2025年中考英语一轮复习语法定语从句讲解

2025-02-16
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初中语法——定语从句(详细讲解) 一、概念综述 什么是定语从句? 在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。 被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。 定语从句的结构 关系词+主语+谓语+其他 关系词分类 引导定语从句的关系词有: ① 关系代词:that,which,who(宾格whom,所有格whose) ② 关系副词:where, when, why 注:关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分(主语,宾语,状语,定语,表语) 定语从句的分类 根据定语从句与先行词的关系,可分为: ① 限制性定语从句: 限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主语与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去。 ② 非限制性定语从句: 非限制性定语从句与主句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如果省去,意思仍然完整。 二、关系代词的用法 that ① 当先行词是指物的名词,关系词在句中作主语时,that不可省略 例:Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle. 玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。 ② 当先行词是指物的名词,关系词在句中作宾语时,that可省略。 例:The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue. 我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。 ③ 当先行词是指人的名词,关系词也可选用that=who 例:The boy that/who is playing football on the playground is my brother. 在操场上踢足球的那个男孩是我的兄弟。 which 当先行词是指物的名词时,关系词也可选用which,它在句中作主语或宾语。作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。which=that 例1:The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket. 位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(which作主语,不可省略) 例2:The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(which作宾语,可省略) who(whom) 当先行词是指人的名词或代词。who用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom。who和whom作宾语时也可省略。 例1: The girl who often helps me with my English is from England. 经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语) 例2:Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语) whose ① 当先行词是指人的名词,而且关系词在句中作定语时,选whose. 例:This is my deskmate whose father works in a factory. 这是我的同桌,他的父亲在工厂工作。 ② 当先行词是指物的名词,而且关系在句中作定语时,选whose. 例:We study in a classroom whose windows face to the south. 我们在一间窗户朝南的教室里学习。 关系词只能用that!!! ① 先行词为 all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词指物时, 例1:Is there anything that I can do for you? 我能为你做点什么吗? 例2:Mr. Li does all that he can to do his work well. 李先生竭尽全力把工作做好。 ② 先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few等词修饰时, 例:This is the same bike that I lost. 这就是我丢的那辆自行车。 ③ 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时, 例:He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。 ④ time 作先行词,前面有序数词或last修饰时 , 例:This is the last time thatI’ll give you pocket money. 这是我最后一次给你零用钱。 ⑤ 以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复时, 例:Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁? ⑥ 当先行词同时含有人和物时, 例:I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room. 我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。 关系词只能用which!!! ① 先行词为that, those时, 例:What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么? ② 关系代词前有介词时,用“介词+which” 例:This is the room in which he lives. 这就是他居住的房间。 ③ 引导非限制性定语从句时, 例:Tom came back, whichmade us happy. 汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。 三、关系副词的用法 where ① 当先行词是指地点的名词,而且关系副词在句中作状语时, 例:This is the place where he works. 这是他工作的地点。 ② 尽管先行词是指地点的名词,但关系词在句中作主语,宾语时,只能选that/which. 例1:This is the factory that/which makes paper 这就是那家造纸厂。(作主语) 例2:This is the factory(that/which) we visited yesterday. 这就是我们昨天参观的工厂。(作宾语) ③ 尽管先行词是指地点的名词,关系词在句中作状语,但定语从句末有介词时,选which。 例:This is the lab which we do experiments in. 这是我们做实验的实验室。 when ① 当先行词是指时间的名词,而且关系副词在句中作状语时, 例:This was the time when he arrived. 这是他到达的时间。 ② 尽管先行词是指时间的名词,但关系词在句中作主语,宾语时,选that或which。 例1:Monday is the day which/that comes before Tuesday. 星期一是星期二之前的日子。(作主语) 例2:We will never forget the days (that/which) we spent with him. 我们永远不会忘记和他一起度过的日子。(作宾语) why ① 当先行词是指表示原因的名词reason时,如果关系副词作状语时, 例:This is the reason why I didn’t attend the meeting yesterday. 这就是我昨天没有参加会议的原因。 ② 当先行词是表示原因的名词reason时,如果关系副词在句中作宾语,选that/which,也可省略。 例:My parents didn’t believe the reason (that/ which) I give him. 我父母不相信我给他的理由。 秘招一:根据定义定考点 在复合句中, 修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。两个句子之间通过关系代词(that, which, who, whom, whose)或关系副词(when, where, why)连接起来。定语从句前的那个被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。如: Chinese Restaurant is a very relaxing TV program which is popular among the young people. 主句:Chinese restaurant is a very relaxing TV program 从句:which is popular among the young people 先行词:TV program 关系代词:which 因此, 如果确定是考查定语从句, 我们就可以排除不是关系代词或关系副词的选项,如:what。 秘招二:根据成分选关系词 在此过程中要掌握“三看”原则。 (1) 一看指人还是物 先行词指人:that, who, whose, whom 先行词指物:that, which, whose (2) 二看句中做何用 所作成分 关系词 主语 who(人),which(物),that(人物) 宾语 who/whom(人),which(物),that(人物) 定语 whose(人/物) 状语 where(地点),when(时间),why(原因) 如果从句中缺少主干成分,补关系代词;如果从句中不缺主干成分,补关系副词。 例1:My brother likes the stories _____ were written by Mark Twain because they are often humorous. 先行词(the stories)指物, 关系词在从句中作主语,可用关系代词which/that。 例2:He is the boy _____ I talked with just now. 先行词(the boy)指人, 关系词在从句中作宾语, 可用关系代词whom/who/that/不填。 例3:What’s the name of the girl _____ father is a doctor?先行词(the girl)指人, 关系词在从句中作定语, 可用关系代词whose。 例4:I still remember the day _____ our new school was built. 从句中不缺成分, 先行词(the day)指时间, 关系词在从句中作状语, 可用关系副词when。 秘招三:三看是否属特殊 只能用关系代词that的情况: ①先行词是不定代词 something, anything, everything, nothing, all, little, few, much, none, some等时。如: As we all know, all that can be done has been done. 众所周知, 所有能做的都已经做了。 ②先行词被 the only, the very, the right, the last等修饰时。如: It is the only word that I don’t know in the passage. 这是这篇文章里唯一一个我不认识的单词。 ③当先行词既有人又有物时。如: The characters and events that the author described in his book are very interesting. 作者在他书里描写的那些人和事非常有意思。 ④先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰, 或先行词本身就是序数词时。如: He was the first that gave us some useful advice. 他是第一个给我们一些有用的建议的人。 ⑤当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。如: Who is the man that is standing over there? 站在那边的那位男士是谁? 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $$

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 2025年中考英语一轮复习语法定语从句讲解
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