才，你需要考虑你的公司是否符合他们的兴趣和对未来的希望。”)”可推知，理解人工智能伦理对学生未来有帮助。故选B。 10.（2024高三下·全国·专题练习）As this year draws to a close, I still remember the fear I felt on a bright Saturday morning in late September, at a five-kilometer race in Clarkston, Georgia, as I waited for my 11-year-old son at the finish line. I knew he could run a 5k in about 30 minutes. When I didn't see him at the 35-minute mark, I began to wonder what had gone wrong. Had he gotten lost? Was he hit by a car? About an hour earlier, when we drove into town, my son noticed an insect on my car. It was bright green, no longer than a fingernail. And it was friendly. This little green thing hopped onto my son's finger, where it stayed for a long, long time. It stayed so long that we eventually gave it a name: Little Friend. A few minutes before the race, Little Friend jumped off my son’s hand and landed on the sidewalk. But pedestrian traffic was heavy and unpredictable. Little Friend was in danger. So my son knelt and reached out his hand. Little Friend came back. The race was about to start, and the tiny green insect was in for a wild ride. My son would run fast, and the race would be long, and his arms would swing, and Little Friend would eventually be shaken off. “You will lose Little Friend,” I told him. My son nodded, treating the moment with appropriate seriousness. The race began, and I lost sight of him. The excitement at the finish line gave way to anxiety when my son did not show up. I kept asking people if they'd seen him. No one had. And beyond the 40-minute mark, I was in a panic. But there he was, thank goodness, just ahead of the 45-minute mark. And there was Little Friend, riding on the upper crook of his right thumb like a very small captain on a very tall ship. My predictions had been wrong. My son had not run fast, and he had not lost Little Friend. And these two facts seemed somehow related. He blamed a cold he was getting over. I suspected it was more than that, but I didn’t question him too much about it. We walked back to the car, smiling, and found some bushes in the parking lot that seemed like a good place for my son to drop off Little Friend. “Be free,” my son said, and gently put it in the bushes. My son knew the truth. Sometimes life gives you something beautiful, a fragile, short-lived treasure in your hand. There is no need to rush ahead. Treat it gently. Enjoy each moment. Hold on while you can. One day my son will leave too, running off on his own adventure. 10．How did the writer probably feel when he finally saw his son appear in sight? A．Relieved. B．Depressed. C．Satisfied. D．Disappointed. 11．The son failed to run as fast as his father had expected probably because ________. A．he was lost B．he was recovering from a cold C．he was afraid to lose the tiny insect D．he was slowed down by the heavy traffic 12．What will the writer most probably do after the race? A．Treasure every moment he has with his son. B．Encourage his son to take more adventures. C．Tell his son to take races seriously. D．Get more insects for his son. 【答案】10．A 11．C 12．A 【导语】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了作者的儿子为了一个捡到的小虫子“小朋友”放弃跑步比赛，并最终放“小朋友”自由，这让作者意识到有时候，生活给你一些美丽的东西，是你手中脆弱的、短暂的财富。没有必要匆匆忙忙。温柔地对待它，享受每一刻。 10．推理判断题。根据文章第十段“But there he was, thank goodness, just ahead of the 45-minute mark.(但谢天谢地，他就在45分钟前出现了)”可推知，当作者终于看到他的儿子出现在他的视线里时，他可能感到如释重负。故选A。 11．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“My son would run fast, and the race would be long, and his arms would swing, and Little Friend would eventually be shaken off.(我的儿子会跑得很快，比赛会很长，他的手臂会摆动，小朋友最终会被甩掉了)”第五段““You will lose Little Friend,” I told him.( “你会失去小朋友的，”我告诉他)”、文章第六段“My son nodded, treating the moment with appropriate seriousness.(我儿子点了点头，以适当的严肃态度对待这个时刻)”以及文章第十二段“My son had not run fast, and he had not lost Little Friend. And these two facts seemed somehow related. He blamed a cold he was getting over. I suspected it was more than that, but I didn’t question him too much about it.(我的儿子没有跑得快，他也没有失去小朋友。这两个事实似乎有某种联系。他把这归咎于他正在康复的感冒。我怀疑不止如此，但我没有问他太多)”可推知，儿子没有像父亲期望的那样跑得快，可能是因为他害怕失去那只小虫子。故选C。 12．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“My son knew the truth. Sometimes life gives you something beautiful, a fragile, short-lived treasure in your hand. There is no need to rush ahead. Treat it gently. Enjoy each moment. Hold on while you can.(我儿子知道真相。有时候，生活给你一些美丽的东西，是你手中脆弱的、短暂的财富。没有必要匆匆忙忙。温柔地对待它。享受每一刻。趁你还能撑下去)”和文章最后一段“One day my son will leave too, running off on his own adventure.(总有一天，我的儿子也会离开，开始他自己的冒险)”可推知，作者在比赛之后可能会珍惜和儿子在一起的每一刻。故选A。 11．（2024高三下·全国·专题练习）A shopkeeper’s son breaks a window, causing a crowd to gather. They tell the shopkeeper not to be angry: actually, the broken window is a reason to celebrate, since it will create work for the glazier (装玻璃的工人). In the story, written by a 19th-century economist, the crowd envisions the work involved in repairing the window, but not that involved in everything else on which the shopkeeper could have spent his money — unseen possibilities that would have brought him greater happiness. If that window were to be broken these days, people might have a different reaction, especially if they were NIMBYs (Not In My Back Yard) who oppose any local construction that affects their quality of life. Their concern might be with the “embodied carbon”. The production of a piece of glass would carry a sizeable carbon cost. Similarly, the bricks and concrete in a building are relics of past emissions. They are, the logic goes, embodied carbon. Conserving what already exists, rather than adding to the building stock, will avoid increasing these embodied emissions — or so NIMBYs often suggest. At its worst, this idea is based on a warped logic. Greenhouse gases released by the construction of an existing building will heat the planet whether the building is repaired or knocked down. The emissions have been taken out of the world’s “carbon budget”, so treating them as anew debit means double counting. The right question to ask is whether it is worth using the remaining carbon budget to repair a building or it is better to knock it down. Choosing between these possibilities requires thinking about the unseen. It used to be said that construction emitted two types of emissions. Besides the embodied sort, there were operational ones from cooling, heating and providing electricity to residents. Around the world, buildings account for 39% of annual emissions, according to the World Green Building Council, of which 28% come from operational carbon. These two types of emissions might be enough for the architects designing an individual building. But when it comes to broader questions, economists ought also to consider how the placement of buildings affects the manner in which people work, shop and travel. Density (密度) lowers the per-person cost of public transport, and this reduces car use. Research by Green Alliance, a pressure group, suggests that in Britain a policy of “demolish (拆除) and densify” — replacing semi-detached housing near public transport with blocks of flats — would save substantial emissions. Without such demolition, potential residents would typically have to move to the suburbs instead, saving money on rent but consuming more energy. Targeted subsidies (补贴), especially for research and development into construction materials, could speed up the pace at which the built environment decarbonises. What will never work, however, is allowing the loudest voices to decide how to use land and ignoring the carbon emissions of their would-be neighbours once they are out of sight. The first two paragraphs are written to ________. A．exemplify an outlook on energy conservation B．present a new way of relieving energy crisis C．explain people’s reaction to a broken window D．introduce an argument on carbon emission 【答案】D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了建筑行业中的“隐含碳”问题，指出建筑物中的砖块和混凝土是过去排放的遗迹。从逻辑上讲，它们是隐含的碳。无论是修缮还是拆除现有建筑，建筑所释放的温室气体都将使地球升温。 【详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“A shopkeeper’s son breaks a window, causing a crowd to gather. They tell the shopkeeper not to be angry: actually, the broken window is a reason to celebrate, since it will create work for the glazier (装玻璃的工人). In the story, written by a 19th-century economist, the crowd envisions the work involved in repairing the window, but not that involved in everything else on which the shopkeeper could have spent his money — unseen possibilities that would have brought him greater happiness.(一个店主的儿子打破了一扇窗户，引起了一群人的聚集。他们告诉店主不要生气：实际上，打破窗户是一个值得庆祝的理由，因为这将为玻璃匠创造工作机会。在这个由一位19世纪经济学家撰写的故事中，人们想象的是修理窗户的工作，而不是店主本可以花钱购买的其他东西，这些东西看不见，可能会给他带来更大的幸福)”以及第二段“If that window were to be broken these days, people might have a different reaction, especially if they were NIMBYs (Not In My Back Yard) who oppose any local construction that affects their quality of life. Their concern might be with the “embodied carbon”. The production of a piece of glass would carry a sizeable carbon cost. Similarly, the bricks and concrete in a building are relics of past emissions. They are, the logic goes, embodied carbon.(如果这扇窗户现在被打破了，人们可能会有不同的反应，特别是如果他们是邻避主义者（不要在我的后院），他们反对任何影响他们生活质量的地方建设。他们担心的可能是“隐含碳”。一块玻璃的生产将带来相当大的碳成本。同样，建筑物中的砖块和混凝土是过去排放的遗迹。从逻辑上讲，它们是隐含的碳)”可推知，前两段是用来介绍一个关于碳排放的论点。故选D。 12．（2024高三下·全国·专题练习）Abeid was born in a village of Tanzania and dreamt of flying a plane, soaring (翱翔) through the sky. Due to financial difficulties, he became a wildlife guide instead. Abeid didn’t give up. He became a chief pilot of hot air ballooning at the age of 20. His passion for flying was matched by his skill both as a pilot and as a guide. Then, he came up with the idea of flying across the Serengeti from east to west, which would take four flights on successive days, taking off and landing where no one had ever seen a balloon before. As a journalist, I was so lucky to make a journey with Abeid. We were up at 3 am. Abeid walked into the basket and checked the lines and the fastenings. Moments later, he was instructing me to get into it. With barely time to catch my breath, he gave a long blast (猛吹) on the burners and the basket tipped upright. Over the following days, we gasped at the joy and wonder of the sky; at the beauty and complexity of the land beneath us. There was no fear, just a sense of being part of something fantastic as we floated in the silence of the African sky. But not everything went entirely to Abeid’s carefully worked-out plan. The rains that had started to fall every afternoon slowed the air. On the final day, we landed 20km short of the destination. Luckily, we finally made the crossing the next morning. When we were returning to the land, crowds of people shouted and waved. Many children looked up as we flew over them, and started to run. As Abeid brought the balloon down, people gathered around the balloon, pressing against the basket. Those children were also there, flushed and breathless, eyes wide with amazement. Abeid and I both looked at each other in silent agreement. Suddenly we were helping some children into the basket. Abeid lifted off and we flew just a few hundred metres with the excited crowd running alongside. I realized that Abeid’s journey was more than just about flying. It was about hope, inspiration, and the joy of sharing one’s passion. And as I penned down the last words of this extraordinary experience, I knew that Abeid’s story would resonate (回荡) far beyond the Serengeti. Which of the following best describes the journey across the Serengeti? A．Smooth. B．Pioneering. C．Painful. D．Eco-friendly. 【答案】B 【导语】本文是记叙文。文章讲述主人公阿贝德的一次开创性的气球飞行冒险，实现了飞行梦想，充满希望，灵感和分享的快乐。 【详解】推理判断题。根据第二段的“Then, he came up with the idea of flying across the Serengeti from east to west, which would take four flights on successive days, taking off and landing where no one had ever seen a balloon before. (然后，他想到了从东到西飞越塞伦盖蒂的想法，这需要连续四天飞行四次，起飞和降落在以前没有人见过气球的地方。)”可知，穿越塞伦盖蒂是开创性的，以前这里没有热见过气球。故选B。 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 1 / 15 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$