专题2 揣摩隐含,推断有据 准确推理判断题(专题微讲Word)-【赢在微点·考前顶层设计】2025年高考英语大二轮专题复习

专题二揣摩隐含,推断有据　准确推理判断题 推理判断题 推理判断类主要有:隐含推断、文章出处、写作意图、观点态度、归纳特征、分析写作手法、确定作者身份或读者对象、预测文章内容等。 阅读CD篇 阅读C或D篇以社科类和科普类为主,如科学研究类设题常涉及以前的研究(previous study)的局限性(如2024新课标Ⅰ卷D篇第32题),最新研究(follow-up study)的目的、(最新/进一步)研究的重点、研究的方法、过程和结果,专家的观点态度和建议(如2024新课标Ⅰ卷D篇第35题)等。 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·D　体裁:说明文　主题语境:人与自然——自然科学研究 　　In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. 提出观点(数字化形式记录物种并非完美) “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” 提出疑问:这些观察数据可用吗? Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. 研究方法 “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. 其后+研究结果 　　Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. 分析已有的数据的偏差原因 　　What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? 总结(如何对待已有的不完美的数据) “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places—and even species—that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 1.What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. 2.What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. 3.What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. 4.What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records. C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. 教师·独具 文章结构分析 段落 主旨 拓展细节 第1段 问题引入:研究背景和目的 目前地球物种记录的现状,提出其电子形式的局限性 第2~3段 研究重点 达鲁及其团队的研究使用全球19亿条记录分析全球生物多样性模式的代表性 第4段 研究方法 探讨数字化生物多样性记录的局限性 第5段 研究结果 研究发现数字记录存在区域、时间段和物种偏差 第6~7段 改进建议和未来应用 提出利用不完美数据集的方法和优化数据收集的建议 文章中要注意的2个前缀 over- 太;过于:①oversampled adj. 过度采样的 (2024新课标Ⅰ卷听力)　②overprotective adj. 过分保护的;过分溺爱的 (2024新课标Ⅰ卷听力)　③overtourism n. 过度旅游,超限旅游　④overvisited/over-touristed adj. 游客过多的 (2024新课标Ⅱ卷七选五 )　⑤overestimated adj. 高估的　⑥overestimate vt. 高估 (2023新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D)　⑦oversized adj. 过大的　⑧overload 超载　⑨over-optimistic过分乐观　⑩overconfident 过分自信　overprotect (尤指对孩子)过分保护 完全地:overjoyed 十分高兴 面;外面;额外:①overcoat 大衣　②overtime 加班 上方;上空:①overhang 悬挂　②overcast 阴云密布 out- (构成动词 )超越;超过:①outnumber 在数量上压倒　②outperform 超过,胜过　③outwit 在智慧上胜过　④outgrow 长得比……快　⑤outlive 活得比……长 (构成名词和形容词)在外面;向外;离开:①outbuildings 附属建筑物　②outpatient 门诊病人　③outgoing 向外的 全文翻译 　　在地球上的物种灭绝之前记录它们的竞赛中,研究人员和民间科学家已收集了数十亿条记录。如今,大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字形式存在。虽然这些记录在检测某一区域内物种数量和种类变化方面很有用,但斯坦福大学的一项新研究发现,这种类型的记录并不完美。 该研究的第一作者、斯坦福大学人文与科学学院生物学助理教授Barnabas Daru说道:“随着技术的进步,人们可以借助移动应用程序轻松观察不同的物种。这些观察记录现在的数量已经超过了来自实物标本的原始数据。由于我们越来越多地使用观测数据来研究物种对全球变化的反应,我想知道:它们是否可用?” 利用一个包含19亿条植物、昆虫、鸟类和动物记录的全球数据库,Daru和他的团队测试了这些数据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性模式。 Daru说:“我们特别感兴趣的是探索那些倾向于使数据有偏差的采样因素,比如民间科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物而不是旁边的草。” 他们的研究发现,大量仅基于观察的记录并没有带来更好的全球覆盖率。此外,这些数据存在偏差,偏向某些区域、时间段和物种。这是可以理解的,因为那些通过移动设备获取生物多样性观测数据的人通常是记录其附近地区物种的民间科学家。这些数据也偏向于具有吸引力或引人注目的某些物种。 我们如何处理这些不完美的生物多样性数据集? Daru解释道:“有很多方法。生物多样性应用程序可以利用我们的研究结果来告知用户过度采样的区域,并引导他们前往那些采样不足的地方,甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量,生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图像的鉴定结果。” 答案与解析　 斯坦福大学的一项研究发现,数字生物多样性记录存在偏差,本文仔细剖析了这些电子记录不靠谱的原因并提出了弥补方案。 1.B　综合信息理解题。根据第一段第二句“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. (现在大多数生物多样性的记录都是以照片、视频和其他电子形式存在的)”可知,现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。 2.C　隐含推断题。第二段第二句提出人们越来越多地使用观测数据研究物种如何应对全球变化,并提出疑问:这些观察数据可用吗?又由第三段中的“tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns (测试这些数据在多大程度上代表实际的全球生物多样性模式)”,可知, Daru 的研究重点是“观察性数据”。故选 C。 3.C　隐含推断题。本题需概括第四段和第五段的内容,第四段提到Daru 的研究团队在探索网民们取样方面的偏差,比如网民们会因为花比草更加显眼而拍花,而不是拍草。第五段的内容进一步拓展说明该要点,第五段第二句说明这些数据偏向于某些区域、时段和物种, 最后一句说明这些采集的数据会更加偏向引人注目的某些物种。由此可知, 民间科学家的采样可能不合适,从而导致收集到的数据产生偏差。故选C。 4.D　隐含推断题。根据最后一段可知,Daru 认为 biodiversity apps 可以根据研究结果引导采样人员关注样本采集不足的地区和物种,鼓励他们让专家确认上传样本图片中的物种名称。因此,Daru 建议 biodiversity apps 提供给采样人员一些指导意见。have an expert confirm和give guidance to citizen scientists属于同义转述。 积累 重点词 ①reveal [rɪ̍viːl] vt.揭示;显示　②document [̍dɒkjʊmənt] vt.记录;记载　③encounter [ɪn̍kaʊntə(r)] n.遭遇;偶遇v.遭遇;偶遇　④increasingly [ɪn̍kriːsɪŋli] adv.越来越多地　⑤investigate [ɪn̍vestɪɡeɪt] vt.调查;研究　⑥detect [dɪ̍tekt] vt.发现;检测　⑦shift [ʃɪft] v.转变;移动n.转变;轮班　⑧dataset [̍deɪtəset] n.数据集　⑨outdated adj.过时的　⑩uploaded adj.已上传的　review v.回顾,反思 派生词/ 合成词 ①likely adj.可能的→likelihood n.可能性　②identify vt.识别→identification n.识别,鉴定　③observation n.观察→observational adj.观察的,观测的　④cover vt.覆盖→coverage n.覆盖范围,新闻报道　⑤sample vt.抽样检验;取样;采样→sampling n.抽样;取样　⑥well-sampled adj.充分采样的　⑦oversampled adj.过度采样的(over-+sample+-ed)　⑧biodiversity n.生物多样性(bio-+diversity)　⑨use→usable adj.可用的,适用的　⑩flower→flowering adj.开花的,有花的　number→outnumber [̩aʊt̍nʌmbə(r)] vt.在数量上超过,比……多　eye-catching [̍aɪ kæʧɪŋ] adj.引人注目的(eye+catching) 熟词 生义 ①sample vt.抽样检验;取样;采样　②favor n.帮助;赞同;支持;特别照顾,偏袒,偏爱　v.偏爱,偏袒,较喜欢;有助于,有利于 语块 采样相关:①biodiversity生物多样性　②observational data观测数据　③physical specimens实物标本　④data bias数据偏差 其他:①with the rise of随着……的兴起　②with the aid of借助于……　③in the form of以……的形式 ④citizen scientist民间科学家　⑤in the race to在争夺……的竞争中　⑥lead author第一作者 ⑦assistant professor助理教授 研究发现类说明文结构 引出最新研究发现:介绍背景、引出成果或用强转折词 however、 but、 actually引出最新成果 (如2023新课标Ⅰ卷D篇)→主旨题 说明研究发现:实验研究的重点(如2023新课标Ⅰ卷第30题,2024新课标Ⅰ卷第33题)、目的、原理、方法、过程[列数据、作比较、例证 (举例的内容通常被修改设置为干扰项)、引用专家的话]、应用、意义→细节题、推断题 尾段总结或评述:存在的问题、改进建议、专家评述、发展前景等→观点态度题(如2023新课标Ⅰ卷C篇第31题) 出题顺序与行文一致,不用读懂每句话 4类标志解研究发现类说明文 高考热考法1　隐含推断题——定、析、比,推言外意 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 1.2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·B　体裁:记叙文　主题语境:人与自然——自然科学研究 　　When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making. 由大自然的微生物自洁机制引发的思考 After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine. 　　The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge. He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water. 　　Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China. “Ecological design”is the name John gives to what he does.“Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,”he says.“You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you lethese new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.” ①What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs? A. He was fond of traveling. B. He enjoyed being alone. C. He had an inquiring mind. D. He longed to be a doctor. ②Why did John put the sludge into the tanks? A. To feed the animals. B. To build an ecosystem. C. To protect the plants. D. To test the eco-machine. ③What is the basis for John’s work? A. Nature can repair itself. B. Organisms need water to survive. C. Life on Earth is diverse. D. Most tiny creatures live in groups. 设题特点 推断隐含意义是依据文章信息(某个或某些句子、段落或全文信息)进行合理、适度的推断,推出作者没直接说明的内容。 常见设问方式 ①以what提问,题干中常含infer、indicate、imply、suggest、conclude、assume、learn、know等动词。 ②What can we learn/infer from ...? ③What does the author indicate/want to say by ...? ④也有以why等较为灵活的方式针对文章信息设问,如2024新课标Ⅰ卷的第25题;2023新课标Ⅰ卷的第25题。 图解技巧4 定、析、比,推言外意 答案与解析　 John Todd从小就喜欢观察大自然,并被自然的自净能力折服。大学时期经过专业的学习之后,John通过实验找到了合适的生态组合,发明了“生态机器”,并解决了很多实际的污水净化问题。 1.①C　推断人物特征类。根据第一段中的“loved to explore the woods”, “observing how nature solved problems”和“John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes”和第二段中的“asking questions”及第二段中的两个问题可推断出,John有探究事物的好奇心,善于思考。故选C。inquiring“探究的,好问的,爱探索的”。 ②D　隐含推断题。根据第三段中的“The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥) ... placed them in the tanks”可知,John为自己布置的任务是去除污泥中的有害物质,他先建立了一个生态系统,然后将污泥加入其中;第四段中的“all that was left was pure water”说明了将污泥放入水箱之后的变化。据此可推断,John在水箱里放入污泥是为了检验他的“生态机器”的效果。故选D。 ③A　隐含推断题。本文主要围绕John的疑问“A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived ... if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.”展开,即一条肮脏的溪流在穿过植物和流过微生物居住的岩石后,往往会变得清澈,这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的脏乱呢?正是在这个疑问的指引下,John发明了“生态机器”,因此,John发明的根源就在于自然的自我修复能力,且最后一段中的“Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”也印证了John的工作依据就在于“自我修复”这一理念。故选A。 积累 重点词/ 课标新增词 ①facility n. [课标新增词](设备或系统的)特殊装置　②ecological adj.生态的　③diverse adj.不同的,多种多样的 派生词/ 合成词 ①organism n.微生物,有机体(organ+-ism)　②cancer-causing adj.致癌的　③greenhouse-like adj. [合成词]像温室一样的　④fishery n.渔业;水产业 熟词 生义 ①life n.生物;活物　②treat v. (利用化学物质或反应)处理　③develop v.开发,研制　④trap vt.吸收;留存 语块 ①clean up清除(污染物)　②set (sb.) a task给(某人)布置任务/定下目标　③remove ... from从……中除去/消除……　④a series of一系列,一连串　⑤little by little慢慢地,逐渐地　⑥take on承担(责任)　⑦spare parts配件,备用零件　⑧long to do sth.盼望/渴望做某事　⑨an inquiring mind好奇心,探究精神 高考热考法2　观点态度题——寻褒贬词,察言观色定态度 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 2.2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·D第3~5段　体裁:说明文　主题语境:人与社会——社会科学 　　But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they“shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. 　　Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. 设题特点 ①推断作者或文中人物对某个人或事物所持的态度、看法。 ②先明确谁对谁或对什么的态度,再锁定体现人物观点态度的感情色彩鲜明的褒贬词 (形、副等)、句或事例或描写人物动作、表情或语气的词句推断态度。 常见设问方式 题干中常出现的词有: attitude、opinion、think of、consider、feel about等。如①What does the author think of/feel about ...? ②What is the researcher’s attitude towards ...? 图解技巧5 寻褒贬词,察言观色定态度 答案与解析　 2.D　观点态度题。答题信息定位到最后一段的主句“the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous”(对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的),由此可推断出作者是赞成的。although 引导的从句旨在说明Navajas领导的研究有局限性,且仍有许多问题有待解决,但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。故选D。 积累 重点词/ 课标新 增词 ①individual n.个人;个体　②enormous [ɪ̍nɔːməs] adj.巨大的;庞大的;极大的　③response [rɪ̍spɒns] n.回答;反应;响应 派生词/ 合成词 ①reasoning [̍riːzənɪŋ] n.推理(reason+-ing)　②limitation [̩lɪmɪ̍teɪʃn] n.限制;局限性(limit+-ation) ③implication [̩ɪmplɪ̍keɪʃn] n.可能的影响/作用/结果(同根词:imply)　④follow-up [̍fɒləʊ ʌp] n.后续事物　adj.后续的(follow up跟进)　⑤decision-making [dɪ̍sɪʒn meɪkɪŋ] n.决策 熟词生义 reason vt.推理;推论;推断 语块 ①get a better sense of更好地了解　②key finding关键发现 高考热考法3　写作意图题——依主旨,辨文体,推意图 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 3.2024·浙江高考1月·C第4段　体裁:说明文　主题语境:人与自然——自然环境 　　One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma.“In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes (龙卷风) form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,”Dr. Doswell says.“Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind? No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.” Why does Dr. Doswell mention the tornadoes he saw in 1999? A. To compare different kinds of seeding methods. B. To illustrate the development of big hailstorms. C. To indicate a possible danger of cloud seeding. D. To show the link between storms and moisture. 4.2023·全国甲卷·C第3~4段　体裁:说明文　主题语境:人与社会——文学 　　Eric Weiner’s The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers reawakened my love for philosophy. It is not an explanation, but an invitation to think and experience philosophy. Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This, more than a book about understanding philosophy, is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life. Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4? A. To compare Weiner with them. B. To give examples of great works. C. To praise their writing skills. D. To help readers understand Weiner’s book. 设题特点 ①就某一细节(例子等)或某个段落的写作意图提问(如2024新课标Ⅰ卷B篇第27题) ②就整篇文章的写作意图提问(如2024新课标Ⅱ卷D篇,见专题四分析) 常见设问方式 ①就细节: What is the author’s purpose in mentioning ...? Why does the author list/mention ...in paragraph ...? ②就段落: What is the function of the first paragraph? ③就文章: What is the purpose of the text? 图解技巧6 依主旨,辨文体,推意图 答案与解析　 3.C　写作意图题。根据本段第一句中的“One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding”可知,查克·多斯威尔也是对人工增雨作业的安全性持怀疑态度的一员,而 1999 年他目睹的由投放了人工增雨物质的暴风云形成巨大龙卷风的案例,正是暗示了人工增雨的一个潜在危险,故选C。 4.D　写作意图题。第四段首句介绍Weiner的书的内容: 把哲学家们的著作置于某背景下,让他们的作品帮我们做得更好。接着列举一系列哲学家的例子:像苏格拉底一样思考,像梭罗一样观察,像叔本华一样倾听,像尼采那样无怨无悔。在列举了几位伟大的哲学家后,作者总结,这不仅仅是一本关于理解哲学的书,更是一本关于学习如何运用哲学来改善生活的书。由此可推知,作者列举几位伟大的哲学家帮助读者理解Weiner的书。故选D。 高考热考法4　文章出处和类型题——巧借细节判出处 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 5.2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·C第1~2段　体裁:说明文　主题语境:人与社会——文学与艺术 　　Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object— the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time. In this“book of books”, artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to. Where is the text most probably taken from? A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing. C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings. 6.新高考Ⅱ卷·C　体裁:议论文　主题语境:人与社会——工程与技术 　　In May 1987 the Golden Gate Bridge had a 50th birthday party. The bridge was closed to motor traffic so people could enjoy a walk across it. Organizers expected perhaps 50,000 people to show up. Instead, as many as 800,000 crowded the roads to the bridge. By the time 250,000 were on the bridge, engineers noticed something terrible: the roadway was flattening under what turned out to be the heaviest load it had ever been asked to carry. Worse, it was beginning to sway (晃动). The authorities closed access to the bridge and tens of thousands of people made their way back to land. A disaster was avoided. The story is one of scores in To Forgive Design:Understanding Failure, a book that is at once a love letter to engineering and a paean (赞歌) to its breakdowns. Its author, Dr. Henry Petroski, has long been writing about disasters. In this book, he includes the loss of the space shuttles (航天飞机) Challenger and Columbia, and the sinking of the Titanic. Though he acknowledges that engineering works can fail because the person who thought them up or engineered them simply got things wrong, in this book Dr. Petroski widens his view to consider the larger context in which such failures occur. Sometimes devices fail because a good design is constructed with low quality materials incompetently applied. Or perhaps a design works so well that it is adopted elsewhere again and again, with seemingly harmless improvements, until, suddenly, it does not work at all anymore. Readers will encounter not only stories they have heard before, but some new stories and a moving discussion of the responsibility of the engineer to the public and the ways young engineers can be helped to grasp them. “Success is success but that is all that it is,”Dr. Petroski writes. It is failure that brings improvement. What is the text? A. A news report. B. A short story. C. A book review. D. A research article. 设题特点 ①根据文章体裁和题材判断文章的出处和类型。 ②根据文章细节内容、措辞和语言特征及信息句中代词的指代对象确定读者对象。 常见设问方式 ①出处:Where is the text probably taken from? ②类型:What is the text? ③读者对象:What may the text be intended for? 图解技巧7 巧借细节判出处 答案与解析　 5.A　文章出处题。由第一段第一句“Reading Art:Art for Book Lovers is a celebration ... three hundred artworks from museums around the world.”可知,《阅读艺术:书籍爱好者的艺术》这本书里展示了来自世界各地博物馆的近300件艺术品,又由第二段第一句中的“In this ‘book of books’”可知,本文主要是对该书内容的介绍。故可推知,本文最有可能摘自书的序言。故选A。 6.C　推断文章类型题。通读全文可知,文章先以金门大桥的事故为例,引出To Forgive Design: Understanding Failure这本书;接着介绍了作者在该书中表述的对工程事故背后的原因的看法及读者从这本书中能获取的内容。文章第二段首句为全文的主题句,是对这本书的评价。由此可知,本文属于书评。故选C。 高考热考法5　推断人物/事物特征类——抓关键点定特征 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 7.2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·B第4~5段　体裁:记叙文　主题语境:人与自我——学校生活 　　Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes.“We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,”Jaramillo says. She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues.“They get outside,”she says,“and they feel successful.” Which of the following best describes the impact of the program? A. Far-reaching. B. Predictable. C. Short-lived. D. Unidentifiable. 8.2022·新高考Ⅱ卷·B第6段　体裁:记叙文　主题语境:人与社会——社会生活 　　Sorry, kid. This book is not part of your high-tech world. It’s an outdated, lifeless thing. An antique. Like your grandfather. Well, I may be old, but I’m not hopelessly challenged, digitally speaking. I edit video and produce audio. I use mobile payment. I’ve even built websites. What does the author think of himself? A. Socially ambitious. B. Physically attractive. C. Financially independent. D. Digitally competent. 设题特点 基于文章内容,归纳文中人物的性格、品德、成就、贡献等内容或某事物的性质、品质、作用或功能等。 主要设问方式 Which of the following best describes ...? Which words can best describe ...? 图解技巧8 抓关键点定特征 答案与解析　 7.A　归纳事物特征题。根据第四段中的“eat more vegetables”和“eating differently”可知,该项目改变了学生们的饮食习惯。又由第五段中的“the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition”和“have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students”可知,这个项目除了给学生们提供有营养的食物外,还使一些特殊教育的学生感到平静和成功,由此可推断出,该项目的影响是深远的。故选A。 积累 派生词/ 合成词 ①predict+-able→predictable [prɪ̍dɪktəbl] adj.可预见的　②un-+identify+-able→unidentifiable [̩ʌnaɪ̍dentɪfaɪəbl] adj.无法辨认的;难以确认的;无法识别的　③far-reaching (far+reaching) adj.影响深远的;广泛的　④short-lived adj.短暂的 语块 have a calming effect on对……有平静情绪的效果 8.D　推断人物特征类。根据本段中的“Well, I may be old, but I’m not hopelessly challenged ... even built websites.”可知,作者认为自己虽然老了,但从数字角度来说,自己还没有遭遇令人绝望的挑战。从作者列举的自己编辑视频、制作音频、使用手机支付,甚至建立了网站等事情可知,作者认为自己在数码科技方面还是很有能力的。故选D。 高考热考法6　预测文章内容——锁定尾句巧预测 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 9.2023·全国乙卷·C第3段　体裁:说明文　主题语境:人与社会——社会生活 　　According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool”for boys to like cooking. What might the author continue talking about? A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes. C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters. 设题特点 依据文章猜测下文可能涉及的内容或预测事件可能出现的结局。 常见设问方式 ①What might be talked about next? ②What will the following paragraph most probably talk about? 图解技巧9 锁定尾句巧预测 答案与解析　 9.B　预测文章内容题。根据该段最后一句“With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer ‘uncool’ for boys to like cooking.”可知,随着越来越多的男厨师出现在电视上,男孩喜欢烹饪不再是“不酷”的事了。由此可推断,接下来作者可能会介绍一些电视节目中的男厨师。故选B。 猜测阅读障碍词的能力　(2024新课标Ⅰ卷D篇+6个技巧对应语篇/段落) 重点词 reveal vt. ①揭示;显示 document vt. ②记录;记载 increasingly adv. ③越来越多地 uploaded adj. ④已上传的 派生词/ 合成词 out-+number→outnumber vt. ⑤在数量上超过,比……多 un-+identify+-able→ unidentifiable adj. ⑥无法辨认的;难以确认的;无法识别的 far+reaching→ far-reaching adj. ⑦影响深远的;广泛的 cover+-age→coverage n. ⑧覆盖范围,新闻报道 熟词生义 sample 熟义:n.样本,样品;取样 生义:vt. ⑨抽样检验;取样;采样 trap 熟义:n./v.陷阱,诱捕 生义:vt. ⑩吸收;留存 短语 with the rise of 随着……的兴起 an inquiring mind 好奇心,探究精神 分析长难句的能力　 1.This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. 试分析:主干是:①This makes sense;because引导原因状语从句,who引导定语从句修饰先行词②the people, recording ... nearby 为分词短语作后置定语,修饰citizen scientists。  试翻译:这是有道理的,因为民间科学家经常通过移动设备获取生物多样性观察数据,他们记录的是在附近地区接触到的物种。 2.Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. 试分析:本句中的动词starts和frames是两个并列的①谓语动词; they can help us do better是省略了关系代词的②定语从句,修饰先行词③one thing, they指代④each philosopher’s work。  试翻译:韦纳写每一章都以城际火车旅行的场景开始,然后把每个哲学家的作品通过一件事来说明, 而⑤他们的作品能帮助我们把这件事做得更好。 文本语法填空再开发　 　　 “With the rise of technology ①it is easy for people to make observations of different species ②with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and ③assistant (assist) professor of biology. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that ④comes (come) from physical specimens, and since we are increasingly using observational data ⑤to investigate (investigate) how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?”  ⑥Using (use) a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested ⑦how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the ⑧aspects (aspect) of sampling that tend to bias data, like the greater ⑨likelihood (likely) of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a ⑩flowering (flower) plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$