焦点 04 阅读理解之说明文-备战2025年中考英语新课标（核心素养）一轮复习之题型特训（江苏常州）

焦点04 阅读理解之说明文 备战2025年中考英语新课标（核心素养）一轮复习之题型特训 【基础题】 A Astronauts would face dangers both getting to and surviving (生存) on Mars. Let’s learn about surviving a trip to Mars. What would it take to keep people safe and healthy on a trip to Mars? Scientists are already working on it though the trip may be many years later. Over the last 60 years, many spacecrafts (航天器) have flown by, orbited (沿轨道运行) and even landed on the Red Planet. However, humans could work faster and smarter than machines. That’s why the United States, China and other countries want to send people to Mars. But surviving this trip would not be easy. A trip to Mars would be the farthest journey in human history. Mars is about 225 million kilometers away, so it would take astronauts at least six months to reach there. However, it only takes a few days to get to the moon. While space travel is never free of danger, it takes a lot more health risks to travel in space for a long time. For one thing, staying in space for long periods makes the human body weak. Also, it puts pressure on the back of the eyes and causes eye problems. But gravity (重力) machines could help. Then there’s space radiation (辐射) to worry about. It might raise the risk of health problems, especially for astronauts who will have long journeys. Scientists are working out the problems. They have found taking certain vitamins (维生素) can help. Astronauts will have to pack light to lift off from Earth. But they won’t be able to get things they need like astronauts on the space station do. Astronauts on the space station practice for this by growing lettuce and other food in space. Engineers are developing 3D printing techniques which could allow future Mars astronauts to build tools as needed. 1．How does the writer start the second paragraph? A．By explaining a fact. B．By giving an example. C．By telling a story. D．By asking a question. 2．According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? A．A trip to the moon would be the farthest journey in human history. B．Space radiation might raise the risk of health problems for astronauts. C．Taking certain vitamins can help reduce pressure on the back of the eyes in space. D．There is no need to worry about the danger in space. 3．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Mars astronauts will be able to get things they need. B．Mars astronauts can grow lettuce and other food now. C．3D printing techniques could help astronauts live better in space. D．We can’t live on the earth any more in the future. 4．What’s the passage mainly about? A．Surviving a trip to Mars. B．Spacecrafts landing on Mars. C．Health problems of future Mars astronauts. D．The importance of living on Mars. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A 【难度】0.85 【知识点】说明文、航天与航空 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了宇航员在火星上面临的危险以及宇航员如何在火星之旅中生存下来。 1．细节理解题。根据“What would it take to keep people safe and healthy on a trip to Mars?”可知，作者通过问问题开启第二段。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据“Then there’s space radiation to worry about. It might raise the risk of health problems, especially for astronauts who will have long journeys.”可知，太空辐射可能会增加宇航员健康问题的风险。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据“Engineers are developing 3D printing techniques which could allow future Mars astronauts to build tools as needed.”可知，3D打印技术可以让未来的火星宇航员根据需要制造工具，来帮助宇航员在太空中生活得更好。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文并根据“Let’s learn about surviving a trip to Mars.”可知，本文主要介绍了宇航员如何在火星之旅中生存下来。故选A。 B The Four Great Inventions of ancient China— papermaking, printing, gunpowder, and the compass—have had an important influence on the world. Papermaking Papermaking was improved by Cai Lun during the Eastern Han Dynasty. Before this, people used bamboo slips (竹简) and silk for writing. The invention of paper made writing easier and cheaper, and helped people share knowledge and culture better. Printing Printing includes woodblock printing (木版印刷) and movable type printing (活字印刷). Woodblock printing was invented in the Tang Dynasty. Later, Bi Sheng invented movable type printing during the Northern Song Dynasty, which made printing even faster and helped to spread culture widely. Gunpowder Gunpowder came from ancient alchemy (炼金术). At first, it was used to make fireworks, but later it became very important in wars. Gunpowder changed how soldiers fought during wars. Compass The compass was very important for navigation (导航). It helped people find directions, making long-distance sailing possible. Chinese sailors used the compass to find new trade paths, which helped communicate and trade between different areas. 1．Before the invention of paper, what did people use for writing? A．They used bamboo slips and silks. B．They used animals’ fur and bones. C．They used bamboo slips and sticks. D．They used animals’ bones and silk. 2．Which invention was helpful for communicating and trade between different areas? A．Papermaking. B．Printing. C．Gunpowder. D．Compass. 3．About the Four Great Inventions, which of the following is TRUE? A．The invention of paper made writing more expensive. B．Movable type printing was invented in the Tang Dynasty C．Gunpowder changed how soldiers fought during wars. D．The compass was very important for copying and writing. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．C 【难度】0.85 【知识点】科普知识、发明与创造、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了中国古代的四大发明——造纸术、印刷术、火药和指南针。 1．细节理解题。根据“Before this, people used bamboo slips and silk for writing.”可知，在造纸术发明之前，人们用竹简和丝绸书写，故选A。 2．细节理解题。依据“Chinese sailors used the compass to find new trade paths, which helped communicate and trade between different areas.”可知，指南针帮助人们找到新的贸易路线，促进了不同地区之间的交流与贸易，故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据“Gunpowder changed how soldiers fought during wars.”可知，火药改变了战争中士兵的作战方式，故选C。 C Nigeria is a hot and dry country in Africa where electricity is not available to many homes. Most people grow and sell their own fruit and vegetables. Keeping them fresh in the hot place is a real challenge. Without a fridge, most fresh food goes bad in a couple of days. Throwing away the food means losing money for poor families. Eating the bad food causes serious health problems. Local teacher Mohammed Bah Abba was worried about this problem and decided to solve it. As a boy born into a family of clay pot makers, Mohammed knew that these traditional clay pots could keep water even when dry. In the 1990s he used this traditional knowledge and his understanding of science to invent a cooling system (冷却系统). It worked as a “desert fridge”. Mohammed’s cooling system is made up of two pots—a small pot inside a larger pot. In the space between the two clay pots, there is wet sand. People put the fruit and vegetables in the smaller pot, and cover it with a wet cloth (布). Then they leave the larger pot in a dry place. When water from the sand evaporates (蒸发), it causes the temperature in the pots to go down. This way the food in the smaller pot is cool. With the pot-in-pot cooling system, food stays fresh much longer. Mohammed’s “desert fridge” has improved the lives of thousands of people. So in 2001 he won the Rolex Award for Enterprise, which is for the people who try to make the world a better place. 1．“This problem” in Paragraph 2 refers to the fact that ______ in Nigeria. A．fridges were hard to get B．there wasn’t enough electricity C．there were more health problems D．food couldn’t be kept fresh for long 2．What was put between the two clay pots in Mohammed’s cooling system? A．Food. B．Water. C．Wet sand. D．A wet cloth. 3．Mohammed won the Rolex Award for Enterprise because he ______. A．invented lots of things B．was a successful businessman C．made local people’s lives better D．had great knowledge of science 4．Which can be the best title of the passage? A．A fun prize B．A cool invention C．The influence of education D．The importance of electricity 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．C 4．B 【难度】0.85 【知识点】发明与创造、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了穆罕默德发明了一个冷却系统，使得当地人的生活更加美好。 1．词句猜测题。根据“Without a fridge, most fresh food goes bad in a couple of days. Throwing away the food means losing money for poor families. Eating the bad food causes serious health problems.”可知，没有冰箱，大多数新鲜食物几天就会变质。This problem指代的是食物不能长期保持新鲜的问题。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据“In the space between the two clay pots, there is wet sand.”可知，在穆罕默德的冷却系统中，湿沙被放在两个陶罐之间。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据“Mohammed’s ‘desert fridge’ has improved the lives of thousands of people. So in 2001 he won the Rolex Award for Enterprise”可知，穆罕默德获得了劳力士企业奖，是因为他使当地人民的生活变得更好。故选C。 4．最佳标题题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了穆罕默德发明了一个冷却系统，使得当地人的生活更加美好。选项B“一个很酷的发明”最适合当标题。故选B。 【提升题】 A ①The UNESCO added “Spring Festival, social practices of the Chinese people in celebration of the traditional New Year”, to the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录) on December 4th, 2024. ②The Spring Festival, also called Chinese New Year, is one of the most important festivals in China. During this festival, people wish for good things to happen in the future and for everyone to be happy and healthy. Celebrations for the Spring Festival last for 15 days, ending with the Lantern Festival. Many of these celebrations and events have been passed down from generation (一代) to generation, including paper-cuttings, the dragon dance and lantern festival events. ③On the second day of the Spring Festival, people in some places traditionally visit temples to pray (祈祷) for good luck in the coming year. People may also visit the temple fairs（庙会), which usually provide different activities, including traditional performances, folk art, and the sale of local handicrafts (手工艺品) and foods. ④The Lantern Festival, held on the 15th day of the Spring Festival, marks the end of Chinese New Year celebrations. During this festival, lively lanterns of all shapes and sizes are shown. People gather in public spaces to watch the lanterns, solve riddles (谜语) written on them, and enjoy performances like dragon dances. The famous Zigong lantern show in Southwest China’s Sichuan Province has been listed as National Intangible Cultural Heritage items. 1．How long does the Spring Festival last? A．2 days. B．5 days. C．7 days. D．15 days. 2．Why do people in some places visit temples to pray? A．For good luck. B．For celebrations. C．For fun. D．For some souvenirs 3．What do people do on the second day of the Spring Festival? ①Enjoy local handicrafts.    ②Solve riddles.    ③Enjoy folk art.    ④Enjoy some local food. A．①②③ B．①②④ C．①③④ D．②③④ 4．What can we learn from Paragraph ④? A．People usually take part in the temple fairs on the Lantern Festival. B．The Lantern Festival marks the end of Chinese New Year celebrations. C．People usually enjoy lively lanterns at home on the Lantern Festival. D．People can enjoy Zigong lantern show in Southeast China on the Lantern Festival. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．B 【难度】0.65 【知识点】假日活动、说明文、传统节日 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了春节在2024年12月4日被联合国教科文组织列入人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录，阐述了春节的重要地位、持续时间、庆祝活动，还介绍了春节期间的传统习俗，以及元宵节作为春节结束的标志和相关活动。 1．细节理解题。根据“Celebrations for the Spring Festival last for 15 days, ending with the Lantern Festival.”可知，春节庆祝活动持续15天，故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据“On the second day of the Spring Festival, people in some places traditionally visit temples to pray for good luck in the coming year.”可知，人们去寺庙祈祷是为了祈求好运，故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据“People may also visit the temple fairs, which usually provide different activities, including traditional performances, folk art, and the sale of local handicrafts and foods.”可知，在春节第二天，人们逛庙会可以欣赏民间艺术、观赏当地手工艺品、品尝当地食物。而“solve riddles”猜灯谜是元宵节的活动，所以①③④正确，故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据“The Lantern Festival, held on the 15th day of the Spring Festival, marks the end of Chinese New Year celebrations.”可知，元宵节标志着中国新年庆祝活动的结束，故选B。 B The eVTOL (电动起降飞行器) is a Chinese-made electric (电动的) airplane. Its maker is AutoFlight, a company in Shanghai. It has a take-off weight of 2,000 kilograms. Also known as “air taxis”, eVTOLs can take off and land vertically and don’t need airports and runways. The five-seat “air taxi” is able to reach a speed of 200 kilometers per hour. Recently, the eVTOL has finished its first public test by flying from Shenzhen to Zhuhai, taking just 20 minutes. The journey takes 70 minutes by boat and more than 2 hours by car. Shenzhen East General Aviation (SEGA) (深圳东部通用航空有限公司) hopes to operate the Shenzhen-Zhuhai eVTOL routes (路线) and has promised to buy 100 eVTOLs from AutoFlight. The price of a one-way trip from Shenzhen to Zhuhai will be about 200 to 300 yuan. It’s worth mentioning that a boat ticket between Shekou in Shenzhen and Jiuzhou in Zhuhai costs 140 yuan and a bus ticket is about 100 yuan. According to recent reports, China plans to put electric airplanes into commercial (商业的) use by 2025. And by 2035, a green airplane building system will be set up. 1．Which of the following picture can describe the meaning of the word “vertically”? A． B． C． D． 2．How many eVTOLs did SEGA promise to buy from AutoFlight? A．50. B．100. C．140. D．200. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．The “air taxi” is able to reach a speed of 20 kilometers per hour. B．If you drive from Shenzhen to Zhuhai, you will spend 70 minutes. C．SEGA hopes to operate the Shenzhen-Zhuhai eVTOL routes. D．Now a boat ticket between Shekou and Jiuzhou costs 100 yuan. 4．What’s the best title of the passage? A．The structure of the eVTOL. B．The history of the eVTOL. C．The introduction of the eVTOL. D．The development of the eVTOL. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．C 【难度】0.65 【知识点】交通方式、发明与创造、说明文 【导语】本文主要介绍了一种新的交通方式——空中出租车。 1．词句猜测题。根据“don’t need airports and runways”可知，eVTOL无需机场和跑道，即可垂直起降，可推测出“vertically”意为“垂直地”，A图符合。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据“Shenzhen East General Aviation (SEGA) hopes to operate the Shenzhen-Zhuhai eVTOL routes and has promised to buy 100 eVTOLs from AutoFlight.”可知，SEGA承诺购买100辆eVTOL。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据“Shenzhen East General Aviation (SEGA) hopes to operate the Shenzhen-Zhuhai eVTOL routes and has promised to buy 100 eVTOLs from AutoFlight.”可知，SEGA希望运营深圳—珠海eVTOL航线。故选C。 4．最佳标题题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了一种新的交通方式——空中出租车。故选C。 C Tanghulu is a Chinese snack, which has been popular on TikTok recently, with many people sharing videos of making it at home. We’ll talk about something about tanghulu. Tanghulu is traditionally made of dried hawthorn berries (山楂), which look like small red apples. Street businessmen coat the hawthorn berries with sugar syrup (糖浆). That is what makes it bright and smooth. Served on a stick, it becomes a popular hit in Chinese street markets. Couples on a date, children or teenagers looking for a treat will enjoy this fruit snack. Its popularity has spread across different countries. And other fruits like grapes, blueberries, apples, and even pineapples can be used to make tanghulu as well. Although tanghulu is made of fruits, it is certainly not the healthiest snack. For example, if you eat 20 candied fruits, you will get about 400 calories, equivalent (等同的) to a cheeseburger. While the fruits can provide Vitamin C, the sugar coating can be harmful to the tooth if you eat it too often. Historical records show that tanghulu is from Northern China. As a traditional Chinese snack, tanghulu has a long history dating back to the Song Dynasty. Many stories talk about how it started. One of them says that a woman was too ill to eat anything until a doctor suggested coating dried fruit with sugar. Whatever the truth, tanghulu becomes very popular. You can see it in theaters, streets, and tea houses. 1．What fruit is tanghulu traditionally made of? A．Grapes. B．Apples C．Strawberries. D．Dried hawthorn berries. 2．Which question can help you know the main idea of Paragraph 4? A．Is tanghulu healthy? B．What is tanghulu made of? C．How has tanghulu developed? D．Who invented tanghulu? 3．What do you know about tanghulu? A．It is one of the healthiest snacks. B．It can date back to the Tang Dynasty. C．Pineapples can be used to make tanghulu nowadays. D．It becomes a popular hit only in Chinese street markets. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．C 【难度】0.65 【知识点】说明文、食物 【导语】本文主要介绍了糖葫芦的传统制作方法、营养价值和历史背景。 1．细节理解题。根据“Tanghulu is traditionally made of dried hawthorn berries (山楂)”可知，传统的糖葫芦由山楂制作而成。故选D。 2．主旨大意题。第四段主要介绍了糖葫芦的历史和起源，因此选项C“糖葫芦是如何发展的？”可以帮助更好理解第四段的主要内容。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据“And other fruits like grapes, blueberries, apples, and even pineapples can be used to make tanghulu as well.”可知，现在菠萝也可以用来做糖葫芦。故选C。 【拔高题】 A A spoonful of pickles (泡菜) can sometimes make a meal taste better. Recently, a new type of pickle is being discussed: “digital pickles”. It means the videos people watch while eating. Many people think that the videos can make their food more appetizing (引起食欲的). The topic received more than 16 million clicks on a website and about 100,000 people took part in the discussion. Many young people in China are kept company by TV shows or short videos. Many believe that their food is more delicious with the “digital pickles”. Can this habit influence your diet? According to a research paper published (发表) in 2019, you may eat more without realization. The international research team asked 62 volunteers to follow different eating patterns for four days. The patterns included eating while looking at the mobile phone and eating without distraction (干扰). The team discovered that eating with distraction increased caloric ingestion (热量摄入) by about 15%. To explore the reason, the team also invited two groups of people: one group ate while listening to an audio clip (音乐片段) about another person eating; the other listened to a clip that helped them imagine themselves eating. At last, the second group ate less because they focused on their food more. This result works not only for eating meals but also for other tasks which need a lot of patience and skills as well. A research team invited 120 volunteers to do different tasks while providing them with drinks and snacks. When they focused on their tasks and their attention was distracted, they were less likely to tell how full they felt and ate more than they expected. 1．Why do people eat more with “digital pickles”? A．Because they are more focused on their meals. B．Because they are distracted by “digital pickles”. C．Because the food tastes better with “digital pickles”. D．Because the “digital pickles” make them feel hungrier. 2．What’s the purpose of the last paragraph? A．To explain how to tell you are full. B．To present how to avoid being distracted. C．To give another case that causes overeating. D．To describe the advantages of “digital pickles”. 3．What would be the best title for the passage? A．Eating While Talking B．Focusing on Our Food C．Enjoying Dinner with a Show D．Having Food with Other People 4．What is the best structure of the passage? A． B． C． D． 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．A 【难度】0.4 【知识点】科普知识、说明文 【导语】本文主要介绍了人们在吃饭时观看视频能吃得更多、更香，并以研究实验举例说明了原因。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“The team discovered that eating with distraction increased caloric ingestion (热量摄入) by about 15%.”可知，人们观看“电子泡菜”会使他们吃得更多，因为他们被“电子泡菜”分散了注意力。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据最后一段“This result works not only for eating meals but also for other tasks which need a lot of patience and skills as well.”并结合下文可推知，本段的目的是给出另一个导致人们吃过量的例子。故选C。 3．标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了人们在吃饭时观看视频能吃得更多、更香，并以研究实验举例说明了原因。故选C。 4．篇章结构题。本文第一段提出很多人认为“电子泡菜”让食物更美味；第二、三段介绍了看视频会让人们吃得更多；第四段说明了听音频让注意力不集中，人们会吃得更多；第五段说明了其他会让人吃得更多的情况。综合全文可知，本文首段主要概述“电子泡菜”，后面四段进行具体分析说明，结构为“总一分”形式。故选A。 B People tend to use trees for papermaking. But maybe electronics (电子) engineers are missing out on something here. “It turns out that two major building blocks of wood have a lot of electrical qualities,” says Magnus Berggren, a professor at Linköping University. His team has been working to make parts for electronics from the forest. Right now, they’re focusing on two materials of trees. The first material is cellulose, which can make energy. Lignin, the second material, can store that energy, just as a battery does. The team has found when pressed, cellulose can produce electricity. Some device must then store the electricity until it’s needed. Batteries can do this. But batteries aren’t very green. They have harmful materials. That’s where lignin comes in. Batteries cause electrons to flow from one place to another, which can produce electricity. In a typical battery, one material must give electrons. The other must accept them. Lignin can do both. A weak acid (酸) encourages lignin to produce electrons. “With a metal wire (金属线) to guide those electrons, you’ll have electricity,” says Berggren. Berggren’s team use this quality to create its new lignin-based battery. Typical batteries use a metal wire as a path to guide the flow of electrons into or out of the device. But since Berggren wants to make a battery of the forest, he looks for a natural way. Once again, he turns to cellulose. This natural material can serve as a wire-like path for electrons. To make it work well, Berggren lines them with another chemical known as PEDOT, which isn’t from a tree. But when PEDOT is added to cellulose, they can conduct electricity like a wire. “With a weak acid, now you have a battery,” Berggren says. “And two of its three materials come from the forest.” Berggren can imagine one day having mobile phone batteries made largely from forest products. Tree-based electronics might also be useful in lighting. 1．What is cellulose used to do in the study? A．Act as a weak acid. B．Collect rainwater. C．Produce electricity. D．Make quality paper. 2．Which best describes the new battery? A．Well-received. B．Eco-friendly. C．Harmful. D．Heavy. 3．What can we expect of tree-based electronics? A．They may change farming practices. B．They might save a lot of wood. C．They would serve the elderly. D．They could light the rooms. 4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．A Green Way to Make and Store Energy B．An Attempt to Raise Power Production C．Practical Suggestions on Planting Trees D．Recent Advances in Mobile Phones 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 【难度】0.4 【知识点】发明与创造、科学技术、说明文 【导语】本文主要介绍了利用木材中的纤维素和木质素制造环保电池的研究。 1．细节理解题。根据“The first material is cellulose, which can make energy.”可知，纤维素在研究中的作用是产生电能。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据“But batteries aren’t very green. They have harmful materials. That’s where lignin comes in.”和“A weak acid (酸) encourages lignin to produce electrons. ‘With a metal wire (金属线) to guide those electrons, you’ll have electricity,’ says Berggren.”可知，这种新电池是环保的。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据“Tree-based electronics might also be useful in lighting.”可知，他们可以用来照明。故选D。 4．最佳标题题。本文主要介绍了利用木材中的纤维素和木质素制造环保电池的研究，因此选项A“制造和储存能源的绿色方法”是最合适的标题。故选A。 C We’ve all heard about the man who discovered gravity (重力) and the apple that fell from a tree and hit him on the head. However, the 17th-century “aha moment” is actually a bit of a lie! Newton did witness an apple falling from a tree one day and this got him thinking about what actually caused the apple to fall to the ground. Newton later developed his theory of Gravity, believing that Earth has a force (力) that pulls objects down, which prevents objects from aimlessly floating around. While we know that Isaac Newton discovered Gravity, he also made many other scientific discoveries. Newton is also credited with discovering the three laws of motion. These three laws, or principles, explain how things move. Law 1: An object at rest stays at rest. A moving object keeps moving. Objects continue doing what they’re doing unless a stronger force acts on them. Here, the stronger force is the wall. It stops the truck but not the boxes, so they keep moving backward. Law 2: It takes more force to move a heavy object than to move a lighter object. Newton came up with a scientific formula to explain this: Force = Mass x Acceleration. Large weights with a lot of mass require more force to lift than smaller, lighter weights do. Law 3: For every force, there is an equal reaction in the opposite direction. Air from an untied balloon rushes out in one direction. As the air escapes, it pushes the balloon in the opposite direction. 1．Which part of a magazine is the reading material most probably taken from? A．History. B．Sports. C．Culture. D．Science. 2．The drawing for Law 1 shows that ________. A．the boxes get a stronger force than the truck B．the truck stays at rest, but the boxes do not C．the wall acts on the truck but not on the boxes D．the truck keeps moving, but the wall stays at rest 3．Which picture best shows Law 3? A． B． C． D． 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．D 【难度】0.4 【知识点】说明文、科普知识 【导语】本文是说明文，文章介绍了牛顿运动的三条定律。 1．推理判断题。文章主要讲述牛顿发现万有引力以及他的运动三大定律等内容，主要是关于科学发现和科学定律，所以最有可能来自“Science”板块，故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据“Law 1: An object at rest stays at rest. A moving object keeps moving. Objects continue doing what they’re doing unless a stronger force acts on them. Here, the stronger force is the wall. It stops the truck but not the boxes, so they keep moving backward.”及图示可知，静止的物体保持静止，而移动的物体则持续移动，除非有更强的力作用在其上。此处更大的力是墙，它阻止了卡车，但阻止不了箱子，所以它们继续向后移动。所以墙作用于卡车，但不作用于箱子。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据“Law 3: For every force, there is an equal reaction in the opposite direction. Air from an untied balloon rushes out in one direction. As the air escapes, it pushes the balloon in the opposite direction.”及图示可知，对于每一个力，都会有一个方向相等的反作用力。在图片D中，当对球施加一个力时，球以相等的力量将冰面上这个人往后推。故选D。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 焦点04 阅读理解之说明文 备战2025年中考英语新课标（核心素养）一轮复习之题型特训 【基础题】 A Astronauts would face dangers both getting to and surviving (生存) on Mars. Let’s learn about surviving a trip to Mars. What would it take to keep people safe and healthy on a trip to Mars? Scientists are already working on it though the trip may be many years later. Over the last 60 years, many spacecrafts (航天器) have flown by, orbited (沿轨道运行) and even landed on the Red Planet. However, humans could work faster and smarter than machines. That’s why the United States, China and other countries want to send people to Mars. But surviving this trip would not be easy. A trip to Mars would be the farthest journey in human history. Mars is about 225 million kilometers away, so it would take astronauts at least six months to reach there. However, it only takes a few days to get to the moon. While space travel is never free of danger, it takes a lot more health risks to travel in space for a long time. For one thing, staying in space for long periods makes the human body weak. Also, it puts pressure on the back of the eyes and causes eye problems. But gravity (重力) machines could help. Then there’s space radiation (辐射) to worry about. It might raise the risk of health problems, especially for astronauts who will have long journeys. Scientists are working out the problems. They have found taking certain vitamins (维生素) can help. Astronauts will have to pack light to lift off from Earth. But they won’t be able to get things they need like astronauts on the space station do. Astronauts on the space station practice for this by growing lettuce and other food in space. Engineers are developing 3D printing techniques which could allow future Mars astronauts to build tools as needed. 1．How does the writer start the second paragraph? A．By explaining a fact. B．By giving an example. C．By telling a story. D．By asking a question. 2．According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? A．A trip to the moon would be the farthest journey in human history. B．Space radiation might raise the risk of health problems for astronauts. C．Taking certain vitamins can help reduce pressure on the back of the eyes in space. D．There is no need to worry about the danger in space. 3．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Mars astronauts will be able to get things they need. B．Mars astronauts can grow lettuce and other food now. C．3D printing techniques could help astronauts live better in space. D．We can’t live on the earth any more in the future. 4．What’s the passage mainly about? A．Surviving a trip to Mars. B．Spacecrafts landing on Mars. C．Health problems of future Mars astronauts. D．The importance of living on Mars. B The Four Great Inventions of ancient China— papermaking, printing, gunpowder, and the compass—have had an important influence on the world. Papermaking Papermaking was improved by Cai Lun during the Eastern Han Dynasty. Before this, people used bamboo slips (竹简) and silk for writing. The invention of paper made writing easier and cheaper, and helped people share knowledge and culture better. Printing Printing includes woodblock printing (木版印刷) and movable type printing (活字印刷). Woodblock printing was invented in the Tang Dynasty. Later, Bi Sheng invented movable type printing during the Northern Song Dynasty, which made printing even faster and helped to spread culture widely. Gunpowder Gunpowder came from ancient alchemy (炼金术). At first, it was used to make fireworks, but later it became very important in wars. Gunpowder changed how soldiers fought during wars. Compass The compass was very important for navigation (导航). It helped people find directions, making long-distance sailing possible. Chinese sailors used the compass to find new trade paths, which helped communicate and trade between different areas. 1．Before the invention of paper, what did people use for writing? A．They used bamboo slips and silks. B．They used animals’ fur and bones. C．They used bamboo slips and sticks. D．They used animals’ bones and silk. 2．Which invention was helpful for communicating and trade between different areas? A．Papermaking. B．Printing. C．Gunpowder. D．Compass. 3．About the Four Great Inventions, which of the following is TRUE? A．The invention of paper made writing more expensive. B．Movable type printing was invented in the Tang Dynasty C．Gunpowder changed how soldiers fought during wars. D．The compass was very important for copying and writing. C Nigeria is a hot and dry country in Africa where electricity is not available to many homes. Most people grow and sell their own fruit and vegetables. Keeping them fresh in the hot place is a real challenge. Without a fridge, most fresh food goes bad in a couple of days. Throwing away the food means losing money for poor families. Eating the bad food causes serious health problems. Local teacher Mohammed Bah Abba was worried about this problem and decided to solve it. As a boy born into a family of clay pot makers, Mohammed knew that these traditional clay pots could keep water even when dry. In the 1990s he used this traditional knowledge and his understanding of science to invent a cooling system (冷却系统). It worked as a “desert fridge”. Mohammed’s cooling system is made up of two pots—a small pot inside a larger pot. In the space between the two clay pots, there is wet sand. People put the fruit and vegetables in the smaller pot, and cover it with a wet cloth (布). Then they leave the larger pot in a dry place. When water from the sand evaporates (蒸发), it causes the temperature in the pots to go down. This way the food in the smaller pot is cool. With the pot-in-pot cooling system, food stays fresh much longer. Mohammed’s “desert fridge” has improved the lives of thousands of people. So in 2001 he won the Rolex Award for Enterprise, which is for the people who try to make the world a better place. 1．“This problem” in Paragraph 2 refers to the fact that ______ in Nigeria. A．fridges were hard to get B．there wasn’t enough electricity C．there were more health problems D．food couldn’t be kept fresh for long 2．What was put between the two clay pots in Mohammed’s cooling system? A．Food. B．Water. C．Wet sand. D．A wet cloth. 3．Mohammed won the Rolex Award for Enterprise because he ______. A．invented lots of things B．was a successful businessman C．made local people’s lives better D．had great knowledge of science 4．Which can be the best title of the passage? A．A fun prize B．A cool invention C．The influence of education D．The importance of electricity 【提升题】 A ①The UNESCO added “Spring Festival, social practices of the Chinese people in celebration of the traditional New Year”, to the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录) on December 4th, 2024. ②The Spring Festival, also called Chinese New Year, is one of the most important festivals in China. During this festival, people wish for good things to happen in the future and for everyone to be happy and healthy. Celebrations for the Spring Festival last for 15 days, ending with the Lantern Festival. Many of these celebrations and events have been passed down from generation (一代) to generation, including paper-cuttings, the dragon dance and lantern festival events. ③On the second day of the Spring Festival, people in some places traditionally visit temples to pray (祈祷) for good luck in the coming year. People may also visit the temple fairs（庙会), which usually provide different activities, including traditional performances, folk art, and the sale of local handicrafts (手工艺品) and foods. ④The Lantern Festival, held on the 15th day of the Spring Festival, marks the end of Chinese New Year celebrations. During this festival, lively lanterns of all shapes and sizes are shown. People gather in public spaces to watch the lanterns, solve riddles (谜语) written on them, and enjoy performances like dragon dances. The famous Zigong lantern show in Southwest China’s Sichuan Province has been listed as National Intangible Cultural Heritage items. 1．How long does the Spring Festival last? A．2 days. B．5 days. C．7 days. D．15 days. 2．Why do people in some places visit temples to pray? A．For good luck. B．For celebrations. C．For fun. D．For some souvenirs 3．What do people do on the second day of the Spring Festival? ①Enjoy local handicrafts.    ②Solve riddles.    ③Enjoy folk art.    ④Enjoy some local food. A．①②③ B．①②④ C．①③④ D．②③④ 4．What can we learn from Paragraph ④? A．People usually take part in the temple fairs on the Lantern Festival. B．The Lantern Festival marks the end of Chinese New Year celebrations. C．People usually enjoy lively lanterns at home on the Lantern Festival. D．People can enjoy Zigong lantern show in Southeast China on the Lantern Festival. B The eVTOL (电动起降飞行器) is a Chinese-made electric (电动的) airplane. Its maker is AutoFlight, a company in Shanghai. It has a take-off weight of 2,000 kilograms. Also known as “air taxis”, eVTOLs can take off and land vertically and don’t need airports and runways. The five-seat “air taxi” is able to reach a speed of 200 kilometers per hour. Recently, the eVTOL has finished its first public test by flying from Shenzhen to Zhuhai, taking just 20 minutes. The journey takes 70 minutes by boat and more than 2 hours by car. Shenzhen East General Aviation (SEGA) (深圳东部通用航空有限公司) hopes to operate the Shenzhen-Zhuhai eVTOL routes (路线) and has promised to buy 100 eVTOLs from AutoFlight. The price of a one-way trip from Shenzhen to Zhuhai will be about 200 to 300 yuan. It’s worth mentioning that a boat ticket between Shekou in Shenzhen and Jiuzhou in Zhuhai costs 140 yuan and a bus ticket is about 100 yuan. According to recent reports, China plans to put electric airplanes into commercial (商业的) use by 2025. And by 2035, a green airplane building system will be set up. 1．Which of the following picture can describe the meaning of the word “vertically”? A． B． C． D． 2．How many eVTOLs did SEGA promise to buy from AutoFlight? A．50. B．100. C．140. D．200. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．The “air taxi” is able to reach a speed of 20 kilometers per hour. B．If you drive from Shenzhen to Zhuhai, you will spend 70 minutes. C．SEGA hopes to operate the Shenzhen-Zhuhai eVTOL routes. D．Now a boat ticket between Shekou and Jiuzhou costs 100 yuan. 4．What’s the best title of the passage? A．The structure of the eVTOL. B．The history of the eVTOL. C．The introduction of the eVTOL. D．The development of the eVTOL. C Tanghulu is a Chinese snack, which has been popular on TikTok recently, with many people sharing videos of making it at home. We’ll talk about something about tanghulu. Tanghulu is traditionally made of dried hawthorn berries (山楂), which look like small red apples. Street businessmen coat the hawthorn berries with sugar syrup (糖浆). That is what makes it bright and smooth. Served on a stick, it becomes a popular hit in Chinese street markets. Couples on a date, children or teenagers looking for a treat will enjoy this fruit snack. Its popularity has spread across different countries. And other fruits like grapes, blueberries, apples, and even pineapples can be used to make tanghulu as well. Although tanghulu is made of fruits, it is certainly not the healthiest snack. For example, if you eat 20 candied fruits, you will get about 400 calories, equivalent (等同的) to a cheeseburger. While the fruits can provide Vitamin C, the sugar coating can be harmful to the tooth if you eat it too often. Historical records show that tanghulu is from Northern China. As a traditional Chinese snack, tanghulu has a long history dating back to the Song Dynasty. Many stories talk about how it started. One of them says that a woman was too ill to eat anything until a doctor suggested coating dried fruit with sugar. Whatever the truth, tanghulu becomes very popular. You can see it in theaters, streets, and tea houses. 1．What fruit is tanghulu traditionally made of? A．Grapes. B．Apples C．Strawberries. D．Dried hawthorn berries. 2．Which question can help you know the main idea of Paragraph 4? A．Is tanghulu healthy? B．What is tanghulu made of? C．How has tanghulu developed? D．Who invented tanghulu? 3．What do you know about tanghulu? A．It is one of the healthiest snacks. B．It can date back to the Tang Dynasty. C．Pineapples can be used to make tanghulu nowadays. D．It becomes a popular hit only in Chinese street markets. 【拔高题】 A A spoonful of pickles (泡菜) can sometimes make a meal taste better. Recently, a new type of pickle is being discussed: “digital pickles”. It means the videos people watch while eating. Many people think that the videos can make their food more appetizing (引起食欲的). The topic received more than 16 million clicks on a website and about 100,000 people took part in the discussion. Many young people in China are kept company by TV shows or short videos. Many believe that their food is more delicious with the “digital pickles”. Can this habit influence your diet? According to a research paper published (发表) in 2019, you may eat more without realization. The international research team asked 62 volunteers to follow different eating patterns for four days. The patterns included eating while looking at the mobile phone and eating without distraction (干扰). The team discovered that eating with distraction increased caloric ingestion (热量摄入) by about 15%. To explore the reason, the team also invited two groups of people: one group ate while listening to an audio clip (音乐片段) about another person eating; the other listened to a clip that helped them imagine themselves eating. At last, the second group ate less because they focused on their food more. This result works not only for eating meals but also for other tasks which need a lot of patience and skills as well. A research team invited 120 volunteers to do different tasks while providing them with drinks and snacks. When they focused on their tasks and their attention was distracted, they were less likely to tell how full they felt and ate more than they expected. 1．Why do people eat more with “digital pickles”? A．Because they are more focused on their meals. B．Because they are distracted by “digital pickles”. C．Because the food tastes better with “digital pickles”. D．Because the “digital pickles” make them feel hungrier. 2．What’s the purpose of the last paragraph? A．To explain how to tell you are full. B．To present how to avoid being distracted. C．To give another case that causes overeating. D．To describe the advantages of “digital pickles”. 3．What would be the best title for the passage? A．Eating While Talking B．Focusing on Our Food C．Enjoying Dinner with a Show D．Having Food with Other People 4．What is the best structure of the passage? A． B． C． D． B People tend to use trees for papermaking. But maybe electronics (电子) engineers are missing out on something here. “It turns out that two major building blocks of wood have a lot of electrical qualities,” says Magnus Berggren, a professor at Linköping University. His team has been working to make parts for electronics from the forest. Right now, they’re focusing on two materials of trees. The first material is cellulose, which can make energy. Lignin, the second material, can store that energy, just as a battery does. The team has found when pressed, cellulose can produce electricity. Some device must then store the electricity until it’s needed. Batteries can do this. But batteries aren’t very green. They have harmful materials. That’s where lignin comes in. Batteries cause electrons to flow from one place to another, which can produce electricity. In a typical battery, one material must give electrons. The other must accept them. Lignin can do both. A weak acid (酸) encourages lignin to produce electrons. “With a metal wire (金属线) to guide those electrons, you’ll have electricity,” says Berggren. Berggren’s team use this quality to create its new lignin-based battery. Typical batteries use a metal wire as a path to guide the flow of electrons into or out of the device. But since Berggren wants to make a battery of the forest, he looks for a natural way. Once again, he turns to cellulose. This natural material can serve as a wire-like path for electrons. To make it work well, Berggren lines them with another chemical known as PEDOT, which isn’t from a tree. But when PEDOT is added to cellulose, they can conduct electricity like a wire. “With a weak acid, now you have a battery,” Berggren says. “And two of its three materials come from the forest.” Berggren can imagine one day having mobile phone batteries made largely from forest products. Tree-based electronics might also be useful in lighting. 1．What is cellulose used to do in the study? A．Act as a weak acid. B．Collect rainwater. C．Produce electricity. D．Make quality paper. 2．Which best describes the new battery? A．Well-received. B．Eco-friendly. C．Harmful. D．Heavy. 3．What can we expect of tree-based electronics? A．They may change farming practices. B．They might save a lot of wood. C．They would serve the elderly. D．They could light the rooms. 4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．A Green Way to Make and Store Energy B．An Attempt to Raise Power Production C．Practical Suggestions on Planting Trees D．Recent Advances in Mobile Phones C We’ve all heard about the man who discovered gravity (重力) and the apple that fell from a tree and hit him on the head. However, the 17th-century “aha moment” is actually a bit of a lie! Newton did witness an apple falling from a tree one day and this got him thinking about what actually caused the apple to fall to the ground. Newton later developed his theory of Gravity, believing that Earth has a force (力) that pulls objects down, which prevents objects from aimlessly floating around. While we know that Isaac Newton discovered Gravity, he also made many other scientific discoveries. Newton is also credited with discovering the three laws of motion. These three laws, or principles, explain how things move. Law 1: An object at rest stays at rest. A moving object keeps moving. Objects continue doing what they’re doing unless a stronger force acts on them. Here, the stronger force is the wall. It stops the truck but not the boxes, so they keep moving backward. Law 2: It takes more force to move a heavy object than to move a lighter object. Newton came up with a scientific formula to explain this: Force = Mass x Acceleration. Large weights with a lot of mass require more force to lift than smaller, lighter weights do. Law 3: For every force, there is an equal reaction in the opposite direction. Air from an untied balloon rushes out in one direction. As the air escapes, it pushes the balloon in the opposite direction. 1．Which part of a magazine is the reading material most probably taken from? A．History. B．Sports. C．Culture. D．Science. 2．The drawing for Law 1 shows that ________. A．the boxes get a stronger force than the truck B．the truck stays at rest, but the boxes do not C．the wall acts on the truck but not on the boxes D．the truck keeps moving, but the wall stays at rest 3．Which picture best shows Law 3? A． B． C． D． 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$