专题3 把握主线,精准提炼 争分主旨大意题(专题微讲Word)-【赢在微点·考前顶层设计】2025年高考英语大二轮专题复习

专题三把握主线,精准提炼　争分主旨大意题 主旨大意题 主旨大意类主要有3种:归纳段落大意、理全文主旨和选定最佳标题。2023新课标Ⅰ卷有1道考查段落大意题、2023新课标Ⅱ卷有1道考查最佳标题题。 阅读B篇 新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ卷的阅读B篇选材往往体现社会文化或新现象/新问题。如2024新课标Ⅰ卷B篇(美国兽医中西医结合治疗动物)、2024新课标Ⅱ卷B篇(自助短篇故事服务亭)、2023新课标Ⅰ卷阅读B篇(生态机器)、2022新高考Ⅰ卷B篇(食物浪费导致的环境问题)。 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·B　体裁:夹叙夹议文　主题语境:人与社会——文化借鉴与融合 　　“I am not crazy,” says Dr. William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh. He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine—combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine. 引入话题:兽医,整体医学针灸,按摩,草药 Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian 衔接词so前后内容为因果关系,回答why的提问 seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets. Farber 背痛→吃药收效甚微→尝试针灸,效果显著→学习针灸,应用于宠物 　　Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. 举2个病例Charlie和Nappy说明效果 先提出观点再举例, 举例目的: 证明观点 　　Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.” 前景展望+总结 1.What do some of Farber’s coworkers think of him? A. He’s odd. B. He’s strict. C. He’s brave. D. He’s rude. 2.Why did Farber decide to try acupuncture on pets? A. He was trained in it at university. B. He was inspired by another veterinarian. C. He benefited from it as a patient. D. He wanted to save money for pet owners. 3.What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work. C. Examples of rare animal diseases. D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine. 4.Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association? 例子在文中的作用:支撑主题句 A. To prove Farber’s point. B. To emphasize its importance. C. To praise veterinarians. D. To advocate animal protection. 答案与解析　 兽医 William Farber 奉行中西医结合的整体医学疗法,用针灸、按摩等方式治疗动物并取得了良好疗效。文章通过他的个人经历、对针灸的看法以及治疗效果的实例,展示了整体医学(holistic medicine)在兽医领域的潜力和应用。 1.A　观点态度题。根据第一段中的 “... some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods”可知,Farber 的一些同事嘲笑他的方法不同寻常,由此说明他的同事认为他很怪异(odd),故A 项正确。 2.C　隐含推断题。由题干关键词“try acupuncture on pets”定位到第二段最后一句, 由该句的So 可知,他将此疗法应用于宠物的原因是第二段前几句的内容: 20 年前Farber 背疼,用药收效甚微, 尝试中医针灸治疗并取得很好的治疗效果。由此他想到针灸似乎对他的病患也有效。 由此可知,Farber作为患者从针灸中受益,这促使他决定尝试在宠物上使用针灸。故选C。 3.D　段落大意题。第三段提到了两个具体的治疗案例,分别是Leigh Tindale的狗Charlie在针灸治疗后病痛减轻,多活了几个月,及Priscilla Dewing的马Nappy在按摩治疗后行动更自如,这说明了整体医学疗法(holistic medicine)的有效性。 故选D。 4.A　写作意图题。最后一段第一句是兽医 William Farber 的观点: 整体医学将会越来越受欢迎。随后作者列举了美国整体兽医协会的会员已从30个增加到700多个的例子,由此可知,提到美国整体兽医协会是为印证他的观点,故A 项正确。 积累 重点词 ①odd [ɒd] adj.奇怪的;奇数的　②emphasize [̍emfəsaɪz] vt.强调;着重　③advocate [̍ædvəkeɪt] vt.提倡;主张　④indication [̩ɪndɪ̍keɪʃn] n.指示;迹象　⑤holistic [həʊ̍lɪstɪk] adj.整体的;全面的 派生词/ 合成词 1 defend+-sive→defensive adj.存有戒心的　②complex adj.复杂的→complexity [kəm̍pleksəti] n.复杂性　③effective adj.有效的→effectiveness [ɪ̍fektɪvnəs] n.效力,效果　④member+-ship→membership n.会员资格;会员人数　⑤convention n.习俗;常规;惯例→conventional [kən̍venʃənl] adj.传统的,常规的　⑥muscle-relaxing (muscle+relaxing ) adj.放松肌肉的 熟词生义 ①relief n. (痛苦等的)减轻　②condition n.疾病;健康状况　③practice v.实行;遵循;信奉;从事　n.惯常做法 语块 治疗相关:①ease one’s suffering缓解某人的病痛　②sth. work on sb.对某人起作用　③herbal medicine草药疗法　④an alternative treatment替代疗法　⑤put ... to sleep给(患病动物)实施安乐死　⑥a heart condition心脏病 习语:①ahead of one’s time (观念)超前　②have the last laugh笑到最后,取得最后胜利 其他:start out as起初是(某身份) 高考基本按段落顺序命题,1~2段对应一个题目,可先串联题干关键词,预估文章大意,同时留意一下选项重叠的关键词。如浏览一眼2024新课标Ⅰ卷阅读B篇选项,可看到很多词汇与兽医、动物相关,猜测Farber的工作和兽医相关。 B篇人物/事物类记叙文/新闻类 把握写作结构:文学类:顺序或倒叙→意外结局或哲理性结尾 新闻类:标题句/段首句即主题句 其他类:首段引入某现象/话题,主体段介绍现象、结果或效果或提出疑问;尾段总结、展望前景、评论或提出建议。 如涉及写作目的题,正确选项一定与主旨相关 关注4点 ①时间点:具体年月日、时间状语从句,表时间先后顺序的衔接词(如上文第二段中的加方框部分) ②特殊点:表转折的but、 however、 although、 actually等词后的内容;表因果的词如so前后的内容、表褒贬感情色彩的形容词、副词或动词或短语(涉及观点态度/人物特征题,如上文第1小题) ③加汉语注释的词:加注释的词汇有时会在选项中出现 ④关注干扰项特征:张冠李戴、偷梁换柱、推断过度、以偏概全、无中生有、颠倒是非 高考热考法1　段落大意题——依段落结构定段意 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 1.2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·D第1~2段　体裁:说明文　主题语境:人与社会——社会科学 　　On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the“wisdom of crowds”effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. 　　This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 2.2022·新高考Ⅰ卷·D第4~5段　体裁:说明文　主题语境:人与社会——语言发展 　　The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large. 　　Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of“f”and“v”increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Supporting evidence for the research results. B. Potential application of the research findings. C. A further explanation of the research methods. D. A reasonable doubt about the research process. 设题特点 在理解段落内容的基础上提炼核心信息,然后对比选项,选出最契合段落主要内容的选项。 常见设问方式 ①What is the first paragraph mainly about? ②What does paragraph ... mainly talk about? ③What is the main idea of the first paragraph? 图解技巧10 依段落结构定段意 排除3种干扰项 答案与解析　 1.B　段落大意题。第一段引出群体智慧效应,并解释了什么是群体智慧效应。第二段首句说明这种效应利用了这样一个事实:当人们犯错误时,这些错误并不总是相同的。下文进一步解释:有些人会高估,有些人会低估。当足够多的这些错误被平均起来时,它们会相互抵消,得出更准确的估计。由此可归纳出该段介绍的是群体智慧效应的隐含的逻辑。故选B。 积累 重点词/ 课标新 增词 illustrate [̍ɪləstreɪt] vt.说明;解释;加插图于 派生词/ 合成词 ①statistician [̩stætɪ̍stɪʃn] n.统计学家;统计员(statistic+-ian)　②correlated [̍kɔːrəleɪtɪd] adj. (有)相互关系的 课标新 增词的 派生词 ①overestimate [̩əʊvər̍estɪmeɪt] vt.& n.高估(over+estimate)　②underestimate [̩ʌndər̍estɪmeɪt] vt.& n.低估(under+estimate)　③estimation [̩estɪ̍meɪʃn] n.估计;估算(estimate+-ion) 语块 ①capitalize on充分利用　②cancel out抵消;相互抵消　③for whatever reasons无论何种原因 ④in more technical terms用更专业的术语说 2.A　段落大意题。第五段中的“在过去几千年里,‘f’和‘v’的使用显著增加,但是这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然找不到。”与上文提到的研究结果一致。通过本段第一句话中的“also confirmed”以及最后一句中的still可知本段主要是关于研究结果的证据。故选A。 高考热考法2　全文大意题——体裁+串线法定大意 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 3.2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·C　体裁:说明文　主题语境:人与自然——现代技术 　　We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic.“We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,”said a BMF employee. What does the text mainly talk about? A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management. C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards. 设题特点 理解全文大意题需要在理解全文内容的基础上,通过归纳概括和推理判断等,概括出全文大意。 常见设问方式 ①What is the text mainly about? ②What is the main idea of the text? ③What is mainly talked about in the text? 图解技巧11 体裁+串线法定主旨 主旨句不明确时,串线法很好用 答案与解析　 3.A　全文大意题。本文第一段以新鲜食物的重要性及商店农产品运输的问题为导入,引出巴比伦微农场,指出其可缩短运输距离的优势。第二段强调巴比伦微农场通过其创新设计和功能,保证新鲜蔬菜供应。第三段详细说明巴比伦微农场依靠新技术,在节水等方面的优势。第四段指出巴比伦微农场在可持续发展方面的优势。第五段介绍巴比伦微农场员工在日常生活中的环保生活方式。串联各段落大意可知, 整篇文章围绕巴比伦微农场的优势展开介绍。故选A。 积累 重点词 ①innovative [̍ɪnəveɪtɪv] adj.创新的;革新的;采用新观念的　 ②automated [̍ɔːtəmeɪtɪd] adj.自动化的 派生词/ 合成词 ①sustainable→sustainability n.可持续性　②single-use adj.一次性的(single+use) 熟词生义 ①cover vt.走完(一段路程)　②solid adj.可靠的　③monitor vt.监控,监测 语块 ①when it comes to说到……　②fresh greens新鲜青菜　③live out实践,践行 ④be passionate about热衷于　⑤zero emissions零排放 高考热考法3　最佳标题类——4大法定最佳标题 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 4.2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·B　体裁:记叙文　主题语境:人与自我——学校生活 　　Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles. 项目发起人、项目初衷 　　Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores.“The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,”she says.“They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.”Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new.不喜欢、排斥→愿意尝试 　　Urban Sprouts’classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools. 项目课程内容和活动 　　Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes.“We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,”Jaramillo says. 项目效果:饮食习惯的改变 　　She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues.“They get outside,”she says,“and they feel successful.”结论:项目的其他收益 What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Rescuing School Gardens B. Experiencing Country Life C. Growing Vegetable Lovers D. Changing Local Landscape 设题特点 概括出文章的中心思想,并对中心思想再次加以提炼,拟定出文章的标题。文章标题可以是单词、短语,也可以是句子。 常见设问方式 Which is/What/Which of the following can be the most suitable title for the text? 图解技巧12 4大法定最佳标题 融合标题4特征 关注记叙文标题4特点 答案与解析　 4.C　标题归纳题。串线法概括大意后,提炼文章标题。Para. 1:介绍该项目发起人、项目目的和初衷; Para. 2:介绍学生的居住环境以及他们对食物和自然环境的初始态度; Para. 3:介绍项目课程和活动; Para. 4:介绍项目效果; Para. 5:结论段:项目的其他收益,提升了学生的兴趣,同时也有助于他们的情绪稳定。串联各段大意可知, 本文主要讲述了Abby Jaramillo发起Urban Sprouts项目,带领学生种植蔬菜的故事,对学生们影响深远。因此C项“蔬菜种植爱好者”适合作为本文标题。注意全文高频词汇是program(即种菜项目)。 积累 重点词 ①literally [̍lɪtərəli] adv.确实地,字面上地　②initially [ɪ̍nɪʃəli] adv.最初地,起初地　③weed v.除草;拔草n.杂草 派生词/ 合成词 evaluation [ɪ̩vælju̍eɪʃən] n.评估,评价(evaluate+-ion) 熟词 生义 ①tough adj.艰苦的;棘手的　②start v.发起;创办 语块 ①turn off使厌烦;使失去兴趣　②go beyond超过;超出　③have a calming effect on对……有镇静作用 ④environmental awareness环保意识　⑤emotional control issue情绪调控问题 猜测阅读障碍词的能力　(2024新课标Ⅰ卷B篇+3个技巧对应语篇/片段) 重点词 innovative adj. ①创新的;革新的;采用新观念的 odd adj. ②奇怪的;奇数的 automated adj. ③自动化的 indication n.④指示;迹象 派生 词/合 成词 defend+-sive→defensive adj. ⑤存有戒心的 single+use→single-use adj. ⑥一次性的 effective+-ness→effectiveness n. ⑦效力,效果 muscle+relaxing→ muscle-relaxing adj. ⑧放松肌肉的 熟词 生义 condition 熟义: n.状态;状况 生义: n. ⑨疾病;健康状况 solid 熟义: n.固体 生义: adj. ⑩可靠的 语块 have the last laugh 笑到最后,取得最后胜利 live out 实践,践行 cancel out 抵消;相互抵消 capitalize on 充分利用 分析长难句的能力　 1.He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine—combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine. 试分析:主干为:①He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians,是主系表结构。now practicing “holistic” medicine为现在分词短语作后置定语修饰②American veterinarians;破折号后的现在分词短语“combining ... with ...”作后置定语修饰“holistic” medicine。  试翻译:他是正在实行“整体”医学的少数美国兽医之一,③这种医学将传统的西方疗法与针灸、按摩疗法和草药结合起来。 2.Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions from transporting plants from soil to salad. 试分析:主干是①having a system in the same building means zero emissions, where it’s eaten 引导定语从句,修饰先行词②building。  试翻译:此外,在同一楼内的这一系统(从种植到食用)意味着蔬菜从土壤到沙拉过程中的零排放。 3.The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. 试分析:本句主干是①主系表结构, that when crowds were further divided into ... an equal number of independent individuals是由that引导的②表语从句,其中when引导的时间状语从句中又包含that引导的③定语从句,修饰先行词④groups。 试翻译:该研究的关键发现是:当大的群体被进一步分成较小的群体,并被允许讨论时, ⑤这些群体估算的平均值比同等数量的独立个体估算的平均值更准确。 文本语法填空再开发　 Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more ①conventional (convention) veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago ②when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but ③found (find) little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, ④an ancient Chinese practice, and was ⑤amazed (amaze) that he improved after two or three treatments. ⑥What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after ⑦studying (study) the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$