专题3 热点2 名词、形容词、副词和数词(专题微讲Word)-【赢在微点·考前顶层设计】2025年高考英语大二轮专题复习

热点二　名词、形容词、副词和数词 高考命题新角度3　 语法填空非常规命题 ①特殊词形变化、常用词的非常用词性的词形变化、否定前缀的构词法;②名词所有格(2022新高考Ⅱ卷曾考)和名词作定语(2024新课标Ⅰ卷曾考)、数词的变形(2021新高考Ⅱ卷曾考)。 据句子结构、成分和标志词, 确定空处所填词形式 　　Whenever I tell people that I teach English at the Berlin Zoo, I almost always get a 　①　 (question) look. Behind it, the person is trying to figure out who 　②　 (exact) I teach ... the animals?  　　Since June 2017, right before the 　③　 (arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda 　④　 (keeper) at the zoo to feel more comfortable and 　⑤　 (confidence) speaking English. And who do they speak English with? (2023·新课标Ⅱ卷改编)  图解细析学解题 　　Whenever I tell people that I teach English at the Berlin Zoo, I almost always get a 　①　 (question)  look. Behind it, the person is trying to figure out who 　②　 (exact)I teach ... the animals?  　　Since June 2017, right before the 　③　 (arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing,   I have been helping the panda 　④　 (keeper) at the zoo to feel more comfortable and 　⑤　 (confidence) speaking English. And who do they speak English with? (2023·新课标Ⅱ卷改编)   答案与解析　 ①questioning　空处作定语,修饰名词look,表“询问的; 怀疑的”, 应用形容词questioning。 ②exactly　该空在句中作状语, 表“到底;究竟”,应用副词exactly。 ③arrival　空处作介词before的宾语,且是“the+________+of”结构, 故填名词arrival。 拓展:以-ve结尾的动词在变名词时,一般会将词尾的-e变为-al,如:survive (生存,存活)→survival; remove (移走,去掉)→removal; approve (赞成,同意)→approval。 ④keepers　空处作helping的宾语,应用名词, 由下文的they可推知keeper“饲养员”用复数形式, 故填keepers。 ⑤confident　由空前的并列连词and可知,空处与空前的形容词comfortable并列,同作feel的表语,故填形容词confident。 考频:名词复数变形3年4考=名词的构词规律3年4考>名词所有格3年1考>数词3年0考 形容词3年4考=副词3年4考>比较级3年1考 ①常考的形容词后缀有: -al、 -ful、 -ed、 -(t)ic、 -y、 -ible/-able、 -ous、 -ive。 ②常考的名词后缀有: -ion/-ity/-ment/-cy/-ist/-al/-ance/-ence、-age、-ure、-ness、-dom等; 名词的词形转换类题目不要忘记考虑名词的数。 ③可数名词前无限定词,应用复数,注意可数名词复数形式的常规变形和特殊变形,确保书写正确。 ④ 2023新课标Ⅱ卷涉及以-ic结尾的形容词变副词特殊形式变化。牢固掌握形容词转换为副词的构词规律: 一般直接+-ly, ue去e+-ly (如true→truly), y改i+-ly, le结尾e改y(whole→wholly是例外), ic结尾+-ally (public→publicly是例外), ll结尾+-y (如full→fully)。 考法1　据构词规律,确定正确词形 根据句意与构词规律确定用名词 A组　3年新课标卷/浙江高考1月 1.The latest ________ (engineer) techniques are applied to create this protective functional structure that is also beautiful. (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷) 2.The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route which brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the ________ (rich) of gardening in England. (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)长难句障碍题 3.Those cultural elements have increased Stratford’s international ________ (visible), said Edmondson, adding that visitors walking through the Birthplace Garden were often amazed to find the connection between the two great writers. (2024·新课标Ⅱ卷) 4.Many supermarkets are no longer doing“buy one get one free”promotions because of the ________ (criticize) that they lead to waste. (2024·浙江高考1月) 5.“He saved my ________ (son) life,”said Mrs. Brown.“I don’t know how to thank him.”(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷) B组　全国卷/自主命题卷 6.They all agreed and vowed (承诺) to promote the idea at the ________ (complete) of their journey. (2024·全国甲卷) 7.However, Carson’s theme is a more weighty 重要的;严肃的 ________ (warn) about environmental destruction. (2023·全国甲卷) 填名词 ①(限定词+)名词作主语+谓语 ②及物动词/介词(短语)+(限定词+) 名词作宾语 ③系动词+(限定词+) 名词作表语 (主语是“什么”,说明主语的身份、特征) ④动词+宾语+(限定词+) 名词作宾补 ⑤名词作定语(说明被修饰词的材料、用途、时间、地点或来源等)+名词 ⑥名词所有格作定语(强调与被修饰词的所属关系或表逻辑上的主谓关系)+名词 答案与解析　 1.engineering　句意:使用最新的工程技术创建一个既有保护功能又美观的结构。 此处修饰techniques,表“工程技术”,应填名词engineering作定语。 2.richness　句意:玻璃温室是当代设计的一项伟大成就,它将中国西南地区的植物安置在一条小路的尽头,这条小路沿着丝绸之路而建,将这些植物从亚洲的原生地带到了英国,使英国的园艺丰富多彩。 空处作空前介词of的宾语, 空前是定冠词, 空后是介词of, 故空处填名词,形容词rich的名词形式是richness,表“丰富”,故填richness。 长难句分析: design], southwestern part of China) at the end of a path steps along the Silk Route] native habitat in Asia) to define much of the ________ (rich) of gardening in England]}. 3.visibility　句意:Edmondson说,这些文化元素提高了斯特拉特福的国际知名度,并补充说,游客们穿过故居花园时,常常惊讶于这两位伟大作家之间的联系。空处作宾语, 且形容词international后接名词形式,visible的名词形式为visibility“知名度;能见度”,为不可数名词作宾语。故填visibility。 4.criticism　句意:许多超市不再进行“买一送一”的促销活动,因为有人批评这种活动会造成浪费。空处作介词短语because of 的宾语, 且空后是定语从句,故此处应用名词作宾语。criticize的名词形式是criticism,表“批评”。故填criticism。 5.son’s　修饰名词life,应用名词所有格。 6.completion　句意:他们都同意了,并承诺要在旅行结束后推广这个想法。空处作介词at 的宾语, 冠词修饰名词,本空应填名词作宾语,complete名词形式为completion,表“完成”,不可数,故填completion。 7.warning　 空处作表语,由冠词和形容词修饰, 故空处应填名词,表“警告”, 填warning。weighty adj. “重的;重大的;严肃的”。 根据修饰关系确定用形容词与副词 A组　3年新课标卷/浙江高考1月 8.In cold weather, the structure stays ________ (close) to protect the plants. (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷) 9.Xiao long bao (soup dumplings), those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling wrappers encasing hot, ________ (taste) soup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favorite Chinese street food. (2023·新课标Ⅰ卷) 10.No matter where I buy them, though, one steamer basket is ________ (rare) enough, yet two seems greedy, and so I am always left wanting more next time. (2023·新课标Ⅰ卷) 11.So, what are they learning? ________ (basic), how to describe a panda’s life. (2023·新课标Ⅱ卷) 12.The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate populations and homes of giant pandas, and ________ (eventual) achieve a desired level of population in the wild. (2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) 13.When he looked down, he ________ (accidental) slipped and fell over the edge. (2022·新高考Ⅱ卷) B组　全国卷/自主命题卷 14.The hutongs they formed were orderly, lined by ________ (space) homes and walled gardens. (2023·浙江高考1月) 15.________ (difference) from traditional fables, Carson’s story ends with an accusation instead of a moral. (2023·全国甲卷) 16.The ________ (remark) development of this city, which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world, means there is always something new to discover here. (2023·全国乙卷) 句法功能法定词形——分析句子成分,确定所填词在句中所作成分 填形容词 ①系动词+形容词作表语 (除be动词外,常见系动词还有become、feel、go、grow、look、lie、keep、prove、remain、stand等) ②(限定词+) 形容词作定语+名词/复合不定代词+形容词作定语 ③特定动词(believe、consider、make、 find、leave等)+宾语+形容词作宾补 ④be found/made/considered/left+形容词作主语补足语 ⑤形容词作状语(说明句子主语的状态或心理感受),+句子 ⑥the+形容词,表一类人或事物 填副词 ①副词作状语(表程度)+形容词/副词 ②副词作状语+动词(短语) /介词短语 ③副词作状语(修饰整个句子),+句子 填谓语/非谓语 谓语/非谓语 (提示词是形容词/名词):+后缀(-ize/-ise/-fy/-ify/-en)或前缀(en-) →动词形式,如sharpen、ensure等 填提示词的反义词 据成分分析和句意,提示词词性不变,句意为否定:+否定前缀(dis-、un-、il-、ab-、ir-、in-、mis-等)或否定后缀-less变为其反义词 答案与解析　 8.closed　句意:在寒冷的天气里,结构保持关闭,以保护植物。空处用于stays之后作表语,表“紧闭的;关闭的”,用形容词closed。 9.tasty　空处与空前的形容词hot并列,修饰空后的名词soup作定语, 表“美味的”,填形容词tasty。 10.rarely　此处enough为形容词,其前应用副词修饰,故填rarely “几乎不”。 11.Basically　空处修饰整个句子,作状语,应用副词,空处位于句首,首字母应大写,故填Basically。 拓展:以-ic结尾的形容词在变副词时,一般会将词尾的-ic变为-ically,如:academic (学术的)→academically; dramatic (激动人心的,引人注目的)→dramatically; economic (经济的,经济上的)→economically; scientific (科学的)→scientifically。 12.eventually　空处修饰空后的动词achieve,作状语,应用副词,故填eventually。 13.accidentally　空处修饰动词作状语,表“意外地”, 应用副词,故填accidentally。 14.spacious　空处修饰空后的名词homes,作定语,应用形容词,表“宽敞的”,故填spacious。walled adj. “有围墙的”。 15.Different　be different from“与……不同”,是固定短语,空处作状语,说明主语story的特点,应用形容词; 空处位于句首,首字母要大写,故填Different。 16.remarkable　空处在句中作定语,修饰名词development,应用形容词, 填remarkable。remarkable “非凡的,卓越的” 。  考法2　据比较对象、修饰语确定用比较等级 A组　3年新课标卷/浙江高考1月 17.The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature gets, the ________ (hot) the spring! (新高考Ⅰ卷) 18.Farther from the center lived the commoners and laborers. Their siheyuan were far smaller in scale and ________ (simple) in design and decoration, and the hutongs were narrower. (2023·浙江高考1月) B组　全国卷/自主命题卷 19.Yellowstone was the ________ (large) United States national park—2.2 million acres—until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, which became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres. (2024·全国甲卷) 20.In 2016, he reached the top of Kilimanjaro, Africa’s ________ (high) mountain. (2022·全国甲卷) 21.After spending some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall, we decided it was time for some action and what ________ (good) than to ride on a piece of history! (全国甲卷) 22.This may be due to some disadvantages for people living in the countryside, including ________ (low) levels of income and education, higher costs of healthy foods, and fewer sports facilities. (浙江高考) 提示词是形容词或副词,根据语境和句意,该词词性、意思不变,则可能填该词的原级、比较级或最高级。 1.利用标志词判断等级 ①设空后含有than时,用比较级;含有as时可能用形容词/副词原级。 ②设空前有用来修饰比较级的词语much、far、even、rather、any (否定句或疑问句中)、a little、a bit、a great deal及倍数(twice、three times)等用形容词/副词比较级。 ③设空后有表示范围的in/of/among短语等,用形容词/副词最高级。 ④设空前有one of the, the+序数词, by far the等修饰词,用形容词/副词最高级。 2.利用固定句型判断等级 ①the+比较级...,the+比较级...,表“越……,(就)越……”。 ②比较级+and+比较级,表“越来越……”。 ③“否定词+比较级”结构,表最高级含义。 ④倍数+as+形容词/副词原级+as。 3.利用隐含信息判断等级 句中虽没有than等标志词,但暗含比较意义,也用比较级。 答案与解析　 17.hotter　此处是固定结构“the +比较级,the+比较级”,意为“越……,越……”,故填hotter。 18.simpler　空处与空前的smaller相呼应,表示“在设计和装潢方面更简单”,故填simpler。commoner “平民”; laborer “体力劳动者;劳工”。 19.largest　句意:黄石公园是美国最大的国家公园……空处修饰名词短语United States national park, 表“最大的”, 用形容词最高级largest。 20.highest　根据空前Africa’s可知,此处表“乞力马扎罗山是非洲最高的山脉”,应用形容词最高级,故填highest。 21.better　句意:在花了一些时间查看了城墙上所有的防御设备之后,我们决定是时候采取一些行动了,还有什么比在一段历史上驰骋更好呢!根据空后的比较级提示词than可知,此处应用形容词good的比较级。故填better。 22.lower　由空后的higher和fewer可知,此处表“比较低的收入和教育”,应用比较级,故填lower。 考法3　可数名词复数变形 A组　3年新课标卷/浙江高考1月 23.These plants included modern Western ________ (favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel. (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷) 24.Although they could never have met, there are common ________ (theme) in their works, said Paul Edmondson, head of research for the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. (2024·新课标Ⅱ卷) 25.They also need to be ready to give ________ (interview) in English with international journalists. (2023·新课标Ⅱ卷) 26.The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate ________ (population) and homes of giant pandas, and eventually achieve a desired level of population in the wild. (2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) 27.Thanks to Beijing’s long history as the capital of China, almost every hutong has its stories, and some are even associated with historic ________ (event). (2023·浙江高考1月) B组　全国卷/自主命题卷 28.But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place which welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life, with 21st-century architectural ________ (wonder) standing side by side with historical buildings of the past. (2023·全国乙卷) 29.To practise this, we need to establish clear ________ (boundary) in our personal and professional life. (2024·北京高考) 提示词是名词,分析句子成分后发现词性不需改变,则考虑用所给名词的复数形式,同时注意特殊变形。 1.利用名词前的修饰语确定名词的数 ①名词前有one of the、among时,用复数形式。 ②名词前有these、those、many、several、few、a few、a number of、hundreds of、a couple of、a dozen of、all、both、other等词时,用复数形式。 ③名词前有≥2的基数词,如two、three等时,用复数形式。 ④可数名词前无限定词修饰时,用复数形式。 ⑤名词前有形容词different、various、countless等时,用复数形式。 2.利用谓语的数确定名词的数 所填名词作主语,且谓语动词是复数形式are、were、have等时,用复数形式。 3.牢记习惯上用复数形式的名词或短语 belongings/possessions“财物”; congratulations“祝贺”; surroundings“环境”; good manners“礼貌”; take turns“轮流”; take pains“努力”; in all directions“向四面八方”; in ruins“成为废墟”; in high spirits“兴致勃勃”; living conditions“生活条件”; make preparations for“为……做准备”等。 答案与解析　 23.favourites　句意:这些植物包括现代西方最受喜爱的迷迭香、薰衣草和茴香。favourite在本句中是可数名词,意为“最喜爱的物”,根据空后such as rosemary, lavender and fennel可知,空处应用名词的复数形式。故填favourites。 24.themes　句意:虽然他们永远无法见面,但他们的作品中有一些相似的主题。本句为there be句型,为倒装句,根据谓语动词are可判断,本句主语为名词的复数形式。故填themes。 25.interviews　分析句子结构可知,空处作动词give的宾语,应用名词。空前无限定词,且空后是“with international journalists”, 故名词interview在此应用作复数,故填interviews。 26.populations　population在此意为“种群”,是可数名词,根据空前的separate “不同的;分开的”可知,此处应用名词的复数形式,和and后的复数名词homes并列在句中作宾语,故填populations。 27.events　此处表“几乎每一条胡同都有自己的故事,甚至有些还和历史事件有关”。event “事件”,是可数名词,其前无限定词修饰,且根据句意可知,历史事件肯定不止一件,故填events。 28.wonders　wonder在此表“奇迹,奇观”,是可数名词,在with引导的复合结构中, wonder是逻辑主语,与后面表示历史古建筑的名词复数buildings应保持结构一致,采用名词复数形式,形成对照。故填wonders。 29.boundaries　句意:为了实践这一点,我们需要在个人和职业生活中建立明确的界限。句中boundary是可数名词,表“界限”,根据空后in our personal and professional life可知,此处表不止一个界限,故名词应用复数形式, 故填boundaries。  考法4　数词的变形 A组　3年新课标卷/浙江高考1月 30.In the ________ (seven) grade, I started volunteering at the Monterey Bay Aquarium in California. (新高考Ⅱ卷) B组　全国卷/自主命题卷 A组　3年新课标卷/浙江高考1月 30.In the ________ (seven) grade, I started volunteering at the Monterey Bay Aquarium in California. (新高考Ⅱ卷) B组　全国卷/自主命题卷 31.Fables were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures, and the well-known Aesop’s fables date to the ________ (six) century B.C. (2023·全国甲卷) 1.口诀助记基数词变序数词:一、二、三单独记;八去t,九去e, ve常用f替,整十基数变序数,先把y变ie, th最后加上去;如遇其他两位数,十位基数个位序。 2.分数表示法:分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子大于1时,分母用复数,如two thirds三分之二。 答案与解析　 30.seventh　此处表示七年级,应用序数词,故填seventh。 31.sixth　空前有定冠词the,空后是名词century,故填序数词sixth。 细析句子结构,确定句子成分,注意特殊词形变化,准确变化词形 Exercise 1　非常规命题 | Reader’s Digest 　　Challenging, fun and 　①　 (engage) hobbies have the power to make us happier and healthier, says Hanselman, a nurse practitioner. Such 　②　 (pursuit) help us grow in creative, physical and intellectual ways, and can boost self-esteem(自尊). Plus, they often foster connection with others. Hobbies lead to 　③　 (good) physical health, more sleep, lower stress, greater life 　④　 (satisfy), a larger social network and improved work performance.  “Hobbies live in the pleasure world, not 　⑤　 (necessary) the mastery world,” Hanselman says, “We’re not trying to impress the board, we’re not going for a paycheck, there’s no ulterior motive. Hobbies are like dessert—and as a baker myself, dessert is the 　⑥　 (important) part.”  That resonates with (引起共鸣) Chris Johnson, recreational woodworker, motorcyclist gardener, cook and 　⑦　 (run). He has accepted that he’ll never be a master surfer, but that doesn’t 　⑧　 (damp) his enjoyment of riding waves. And he’s so taken with beekeeping that his backyard is now home to 20,000 honeybees.  答案与解析　 业余爱好能让我们变得健康、快乐。 1 engaging　考查词形转换。空处作定语，修饰名词hobbies,表“有趣的;令人愉快的;迷人的”。 ②pursuits　考查名词的数。空处作主语,pursuit 意为“事业;消遣;爱好”,谓语是help,故此处用复数形式,填pursuits。 ③better　考查比较级。空后是more sleep, lower stress, greater life 　④　 (satisfy), a larger social network,由此可知此处应用比较级,空处修饰health,故填good的比较级better。  ④satisfaction　考查词形转换。空前是形容词greater,故此处填名词,satisfy的名词是satisfaction。 ⑤necessarily　考查词形转换。此处是not necessarily “不一定”。 ⑥most important　考查最高级。根据语境“甜品是最重要的部分”和空前的定冠词the可知,此处用形容词最高级,填most important。 ⑦runner　考查词形转换。空前是woodworker, motorcyclist gardener, cook,指人,故空处指的是“跑步者”,填runner。 ⑧dampen　考查词形转换。空处作谓语,且空前是doesn’t,故空处填动词原形,damp的动词形式是dampen。damp adj. 潮湿的; dampen vt. “弄湿;使潮湿; 抑制,控制,减弱(感情、反应等) ”。 积累　 ①intellectual adj.智力的;脑力的;理智的　②foster connection with others培养与他人的联系 ③dampen one’s enjoyment抑制某人的快乐 Exercise 2　非常规命题 | Financial Times 　　It saddens me that our culture now views science as difficult, which discourages many from taking an interest in it. A British Science Association poll recently suggested that only around a 　①　 (three) of 14- to 18-year-olds find scientists 　②　 (inspiration) or consider the subject relevant to their lives.  In fact, science is woven through every aspect of our 　③　 (exist) and people from all walks of life and of all ages should be able to access it easily. The invention of the 　④　 (print) press was crucial to the Enlightenment (启蒙运动) because it democratised knowledge. So, in this increasingly science-centred world, the same attention should be given to popular science writing as is given to other 　⑤　 (form) of literature.  Good science writing plays a fundamental part in increasing access to the discipline. The 　⑥　 (late) thinking on problems that people really care about—be they climate change, pollution or health—should be discussed in cafés and pubs across the land. And often an 　⑦　 (understand) book is what helps this to happen.  答案与解析　 本文介绍了科普书籍的重要性。 ①third　考查数词。此处是分数表达,“三分之一”应用a third,分母用序数词,填third。 ②inspirational　考查词形转换。空处作宾补,补充说明宾语scientists,表“启发灵感的;鼓舞人心的”。 ③existence　考查词形转换。空前是形容词性物主代词,故填名词existence。 ④printing　考查词形转换。空处作定语修饰名词press,此处指“印刷机”,用名词作定语,修饰名词press。 ⑤forms　考查名词的数。空前是other,故空处用复数形式,填forms。 ⑥latest　考查最高级。此处指最新的想法,应用形容词latest “最近的;最新的”。 ⑦understandable　考查词形转换。空处作定语修饰名词book,应用形容词,填understandable,表“易懂的;合情理的;正常的;可以理解的”。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$