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练14　词句猜测题——代词指代/句意理解题 CD篇 外刊原味14　体裁:说明文　主题语境:自然科学研究　难度:★★★☆ | The Economist 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　When it comes to architectural accomplishments, humans like to think they stand at the top of the pyramid. That is to underestimate the astonishing achievements of social insects: termites (白蚁) raise skyscraping nests and honeybees fashion geometric combs. The true master builders of the insect world, however, are the hundreds of species of stingless bee, which weave combs of unequalled variety and complexity. A group of biologists led by Viviana Di Pietro in Belgium, reports that, like humans, these tiny creatures are capable of building according to different architectural traditions handed down over generations. To collect their data, Ms Di Pietro and her colleagues observed over 400 colonies (群体) of the stingless bee species in a large apiary (养蜂场) in Brazil over two extended periods in 2022 and 2023. Around 95% of the colonies exhibited combs built in horizontal layers, like tiered (分层) wedding cakes, while the remainder adopted a spiral structure. In each case the tradition was maintained over many generations of worker bees. To rule out a genetic explanation for the different styles, the researchers transplanted workers from colonies built in one tradition to colonies built in the other. The imported workers soon switched to the local style. Dr Wenseleers, who runs the lab, put forward a theory that the bees may switch styles to fix the extremely small construction errors made by their predecessors (前辈). In this process, multiple organisms indirectly affect each other’s behaviour through the traces they leave on their environment. To test it, the researchers introduced a hint of spiral to horizontal-layer combs, and found that it caused the bees to switch to building spirals. That is strong evidence in favour of Dr Wenseleers’s theory. These results have left observers of animal culture abuzz, as they suggest that stingless bees can transmit different building traditions across generations without being instructed by their peers. For Dr Whiten, the new finding indicates that more complex animal behaviours—the building of nests by chimpanzees, for instance—may also have arisen through such indirect transmission. 1.Why does the author mention termites and honeybees in paragraph 1? A. To compare various species’ accomplishments. B. To illustrate insects’ building capability. C. To highlight the traditions of stingless bees. D. To draw attention to certain social insects. 2.How was the study conducted? A. By comparing different comb structures. B. By analyzing the data collected. C. By observing bees’ building behaviors. D. By importing worker bees. 3.What does the underlined word“it” refer to in paragraph 4? A. The assumption. B. The environment. C. The process. D. The behavior. 4.What is the text mainly about? A. True master architects in nature. B. Architectural accomplishments made by insects. C. Bees’ ability to preserve traditions. D. Architectural wonders of the insect world. 答案与解析　 生物学家的一项研究表明,蜜蜂也能像人类一样保存并延续传统。 1.B　写作意图题。由第一段前两句“说到建筑成就,人类总认为自己站在金字塔的顶端。这是低估了群居昆虫的惊人成就:白蚁筑起高耸的巢穴,蜜蜂打造的几何体蜂房。由此可知, 提到白蚁和蜜蜂是为说明群居昆虫的建筑能力。 2.C　推理判断题。由第三段前三句“为收集数据,Di Pietro女士和她的同事在2022年和2023年的两个较长时期内,在巴西的一个大型养蜂场观察了400多个无刺蜜蜂群。大约95%的蜂群建的是水平层的蜂房,就像分层的婚礼蛋糕,而其余5%则采用螺旋结构。在这两种情况下,这种建造传统都由许多代的工蜂维持下来。”由此可知, 这项研究是通过观察无刺蜜蜂的建筑习性进行的。故选C。 3.A　代词指代题。第四段第一句提出Dr Wenseleers的理论,然后研究人员把螺旋体放入水平蜂房之中,发现蜜蜂开始建造螺旋体蜂房。由此说明这种做法是为了验证他的假设,故A项正确。 4.C　全文大意题。本文属于研究发现, 第二段“A group of biologists led by Viviana Di Pietro in Belgium, reports that, like humans, these tiny creatures are capable of building according to different architectural traditions handed down over generations.”宾语从句内容即为文章主旨:像人类一样,这些微小的生物能够根据世代相传的不同建筑传统筑巢,故C项正确。  积累　①horizontal adj. 水平的;与地面平行的;横的　②transmission n. 传送;传递;传达;传播;传染 (2024·南京二模)　体裁:记叙文　主题语境:社会生活　难度:★★★☆☆　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　For eight years, Sophie created realistic-looking limbs (肢) for those who wanted to fit in. But she longed to work on more odd designs that would stand out. Then she met Pollyanna Hope, a young amputee (被截肢者). “She wanted something a little different on her leg: pictures of a cartoon she loved, Peppa Pig,” said Sophie, who is now based in London. So she designed a unique leg covered in tattoo-like images of Peppa and other pigs riding a bicycle and eating ice cream. Working with Hope made Sophie realize there was a potential market for limbs. Since then, Sophie founded the Alternative Limb Project (ALP) to make artistic limbs. Her work includes an arm wrapped in sculpted snakes and a leg that looks like porcelain (瓷器) covered in a painted flowery vine. She makes about six limbs per year, always including clients’ ideas so that they receive a personal piece they can celebrate rather than hide. Of course, a fancy-looking limb won’t suit everyone. For Sophie, the basis is that each limb must satisfy a combination of comfort, beauty and functionality, and pushing too hard in one direction can weaken other areas. But for amputees who appreciate novelty, Sophie has some amazing ideas. “I’d really like to make a candy-dispenser leg with colorful candies inside it.” she says. “Or a cuckoo-clock leg with a wooden bird that pops out every hour.” Her goal is to fashion a striking limb. “It’ll transform the limbs from an elephant in the room into a conversation piece.”  5.Why did Pollyanna Hope come to Sophie? A. She hoped to have a tailored limb. B. She intended to design a cartoon figure. C. She longed to expand the market for limbs. D. She expected to sell Sophie some odd ideas. 6.According to paragraph 3, ALP aims to ________. A. boost users’ confidence B. sharpen users’ creativity C. improve Sophie’s sculpture skills D. extend Sophie’s art business 7.What is the basis for Sophie’s works? A. The novelty of the pattern tops the list. B. The balance of multi-needs comes first. C. Fashion is the best policy. D. Functionality is the key. 8.What can be inferred from the underlined sentence in the last paragraph? A. Sophie resolves to lead the fashion of limbs. B. Sophie plans to further transform artistic limbs. C. Amputees will feel at ease to talk about limbs. D. Amputees will have easy access to artistic limbs. 答案与解析　 Sophie利用树枝等天然材料,设计制作独特的肢体装置,帮助截肢者重拾自信。她的作品兼具实用性和艺术性,不仅为残障人士带来便利,也传递了积极乐观的生活态度。Sophie还计划进一步推广“艺术义肢”,让更多的人受益。 5.A　隐含推断题。根据第二段“She wanted something a little different on her leg: pictures of a cartoon she loved, Peppa Pig”,可知Pollyanna希望在义肢上呈现她喜欢的卡通形象,这启发了Sophie开始设计个性化的义肢。因此,A选项“She hoped to have a tailored limb. (她希望拥有一个定制的义肢。)”符合文意,故选A。 6.A　隐含推断题。第三段提到Sophie意识到肢体有潜在市场,并随后创立了Alternative Limb Project (ALP)来制作艺术肢体。她的作品包括包裹着雕刻蛇的手臂和看起来像瓷器、覆盖着彩绘花纹藤蔓的腿。她每年制作大约六个肢体,总是包含客户的创意,使他们收到一个可以庆祝而非隐藏的个人作品。这表明ALP的目标是提升用户的信心,因此选项A是正确的。 7.B　隐含推断题。第四段明确指出,“each limb must satisfy a combination of comfort, beauty and functionality (每个义肢必须兼顾舒适、美观和实用)”,偏重任何一方面都会削弱其他方面。因此,B选项“The balance of multi-needs comes first. (多重需求的平衡至关重要。)”是Sophie作品的基本原则,故选B。 8.C　句意理解题。最后一段中提到,Sophie的目标是将肢体从房间里的大象(比喻大家都避而不谈的问题)转变为谈话的焦点。这意味着她希望截肢者能够更自在地谈论他们的肢体,因此选项C是正确的。 ( 积累 　 ① novelty n . 新奇 ; 新颖 ; 新鲜 ② functionality n . 功能性 ; 实用 ; 符合实际 ) (2024·福州二模)　体裁:议论文　主题语境:日常生活　难度:★★★☆☆　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　How long will it take you to read this article? On average, adults read about 240 words a minute, but I always take longer. I should probably feel embarrassed—but instead, I take joy in it. I got the habit of reading for pleasure from my mom. Reading is what I do first thing in the morning and last thing at night. But it’s always taken me a long time. When I started reviewing books, I was averaging 20 pages an hour. I have improved to about 30 pages, but that’s still slow, according to some literary critics. Book reviewers aren’t the only ones under pressure to read quickly. Pictures of “all the books I read this month” are all over social media. And reading has become a way of keeping up with the world. It is understandable that we try to make sense of events, but it can also fuel the idea that reading is a chore (苦差事), which absolutely is not. Why would pleasure be equal to pace? My slow reading seems to be down to a combination of slower processing speeds, and “subvocalizing”—sounding out words as I read them. But especially when it comes to the latter, I wouldn’t want to train myself to go faster. It was news to me that not everyone subvocalises, because one of my favourite things about reading is hearing the language in my mind. Without subvocalising, I wouldn’t have caught the music of those words.  Recently, I finished a book of poetry. For two years, I read the poems each morning in the four minutes it took my coffee to be ready. It was a wonderful reminder that reading is never about quantity and always about the quality of time you spend with a text. So when you read, don’t stick a number on it—resolve to read for pleasure, not as a chore. 9.Why does the author like slow reading? A. It wins her fame online. B. It is a delightful practice. C. It comes from her mom. D. It helps her reach goals. 10.What do fast readers focus on? A. Quantity. B. Quality. C. Content. D. Sound. 11.What do the underlined words “the latter” in paragraph 4 refer to? A. Slower processing speeds. B. Learning language. C. Combining speeds and sounds. D. Reading words out. 12.What would the author agree with? A. Reading is a demanding task. B. Pace equals reading pleasure. C. Beauty of words needs tasting. D. Poetry takes no effort to digest. 答案与解析　 本文为论述性文章,作者深入探讨了阅读的速度和体验之间的关系以及个人对慢速阅读的偏好和享受。 9.B　细节理解题。第一段第二句提到成人每分钟读240词,作者的速度却比这个慢。由第三句“but instead”后的“I take joy in it”可知, 作者的慢速阅读给作者带来了愉悦。故选B。 10.A　隐含推断题。第三段第一句提出主旨:不只是书评人有压力读书要速度快;第二、第三句说明现象和原因:社交媒体的影响和阅读的目的。由此可推断快速阅读者往往关注阅读的数量,以保持与时俱进。故选A。 11.D　代词指代题。画线词前文提到“slower processing speeds”和subvocalizing,故画线词the latter指向前文提到的subvocalizing即朗读单词的行为。故选D。 12.C　观点态度题。由倒数第二段中“reading is never about quantity and always about the quality of time you spend with a text”可知,作者认为阅读的美在于体验文字的美感,而非完成阅读的任务。故选C。 积累　understandable adj. 可以理解的;(陈述、理论等)易懂的 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$