Unit 3 Back to the past【速记清单】-2024-2025学年高二英语单元速记•巧练（译林版2020选择必修第三册）

Unit 3 Back to the past 【速记清单】 单元重点单词短语句型语法 考点词汇 1. convince vt.使确信,使相信;说服,劝说→convinced adj.确信的,坚信的→convincing adj.有说服力的,令人信服的 (教材原句)Columbus called the natives living on the islands Indians because he was convinced that he was in the East Indies.哥伦布深信来到了东印度群岛，便将生活在岛上的土著人称为印地安人。 convince sb.of sth. 使某人相信某事 convince sb.to do sth. 说服某人做某事 be convinced of/that... 相信…… 2.on behalf of 代表(或代替);为帮助,为了 (教材原句)Between 1405 and 1433，on behalf of the Ming Dynasty，Zheng He made a total of seven voyages. 1405至1433年间，郑和代表明朝总共进行了七次航行。 (1)on behalf of sb.(=on one’s behalf) 为了某人;代表某人;为……的利益 (2)represent vt.代表 (3)representative n.代表;代理人 adj.典型的;有代表性的 (4)stand for 代表;象征 3.load vt.&vi.装上,装入 n.负载;承载量;大量 (教材原句) His ships were loaded with china，silk，tea and other treasures as gifts for foreign rulers，and the fleet paid friendly visits to more than 30 countries and regions.他的船满载瓷器、丝绸、茶叶和其他奇珍异宝作为馈赠异邦君王的礼品。 (1)loads of=a load of 大量,许多 take a load off one’s mind 打消某人的顾虑 (2)load...with... 用……装载…… load...onto/into... 把……装到……上去 (3)workload n.工作量 download vt.下载 upload vt.上传 overload v.超载 【易混辨析】burden/load burden 指沉重、令人不快的负担;指精神负担时常有不堪忍受的意味 load 普通用词,含义广泛,指人、畜、车、船等负载的东西;指精神负担时,可与burden换用,但无感情色彩 4.strengthen vt.&vi.加强,增强→strong adj.强壮的;坚强的;强烈的→strength n.力量,力气;优势,强项 (教材原句) Zheng He’s efforts helped develop and strengthen harmonious relations with these countries and regions...郑和的努力有助于发展和巩固中国与这些国家和地区的和睦关系…… have the strength to do sth. 有力量做某事 build up one’s strength 强身健体 strengths and weaknesses 优势和劣势,长处和短处 5.dismiss vt.不予考虑,对……不屑一提;去除,摒除;解雇;解散 (教材原句)For many years, some historians dismissed the records of these voyages as legends.多年来,一些历史学家认为这些航海活动的记载只是传说而不予理会。 dismiss sb.(from) 解雇某人 dismiss sth.as... 对……不屑一提;不予考虑 dismiss sb./sth. from sth. 消除,摒除(思想、感情等) 6.acknowledge vt.承认(权威、地位);承认(属实);(公开)感谢→acknowledgement n.承认;答谢 (教材原句)Zheng He’s accomplishments are now widely acknowledged, and he is remembered as one of China’s most influential explorers. 郑和的成就在今天获得广泛认可,他也作为中国最具影响力的探险家之一被世人铭记。 (1)acknowledge sb./sth.to be/as... 认为某人/物是……;承认某人/物是…… acknowledge doing/having done sth. 承认做了某事 It is universally/widely acknowledged that... ……是大家公认的 (2) in acknowledgement of (公开)感谢…… 7.influential adj.有很大影响力的,有支配力的→influence vt.&n.影响 (教材原句)Influential painters such as Leonardo da Vinci，Michelangelo，and Raphael built upon Giotto and Masaccio’s innovations to produce some of the greatest art that Europe had ever seen. 在乔托和马萨乔创新的基础上，莱昂纳多· 达·芬奇、米开朗琪罗和拉斐尔等颇具影响力的画家创作出了欧洲有史以来最伟大的一些艺术作品。 (1)be influential in 对……有影响 (2)have an influence/influences on/upon 对……有影响 have an influence over 对……有支配力 8.insist vi.&vt. 坚决要求,坚持;坚持说→insistence n.坚持→insistent adj.坚持的;坚决要求的 (教材原句)Columbus insisted on searching for a direct sea route to the East Indies by sailing across the Atlantic Ocean.哥伦布决心横渡大西洋,开辟一条直通东印度群岛的航线。 insist on/upon (sb./sb.’s) (doing) sth. 坚持要求(某人)(做)某事 insist that… (1) 坚持认为， 从句用陈述语气； （2）坚决要求，从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“should +do” be insistent on/that... 坚持…… 9.panic n.惊恐,恐慌 vi.&vt.(panicked,panicked)(使)惊慌,(使)惊慌失措 (教材原句) The men on board were in panic. 人们都陷入了恐慌。 (1)in panic 惊慌失措地 get into a panic 陷入恐慌 (2)panic sb.into doing sth. 使某人惊慌地做某事 10.regardless adv.不顾,不加理会 (教材原句)Regardless of all the challenges, Columbus managed to keep everyone out of danger with his knowledge and bravery across the ocean. 哥伦布不顾所有的挑战,凭借自己的知识和勇气,确保大家都平安越过海洋。 (1)regardless of 不顾;不管 (2)despite=in spite of 尽管;不管;虽然(后常接名词,不接从句) (3)in/with regard to 关于;至于 without regard to 不考虑;不顾及 11.allow for 使成为可能;考虑到;把……计算在内 (教材原句)This period also allowed for an international exchange of ideas and cultures. 这一时期也实现了思想和文化的国际交流。 表示“考虑到;鉴于”的单词和短语 in view of 鉴于;考虑到 in consideration of 考虑到,鉴于 take...into consideration 顾及;考虑到…… take account of 考虑到……,把……考虑进去 given prep.鉴于,考虑到 considering prep.& conj.鉴于,考虑到 12. astonish vt.使十分惊讶,使吃惊→astonished adj.惊讶的,吃惊的→astonishing adj.令人惊讶的,令人吃惊的→astonishment n.惊讶,吃惊 (教材原句) The records show that the visitors were astonished by how rich and technologically advanced the Ming Dynasty was. 记录显示，游客们对明朝的富裕和科技发达感到惊讶。 (1)It astonishes sb.that... 令某人惊讶的是…… be astonished to do sth. 做某事感到很惊讶 be astonished at/by 对……感到惊讶 to one’s astonishment 令某人惊讶的是 13.sort out 理顺,整理;把……安排好 (教材原句) However, his work proved difficult, because sorting out all the available resources and checking facts of historical materials required painstaking efforts. 然而，他的工作被证明是困难的，因为整理所有可用的资源和核实历史材料的事实需要付出艰苦的努力。 (1)sort sth. into 把……分成 sort through 分类,整理 sort oneself out 处理自己的事 (2)sort of=kind of 有几分,有点儿 a sort of 一种;有点 all sorts of 各种各样的 14.available adj.可获得的,可找到的;有空的→availability n.可用性;有效性;实用性 (教材原句)However, his work proved difficult, because sorting out all the available resources and checking facts of historical materials required painstaking efforts. 但是,他的工作其实很艰难,因为整理所有可利用的资源并核查史料的事实需要付出艰辛的努力。 (1)available resources 可利用的资源 be available for sth./to sb. 对……有用 (2) the availability of ……的可用性 15.adopt vt.采用,采取;表决采纳;领养,收养vi.领养,收养→adoption n. 收养;采用→adapt v.(使)适应;改编 (教材原句)The authors adopt a natural, chatty style of writing that opens up the subject matter to the ordinary reader.作者采用一种自然的、闲聊式的写作风格,使主题面向普通读者。 adopt sb./sth.as... 收养/挑选某人/某物为…… adopted son/daughter 养子/养女;义子/义女 16.comparison n.对比;比较→compare v.比较,对比 (教材原句)Also, they often use stories and interesting comparisons to describe historical figures or events vividly...此外,他们经常用故事和有趣的比较来生动地描述历史人物或事件…… (1)by comparison 通过对比,相比之下 make a comparison 进行比较 in comparison (with) 相比之下;与……比较 beyond comparison 无与伦比 (2)compare A and/with B 比较A和B compare A to B 把A比作B compared to/with 和……比起来;相比之下 17.pack vt.& vi.塞进,挤进;装(箱),收拾,打包;包装 n.包,包裹;小盒,小包 (教材原句)Packed with vivid descriptions and fun facts, this type of history book is highly readable and true to life.充满了生动的描述和有趣的事实,这种类型的历史书可读性很强,真实可信。 (1)pack up 整理;把……打包 pack...into... 挤进……里;塞进 (2)a pack of 一包(盒,捆,群)…… (3)packed with sth. 有大量……的;……极多的 18.contrary adj.相反的,相对立的;截然不同的 (教材原句) Contrary to popular history books, most academic books tend to adopt a more analytical and serious approach to studying history. 与流行的历史书籍相反，大多数学术书籍倾向于采用更分析和严肃的方法来研究历史。 contrary to 与……相反,违反 the contrary 相反的事实(或事情、情况) on the contrary 恰恰相反 quite the contrary 恰恰相反,正相反 to the contrary 相反的(地) 19.dive vi.俯冲;跳水;潜水 n.冲;扑;俯冲;潜水;跳水→diver n.潜水者;跳水选手 (教材原句)They were diving down to drop bombs on Pearl Harbor.它们正俯冲下来,将炸弹投进珍珠港。 (1)dive into... 投入,潜入;把手伸入;钻研 dive for... 扑向;潜水寻找…… dive off 从……跳水 go diving 去潜水 20.freeze(froze, frozen) vi.& vt.突然停止,呆住;结冰;冻僵→freezing adj.冰点以下的,结冰的;极冷的→frozen adj.冻结的,冻僵的 (教材原句)Russell felt his blood freeze,but he quickly came to himself and rushed up to the deck.拉塞尔感到自己的血液都凝固了,但是他很快镇定下来,冲上了甲板。 (1)freeze (sth.) up 冻结;怯场 freeze to death 冻死 freeze one’s blood 使某人处于惊恐状态 考点句型 1. as is the case with... 是固定表达方式,意为“和……情况一样”,“……也是如此” (教材原句)Those who make great discoveries must often overcome many challenges along the way—as was the case with the explorer Christopher Columbus.凡取得伟大发现的人,往往必须战胜重重磨难——就像探险家克里斯托弗·哥伦布那样。 as引导非限制性定语从句时是关系代词,用来指代整个句子的内容,有“正如”之意,常放于主句之前,有时也可放在主句之后或主句之中。 1. 现在分词(短语)作伴随状语 (教材原句)After receiving the order to abandon ship, Louis saved more men from the water, dragging them into the lifeboat.接到弃船的命令后,路易斯从水中救出了更多的人,把他们拖进了救生艇。 (1)现在分词(短语)作伴随状语,表示伴随情况,所表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生,且与句子的主语即逻辑主语是主动关系。翻译时一般译成并列句。 (2)现在分词(短语)作状语,含有一般式(doing),完成式(having done)以及完成被动式(having been done)。 一般情况下,现在或过去分词(短语)作状语时,其逻辑主语就是句子的主语,如果作状语的分词(短语)的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致,分词(短语)就要带上自己的逻辑主语,构成分词(短语)独立主格结构。 单元语法 表语从句(Predicative Clauses) 考点一: 表语从句的引导词 从属连词 that,whether, as if/though 连接代词 what, which, who, whom, whose, whatever,whichever,whoever, whomever 连接副词 when, where, why, how 考点二 从属连词 (1)that引导表语从句时,只起引导作用,不充当任何成分,也无任何意义,但通常不省略。 The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.结果是,许多社区,特别是在农业地区,将太阳能农场视为土壤的破坏者。 (2)whether意为“是否”,引导表语从句时,不能用if替换;as if/though意为“好像,似乎”。 The problem now is whether humans have realized the seriousness of destroying the environment.现在的问题是,人类是否已经意识到了破坏环境的严重性。 考点三 连接代词 连接代词在表语从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。 The question is what I should do to improve my study efficiency.问题是我应该做什么来提高我的学习效率。 考点四.连接副词 连接副词在表语从句中作时间、地点、原因、方式状语。 This is where I grew up.I know this area like the back of my hand.我在这儿长大的,我对这地方再熟悉不过了。 This is how he solved the difficult problem.这就是他解决那个难题的方法。 【联想拓展】 (1)reason作主语时,后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导,不宜用because。 (2)because和why引导表语从句时,that’s because...强调原因;that’s why...强调结果。 (3)用于虚拟语气的表语从句 在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句,谓语动词需用“should+动词原形” 表示,should可省略。常见的名词有:advice,suggestion,order,proposal,request 等。 一. 单词拼写 1．He （拖）the heavy case across the floor and went to the dormitory. 2．It was bitterly cold now and the ground was f hard. 3．They knelt down and (祈祷，祷告). 4．The (海军，海军部队) is considering buying six new warships. 5．There are lots of (雕) soaring overhead. 6．He was already (在（车、船、飞机等）上，上（车、船、飞机等）) the plane when she called. 7．The train (轰隆隆移动) on, through the rolling hills. 8．The seagulls soared and then (俯冲) . 9．The ship (下沉，沉没) to the bottom of the sea. 10．They slowly (流血，失血) to death. 11．You didn’t return her calls, so she called your roommate, who (惊慌)and called me. 12．He is a (队长) who leads by example, and therefore well-respected. 二. 选词填空 (be) dressed in; apply to, in chaos; open up; in response to; get in touch with, mistake… for, insist on, as a consequence of, commit oneself to 1．The Internet has a whole new online world for us to meet, chat and go where we've never been before. 2．When the rocket flew out of the atmosphere, there was a time when it couldn't ground. 3．If a school doesn't have any rules to manage its students, the whole school will be 4．I am writing the advertisement in the Guardian on 1st July and would like to apply for the post of technology sales representative in your company. 5． white, the bride walked into the church slowly. 6．Maternity services were to be reduced falling birth rates. 7．If you took some modern art out of a gallery and hung it in a primary school, it could children’s painting. 8．Her mother finally allowed her to go, her keeping close to the house and not riding too far. 9．The schools that I visited in Nottingham are full of experienced staff giving our children a caring and inspiring learning environment. 10．He is now himself studying traditional Chinese medical science. 三. 用所给词的适当形式填空 1．A (harmony) relationship is built on trust, understanding, and working together to solve problems peacefully. 2．When you feel (panic), you’d better take a deep breath and try to relax yourself. 3．The company’s innovative products are (influence) in nature, shaping industry trends. 4． (load) with china, silk, tea and other treasures as gifts for foreign rulers, the fleet paid friendly visits to more than 30 countries and regions. 5．What (astonish) me was that the situation changed dramatically. 6．There isn’t a (short) of carrots, so everybody doesn’t bother to grow them in their gardens. 7．Hosting the Winter Olympic Games can ( strength) the friendship among people from different countries. 8．When the young athlete stepped onto the track, his heart was pounding (violent). However, he took a deep breath and then ran forward, chasing his dream with unwavering determination. 9．I have got a (horror) feeling she lied to us. 10．He lost a lot of (bleed) in the accident. 四. 完成句子 1．因为错过了最后一班公交车，王明不得不打车回家。(现在分词作原因状语) the last bus, Wang Ming had to take a taxi home. 2．有很多作业要做，今天下午我不能和你去打羽毛球了。 , I can’t go to play badminton with you this afternoon. (with的复合结构) 3．通常，人生常比做航海，而只有意志坚强的人才能到达目的地。 As is often the case, life a voyage and only the determined can reach the destination. 4．保持环境清洁、无污染是实现健康生活的关键一步。(keep＋宾语＋宾语补足语) is the key step to make life healthy. 5．这背后的一个关键原因是：一部电影通常不到两个小时，而一本书通常需要几天才能读完。(that引导的表语从句) One of the key reasons behind this is that while a book usually , a movie typically lasts under two hours. 6．她觉得不舒服，这就是她今天不想出去的原因。 She doesn’t feel well; today. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 3 Back to the past 【速记清单】 单元重点单词短语句型语法 考点词汇 1. convince vt.使确信,使相信;说服,劝说→convinced adj.确信的,坚信的→convincing adj.有说服力的,令人信服的 (教材原句)Columbus called the natives living on the islands Indians because he was convinced that he was in the East Indies.哥伦布深信来到了东印度群岛，便将生活在岛上的土著人称为印地安人。 convince sb.of sth. 使某人相信某事 convince sb.to do sth. 说服某人做某事 be convinced of/that... 相信…… 2.on behalf of 代表(或代替);为帮助,为了 (教材原句)Between 1405 and 1433，on behalf of the Ming Dynasty，Zheng He made a total of seven voyages. 1405至1433年间，郑和代表明朝总共进行了七次航行。 (1)on behalf of sb.(=on one’s behalf) 为了某人;代表某人;为……的利益 (2)represent vt.代表 (3)representative n.代表;代理人 adj.典型的;有代表性的 (4)stand for 代表;象征 3.load vt.&vi.装上,装入 n.负载;承载量;大量 (教材原句) His ships were loaded with china，silk，tea and other treasures as gifts for foreign rulers，and the fleet paid friendly visits to more than 30 countries and regions.他的船满载瓷器、丝绸、茶叶和其他奇珍异宝作为馈赠异邦君王的礼品。 (1)loads of=a load of 大量,许多 take a load off one’s mind 打消某人的顾虑 (2)load...with... 用……装载…… load...onto/into... 把……装到……上去 (3)workload n.工作量 download vt.下载 upload vt.上传 overload v.超载 【易混辨析】burden/load burden 指沉重、令人不快的负担;指精神负担时常有不堪忍受的意味 load 普通用词,含义广泛,指人、畜、车、船等负载的东西;指精神负担时,可与burden换用,但无感情色彩 4.strengthen vt.&vi.加强,增强→strong adj.强壮的;坚强的;强烈的→strength n.力量,力气;优势,强项 (教材原句) Zheng He’s efforts helped develop and strengthen harmonious relations with these countries and regions...郑和的努力有助于发展和巩固中国与这些国家和地区的和睦关系…… have the strength to do sth. 有力量做某事 build up one’s strength 强身健体 strengths and weaknesses 优势和劣势,长处和短处 5.dismiss vt.不予考虑,对……不屑一提;去除,摒除;解雇;解散 (教材原句)For many years, some historians dismissed the records of these voyages as legends.多年来,一些历史学家认为这些航海活动的记载只是传说而不予理会。 dismiss sb.(from) 解雇某人 dismiss sth.as... 对……不屑一提;不予考虑 dismiss sb./sth. from sth. 消除,摒除(思想、感情等) 6.acknowledge vt.承认(权威、地位);承认(属实);(公开)感谢→acknowledgement n.承认;答谢 (教材原句)Zheng He’s accomplishments are now widely acknowledged, and he is remembered as one of China’s most influential explorers. 郑和的成就在今天获得广泛认可,他也作为中国最具影响力的探险家之一被世人铭记。 (1)acknowledge sb./sth.to be/as... 认为某人/物是……;承认某人/物是…… acknowledge doing/having done sth. 承认做了某事 It is universally/widely acknowledged that... ……是大家公认的 (2) in acknowledgement of (公开)感谢…… 7.influential adj.有很大影响力的,有支配力的→influence vt.&n.影响 (教材原句)Influential painters such as Leonardo da Vinci，Michelangelo，and Raphael built upon Giotto and Masaccio’s innovations to produce some of the greatest art that Europe had ever seen. 在乔托和马萨乔创新的基础上，莱昂纳多· 达·芬奇、米开朗琪罗和拉斐尔等颇具影响力的画家创作出了欧洲有史以来最伟大的一些艺术作品。 (1)be influential in 对……有影响 (2)have an influence/influences on/upon 对……有影响 have an influence over 对……有支配力 8.insist vi.&vt. 坚决要求,坚持;坚持说→insistence n.坚持→insistent adj.坚持的;坚决要求的 (教材原句)Columbus insisted on searching for a direct sea route to the East Indies by sailing across the Atlantic Ocean.哥伦布决心横渡大西洋,开辟一条直通东印度群岛的航线。 insist on/upon (sb./sb.’s) (doing) sth. 坚持要求(某人)(做)某事 insist that… (1) 坚持认为， 从句用陈述语气； （2）坚决要求，从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“should +do” be insistent on/that... 坚持…… 9.panic n.惊恐,恐慌 vi.&vt.(panicked,panicked)(使)惊慌,(使)惊慌失措 (教材原句) The men on board were in panic. 人们都陷入了恐慌。 (1)in panic 惊慌失措地 get into a panic 陷入恐慌 (2)panic sb.into doing sth. 使某人惊慌地做某事 10.regardless adv.不顾,不加理会 (教材原句)Regardless of all the challenges, Columbus managed to keep everyone out of danger with his knowledge and bravery across the ocean. 哥伦布不顾所有的挑战,凭借自己的知识和勇气,确保大家都平安越过海洋。 (1)regardless of 不顾;不管 (2)despite=in spite of 尽管;不管;虽然(后常接名词,不接从句) (3)in/with regard to 关于;至于 without regard to 不考虑;不顾及 11.allow for 使成为可能;考虑到;把……计算在内 (教材原句)This period also allowed for an international exchange of ideas and cultures. 这一时期也实现了思想和文化的国际交流。 表示“考虑到;鉴于”的单词和短语 in view of 鉴于;考虑到 in consideration of 考虑到,鉴于 take...into consideration 顾及;考虑到…… take account of 考虑到……,把……考虑进去 given prep.鉴于,考虑到 considering prep.& conj.鉴于,考虑到 12. astonish vt.使十分惊讶,使吃惊→astonished adj.惊讶的,吃惊的→astonishing adj.令人惊讶的,令人吃惊的→astonishment n.惊讶,吃惊 (教材原句) The records show that the visitors were astonished by how rich and technologically advanced the Ming Dynasty was. 记录显示，游客们对明朝的富裕和科技发达感到惊讶。 (1)It astonishes sb.that... 令某人惊讶的是…… be astonished to do sth. 做某事感到很惊讶 be astonished at/by 对……感到惊讶 to one’s astonishment 令某人惊讶的是 13.sort out 理顺,整理;把……安排好 (教材原句) However, his work proved difficult, because sorting out all the available resources and checking facts of historical materials required painstaking efforts. 然而，他的工作被证明是困难的，因为整理所有可用的资源和核实历史材料的事实需要付出艰苦的努力。 (1)sort sth. into 把……分成 sort through 分类,整理 sort oneself out 处理自己的事 (2)sort of=kind of 有几分,有点儿 a sort of 一种;有点 all sorts of 各种各样的 14.available adj.可获得的,可找到的;有空的→availability n.可用性;有效性;实用性 (教材原句)However, his work proved difficult, because sorting out all the available resources and checking facts of historical materials required painstaking efforts. 但是,他的工作其实很艰难,因为整理所有可利用的资源并核查史料的事实需要付出艰辛的努力。 (1)available resources 可利用的资源 be available for sth./to sb. 对……有用 (2) the availability of ……的可用性 15.adopt vt.采用,采取;表决采纳;领养,收养vi.领养,收养→adoption n. 收养;采用→adapt v.(使)适应;改编 (教材原句)The authors adopt a natural, chatty style of writing that opens up the subject matter to the ordinary reader.作者采用一种自然的、闲聊式的写作风格,使主题面向普通读者。 adopt sb./sth.as... 收养/挑选某人/某物为…… adopted son/daughter 养子/养女;义子/义女 16.comparison n.对比;比较→compare v.比较,对比 (教材原句)Also, they often use stories and interesting comparisons to describe historical figures or events vividly...此外,他们经常用故事和有趣的比较来生动地描述历史人物或事件…… (1)by comparison 通过对比,相比之下 make a comparison 进行比较 in comparison (with) 相比之下;与……比较 beyond comparison 无与伦比 (2)compare A and/with B 比较A和B compare A to B 把A比作B compared to/with 和……比起来;相比之下 17.pack vt.& vi.塞进,挤进;装(箱),收拾,打包;包装 n.包,包裹;小盒,小包 (教材原句)Packed with vivid descriptions and fun facts, this type of history book is highly readable and true to life.充满了生动的描述和有趣的事实,这种类型的历史书可读性很强,真实可信。 (1)pack up 整理;把……打包 pack...into... 挤进……里;塞进 (2)a pack of 一包(盒,捆,群)…… (3)packed with sth. 有大量……的;……极多的 18.contrary adj.相反的,相对立的;截然不同的 (教材原句) Contrary to popular history books, most academic books tend to adopt a more analytical and serious approach to studying history. 与流行的历史书籍相反，大多数学术书籍倾向于采用更分析和严肃的方法来研究历史。 contrary to 与……相反,违反 the contrary 相反的事实(或事情、情况) on the contrary 恰恰相反 quite the contrary 恰恰相反,正相反 to the contrary 相反的(地) 19.dive vi.俯冲;跳水;潜水 n.冲;扑;俯冲;潜水;跳水→diver n.潜水者;跳水选手 (教材原句)They were diving down to drop bombs on Pearl Harbor.它们正俯冲下来,将炸弹投进珍珠港。 (1)dive into... 投入,潜入;把手伸入;钻研 dive for... 扑向;潜水寻找…… dive off 从……跳水 go diving 去潜水 20.freeze(froze, frozen) vi.& vt.突然停止,呆住;结冰;冻僵→freezing adj.冰点以下的,结冰的;极冷的→frozen adj.冻结的,冻僵的 (教材原句)Russell felt his blood freeze,but he quickly came to himself and rushed up to the deck.拉塞尔感到自己的血液都凝固了,但是他很快镇定下来,冲上了甲板。 (1)freeze (sth.) up 冻结;怯场 freeze to death 冻死 freeze one’s blood 使某人处于惊恐状态 考点句型 1. as is the case with... 是固定表达方式,意为“和……情况一样”,“……也是如此” (教材原句)Those who make great discoveries must often overcome many challenges along the way—as was the case with the explorer Christopher Columbus.凡取得伟大发现的人,往往必须战胜重重磨难——就像探险家克里斯托弗·哥伦布那样。 as引导非限制性定语从句时是关系代词,用来指代整个句子的内容,有“正如”之意,常放于主句之前,有时也可放在主句之后或主句之中。 1. 现在分词(短语)作伴随状语 (教材原句)After receiving the order to abandon ship, Louis saved more men from the water, dragging them into the lifeboat.接到弃船的命令后,路易斯从水中救出了更多的人,把他们拖进了救生艇。 (1)现在分词(短语)作伴随状语,表示伴随情况,所表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生,且与句子的主语即逻辑主语是主动关系。翻译时一般译成并列句。 (2)现在分词(短语)作状语,含有一般式(doing),完成式(having done)以及完成被动式(having been done)。 一般情况下,现在或过去分词(短语)作状语时,其逻辑主语就是句子的主语,如果作状语的分词(短语)的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致,分词(短语)就要带上自己的逻辑主语,构成分词(短语)独立主格结构。 单元语法 表语从句(Predicative Clauses) 考点一: 表语从句的引导词 从属连词 that,whether, as if/though 连接代词 what, which, who, whom, whose, whatever,whichever,whoever, whomever 连接副词 when, where, why, how 考点二 从属连词 (1)that引导表语从句时,只起引导作用,不充当任何成分,也无任何意义,但通常不省略。 The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.结果是,许多社区,特别是在农业地区,将太阳能农场视为土壤的破坏者。 (2)whether意为“是否”,引导表语从句时,不能用if替换;as if/though意为“好像,似乎”。 The problem now is whether humans have realized the seriousness of destroying the environment.现在的问题是,人类是否已经意识到了破坏环境的严重性。 考点三 连接代词 连接代词在表语从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。 The question is what I should do to improve my study efficiency.问题是我应该做什么来提高我的学习效率。 考点四.连接副词 连接副词在表语从句中作时间、地点、原因、方式状语。 This is where I grew up.I know this area like the back of my hand.我在这儿长大的,我对这地方再熟悉不过了。 This is how he solved the difficult problem.这就是他解决那个难题的方法。 【联想拓展】 (1)reason作主语时,后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导,不宜用because。 (2)because和why引导表语从句时,that’s because...强调原因;that’s why...强调结果。 (3)用于虚拟语气的表语从句 在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句,谓语动词需用“should+动词原形” 表示,should可省略。常见的名词有:advice,suggestion,order,proposal,request 等。 一. 单词拼写 1．He （拖）the heavy case across the floor and went to the dormitory. 【答案】dragged 【详解】考查动词和时态。句意：他拖着沉重的箱子穿过地板，走进宿舍。根据汉语提示“拖”可知，此处应填动词drag作谓语，根据连词and和句中went可知，句子陈述的是过去发生的事，为一般过去时，空处需填动词的过去式。故填dragged。 2．It was bitterly cold now and the ground was f hard. 【答案】frozen/rozen 【详解】考查动词和语态。句意：现在天气很冷，地面冻得很硬。根据句意和首字母提示可知，此处应用动词freeze，作谓语，意为“结冰；冻住”，与主语the ground之间是被动关系，应用过去分词，与was构成一般过去时的被动语态。故填frozen。 3．They knelt down and (祈祷，祷告). 【答案】prayed 【详解】考查动词。句意：他们跪下祈祷。根据汉语提示“祈祷，祷告”可知，本空应用动词pray，再根据knelt down and可知，本句描述过去的动作，故时态用一般过去时，谓语用过去式prayed。故填prayed。 4．The (海军，海军部队) is considering buying six new warships. 【答案】navy 【详解】考查名词。句意：海军正在考虑购买六艘新战舰。本句缺少主语，所以空处填名词作主语，根据所给中文提示词，应是navy意为“海军，海军部队”。故填navy。 5．There are lots of (雕) soaring overhead. 【答案】eagles 【详解】考查名词。句意：有许多雕在头顶上空翱翔。根据汉语提示“雕”可知，此处应用名词eagle，根据lots of可知，应用复数形式，作主语。故填eagles。 6．He was already (在（车、船、飞机等）上，上（车、船、飞机等）) the plane when she called. 【答案】aboard 【详解】考查介词。句意：她打电话时，他已经在飞机上了。根据汉语提示可知，aboard“在（车、船、飞机等）上，上（车、船、飞机等）”，介词，作表语，故填aboard。 7．The train (轰隆隆移动) on, through the rolling hills. 【答案】thundered 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：火车轰隆隆地驶过起伏的山丘。设空处使用动词作谓语，句子表述过去事实，故使用一般过去时。根据汉语提示，表示“轰隆隆移动”用thunder。故填thundered。 8．The seagulls soared and then (俯冲) . 【答案】dived 【详解】考查动词。句意：海鸥翱翔然后俯冲。空处和soared并列作谓语，为一般过去时，根据汉语提示“俯冲”，此处应填动词dive的过去式形式dived。故填dived。 9．The ship (下沉，沉没) to the bottom of the sea. 【答案】sank 【详解】考查动词。句意：船沉到海底了。根据汉语提示可知，sink“下沉，沉没”，动词，句子是描述过去发生的事情，使用一般过去时，故填sank。 10．They slowly (流血，失血) to death. 【答案】bled 【详解】考查动词。句意：他们慢慢地失血致死。根据中文提示可知，表示“流血，失血”应用动词bleed，根据句意可知，陈述过去的动作，此处应使用动词的过去式。故填bled。 11．You didn’t return her calls, so she called your roommate, who (惊慌)and called me. 【答案】panicked 【详解】考查动词的时态。句意：你没有回她的电话，所以她打电话给你的室友，你的室友惊慌失措地打电话给我。根据语境，描述的是过去发生的事情，应使用一般过去时。动词“惊慌”英文为panic，其过去式为panicked，故填panicked。 12．He is a (队长) who leads by example, and therefore well-respected. 【答案】captain 【详解】考查名词。句意：他是一位以身作则的队长，因此备受尊敬。“队长”是captain，空前有a，空格处用单数，作表语。故填captain。 二. 选词填空 (be) dressed in; apply to, in chaos; open up; in response to; get in touch with, mistake… for, insist on, as a consequence of, commit oneself to 1．The Internet has a whole new online world for us to meet, chat and go where we've never been before. 2．When the rocket flew out of the atmosphere, there was a time when it couldn't ground. 3．If a school doesn't have any rules to manage its students, the whole school will be 4．I am writing the advertisement in the Guardian on 1st July and would like to apply for the post of technology sales representative in your company. 5． white, the bride walked into the church slowly. 6．Maternity services were to be reduced falling birth rates. 7．If you took some modern art out of a gallery and hung it in a primary school, it could children’s painting. 8．Her mother finally allowed her to go, her keeping close to the house and not riding too far. 9．The schools that I visited in Nottingham are full of experienced staff giving our children a caring and inspiring learning environment. 10．He is now himself studying traditional Chinese medical science. 【答案】1．opened up 2．get in touch with 3．in chaos 4．in response to 5．Dressed in 6．as a consequence of 7．be mistaken for 8．insisting on 9．committing themselves to 10.applying to【解析】1．考查固定短语和时态。句意：互联网为我们打开了一个全新的网络世界，让我们可以见面、聊天，去我们从未去过的地方。由“a whole new online world for us to meet, chat and go where we've never been before”可知，互联网为我们打开了一个全新的网络世界，因此空格处是“打开”，是固定短语open up，由has可知，句子时态用现在完成时，即have/has done，因此空格处用过去分词，故填opened up。 2．考查固定短语。句意：当火箭飞出大气层时，有一段时间它无法与地面接触。由“When the rocket flew out of the atmosphere”可知，当火箭飞出大气层时，有一段时间它无法与地面接触，因此空格处是“接触”，是固定短语get in touch with，couldn't后跟动词原形，故填get in touch with。 3．考查固定短语。句意：如果一个学校没有任何规则来管理它的学生，整个学校将会陷入混乱。由“If a school doesn't have any rules to manage its students”可知，如果一个学校没有任何规则来管理它的学生，整个学校将会陷入混乱，空格处是“陷入混乱”，是固定短语in chaos，故填in chaos。 4．考查固定短语。句意：我读了7月1日《卫报》上的广告，想申请贵公司的技术销售代表一职。由“would like to apply for the post”可知，我是读了广告想申请这个工作，因此空格处是“回应”，是固定短语in response to，故填in response to。 5．考查固定短语和非谓语动词。句意：新娘穿着白色的衣服，慢慢地走进教堂。由white, the bride可知，新娘穿着白色衣服，因此空格处是“穿着”，是固定短语(be) dressed in，空格处用过去分词表状态，故填Dressed in。 6．考查名词短语。句意：由于出生率下降，产科服务将减少。根据句意，出生率下降的结果就是产科服务减少，as a consequence of的意思是“由于……结果”，符合题意，故答案是as a consequence of。 7．考查被动语态。句意：如果你把一些现代艺术作品从画廊拿出来，挂在小学里，它们可能会被误认为是孩子们的画。根据句意，现代画会被误认为是小孩子的涂鸦，这里应该使用被动语态，横线前有could，故答案是be mistaken for。 8．考查动词短语。句意：她母亲最终允许她去，但坚持让她待在房子附近，不要骑得太远。根据句意，母亲坚持要求孩子不要离家太远，这里应该选择词组insist on，句子已经存在谓语allowed，所以insist需要转化为非谓语，它和逻辑主语mother呈主动关系，应该使用现在分词，故答案是insisting on。 9．考查动词短语。句意：我参观的诺丁汉的学校里，有经验的员工致力于为我们孩子创造一个充满关爱和启发性的学习环境。根据句意，学校里的教职工应该是致力于让孩子们好好学习，这里应该使用词组commit oneself to，句子已经存在系动词are，所以commit应该转化为非谓语，它和逻辑主语staff呈主动关系，应该使用现在分词，还要注意commit后面应该使用和主语一致的反身代词，故答案是committing themselves to。 10．考查动词短语。句意：他现在正在潜心研究中医。根据句意，此处应是固定搭配：apply oneself to意为“致力于，专心于”，根据now可知，用现在进行时，空前已有be动词，所以apply用现在分词形式。故填①applying，②to。 三. 用所给词的适当形式填空 1．A (harmony) relationship is built on trust, understanding, and working together to solve problems peacefully. 【答案】harmonious 【详解】考查形容词。句意：和谐的关系建立在信任、理解和共同努力和平解决问题的基础上。分析句子可知，此空应填形容词作定语，修饰后面名词，harmonious，表“和谐的”，符合句意。故填harmonious。 2．When you feel (panic), you’d better take a deep breath and try to relax yourself. 【答案】panicked 【详解】考查形容词。句意：当你感到恐慌时，你最好深呼吸，试着放松自己。空处用形容词作表语，表示“感到惊慌的”，故填panicked。 3．The company’s innovative products are (influence) in nature, shaping industry trends. 【答案】influential 【详解】考查形容词。句意：该公司的创新产品本质上具有影响力，引领着行业趋势。此句中 “are” 为系动词，句子结构为主系表，所以空格处需要一个形容词作表语；所给词 “influence” 常见词性为名词（影响；作用）和动词（影响；对…… 起作用），其形容词形式为 “influential”，意为 “有影响力的；有势力的”，符合语境。故填influential。 4． (load) with china, silk, tea and other treasures as gifts for foreign rulers, the fleet paid friendly visits to more than 30 countries and regions. 【答案】Loaded 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：船队载着瓷器、丝绸、茶叶等珍品，先后对30多个国家和地区进行了友好访问。句子主干成分完整，空处为非谓语，短语be loaded with意为“装载着”，load和the fleet逻辑上是被动关系，因此用load的过去分词形式，作状语，且句首单词的首字母应大写。故填Loaded。 5．What (astonish) me was that the situation changed dramatically. 【答案】astonished 【详解】考查时态。句意：令我吃惊的是情况发生了巨大的变化。空格处是what引导的主语从句的谓语动词，由下文的was和changed可知，句子描述过去发生的事，应该用一般过去时。故填astonished。 6．There isn’t a (short) of carrots, so everybody doesn’t bother to grow them in their gardens. 【答案】shortage 【详解】考查名词。句意：胡萝卜并不短缺，所以每个人都懒得在自己的花园里种胡萝卜。不定冠词a修饰单数可数名词，空处需填名词shortage，a shortage of为固定搭配，意为“短缺”。故填shortage。 7．Hosting the Winter Olympic Games can ( strength) the friendship among people from different countries. 【答案】strengthen 【详解】考查动词。句意：举办冬奥会可以加强各国人民之间的友谊。分析句子可知，此空应填动词作谓语，strengthen，表“加强”，为动词，在本句中作谓语，且情态动词后应用动词原形。故填strengthen。 8．When the young athlete stepped onto the track, his heart was pounding (violent). However, he took a deep breath and then ran forward, chasing his dream with unwavering determination. 【答案】violently 【详解】考查副词。句意：当这位年轻的运动员踏上跑道时，他的心跳得很剧烈。不过，他深吸了一口气，然后向前跑去，怀着坚定不移的决心追逐着自己的梦想。根据空前pounding可知，此处需用副词来修饰动词pounding，形容词violent的副词形式为violently，意为 “剧烈的，猛烈地”，描述这位年轻运动员心跳得很剧烈的状态，符合语境要求。故填violently。 9．I have got a (horror) feeling she lied to us. 【答案】horrible 【详解】考查形容词。句意：我有一种糟糕的感觉，她对我们撒谎了。此处用形容词horrible“可怕的，讨厌的，糟糕的”，作前置定语，修饰名词feeling。故填horrible。 10．He lost a lot of (bleed) in the accident. 【答案】blood 【详解】考查名词。句意：他在那次事故中失了很多血。提示词作宾语，用名词blood，意为“血，血液”，不可数名词。故填blood。 四. 完成句子 1．因为错过了最后一班公交车，王明不得不打车回家。(现在分词作原因状语) the last bus, Wang Ming had to take a taxi home. 【答案】Having missed 【详解】考查现在分词。分析句子可知，Wang Ming与miss在逻辑上是主动关系，所以用现在分词作原因状语，因为miss这个动作发生在had to take之前，所以用having missed。故填Having missed. 2．有很多作业要做，今天下午我不能和你去打羽毛球了。 , I can’t go to play badminton with you this afternoon. (with的复合结构) 【答案】With a lot of homework to do 【详解】考查with的复合结构。根据时间状语this afternoon可知，“做作业”的动作还未发生，故本题考查固定结构：with+宾语+to do，意为“有某事要做”，不定式表示动作还没有发生，需要注意的是，此时不定式没有被动形式。表示“做很多作业”，可用动词短语do a lot of homework。故填With a lot of homework to do。 3．通常，人生常比做航海，而只有意志坚强的人才能到达目的地。 As is often the case, life a voyage and only the determined can reach the destination. 【答案】is compared to 【详解】考查动词短语和时态。根据句意以及句子结构可知，此外动词短语be compared to“被比作，被类比为”，满足句意要求，结合句意可知，该句应为陈述客观事实，主语life表示“人生”时为不可数名词，所以为动词三单形式。故填is compared to。 4．保持环境清洁、无污染是实现健康生活的关键一步。(keep＋宾语＋宾语补足语) is the key step to make life healthy. 【答案】Keeping the environment clean and free of pollution 【详解】考查非谓语动词和固定结构。此处为keep＋宾语＋宾语补足语；表示“环境”应用名词environment ；表示“清洁、无污染”应用clean and free of pollution，作宾补。作句子的主语应用动名词形式，句首单词首字母要大写。故填Keeping the environment clean and free of pollution。 5．这背后的一个关键原因是：一部电影通常不到两个小时，而一本书通常需要几天才能读完。(that引导的表语从句) One of the key reasons behind this is that while a book usually , a movie typically lasts under two hours. 【答案】takes a few days to read 【详解】考查固定短语、时态。由所给句意可知，空格处应表达“需要几天才能读完”。分析句子结构可知，系动词is后为that引导的表语从句。表语从句中：表示“花费时间做某事”用“take+时间+to do sth.”，结合语境和is可知，本句陈述事实，故时态用一般现在时，且主语为a book，故谓语用第三人称单数形式takes。表示“几天”用a few days，作takes的宾语。表示“读”用read，故本句用不定式to read。故填takes a few days to read。 6．她觉得不舒服，这就是她今天不想出去的原因。 She doesn’t feel well; today. 【答案】this is why she wouldn’t like to go out 【详解】考查表语从句。句子today表示句子使用一般现在时。表示“这就是她今天不想出去的原因”用this is why she wouldn’t like to go out，该结构中why引导的是表语从句，would not like to do意为“不愿意做某事”。故填this is why she wouldn’t like to go out。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$