精品解析：2025届上海市高三下学期2月联考调研英语试题

英语调研卷 （2025年2月） (考试时间105分钟，满分115分) I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Getting Over The “Ick” Getting the “ick” can ruin a budding romance or an ongoing date. It’s that sudden feeling of disgust ___1___ makes you want to back away. Maybe you heard them make an awkward noise, mock someone unfairly, or eat messily. Once the “ick” sets in, it’s hard to shake off, leaving you questioning ___2___ to move forward. Disgust, though often overlooked in research, is a strong, primal (原始的) emotion. Like fear or anger, it’s triggered in specific situations and ___3___ (vary) between individuals. While some reactions are universal — like disgust at rotting food or unhygienic acts — people with high sensitivity to disgust might feel it even in slight situations, such as a partner’s ___4___ (crack) lips or messy eating. Disgust evolved to protect us from harm, ___5___ spoiled food or moral wrongdoing. However, when it rushed into our romantic lives, it raises questions: Is it a signal to stop, or ___6___ we can work through? Studies show that heightened disgust sensitivity is linked to emotional challenges, such as low desire or aversion. In relationships, mismatched thresholds for disgust can cause conflicts — one partner’s limits might feel restrictive to the other. Overcoming the “ick” involves ___7___ (reduce) disgust sensitivity. Disgust can be reduced in much the same way as we work to reduce a person’s fear: Gradual exposure to increasingly greater levels of the stimulus. In other words, start small and increase your exposure to the thing that makes you disgusted and your response will become ___8___ (dramatic). If the “ick” is tied to a person rather than an act, reflection is key. Strong initial feelings of connection may be worth working ___9___ the discomfort. Relationships often allow us to overlook flaws, _____10_____ if the trigger is a true dealbreaker — something morally unacceptable — it’s time to trust your instincts and move on. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. fuel B. escape C. equivalents D. patterns E. wrestle F. contain G. promoting H. games I. rank J. forcing K. addressing California’s Growing Wildfire Crisis California’s wildfires have been fueled by increasingly dangerous conditions over the past two decades, creating a growing crisis. The recent Mountain Fire in Ventura County highlights this alarming trend. Over 10,000 residents were forced to ____11____ their homes as the fire quickly spread, injuring at least 10 people and leaving dozens of houses in ashes. In just two days, the blaze consumed over 20,000 acres, ____12____ Governor Gavin Newsom to declare a state of emergency. Experts point to a destructive “environmental recipe.” Before the fire, forecasters issued a rare Red Flag warning, cautioning that dry winds and low humidity could turn into ____13____ for fast-spreading wildfires. When the Mountain Fire erupted, strong Santa Ana winds carried embers (灰烬) far and wide, while vegetation from two unusually wet winters acted as ready ____14____. As a result, the fire could escalate rapidly, leaving firefighters struggling to ____15____ it. Climate change has further shifted the landscape. Rising temperatures and prolonged droughts have made vegetation drier and more ignitable. At the same time, wetter winters have encouraged plant growth that later dries out, becoming kindling for fires. Fall and winter blazes, unlike their summer ____16____, are driven by intense winds and lower humidity, making them harder to control. Many historical ____17____ show the severity of this trend. The Woolsey Fire in 2018 and the Thomas Fire in 2017, both occurring in winter, ____18____ among California’s most destructive. Additionally, more than half of the state’s largest fires have been recorded in the last decade, underscoring the role of climate change. As California continues to ____19____ with worsening wildfires, the stakes grow higher. Without ____20____ these environmental shifts, the battle against fire will become an even more difficult game of survival. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Artificial intelligence (AI) is commonly used to make predictions from datasets, but this typically requires creating a ____21____ model for each task. Hollmann et all have developed a solution — a foundation model — that ____22____ applying machine learning across different tasks without task-specific training. This development could streamline prediction tasks, such as predicting patient deterioration in hospitals. In a typical tabular machine learning scenario, a hospital uses a ____23____ to track patient information, such as age, blood-oxygen level, and vital signs, with the last column indicating if a patient’s condition ____24____. A model is then trained on this data to predict risk. ____25____, you need to train multiple models for different tasks, which is time-consuming. With a foundation model like TabPFN, you can immediately use any dataset to make ____26____ without training a new model each time. Foundation models, like TabPFN, are ____27____ and can be applied across many tasks, similar to tools like ChatGPT and Stable Diffusion. These models reduce the effort and time required for machine learning tasks, ____28____ faster deployment of AI solutions in healthcare, finance, and more. TabPFN has several key advantages: it can handle new datasets quickly, making predictions in ____29____ of a second without training. It also deals well with issues like missing values and outliers and performs excellently on datasets with up to 10,000 rows and 500 columns. To overcome the challenge of limited real-world data, TabPFN was pre-trained on 100 million randomly generated data table that ____30____ real data’s statistical properties. This allowed it to learn general patterns without relying on actual datasets. Even if predictions can be made in less than a second, TabPFN is not ____31____ challenges. It is a “black box,” so users cannot easily understand how it makes predictions. It may also____32____ with very large datasets, particularly those with over 10,000 rows and 500 columns. As the first model of its kind, its full ____33____ and limitations are still being explored. Despite these challenges, TabPFN could mark the beginning of a ____34____ in tabular machine learning. Data scientists may soon use foundation models like TabPFN to handle much of the heavy lifting, opening the door for faster, more efficient machine learning applications, similar to the ____35____ impact of large language models on natural language processing. 21. A. unique B. complex C. typical D. temporary 22. A. complicates B. simplifies C. restricts D. blocks 23. A. diagram B. chart C. graph D. table 24. A. worsened B. expanded C. evolved D. decreased 25 A. Occasionally B. Similarly C. Traditionally D. Typically 26. A. assumptions B. predictions C. evaluations D. preparations 27. A. flexible B. systematic C. trained D. approachable 28. A. providing B. improving C. gaining D. enabling 29. A. transitions B. microseconds C. durations D. fractions 30. A. represent B. ignore C. imitate D. reject 31. A. faced with B. free from C. striving for D. combined with 32. A. benefit B. enhance C. struggle D. lengthen 33. A. schemes B. potentials C. outputs D. intentions 34. A. decline B. charge C. shift D. modification 35. A. harmful B. gradual C. insignificant D. transformative Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) I spent an hour or more sitting on the floor of my bedroom in my nightgown, unpacking my books from the traveling trunk and putting them on the bookshelf. I arranged them alphabetically: Louisa May Alcott, Frances Hodgson Burnett, Lewis Carroll, Charles Dickens... Then I took them all off the shelf and started again. This time I used the spines to create a rainbow of color — blue, green, gray, black...  I put my book of fairy tales on the bedside table; it didn’t live with my other books. My brother, Robert, had given it to me for my twelfth birthday, very nearly a year ago. It was filled with the most beautiful pictures you could ever imagine — page after page of enchanted forests, underwater cities, and royal palaces. The longer you looked at those pictures, the more you would see — there were pictures within the pictures, worlds within worlds. My new bedroom was at the back of the house overlooking the garden and the woods beyond. I opened the heavy curtains and stood at the dark window, but all I could see was my own reflection looking back at me.  There were dark circles under my eyes; my hair was a tangled brown mess. A year ago, Mama would have laughed and said, “You look like you’ve been dragged through a hedge by a runaway pony, Hen.” She would have pulled me toward her and gently brushed at the bird’s nest until my hair shone. She would have kissed me good night. I blinked away the tears, and pulled the curtains together behind me to shut out the light. The darkness beyond the window was vast and deep, nothing like the hazy gray of London at night. This sky belongs in my book of fairy tales, I thought. An evil queen’s black velvet cloak, embroidered with diamonds. And then I saw the smoke. It was drifting up from the shadowy woods. As I squinted at it, I saw a tiny orange light flickering among the trees. A fire. Someone has lit a fire in our forest. 36. What distinguishes the book of fairy tales from the other books in the author’s collection? A It was a gift from the author’s mother. B. It contains pictures of beautiful places. C. It is the author’s favorite book. D. It is the oldest book in the collection. 37. What does the author compare the night sky with when looking out the window? A. A scene from his fairy tale book. B. The curtain of night in London. C. A story told by their mother. D. An adventure with their brother. 38. What is the primary theme of the passage? A. The joy of organizing and arranging personal belongings. B. The importance of family traditions and heirlooms. C. The excitement of discovering new places and adventures. D. The comfort found in familiar routines during times of change. 39. What does the author’s interaction with the book of fairy tales symbolize in the passage? A. A desire to escape reality and immerse in fantasy. B. A longing for childhood innocence and simplicity. C. An appreciation for artistic beauty and creativity. D. A connection to their brother and family memories. (B) A well-designed PowerPoint presentation can help communicate your ideas effectively and engage your audience. To avoid creating text-heavy slides that bore your audience, follow these essential 4 sorts of tips compiled from PowerPoint expert Ferry Pereboom. 1. Text Tips: Keep Text Short: Stick to the 5×5 rule — no more than 5 lines with 5 words per line. Choose Readable Fonts: Use classic, easy-to-read fonts like Calibri or Helvetica. Font Size: Set headers to 20pt and body text to 18pt for better legibility. 2. Design Tips: Increase Contrast: Make text easy to read by using high contrast, such as dark text on a light background. Use Colors Wisely: Choose colors based on your audience — bright colors for informal presentations and subdued (柔和的) tones for professional settings. PowerPoint Shapes: Replace bullet points with shapes to make your message clearer and visually appealing. Select Relevant Visuals: Use high-quality images that support your message and maintain consistency. Mock-ups Over Screenshots: Use device mock-ups instead of screenshots for a more polished look. Visualize Data: Use graphs, charts, and SmartArt to represent data clearly. Simplify Tables: Avoid clutter in tables by removing unnecessary borders and colors. Industry Templates (模版): Use industry-specific templates to make your slides more relevant. 3. ____________: Minimize Transitions: Use simple transitions, like fade, to keep the focus on your content. Presenter View: Use Presenter View to monitor time, slides, and notes. Provide an Outline: Start with a welcome slide, followed by a menu slide and a summary slide to help your audience follow along. 4 Hardware Tips: Back Up Your Presentation: Save your slides in multiple formats (e.g., PDF or Google Slides) to prevent technical issues. By applying these tips, you can create a PowerPoint that is engaging, clear, and professional, ensuring your message is communicated effectively. 40. Which of the following phrases can best fill in the blank? A. Standardization Tips B. Orientation Tips C. Limitation Tips D. Easy-to-Read Tips 41. According to the passage, which of the following may upset the audience’s visual experience during a rather formal meeting? A. Templates customized for the corresponding academic fields. B. Calm and soft background colors combined with texts using high-contrast colors. C. A diagram directly captured from a paper via print screen key on the keyboard. D. Ideas described in an easy form and appropriate number of technical terms. 42. Sheryl is preparing for her annual academic medical outcome presentation. Following is one of her slides. To modify the unproper place(s), she should refer to Sort ________ of tips. A. 1 B. 2 C. 1 and 4 D. 1,2, 3 and 4 (C) Attempts to genetically engineer the American chestnut tree (Darling 58) have failed, exposing the risks of rushed solutions to complex problems. In December 2023, the American Chestnut Foundation (TACF) announced it was ending its years-long effort to create a blight-resistant chestnut. These trees grew poorly, failed to resist disease, and often died. The American chestnut, once abundant in Eastern U.S. forests, was destroyed by blight in the early 1900s. Some surviving trees sprouted from stumps or resisted the disease naturally. Efforts to restore the species have divided scientists into two camps: one advocating for natural restoration and the other for genetic engineering (GE). The GE approach started in 1989, led by researchers at SUNY-ESF with backing from industry players like Duke Energy, and Monsanto. In 2020, researchers sought USDA approval to deregulate Darling 58. The tree was engineered with a wheat gene to combat the acid produced by chestnut blight. However, critics argued the testing period was too short to predict the tree’s long-term impact. The proposed plan to spread GE traits through wild forests sparked fears of ecological harm. By 2023, it was revealed that years of research had mistakenly used the wrong tree variety (Darling 54). TACF withdrew support, citing poor results, reduced survival rates, and commercial conflicts involving a for-profit company. Despite setbacks, SUNY-ESF continues to push for USDA approval, claiming the trees are safe. Meanwhile, organizations like the American Chestnut Cooperators Foundation focus on natural methods, breeding pure chestnuts with blight resistance. Hybridization with Chinese chestnuts is another method under development. The Darling 58 debacle highlights the risks of genetic engineering and commercial motives behind GE trees. Critics argue that GE is less about forest health and more about profits from faster-growing or industrially modified trees. As the debate continues, the lesson remains clear: science must proceed cautiously, especially when dealing with long-living species like trees. 43. The primary purpose of this passage is to ________. A. criticize the use of genetic engineering on chestnut trees in forest restoration. B. describe the main history of the American chestnut tree’s decline since the 1900s. C. explain the controversy surrounding the restoration of the American chestnut tree. D. promote natural breeding as the best solution for chestnut tree restoration. 44. Why did the USDA petition for Darling 58 face criticism? A. The testing period was not long enough to predict long-term effects. B. The genetically engineered trees were not resistant to blight. C. The USDA was accused of favoring genetic engineering companies. D The petition did not include input from environmental scientists. 45. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Darling 58 chestnut trees were approved for widespread planting in 2023. B. Natural methods of restoring the American chestnut show no promise. C. Critics believe the genetic engineering is profit-driven rather than ecological. D. TACF fully supports SUNY-ESF’s efforts with Darling 58 chestnut trees. 46. What can be inferred about releasing genetically engineered trees into the wild? A. It may lead to deregulation and commercialization of GE trees. B. It will rapidly restore ecosystems with minimal risks. C. It proves corporate interests align with environmental goals. D. It shows GE is more reliable than natural restoration. Section C Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. The complex relationship between music and memory is profound. Music acts as a strong trigger for emotions and memories, transporting individuals back to specific moments in the past. Long-term memory splits into explicit and implicit types. Explicit one involves conscious recall, like academic learning and personal experiences. Implicit memory works automatically, like playing instruments or remembering lyrics. ____47____ It often lasts a lifetime even without practice. Diseases like Alzheimer’s mainly affect explicit memory systems. ____48____ This leads to a liking for familiar pieces due to the mere exposure effect. Major record labels use it through frequent airplay to boost record sales. Implicit memory works like classical conditioning, where an event, emotion, and song become linked. Elton John’s “Candle in the Wind” is strongly connected with Princess Diana as he performed it at her funeral. Music-triggered memories often come from important life stages, especially between the ages of 10 and 30, known as the “reminiscence bump.” Music from this time is more likely to be linked with vivid memories compared to other periods. The teenage years and twenties are crucial for forming music preferences. ____49____ It helps them recall vivid memories from their youth. Despite severe memory loss, people with dementia often remember music well. Research shows self-chosen music can bring back positive memories that might otherwise be hard to recall. Music helps unlock non-musical memories and improves communication among older adults with Alzheimer’s disease, a sort of disease concerning one’s long-term memory. Listening to music from important life events, like weddings or funerals, can bring about deeply nostalgic and emotional experiences. ____50____ A. It is now widely used to cure lots of severe diseases. B. This emotional connection allows individuals to recall details of their past. C. Music’s ability to reach the minds of Alzheimer’s patients is remarkable. D. Explicit memory fades without active recall, but implicit memory is durable. E. Implicit memory can form through passive listening to background music. F. Remembering things is often hard, but music helps bring back memories linked to a song. III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Inside the NFL Football Factory Cheering for your football team as they throw a long pass is a classic American tradition that started in the late 1800s. Today’s footballs, often called “pigskins,” are no longer made from pig bladders. They are made from cowhide leather with rubber inside. Even though the materials have changed, the shape and size of NFL footballs have stayed the same for over 100 years. Dr. Rabindra Mehta, a former NASA scientist, explains that a football is designed to be more aerodynamic than a baseball. Footballs are made from four pieces of leather, shaped like leaves and sewn together inside out. The leather is then steamed to make it soft enough to turn right-side out. An air bladder is inserted, and the football is laced by hand. A football isn’t a perfect sphere (球体) but a prolate spheroid, which means it’s oval-shaped with pointed ends. This shape makes it easier to grasp and helps the ball travel longer distances. The surface of the football, including the texture of the leather, the stitching, and the laces, helps the air flow stay attached longer, reducing drag compared to a round object like a baseball. When a baseball flies through the air, the air bends around it, creating drag that slows it down. Golf balls have dimples on their surface to reduce drag. Similarly, the textured surface and curved shape of a football help create a turbulent (湍流的) layer of air around it, allowing air to stay attached longer and reducing drag. MIT professor Anette Hosoi says it’s hard to predict drag on objects like footballs. Drag depends on the shape of the air behind the ball, which changes with the ball’s position, speed, and surface texture. Air temperature also affects drag; warmer air is less dense, so footballs may fly farther on warmer days. A football thrown with a tight spiral (螺旋形) is fun to watch. The spin of the ball stays aligned with the direction it’s moving, just like a bullet. This skill is what makes quarterbacks so impressive. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 他背上行囊，与家人告别，踏上了伟大征途。(farewell)(汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 53. 落日霞光下的海面熠熠生辉，各地游客络绎不绝。(stream) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 54. 古人对天文现象的独特理解浓缩于“银河”之名，尽显他们对迷人星空的浪漫想象。(capture) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 55. 既然那场悲剧已时过境迁，那么为何村里人仍心有余悸，甚至规定每逢大年初一必须张灯结彩呢？(tragic) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 你是未来中学的高三学生小星，正在完成一份英语学科的跨文化研习课题。请根据以下给出的报告提纲，撰写一篇文章阐述研究所得。 Festivals in China and Western Countries Reporter: Xiao Xing Steps 1. Choose one typical festival from each of China and Western Countries. 2. Compare the two festivals in at least two aspects, whether in common or different. (Such as the cultural background, ways to celebrate, etc.) 3 Analyze why these features are in common or different. 4. Find commonalities or differences between Chinese and Western cultures the festivals reflect. (if any, or can be omitted) Main Text ………… ………… ………… _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 英语调研卷 （2025年2月） (考试时间105分钟，满分115分) I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Getting Over The “Ick” Getting the “ick” can ruin a budding romance or an ongoing date. It’s that sudden feeling of disgust ___1___ makes you want to back away. Maybe you heard them make an awkward noise, mock someone unfairly, or eat messily. Once the “ick” sets in, it’s hard to shake off, leaving you questioning ___2___ to move forward. Disgust, though often overlooked in research, is a strong, primal (原始的) emotion. Like fear or anger, it’s triggered in specific situations and ___3___ (vary) between individuals. While some reactions are universal — like disgust at rotting food or unhygienic acts — people with high sensitivity to disgust might feel it even in slight situations, such as a partner’s ___4___ (crack) lips or messy eating. Disgust evolved to protect us from harm, ___5___ spoiled food or moral wrongdoing. However, when it rushed into our romantic lives, it raises questions: Is it a signal to stop, or ___6___ we can work through? Studies show that heightened disgust sensitivity is linked to emotional challenges, such as low desire or aversion. In relationships, mismatched thresholds for disgust can cause conflicts — one partner’s limits might feel restrictive to the other. Overcoming the “ick” involves ___7___ (reduce) disgust sensitivity. Disgust can be reduced in much the same way as we work to reduce a person’s fear: Gradual exposure to increasingly greater levels of the stimulus. In other words, start small and increase your exposure to the thing that makes you disgusted and your response will become ___8___ (dramatic). If the “ick” is tied to a person rather than an act, reflection is key. Strong initial feelings of connection may be worth working ___9___ the discomfort. Relationships often allow us to overlook flaws, _____10_____ if the trigger is a true dealbreaker — something morally unacceptable — it’s time to trust your instincts and move on. 【答案】1. that 2. whether 3. varies 4. cracked 5. like##including 6. something 7. reducing 8. less dramatic 9. through##against 10. but 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了厌恶这种情绪对人的影响。 【1题详解】 考查强调句。句意：这种突然的厌恶感让你想要退后。此处为强调句：it is+被强调部分+that/who+其他，被强调部分为that sudden feeling of disgust，故填that。 【2题详解】 考查疑问词。句意：一旦“恶心”来了，就很难摆脱，让你怀疑是否要继续前进。此处为“疑问词+不定式”结构，且表示“是否”应用whether。故填whether。 【3题详解】 考查时态。句意：就像恐惧或愤怒一样，它是在特定的情况下触发的，因人而异。作并列谓语，且陈述事实用一般现在时，主语为it，谓语用三单形式。故填varies。 【4题详解】 考查形容词。句意：虽然有些反应是普遍的，比如对腐烂的食物或不卫生的行为感到厌恶，但对厌恶高度敏感的人即使在轻微的情况下也会感到厌恶，比如伴侣的嘴唇开裂或吃得一团糟。修饰名词lips用形容词cracked“破裂的，有裂纹的”。故填cracked。 【5题详解】 考查介词。句意：厌恶进化是为了保护我们免受伤害，比如/包括变质的食物或不道德的行为。后跟名词作宾语，表示“比如”或“包含”应用介词like或including。故填like/including。 【6题详解】 考查代词。句意：然而，当它闯入我们的浪漫生活时，问题就来了：这是一个停止的信号，还是我们可以解决的问题？此处表示“某事”应用不定代词something，作表语。故填something。 【7题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：克服“恶心”需要降低厌恶敏感性。短语involve doing sth.表示“涉及做某事”。故填reducing。 【8题详解】 考查比较级。句意：换句话说，从小事做起，增加你对让你厌恶的事情的接触，你的反应就会变得不那么剧烈。作表语，且表示“不那么剧烈的”应用形容词dramatic的比较级，在前面加less。故填less dramatic。 【9题详解】 考查介词。句意：最初强烈的联系感可能值得解决不适。短语work through/against表示“克服，解决”。故填through/against。 【10题详解】 考查连词。句意：感情常常让我们忽略缺点，但如果导火索是真正的分手者——道德上不可接受的事情——是时候相信你的直觉，继续前进了。结合前后文语境可知为转折关系，应用连词but。故填but。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. fuel B. escape C. equivalents D. patterns E. wrestle F. contain G. promoting H. games I. rank J. forcing K. addressing California’s Growing Wildfire Crisis California’s wildfires have been fueled by increasingly dangerous conditions over the past two decades, creating a growing crisis. The recent Mountain Fire in Ventura County highlights this alarming trend. Over 10,000 residents were forced to ____11____ their homes as the fire quickly spread, injuring at least 10 people and leaving dozens of houses in ashes. In just two days, the blaze consumed over 20,000 acres, ____12____ Governor Gavin Newsom to declare a state of emergency. Experts point to a destructive “environmental recipe.” Before the fire, forecasters issued a rare Red Flag warning, cautioning that dry winds and low humidity could turn into ____13____ for fast-spreading wildfires. When the Mountain Fire erupted, strong Santa Ana winds carried embers (灰烬) far and wide, while vegetation from two unusually wet winters acted as ready ____14____. As a result, the fire could escalate rapidly, leaving firefighters struggling to ____15____ it. Climate change has further shifted the landscape. Rising temperatures and prolonged droughts have made vegetation drier and more ignitable. At the same time, wetter winters have encouraged plant growth that later dries out, becoming kindling for fires. Fall and winter blazes, unlike their summer ____16____, are driven by intense winds and lower humidity, making them harder to control. Many historical ____17____ show the severity of this trend. The Woolsey Fire in 2018 and the Thomas Fire in 2017, both occurring in winter, ____18____ among California’s most destructive. Additionally, more than half of the state’s largest fires have been recorded in the last decade, underscoring the role of climate change. As California continues to ____19____ with worsening wildfires, the stakes grow higher. Without ____20____ these environmental shifts, the battle against fire will become an even more difficult game of survival. 【答案】11. B 12. J 13. H 14. A 15. F 16. C 17. D 18. I 19. E 20. K 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了加州日益严重的野火危机。 【11题详解】 考查动词。句意：随着火势迅速蔓延，1万多名居民被迫逃离家园，至少10人受伤，数十座房屋化为灰烬。根据“their homes as the fire quickly spread, injuring at least 10 people and leaving dozens of houses in ashes”以及句意“逃离”可知应用动词escape，且上文为短语be forced to do sth.。故选B。 【12题详解】 考查动词。句意：在短短两天内，大火烧毁了2万多英亩土地，迫使州长加文·纽森宣布进入紧急状态。根据“Governor Gavin Newsom to declare a state of emergency.”以及句意“迫使”可知应用动词force，此处用现在分词作状语。故选J。 【13题详解】 考查名词。句意：火灾发生前，预报员发布了罕见的红旗警告，警告说干燥的风和低湿度可能会成为快速蔓延的野火的游戏。根据“for fast-spreading wildfires”以及句意“游戏”可知应用复数名词games，作宾语，故选H。 【14题详解】 考查名词。句意：当山火爆发时，强烈的圣安娜风把余烬吹到很远的地方，而两个异常潮湿的冬天的植被则成为现成的燃料。根据“When the Mountain Fire erupted”以及句意“燃料”可知应用名词fuel，作宾语。故选A。 【15题详解】 考查动词。句意：因此，火灾可能会迅速升级，让消防员难以控制火势。根据“the fire could escalate rapidly, leaving firefighters struggling to”以及句意“控制”可知应用动词contain，此处为不定式作宾语，故选F。 【16题详解】 考查名词。句意：秋季和冬季的火灾与夏季的对应不同，它们是由强风和较低的湿度驱动的，这使得它们更难控制。根据“Fall and winter blazes, unlike their summer”以及句意“对应”可知应用复数名词equivalents，作宾语，故选C。 【17题详解】 考查名词。句意：许多历史模式都表明了这一趋势的严重性。根据“show the severity of this trend”以及句意“模式”可知应用名词patterns，结合many可知为复数。故选D。 【18题详解】 考查动词。句意：2018年的伍尔西大火和2017年的托马斯大火都发生在冬季，排名加州最具破坏性的火灾之一。根据“among California’s most destructive”以及句意“排名”可知应用动词rank，作谓语，陈述事实用一般现在时，主语为The Woolsey Fire in 2018 and the Thomas Fire in 2017，谓语用原形。故选I。 【19题详解】 考查动词。句意：随着加州继续与不断恶化的野火作斗争，风险越来越高。根据“with worsening wildfires, the stakes grow higher”以及句意“作斗争”可知应用动词wrestle，此处为不定式作宾语，故选E。 【20题详解】 考查动词。句意：如果不解决这些环境变化，与火灾的斗争将成为一场更加艰难的生存游戏。根据“these environmental shifts”以及句意“解决”可知应用动名词addressing，作介词的宾语。故选K。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Artificial intelligence (AI) is commonly used to make predictions from datasets, but this typically requires creating a ____21____ model for each task. Hollmann et all have developed a solution — a foundation model — that ____22____ applying machine learning across different tasks without task-specific training. This development could streamline prediction tasks, such as predicting patient deterioration in hospitals. In a typical tabular machine learning scenario, a hospital uses a ____23____ to track patient information, such as age, blood-oxygen level, and vital signs, with the last column indicating if a patient’s condition ____24____. A model is then trained on this data to predict risk. ____25____, you need to train multiple models for different tasks, which is time-consuming. With a foundation model like TabPFN, you can immediately use any dataset to make ____26____ without training a new model each time. Foundation models, like TabPFN, are ____27____ and can be applied across many tasks, similar to tools like ChatGPT and Stable Diffusion. These models reduce the effort and time required for machine learning tasks, ____28____ faster deployment of AI solutions in healthcare, finance, and more. TabPFN has several key advantages: it can handle new datasets quickly, making predictions in ____29____ of a second without training. It also deals well with issues like missing values and outliers and performs excellently on datasets with up to 10,000 rows and 500 columns. To overcome the challenge of limited real-world data, TabPFN was pre-trained on 100 million randomly generated data table that ____30____ real data’s statistical properties. This allowed it to learn general patterns without relying on actual datasets. Even if predictions can be made in less than a second, TabPFN is not ____31____ challenges. It is a “black box,” so users cannot easily understand how it makes predictions. It may also____32____ with very large datasets, particularly those with over 10,000 rows and 500 columns. As the first model of its kind, its full ____33____ and limitations are still being explored. Despite these challenges, TabPFN could mark the beginning of a ____34____ in tabular machine learning. Data scientists may soon use foundation models like TabPFN to handle much of the heavy lifting, opening the door for faster, more efficient machine learning applications, similar to the ____35____ impact of large language models on natural language processing. 21. A. unique B. complex C. typical D. temporary 22. A. complicates B. simplifies C. restricts D. blocks 23. A. diagram B. chart C. graph D. table 24. A. worsened B. expanded C. evolved D. decreased 25 A. Occasionally B. Similarly C. Traditionally D. Typically 26. A. assumptions B. predictions C. evaluations D. preparations 27. A. flexible B. systematic C. trained D. approachable 28. A. providing B. improving C. gaining D. enabling 29. A. transitions B. microseconds C. durations D. fractions 30. A. represent B. ignore C. imitate D. reject 31 A. faced with B. free from C. striving for D. combined with 32. A. benefit B. enhance C. struggle D. lengthen 33. A. schemes B. potentials C. outputs D. intentions 34. A. decline B. charge C. shift D. modification 35. A. harmful B. gradual C. insignificant D. transformative 【答案】21. A 22. B 23. D 24. A 25. C 26. B 27. A 28. D 29. D 30. C 31. B 32. C 33. B 34. C 35. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了新开发了一种名为TabPFN的人工智能模型，简化了机器学习在不同任务之间的应用，而无需特定任务的训练。介绍了其工作原理以及存在的挑战。 【21题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：人工智能（AI）通常用于从数据集进行预测，但这通常需要为每个任务创建一个唯一的模型。A. unique唯一的，独特的；B. complex复杂的；C. typical典型的；D. temporary暂时的。根据后文“Hollmann et all have developed a solution — a foundation model”可知，可以开发一个基础模型，说明AI通常需要为每个任务创建一个唯一的模型。故选A。 【22题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：Hollmann等人开发了一个解决方案——一个基础模型，它简化了机器学习在不同任务之间的应用，而无需特定任务的训练。A. complicates使复杂；B. simplifies简化；C. restricts约束；D. blocks阻塞。根据上文“a foundation model”可知，是基础模型说明简化了机器学习在不同任务之间的应用，而无需特定任务的训练。故选B。 【23题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在典型的表格式机器学习场景中，医院使用数据表来跟踪患者信息，如年龄、血氧水平和生命体征，最后一列表明患者的病情是否恶化。A. diagram图表，图解；B. chart曲线图；C. graph曲线图；D. table一览表。根据后文“with the last column”可知，指医院使用的是数据表。故选D。 【24题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：在典型的表格式机器学习场景中，医院使用数据表来跟踪患者信息，如年龄、血氧水平和生命体征，最后一列表明患者的病情是否恶化。A. worsened恶化；B. expanded扩大；C. evolved形成；D. decreased减少。根据上文“to track patient information, such as age, blood-oxygen level, and vital signs, with the last column indicating if a patient’s condition”可知，显示这些信息是为了查看患者的病情是否恶化。故选A。 【25题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：传统上，你需要为不同的任务训练多个模型，这非常耗时。A. Occasionally偶尔；B. Similarly相似地；C. Traditionally传统地；D. Typically典型地。根据后文“you need to train multiple models for different tasks, which is time-consuming.(你需要为不同的任务训练多个模型，这非常耗时)”以及下文“With a foundation model like TabPFN”新模型进行了对比，说明本句是在说明传统方法的特点，故选C。 【26题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：使用像TabPFN这样的基础模型，你可以立即使用任何数据集进行预测，而无需每次都训练新模型。A. assumptions假设；B. predictions预测；C. evaluations评估；D. preparations准备。根据上文“This development could streamline prediction tasks, such as predicting patient deterioration in hospitals.(这一发展可以简化预测任务，比如预测医院里病人的病情恶化)”可知，此处指可以立即使用任何数据集进行预测，故选B。 【27题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：像TabPFN这样的基础模型是灵活的，可以应用于许多任务，类似于ChatGPT和Stable Diffusion这样的工具。A. flexible灵活的；B. systematic系统的；C. trained训练过的；D. approachable平易近人的。根据后文“can be applied across many tasks”可知，可以应用于许多任务说明灵活。故选A。 【28题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些模型减少了机器学习任务所需的工作量和时间，从而能够更快地在医疗保健、金融等领域部署人工智能解决方案。A. providing提供；B. improving改善；C. gaining获得；D. enabling使能够。根据后文“faster deployment of AI solutions in healthcare, finance, and more”可知，这些模型减少了机器学习任务所需的工作量和时间，从而能够更快地在医疗保健、金融等领域部署人工智能解决方案。故选D。 【29题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：TabPFN有几个关键优势：它可以快速处理新的数据集，无需训练就能在几分之一秒内做出预测。A. transitions过渡；B. microseconds微秒；C. durations期间；D. fractions片段，分数。根据上文“it can handle new datasets quickly, making predictions in”可知，TabPFN可以快速处理新的数据集，即在几分之一秒内做出预测。短语in fractions of表示“以几分之一”。故选D。 【30题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了克服有限的真实数据的挑战，TabPFN在1亿个随机生成的数据表上进行预训练，这些数据表模仿真实数据的统计特性。A. represent代表；B. ignore忽视；C. imitate模仿；D. reject拒绝。根据上文“TabPFN was pre-trained on 100 million randomly generated data table that”可知，可以进行预训练，说明这些数据表模仿真实数据的统计特性。故选C。 【31题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：即使预测可以在不到一秒的时间内完成，TabPFN也不是没有挑战。A. faced with面对；B. free from释放；C. striving for为……而努力；D. combined with与……结合。根据上文“Even if predictions can be made in less than a second”中even if引导让步状语从句，表示转折，说明虽然速度很快，但TabPFN也不是没有挑战。短语be free from表示“免于”。故选B。 【32题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：它也可能难以处理非常大的数据集，特别是那些超过10,000行和500列的数据集。A. benefit受益；B. enhance加强；C. struggle努力；D. lengthen延长。根据上文提到TabPFN也不是没有挑战以及后文“with very large datasets, particularly those with over 10,000 rows and 500 columns”可知，TabPFN可能难以处理非常大的数据集，特别是那些超过10,000行和500列的数据集。故选C。 【33题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：作为这种模式的第一种，它的全部潜力和局限性仍在探索中。A. schemes方案；B. potentials潜能；C. outputs输出；D. intentions意图。根据后文“and limitations are still being explored”指其全部潜力和局限性仍在探索中。故选B。 【34题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管存在这些挑战，TabPFN可能标志着表格机器学习转变的开始。A. decline下降；B. charge电量；C. shift转变；D. modification修改。根据上文“This development could streamline prediction tasks, such as predicting patient deterioration in hospitals.(这一发展可以简化预测任务，比如预测医院里病人的病情恶化)”可知，TabPFN可能标志着表格机器学习转变的开始。故选C。 【35题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：数据科学家可能很快就会使用像TabPFN这样的基础模型来处理大部分繁重的工作，为更快、更高效的机器学习应用打开大门，类似于大型语言模型对自然语言处理的变革性影响。A. harmful有害的；B. gradual逐渐的；C. insignificant微不足道的；D. transformative有改革作用的。根据上文“Data scientists may soon use foundation models like TabPFN to handle much of the heavy lifting, opening the door for faster, more efficient machine learning applications”可知，数据科学家可能很快就会使用像TabPFN这样的基础模型来处理大部分繁重的工作，为更快、更高效的机器学习应用打开大门，即有变革性影响的影响，类似于大型语言模型。故选D。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) I spent an hour or more sitting on the floor of my bedroom in my nightgown, unpacking my books from the traveling trunk and putting them on the bookshelf. I arranged them alphabetically: Louisa May Alcott, Frances Hodgson Burnett, Lewis Carroll, Charles Dickens... Then I took them all off the shelf and started again. This time I used the spines to create a rainbow of color — blue, green, gray, black...  I put my book of fairy tales on the bedside table; it didn’t live with my other books. My brother, Robert, had given it to me for my twelfth birthday, very nearly a year ago. It was filled with the most beautiful pictures you could ever imagine — page after page of enchanted forests, underwater cities, and royal palaces. The longer you looked at those pictures, the more you would see — there were pictures within the pictures, worlds within worlds. My new bedroom was at the back of the house overlooking the garden and the woods beyond. I opened the heavy curtains and stood at the dark window, but all I could see was my own reflection looking back at me.  There were dark circles under my eyes; my hair was a tangled brown mess. A year ago, Mama would have laughed and said, “You look like you’ve been dragged through a hedge by a runaway pony, Hen.” She would have pulled me toward her and gently brushed at the bird’s nest until my hair shone. She would have kissed me good night. I blinked away the tears, and pulled the curtains together behind me to shut out the light. The darkness beyond the window was vast and deep, nothing like the hazy gray of London at night. This sky belongs in my book of fairy tales, I thought. An evil queen’s black velvet cloak, embroidered with diamonds. And then I saw the smoke. It was drifting up from the shadowy woods. As I squinted at it, I saw a tiny orange light flickering among the trees. A fire. Someone has lit a fire in our forest. 36. What distinguishes the book of fairy tales from the other books in the author’s collection? A. It was a gift from the author’s mother. B. It contains pictures of beautiful places. C. It is the author’s favorite book. D. It is the oldest book in the collection. 37. What does the author compare the night sky with when looking out the window? A. A scene from his fairy tale book. B. The curtain of night in London. C. A story told by their mother. D. An adventure with their brother. 38. What is the primary theme of the passage? A. The joy of organizing and arranging personal belongings. B. The importance of family traditions and heirlooms. C. The excitement of discovering new places and adventures. D. The comfort found in familiar routines during times of change. 39. What does the author’s interaction with the book of fairy tales symbolize in the passage? A. A desire to escape reality and immerse in fantasy. B. A longing for childhood innocence and simplicity. C. An appreciation for artistic beauty and creativity. D. A connection to their brother and family memories. 【答案】36. B 37. B 38. D 39. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，文章通过作者整理书籍和回忆童年礼物的经历，展现了在变化时期对熟悉事物的依赖和对幻想世界的向往。 【36题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“My brother, Robert, had given it to me for my twelfth birthday, very nearly a year ago. It was filled with the most beautiful pictures you could ever imagine — page after page of enchanted forests, underwater cities, and royal palaces. (我的哥哥罗伯特在我十二岁生日时送给我的，那几乎是整整一年前的事了。它里面装满了你能想象到的最美丽的图画——一页又一页的魔法森林、水下城市和皇家宫殿。)”可知，这本童话书与其他书不同，因为它包含了许多美丽的插图，描绘了奇幻的森林、水下城市和皇家宫殿。故选B。 【37题详解】 细节理解题。根据第六段“This sky belongs in my book of fairy tales, I thought. An evil queen’s black velvet cloak, embroidered with diamonds. (我想，这片天空属于我的童话书。那是一个邪恶女王的黑色天鹅绒斗篷，上面镶嵌着钻石。)”可知，作者将夜空比作童话书中的场景，特别是邪恶女王的黑色天鹅绒斗篷，上面镶嵌着钻石。故选A。 【38题详解】 主旨大意题。根据文章第一句“I spent an hour or more sitting on the floor of my bedroom in my nightgown, unpacking my books from the traveling trunk and putting them on the bookshelf. (我穿着睡衣，在卧室的地板上坐了一个多小时，从旅行箱里取出我的书，然后把它们放在书架上。)”及全文可知，文章主要描述了作者在整理书籍时的回忆和对新环境的感受。作者通过整理书籍和回忆童年礼物，表达了在变化时期对熟悉事物的依赖和对幻想世界的向往。故选D。 【39题详解】 推理判断题。根据第六段“ The darkness beyond the window was vast and deep, nothing like the hazy gray of London at night. This sky belongs in my book of fairy tales, I thought. An evil queen’s black velvet cloak, embroidered with diamonds. (窗外的黑暗又大又深，一点也不像伦敦夜晚朦胧的灰色。我想，这片天空属于我的童话书。那是一个邪恶女王的黑色天鹅绒斗篷，上面镶嵌着钻石。)”以及第七段“A fire. Someone has lit a fire in our forest. (有火光。有人在我们的森林里点了一堆火。)”可知，作者通过与童话书的互动，表达了对现实的逃避和对幻想世界的沉浸。故选A。 (B) A well-designed PowerPoint presentation can help communicate your ideas effectively and engage your audience. To avoid creating text-heavy slides that bore your audience, follow these essential 4 sorts of tips compiled from PowerPoint expert Ferry Pereboom. 1. Text Tips: Keep Text Short: Stick to the 5×5 rule — no more than 5 lines with 5 words per line. Choose Readable Fonts: Use classic, easy-to-read fonts like Calibri or Helvetica. Font Size: Set headers to 20pt and body text to 18pt for better legibility. 2. Design Tips: Increase Contrast: Make text easy to read by using high contrast, such as dark text on a light background. Use Colors Wisely: Choose colors based on your audience — bright colors for informal presentations and subdued (柔和的) tones for professional settings. PowerPoint Shapes: Replace bullet points with shapes to make your message clearer and visually appealing. Select Relevant Visuals: Use high-quality images that support your message and maintain consistency. Mock-ups Over Screenshots: Use device mock-ups instead of screenshots for a more polished look. Visualize Data: Use graphs, charts, and SmartArt to represent data clearly. Simplify Tables: Avoid clutter in tables by removing unnecessary borders and colors. Industry Templates (模版): Use industry-specific templates to make your slides more relevant. 3. ____________: Minimize Transitions: Use simple transitions, like fade, to keep the focus on your content. Presenter View: Use Presenter View to monitor time, slides, and notes. Provide an Outline: Start with a welcome slide, followed by a menu slide and a summary slide to help your audience follow along. 4. Hardware Tips: Back Up Your Presentation: Save your slides in multiple formats (e.g., PDF or Google Slides) to prevent technical issues. By applying these tips, you can create a PowerPoint that is engaging, clear, and professional, ensuring your message is communicated effectively. 40. Which of the following phrases can best fill in the blank? A. Standardization Tips B. Orientation Tips C. Limitation Tips D. Easy-to-Read Tips 41. According to the passage, which of the following may upset the audience’s visual experience during a rather formal meeting? A. Templates customized for the corresponding academic fields. B. Calm and soft background colors combined with texts using high-contrast colors. C. A diagram directly captured from a paper via print screen key on the keyboard. D. Ideas described in an easy form and appropriate number of technical terms. 42. Sheryl is preparing for her annual academic medical outcome presentation. Following is one of her slides. To modify the unproper place(s), she should refer to Sort ________ of tips. A. 1 B. 2 C. 1 and 4 D. 1,2, 3 and 4 【答案】40. B 41. C 42. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，提供了一系列关于如何设计高效、吸引人的PowerPoint演示文稿的技巧，这些技巧分为四个类别：文本技巧、设计技巧、演示技巧和硬件技巧。文章强调了简洁、对比、视觉吸引力以及技术准备的重要性。 【40题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第三部分“Minimize Transitions: Use simple transitions, like fade, to keep the focus on your content. Presenter View: Use Presenter View to monitor time, slides, and notes. Provide an Outline: Start with a welcome slide, followed by a menu slide and a summary slide to help your audience follow along. (减少过渡动画：使用简单的过渡效果（如淡入淡出）以保持观众对内容的关注。使用演示者视图：利用演示者视图来监控时间、幻灯片和笔记。提供大纲：以欢迎页开始，随后是目录页和总结页，帮助观众更好地跟随演示内容)”可知，这些技巧主要涉及演示过程中的操作和设置，帮助演讲者更好地引导观众。故选B。 【41题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二部分“Use Colors Wisely: Choose colors based on your audience — bright colors for informal presentations and subdued (柔和的) tones for professional settings. (明智地选择颜色：根据观众选择颜色——非正式演讲使用鲜艳的颜色，专业场合则使用柔和的色调)”可知，在正式会议中，应使用柔和的色调而非明亮的颜色。此外，“Mock-ups Over Screenshots: Use device mock-ups instead of screenshots for a more polished look. (使用设备模型代替截图：为了使外观更加精致，建议使用设备模型而不是直接的截图)”可知，这可能会显得不专业，影响观众的视觉体验。故选C。 【42题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一部分的“Text Tips (文本建议)”可知，建议保持文本简洁（5×5规则）、选择易读字体（如Calibri或Helvetica）以及设置合适的字号（标题20pt，正文18pt）。这些技巧直接关联到文本的可读性和视觉效果。因此，Sheryl在准备年度学术医疗成果展示时，应参考第一部分的文本技巧来修改幻灯片中的不当之处。故选A。 (C) Attempts to genetically engineer the American chestnut tree (Darling 58) have failed, exposing the risks of rushed solutions to complex problems. In December 2023, the American Chestnut Foundation (TACF) announced it was ending its years-long effort to create a blight-resistant chestnut. These trees grew poorly, failed to resist disease, and often died. The American chestnut, once abundant in Eastern U.S. forests, was destroyed by blight in the early 1900s. Some surviving trees sprouted from stumps or resisted the disease naturally. Efforts to restore the species have divided scientists into two camps: one advocating for natural restoration and the other for genetic engineering (GE). The GE approach started in 1989, led by researchers at SUNY-ESF with backing from industry players like Duke Energy, and Monsanto. In 2020, researchers sought USDA approval to deregulate Darling 58. The tree was engineered with a wheat gene to combat the acid produced by chestnut blight. However, critics argued the testing period was too short to predict the tree’s long-term impact. The proposed plan to spread GE traits through wild forests sparked fears of ecological harm. By 2023, it was revealed that years of research had mistakenly used the wrong tree variety (Darling 54). TACF withdrew support, citing poor results, reduced survival rates, and commercial conflicts involving a for-profit company. Despite setbacks, SUNY-ESF continues to push for USDA approval, claiming the trees are safe. Meanwhile organizations like the American Chestnut Cooperators Foundation focus on natural methods, breeding pure chestnuts with blight resistance. Hybridization with Chinese chestnuts is another method under development. The Darling 58 debacle highlights the risks of genetic engineering and commercial motives behind GE trees. Critics argue that GE is less about forest health and more about profits from faster-growing or industrially modified trees. As the debate continues, the lesson remains clear: science must proceed cautiously, especially when dealing with long-living species like trees. 43. The primary purpose of this passage is to ________. A. criticize the use of genetic engineering on chestnut trees in forest restoration. B. describe the main history of the American chestnut tree’s decline since the 1900s. C. explain the controversy surrounding the restoration of the American chestnut tree. D. promote natural breeding as the best solution for chestnut tree restoration. 44. Why did the USDA petition for Darling 58 face criticism? A. The testing period was not long enough to predict long-term effects. B. The genetically engineered trees were not resistant to blight. C. The USDA was accused of favoring genetic engineering companies. D. The petition did not include input from environmental scientists. 45. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Darling 58 chestnut trees were approved for widespread planting in 2023. B. Natural methods of restoring the American chestnut show no promise. C. Critics believe the genetic engineering is profit-driven rather than ecological. D. TACF fully supports SUNY-ESF’s efforts with Darling 58 chestnut trees. 46. What can be inferred about releasing genetically engineered trees into the wild? A. It may lead to deregulation and commercialization of GE trees. B. It will rapidly restore ecosystems with minimal risks. C. It proves corporate interests align with environmental goals. D. It shows GE is more reliable than natural restoration. 【答案】43. C 44. A 45. C 46. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了美洲栗树进行基因工程达林58宣告失败，暴露了其中存在的一些问题和争议。 【43题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Attempts to genetically engineer the American chestnut tree (Darling 58) have failed, exposing the risks of rushed solutions to complex problems. In December 2023, the American Chestnut Foundation (TACF) announced it was ending its years-long effort to create a blight-resistant chestnut. These trees grew poorly, failed to resist disease, and often died.(对美洲栗树进行基因工程改造的尝试（达林58）失败了，这暴露了匆忙解决复杂问题的风险。2023年12月，美国栗子基金会（TACF）宣布，它将结束长达数年的抗枯萎栗子培育工作。这些树长得不好，不能抵抗疾病，经常死亡)”结合文章主要说明了美洲栗树进行基因工程达林58宣告失败，暴露了其中存在的一些问题和争议。可知，这篇文章的主要目的是解释围绕恢复美洲栗树的争议。故选C。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“However, critics argued the testing period was too short to predict the tree’s long-term impact.(然而，批评人士认为，测试期太短，无法预测这棵树的长期影响)”可知，美国农业部对达林58号的请愿书面临批评因为测试期不够长，无法预测长期影响。故选A。 【45题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“The Darling 58 debacle highlights the risks of genetic engineering and commercial motives behind GE trees. Critics argue that GE is less about forest health and more about profits from faster-growing or industrially modified trees.(达令58的失败凸显了基因工程的风险和转基因树背后的商业动机。批评人士认为，通用电气不太关心森林的健康，而更关心从快速生长或工业化改造的树木中获利)”可知，C选项“批评者认为基因工程是利润驱动的，而不是生态驱动的”正确。故选C。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“In 2020, researchers sought USDA approval to deregulate Darling 58.(2020年，研究人员寻求美国农业部批准解除对达令58的监管)”以及最后一段“The Darling 58 debacle highlights the risks of genetic engineering and commercial motives behind GE trees. Critics argue that GE is less about forest health and more about profits from faster-growing or industrially modified trees.(达令58的失败凸显了基因工程的风险和转基因树背后的商业动机。批评人士认为，通用电气不太关心森林的健康，而更关心从快速生长或工业化改造的树木中获利)”可知，将基因改造过的树木释放到野外可能会导致放松管制和转基因树的商业化。故选A。 Section C Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. The complex relationship between music and memory is profound. Music acts as a strong trigger for emotions and memories, transporting individuals back to specific moments in the past. Long-term memory splits into explicit and implicit types. Explicit one involves conscious recall, like academic learning and personal experiences. Implicit memory works automatically, like playing instruments or remembering lyrics. ____47____ It often lasts a lifetime even without practice. Diseases like Alzheimer’s mainly affect explicit memory systems. ____48____ This leads to a liking for familiar pieces due to the mere exposure effect. Major record labels use it through frequent airplay to boost record sales. Implicit memory works like classical conditioning, where an event, emotion, and song become linked. Elton John’s “Candle in the Wind” is strongly connected with Princess Diana as he performed it at her funeral. Music-triggered memories often come from important life stages, especially between the ages of 10 and 30, known as the “reminiscence bump.” Music from this time is more likely to be linked with vivid memories compared to other periods. The teenage years and twenties are crucial for forming music preferences. ____49____ It helps them recall vivid memories from their youth. Despite severe memory loss, people with dementia often remember music well. Research shows self-chosen music can bring back positive memories that might otherwise be hard to recall. Music helps unlock non-musical memories and improves communication among older adults with Alzheimer’s disease, a sort of disease concerning one’s long-term memory. Listening to music from important life events, like weddings or funerals, can bring about deeply nostalgic and emotional experiences. ____50____ A. It is now widely used to cure lots of severe diseases. B. This emotional connection allows individuals to recall details of their past. C. Music’s ability to reach the minds of Alzheimer’s patients is remarkable. D. Explicit memory fades without active recall, but implicit memory is durable. E. Implicit memory can form through passive listening to background music. F. Remembering things is often hard, but music helps bring back memories linked to a song. 【答案】47. D 48. E 49. F 50. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了音乐与记忆之间复杂而深刻的关系，特别是音乐如何触发情感和记忆，以及不同类型的记忆（明确记忆和隐含记忆）如何与音乐相关联。 【47题详解】 根据上文“Long-term memory splits into explicit and implicit types. Explicit one involves conscious recall, like academic learning and personal experiences. Implicit memory works automatically, like playing instruments or remembering lyrics.(长期记忆分为明确记忆和隐含记忆两种类型。明确记忆涉及有意识的回忆，如学术学习和个人经历。隐含记忆则是自动的，比如演奏乐器或记住歌词。)”可知，本段主要介绍了明确记忆和隐含记忆这两种记忆，所以接下来应该介绍这两种记忆的特点。选项D“明确记忆如果不主动回忆就会消退，但隐含记忆是持久的”符合语境。故选D。 【48题详解】 根据下文“This leads to a liking for familiar pieces due to the mere exposure effect. Major record labels use it through frequent airplay to boost record sales.(这导致了对熟悉曲目的喜爱，仅仅因为暴露效应。主要唱片公司通过频繁的电台播放来利用这一点，以提高唱片销量。)”可知，本段主要讲述了一种会导致人们喜欢熟悉曲目的记忆，再结合下文提到的“唱片公司通过频繁的电台播放来利用这一点”，可推测出这种记忆应该是通过被动听背景音乐形成的，选项E“通过被动听背景音乐可以形成隐含记忆”符合语境。下文中的“it”指代的就是选项E中的“implicit memory”。故选E。 【49题详解】 根据上文“Music from this time is more likely to be linked with vivid memories compared to other periods. The teenage years and twenties are crucial for forming music preferences.(与其他时期相比，这一时期的音乐更有可能与生动的记忆联系在一起。十几岁和二十几岁的时候是形成音乐偏好的关键时期。)”和下文“It helps them recall vivid memories from their youth.(它帮助他们回忆起年轻时的生动记忆。)”可知，本段主要讲述了某一事物有助于人们回忆年轻时的记忆，再结合上文提到的“这一时期的音乐更有可能与生动的记忆联系在一起”，可推测出这个事物指的就是“音乐”，选项F“记忆事情往往很难，但音乐有助于带回与歌曲相关的记忆”符合语境，选项中的“bring back memories linked to a song”与下文的“recall vivid memories from their youth”相呼应。故选F。 【50题详解】 根据上文“Listening to music from important life events, like weddings or funerals, can bring about deeply nostalgic and emotional experiences.(听来自重要生活事件的音乐，比如婚礼或葬礼，可以带来深深的怀旧和情感体验。)”可知，本段主要讲述了音乐可以带来深深的情感体验，所以接下来应该讲述这种情感体验的作用，选项B“这种情感联系使人们能够回忆起他们过去的细节”符合语境。故选B。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Inside the NFL Football Factory Cheering for your football team as they throw a long pass is a classic American tradition that started in the late 1800s. Today’s footballs, often called “pigskins,” are no longer made from pig bladders. They are made from cowhide leather with rubber inside. Even though the materials have changed, the shape and size of NFL footballs have stayed the same for over 100 years. Dr. Rabindra Mehta, a former NASA scientist, explains that a football is designed to be more aerodynamic than a baseball. Footballs are made from four pieces of leather, shaped like leaves and sewn together inside out. The leather is then steamed to make it soft enough to turn right-side out. An air bladder is inserted, and the football is laced by hand. A football isn’t a perfect sphere (球体) but a prolate spheroid, which means it’s oval-shaped with pointed ends. This shape makes it easier to grasp and helps the ball travel longer distances. The surface of the football, including the texture of the leather, the stitching, and the laces, helps the air flow stay attached longer, reducing drag compared to a round object like a baseball. When a baseball flies through the air, the air bends around it, creating drag that slows it down. Golf balls have dimples on their surface to reduce drag. Similarly, the textured surface and curved shape of a football help create a turbulent (湍流的) layer of air around it, allowing air to stay attached longer and reducing drag. MIT professor Anette Hosoi says it’s hard to predict drag on objects like footballs. Drag depends on the shape of the air behind the ball, which changes with the ball’s position, speed, and surface texture. Air temperature also affects drag; warmer air is less dense, so footballs may fly farther on warmer days. A football thrown with a tight spiral (螺旋形) is fun to watch. The spin of the ball stays aligned with the direction it’s moving, just like a bullet. This skill is what makes quarterbacks so impressive. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 NFL footballs, made from cowhide leather, retain their shape and size for over 100 years. Designed as prolate spheroids, their textured surface and pointed ends reduce drag, enhancing aerodynamics. Factors like ball’s position, speed, texture, air temperature and spin affect their flight, making them more efficient than baseballs, contributing to their impressive performance in games. 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，美国国家橄榄球联盟的橄榄球由牛皮制成，100多年来一直保持着原来的形状和大小。设计为长条形球体，其纹理表面和尖端减少阻力，增强空气动力学。球的位置、速度、质地、空气温度和旋转等因素都会影响它们的飞行，使它们比棒球更有效率，从而在比赛中表现出色。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①Today’s footballs, often called “pigskins,” are no longer made from pig bladders. They are made from cowhide leather with rubber inside. Even though the materials have changed, the shape and size of NFL footballs have stayed the same for over 100 years. ②A football isn’t a perfect sphere (球体) but a prolate spheroid, which means it’s oval-shaped with pointed ends. This shape makes it easier to grasp and helps the ball travel longer distances. The surface of the football, including the texture of the leather, the stitching, and the laces, helps the air flow stay attached longer, reducing drag compared to a round object like a baseball. ③Drag depends on the shape of the air behind the ball, which changes with the ball’s position, speed, and surface texture. Air temperature also affects drag; warmer air is less dense, so footballs may fly farther on warmer days. 2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3两个要点进行分说。 3.遣词造句 NFL footballs, made from cowhide leather, retain their shape and size for over 100 years. Designed as prolate spheroids, their textured surface and pointed ends reduce drag, enhancing aerodynamics. Factors like ball’s position, speed, texture, air temperature and spin affect their flight, making them more efficient than baseballs, contributing to their impressive performance in games. 【点睛】[高分句型1] NFL footballs, made from cowhide leather, retain their shape and size for over 100 years.运用过去分词作定语对原文第一段进行了概括。 [高分句型2] Factors like ball’s position, speed, texture, air temperature and spin affect their flight, making them more efficient than baseballs, contributing to their impressive performance in games.用现在分词作状语对倒数第二段进行了概括，表达非常高级。 IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 他背上行囊，与家人告别，踏上了伟大征途。(farewell)(汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 【答案】He (packed his luggage/bag)/(carried his luggage on the back), (said/bid farewell to) / (gave a farewell to) his family and set off on a great/grand journey. 【解析】 【详解】考查动词短语和时态。句子表达的是一个过去的动作，因此使用一般过去时态。句子主语“他”用代词he，位于句首，首字母大写，其后包括三个按照时间顺序依次发生的动作“背上行囊”，“与家人告别”和“踏上了伟大征途”，“背上行囊”可以翻译为packed his luggage或packed his bag或carried his luggage on the back；“与家人告别”可以翻译为said farewell to his family或者bid farewell to his family，也可以使用gave a farewell to his family；“踏上了伟大征途”可以翻译成set off on a great journey，其中great可以替换为grand。用逗号和连词and将三个动作连接起来，形成流畅的一连串动作描述。故整句可翻译为He (packed his luggage/bag)/(carried his luggage on the back), (said/bid farewell to) / (gave a farewell to) his family and set off on a great/grand journey. 53. 落日霞光下的海面熠熠生辉，各地游客络绎不绝。(stream) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The ocean sparkles/shines under the sunset/setting sun and tourists from all over the world come in an endless stream. 【解析】 【详解】考查并列句、固定短语和时态。该句可由两个并列句来表达，由并列连词and连接，表示客观现实，故应用一般现在时；“熠熠生辉”可用动词sparkle/shine来表达，介词短语under the sunset或under the setting sun意为“在落日霞光下”，名词ocean意为“大海”，故“落日霞光下的海面熠熠生辉”可译为the ocean sparkles/shines under the sunset/setting sun；“游客”可译为tourist，“各地游客”译为tourists from all over the world，动词短语come in an endless stream表示“络绎不绝”，故“各地游客络绎不绝”可译为tourists from all over the world come in an endless stream。故全句译为The ocean sparkles/shines under the sunset/setting sun and tourists from all over the world come in an endless stream. 54. 古人对天文现象的独特理解浓缩于“银河”之名，尽显他们对迷人星空的浪漫想象。(capture) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The ancient people’s unique understanding of astronomical phenomena is captured in the name “Milky Way / Galaxy,” highlighting their romantic imagination of the enchanting / fascinating night sky. 【解析】 【详解】考查非谓语动词和短语。表示“古人对天文现象的独特理解”用the ancient people’s unique understanding of astronomical phenomena，作主语；表示“浓缩于”可用be captured in；表示“‘银河’之名”为the name “Milky Way / Galaxy”；表示“尽显他们对迷人星空的浪漫想象”应用现在分词短语highlighting their romantic imagination of the enchanting / fascinating night sky，作状语。故翻译为The ancient people’s unique understanding of astronomical phenomena is captured in the name “Milky Way / Galaxy,” highlighting their romantic imagination of the enchanting / fascinating night sky. 55. 既然那场悲剧已时过境迁，那么为何村里人仍心有余悸，甚至规定每逢大年初一必须张灯结彩呢？(tragic) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Since the tragic event has become a thing of the past, why do the villagers still feel a persistent sense of fear and even make it a rule that they must hang lanterns and display colourful decorations on the first day of every Chinese New Year? 【解析】 【详解】考查状语从句和短语。表示“既然”应用since，引导原因状语从句；表示“那场悲剧”用the tragic event，作主语；表示“已时过境迁”用become a thing of the past，为过去完成时；表示“为什么”用疑问词why；主语为复数名词the villagers；表示“仍心有余悸”为still feel a persistent sense of fear；表示“甚至”为副词even；表示“规定”可用make it a rule that…，it作形式宾语；从句主语为they；表示“必须”用must；表示“张灯结彩”为hang lanterns and display colourful decorations；表示“每逢大年初一”为on the first day of every Chinese New Year，为特殊疑问句。故翻译为Since the tragic event has become a thing of the past, why do the villagers still feel a persistent sense of fear and even make it a rule that they must hang lanterns and display colourful decorations on the first day of every Chinese New Year? V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 你是未来中学的高三学生小星，正在完成一份英语学科的跨文化研习课题。请根据以下给出的报告提纲，撰写一篇文章阐述研究所得。 Festivals in China and Western Countries Reporter: Xiao Xing Steps 1. Choose one typical festival from each of China and Western Countries. 2. Compare the two festivals in at least two aspects, whether in common or different. (Such as the cultural background, ways to celebrate, etc.) 3. Analyze why these features are in common or different. 4. Find commonalities or differences between Chinese and Western cultures the festivals reflect. (if any or can be omitted) Main Text ………… ………… ………… _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Festivals in China and Western Countries Reporter: Xiao Xing In my cross-cultural study on festivals, I have chosen the Spring Festival in China and Christmas in Western countries for comparison. The Spring Festival signifies the beginning of a new year and the hope for a bountiful harvest. It is celebrated with family reunions, fireworks, and red envelopes which are filled with money. In contrast, Christmas commemorates the birth of Jesus Christ. Westerners decorate trees, exchange gifts, and enjoy a feast with family and friends. These differences arise from the distinct cultural and religious backgrounds of China and the West. Chinese culture emphasizes family unity and respect for ancestors while Western culture focuses more on individuality and religious beliefs. Despite these differences, both festivals highlight the importance of family gatherings and the sharing of blessings. Through this comparison, I’ve observed that while Chinese and Western cultures vary in many ways, they also share a common appreciation for family bonds and festive celebrations. 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生根据给定的提纲，选择中国和西方国家各一个典型节日，从至少两个方面进行对比，分析异同原因，并探讨节日所反映的中西文化的共性或差异。 【详解】1.词汇积累 选择：choose → select 对比：comparison → contrast 意味着：signify → imply 尽管：despite → in spite of 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：Despite these differences, both festivals highlight the importance of family gatherings and the sharing of blessings. 拓展句：Although there are these differences, both festivals highlight the importance of family gatherings and the sharing of blessings. 【点睛】【高分句型1】It is celebrated with family reunions, fireworks, and red envelopes which are filled with money.(运用了which引导的定语从句) 【高分句型2】Through this comparison, I’ve observed that while Chinese and Western cultures vary in many ways, they also share a common appreciation for family bonds and festive celebrations.(运用了that引导的宾语从句和while引导的让步状语从句) 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$