专题03 选择性必修第三册Unit3～Unit4（期末复习知识清单）高二英语下学期译林版

专题03 选择性必修第三册Unit3~Unit4单元词汇短语句型梳理 Unit 3 Back to the past 一、核心单词 学科网（北京）股份有限公2 / 21 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. convince vt. 使确信，使相信；说服，劝说 2. load vt. & vi. 装上，装入 n. 负载；承载量；大量 ※3. strengthen vt. & vi. 加强，增强 4. dismiss vt. 不予考虑，对…不屑一提；去除，摒除；解雇；解散 5. proof n. 证据，证明 6. acknowledge vt. 承认（权威、地位）；承认（属实）；（公开）感谢 ※7. influential adj. 有很大影响力的，有支配力的 8. insist vi. & vt. 坚决要求，坚持；坚持说 9. financial adj. 财政的，金融的，财务的 10. shortage n. 不足，短缺 11. panic n. 惊恐，恐慌 vi. & vt. (panicked, panicked)（使）惊慌，惊慌失措 12. subsequent adj. 随后的，后来的 ※13. astonish vt. 使十分惊讶，使吃惊 14. facilitate vt. 使便利，促进 ※15. available adj. 可获得的，可找到的；有空的 16. exceptional adj. 杰出的，优秀的；异常的，罕见的 17. adopt vt. 采用，采取；表决采纳；领养，收养 vi. 领养，收养 18. contrary adj. 相反的，相对立的；截然不同的 19. chaos n. 混乱，杂乱 ※20. reform vt. 改进，改良，改革 n. 改革，改良 二、单词拓展 ※1．convince vt.使确信，使相信；说服，劝说→convincing adj.令人信服的；有说服力的→convinced adj.坚信不移的；确信的 ※2．strengthen vt.& vi.加强，增强→strong adj.强壮的→strength n．力气；力量；强项 3．harmonious adj.友好和睦的；协调的，和谐的→harmoniously adv.协调地，和谐地→harmony n．融洽，和睦；和谐 4．proof n．证据，证明→prove vt.证明；检验；显示vi.证明是 5．acknowledge vt.承认(权威、地位)；承认(属实)；(公开)感谢→acknowledgement n．承认；确认；感谢 ※6．influential adj.有很大影响力的，有支配力的→influence n．影响；势力；感化；有影响的人或事 vt.影响 7．financial adj.财政的，金融的，财务的→finance n．金融；财经 8．depart vi.& vt.离开，起程→departure n．离开，起程 9．shortage n．不足，短缺→short adj.短的；不足的；矮的，低的→shorten vt.缩短；减少；变短 vi.缩短；变短 10．subsequent adj.随后的，后来的→subsequently adv.随后，其后；后来 ※11．astonish vt.使十分惊讶，使吃惊→astonishing adj.令人感到惊讶的→astonishment n．惊诧；震惊→astonished adj.惊诧的 12．literary adj.文学的，文学上的；爱好文学的→literature n．文学；文献；文艺；著作 13．extensively adv.广阔地；广泛地→extensive adj.广泛的；大量的；广阔的→extension n．拓展；延伸 14．exceptional adj.杰出的，优秀的；异常的，罕见的→exception n．例外；异议 ※15．adopt vt.采用，采取；表决采纳；领养，收养vi.领养，收养→adopted adj.被收养的；被采用的→adoption n．收养；采用 16．comparison n．比较；对比→compare v．比较，对比；与……类似；将……比作 17．violently adv.猛烈地，厉害地；强烈地，激烈地；凶狠地→violence n．暴力；暴行→violent adj.暴力的；猛烈的 ※18．freeze vi.& vt.(froze，frozen)突然停止，呆住；结冰；冻僵→freezing adj.冰点以下的，结冰的；极冷的；(雾、雨)冻的n.冰点→frozen adj.冻结的；冷酷的 19．bleed vi.(bled，bled)失血，流血→blood n．血，血液；血统→bleeding n．出血；渗色 20．memorial n．纪念碑(或像等)；纪念物→memorize vt.记住，背熟；记忆→memory n．记忆，记忆力；内存，[计]存储器；回忆 三、常考单词 1. broaden vt. & vi. 变宽；扩大；增长 背重点 背写作佳句 1) broaden one’s horizons 拓宽某人的视野 2) broadly speaking 大体上说 3) breadth n. 宽度；广泛 4) broad adj. 宽阔的，广泛的 ① Traveling abroad can broaden your horizons and enrich your life experience. (应用文写作之建议信/旅行主题) ② Broadly speaking, the more you read, the wider your range of knowledge will be. (应用文写作之议论文/观点表达) ③ The course is designed to broaden students’ understanding of different cultures. (应用文写作之课程介绍/推荐信) 2. convince vt. 使确信，使相信；说服，劝说 背重点 背写作佳句 1) convince sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事 2) convince sb. to do sth. 说服某人做某事 3) be convinced that... 深信……；坚信…… 4) convincing adj. 有说服力的；使人信服的 ① I am fully convinced that hard work is the key to success. (应用文写作之观点表达/励志名言) ② He tried to convince his parents of his ability to take care of himself. (应用文写作之建议信/成长话题) ③ Her argument was so convincing that everyone present agreed with her. (读后续写之场景/人物描写) 3. harmonious adj. 友好和睦的；协调的，和谐的 背重点 背写作佳句 1) harmonious relations 关系融洽 2) harmonious society 和谐社会 3) in harmony with 与……协调 4) live in perfect harmony 十分和睦地一起生活 ① It is important to build a harmonious relationship with our classmates and teachers. (应用文写作之建议信/校园生活) ② The whole family lived together in perfect harmony, supporting each other through difficulties. (读后续写之家庭/温馨场景描写) ③ Human beings should learn to live in harmony with nature to ensure a sustainable future. (应用文写作之倡议书/环保主题) 4. dismiss vt. 不予考虑；去除；解雇；解散 背重点 背写作佳句 1) dismiss sth. as... 把某事当作……不予理会 2) dismiss sth. from one’s mind 拒绝考虑某事 3) dismiss sb. from sth. 把某人从……解雇 4) be dismissed from school/job 被学校开除/被工作单位解雇 ① She dismissed the thought of giving up from her mind and continued to fight for her dream. (读后续写之心理描写) ② He was dismissed from his job due to his constant lateness and lack of responsibility. (应用文写作之原因分析/事例说明) ③ Don’t just dismiss his suggestion as useless; it might actually work. (应用文写作之建议信/观点表达) 5. influential adj. 有很大影响力的，有支配力的 背重点 背写作佳句 1) an influential figure 有影响力的人物 2) be influential in 在……方面有影响力 3) have an influence on 对……有影响 4) under the influence of 在……的影响下 ① My mother has been the most influential person in my life, shaping who I am today. (应用文写作之人物介绍/感谢信) ② Under the influence of his teacher, he developed a lifelong passion for literature. (读后续写之成长/影响描写) ③ Social media has a powerful influence on young people’s values and behavior. (应用文写作之议论文/现象分析) 6. available adj. 可获得的，可找到的；有空的 背重点 背写作佳句 1) be/become available to sb. 对某人来说是可使用的/可获得的 2) be available to do sth. 可供使用做某事 3) make sth. available 使某物可利用/可获得 4) the only room available 唯一可用的房间 ① I am available for an interview at your earliest convenience. (应用文写作之求职信/自荐信) ② Please let me know if you are available to attend the meeting next Friday. (应用文写作之邀请信/通知) ③ The library has made a wide range of online resources available to all students. (应用文写作之学校介绍/通知) 7. shift n. 改变，转移；轮班 vi. & vt. (使)移动，(使)转移；改变 背重点 背写作佳句 1) a shift in sth. 某方面的转变 2) shift...from...to... 把……从……移动/搬到…… 3) shift one’s ground 改变某人的立场 4) be on the day/night shift 上白班/夜班 ① In recent years, there has been a dramatic shift in people’s attitude towards environmental protection. (应用文写作之议论文/现象分析) ② She shifted her attention from the noise outside to the book in her hands. (读后续写之动作/心理描写) ③ After working the night shift for a month, he was completely exhausted. (读后续写之状态描写) 四．单元短语 1. sort out... 理顺，整理；把……安排好。 2. by/in comparison with... 与……相比。 3. be packed with... 挤满……，塞满……。 ※4. pack up 把……打包；收拾(行李)。 5. contrary to... 与……相反。 ※6. on the contrary 与此相反；恰恰相反。 7. in uniform 身穿制服。 8. dive into the river 跳入河里。 9. freeze to death；be frozen to death 冻死。 10. in the meanwhile/meantime 在此期间；与此同时。 11. in chaos 混乱，纷乱。 12. bleed to death 流血而死。 13. hatch a plot 策划阴谋。 14. pray for... 祈祷……；企盼……。 ※15. on the day shift 上白班。 16. insist on/upon (doing) sth. 坚决要求……；坚持说……。 17. a shortage of funds 资金不足。 ※18. in (a) panic 惊慌地。 五．单元佳句 1．句式：as is/was the case (with/in...)这是经常的事/通常情况下/……也一样 【教材】Those who make great discoveries must often overcome many challenges along the way—as was the case with the explorer Christopher Columbus. 凡取得伟大发现的人，往往必须战胜重重磨难，探险家克里斯托弗·哥伦布便是如此。 2．句式：主语(表无生命的事物)＋see/find/witness＋宾语 ……经历/发生/见证/目睹了…… 【教材】His voyages opened a new chapter of the Age of Exploration, a period which witnessed many important geographical findings. 他的航海活动开启了大航海时代的新篇章，那是一个见证许多重大地理发现的时期。 3. where引导地点状语从句 【教材】Today, the USS Arizona lies where it sank: in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. 如今，美国“亚利桑那号”战列舰还位于当年沉船的位置：在太平洋的中央。 六．单元语法 表语从句 表语从句是在复合句中充当表语的从句，位于系动词之后，对主语进行说明、解释或使主语的内容具体化。 [观察例句] 1. The question is when he can arrive at the hotel． 2．The book is not what I need． 3．That is why she failed to pass the exam． 4．The trouble is that we have no money． 5．The argument is whether it rains tomorrow． [归纳用法] 一、表语从句的概念 从句在整个主句中作表语，因此被称为表语从句。表语从句隶属于名词性从句。 表语从句放在系动词之后，一般结构为“主语 + 系动词 + 表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有：be，look，remain，seem等。 二、引导表语从句的关联词 引导表语从句的关联词主要有四类：连词、连接代词、连接副词。 类别 常见词 连词 that，whether，as if，as though，because 连接代词 what，who，whom，which，whose，whatever，whoever，whomever，whichever 连接副词 when，where，why，how 三、各类关联词的具体用法 1．由连词that，whether引导的表语从句 主句的主语常常是抽象名词，如question（问题），trouble（麻烦），problem（问题），result（结果），chance（可能性），suggestion（建议），idea（想法），reason（理由）等。表语从句对主句主语进行说明、解释，使主语的内容具体化。 The trouble is (that) he has lost his money． 麻烦的事是他丢了钱。 The question is whether we need more ice cream． 问题是我们是否还需要更多的冰激凌。 The problem was that it was too valuable for everyday use． 问题是它作为日常之用太贵重了。 2．由连词because，as if，as though引导的表语从句 It looked as if it was going to snow． 看起来好像要下雪了。 That's because we never thought of it． 那是因为我们从未想过此事。 It seems as if he didn't know the answer． 好像他不知道答案。 That's because he didn't understand me． 那是因为他没有理解我。 3．由连接代词引导的表语从句 连接代词既保留原意，又在从句中担当句子成分。 The question is which of us should go． 问题是我们哪一个应该去。 The problem was who could do the work． 问题是谁能做这项工作。 That's what we should do． 那是我们应该做的。 4．由连接副词引导的表语从句 连接副词除在句中起连接作用外，还在从句中充当时间、地点、方式或原因状语，本身具有词义。 That's why he got angry with me． 那正是他对我生气的原因。 Go and get your coat．It's where you left it． 去把外套拿来。就在你原来放的地方。 I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella．That's why I got wet through． 我既没伞也没雨衣。这就是我淋湿的原因。 That is how mice ruin many stores of grain every year． 那就是老鼠每年损害大量粮食的方式。 That is what he is worried about． 那就是他所担心的。 四、使用注意事项 1．that在表语从句中一般不可省略（在非正式文体中偶尔可省） 2．表语从句中的虚拟语气 当主语是suggestion，proposal，advice，order等名词时，表语从句中的谓语动词常用“should + 动词原形”，should可以省略。 My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow． 我的建议是我们明天早点出发。 3．because与why引导的表语从句的区别 · because强调原因，常用于“That's because...”结构 · why强调结果，常用于“That's why...”结构 That's why he was late．（强调结果：他迟到的原因） That's because he missed the bus．（强调原因：是因为错过了公交车） 七．单元写作 写一篇介绍书的短文 本单元要求写一篇介绍书的短文，属于书评类写作。写作时需要运用叙述和说明的方法，把书的基本信息、内容和自己的评价交代清楚。 时态：以一般现在时为主，介绍作者背景时可使用一般过去时。 人称：以第一人称和第三人称为主。 [基本框架] 开头（the beginning）：引出书目（书名、作者、喜爱程度等）； 主体（the body）：详细介绍（书的背景、内容、特点、影响力等）； 结尾（the ending）：我的评价（从书中学到的东西、推荐理由等）。 [常用词块] 1．get along well with our friends 和我们的朋友相处得很好 2. open a history gate to me 给我打开了历史的大门 3. make efforts to do sth. 努力做某事 4. in the form of a diary 以日记的形式 5. freeze to death 冻死 6. resist difficulties from the outside world 抵制来自外界的困难 7. be translated into... 被翻译成…… 8. become one of the best-selling books 成为最畅销的书之一 9. people all over the world 世界各地的人 10. become a fan of... 成为……的迷 [常用语句] ★精彩开头 1．I would like to introduce a good book called... 我想要介绍一本叫作……的好书。 2. My favourite book is...written by... 我最喜欢的书是……写的《……》。 3. ...written by...is my favourite book. ……写的《……》是我最喜欢的书。 ★正文佳句 1．The Old Man and the Sea is on the background of the story of Cuba in the 20th century. 《老人与海》以20世纪的古巴故事为背景。 2. Harry was such a brave and clever boy that he dared to fight against powerful enemies. 哈利是一个非常勇敢聪明的男孩，他敢于同强大的敌人战斗。 3. The book has been translated into more than 70 different languages. 这本书已被翻译成70多种不同的语言。 4. It became one of the best-selling books in the world. 它成为世界上最畅销的书之一。 5. Before she wrote these books, she was only an ordinary housewife. 在写这些书之前，她只是一个普通的家庭主妇。 ★余味结尾 1．The fiction is so meaningful that I can learn a lot from it. 这本小说很有意义，我可以从中学到很多东西。 2. I want to tell you through the book that maternal love is great. 我想通过这本书告诉大家，母爱是伟大的。 3. People all over the world, especially students, have become fans of... 世界各地的人，尤其是学生，都成为了……的迷。 请你根据下面的提示，写一篇短文，介绍《哈利·波特》（Harry Potter）这本书： 1. 作者J.K.罗琳（J.K. Rowling），出生于1965年，写这本书之前是一个家庭主妇； 2. 这本书被翻译成70多种语言，成为最畅销的书之一； 3. 世界各地的人都成为哈利·波特迷。 注意： 1．写作词数应为80左右； 2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 My favourite book is Harry Potter, written by J.K. Rowling. J.K. Rowling was born in 1965 in England. Before she wrote these books, she was only an ordinary housewife in Britain, but Harry Potter changed her life forever. It is said that Harry Potter has become a global success, with over 400 million books sold and translated into more than 70 different languages, which makes J.K. Rowling an international best-selling writer. People all over the world, especially students, have become fans of Harry Potter. Unit 4 Living with technology 一、核心单词 学科网（北京）股份有限公20 / 21 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. preserve vt. 维护，保护，保存；维持 2. urgent adj. 紧急的，紧迫的；催促的，急切的 3. ruin vt. 破坏，毁坏；使破产，毁灭 n. 毁坏，毁灭；破产；残垣断壁 ※4. incredible adj. 极好的，极大的；不能相信的，难以置信的 5. violence n. 暴力，暴行；狂热，激情 6. conflict n.（军事）冲突，战斗；争论；矛盾，不一致 vi. 冲突，抵触 7. internal adj. 内部的；国内的 ※8. outcome n. 结果，效果 ※9. assess vt. 评估，评定；估算 10. collapse vi. 倒塌，坍塌；昏倒 n. 昏倒；倒塌 11. suspend vt. 暂停；悬，挂 12. incident n. 事件；冲突 13. cooperation n. 合作，协作；协助，配合 14. forecast vt. (forecast, forecast; forecasted, forecasted) 预测，预报 n. 预测，预报 ※15. interrupt vt. 打扰，插嘴；使暂停，使中断 vi. 打扰，插嘴 16. intense adj. 很大的，十分强烈的；有强烈感情的，热切的；激烈的 ※17. pursue vt. 追求，致力于，执行；追逐 18. submit vt. & vi. 提交，呈递；屈服 19. emerge vi. 出现；暴露；露头 ※20.ban vt. 明令禁止，取缔；禁止做某事 n. 禁令 二、单词拓展 1．awe vt.使惊叹，使敬畏 n．敬畏，惊叹→awesome adj.令人敬畏的；使人畏惧的；可怕的；极好的 ※2．urgent adj.紧急的，紧迫的；催促的，急切的→urgency n．紧急；催促 ※3．incredible adj.极好的，极大的；不能相信的，难以置信的→incredibly adv.令人难以置信地 4．violence n．暴力，暴行；狂热，激情→violent adj.暴力的；猛烈的→violently adv.猛烈地；剧烈地 5．specialist n．专家；专科医生 adj.专业的→special adj.特别的；专门的；特殊的 ※6．assess vt.评估，评定；估算→assessment n．评定；评估 7．consultation n．咨询，商讨；就诊→consult vt.咨询；请教；商量；查阅 8．division n．分歧；分开，分隔→divide v．分割；划分；分配 9．architect n．建筑师；设计师→architecture n．建筑学；建筑设计 10．operator n．操作人员，技工；接线员→operate v．工作；运转；操作→operation n．手术；运转 11．cooperation n．合作，协作；协助，配合→cooperate vi.合作，配合；协力 ※12．interrupt vt.打扰，插嘴；使暂停，使中断 vi.打扰，插嘴→interruption n．打扰；插嘴 13．conservation n．保护；保持→conserve vt.保护；保存 14．reserve n．自然保护区；储备 vt.预订；预留；保留→reservation n．预约，预订；保留 15．primitive adj.简陋的，落后的；原始的，远古的→primitively adv.最初地；原始地 16．assign vt.指定，指派；分配；确定→assignment n．分配；任务 17．wool n．毛织物；羊毛→ woollen/woolen adj.毛纺的；羊毛的 ※18．expansion n．扩展，扩大，膨胀→expand v．扩展，扩大，增加 19．entry n．进入；参与，加入；参赛→enter vt.进入 三、常考单词 1. awe n. 敬畏，惊叹 vt. 使惊叹，使敬畏 背重点 背写作佳句 1) in awe 惊叹地；敬畏地 2) be/stand in awe of 对……敬畏；对……望而生畏 3) fill sb. with awe 让某人敬畏 4) awesome adj. 令人惊叹的；很好的 ① Standing on the top of the mountain, we gazed in awe at the magnificent sunset. (读后续写之环境/心理描写) ② I have always been in awe of my mother, who has overcome countless difficulties in her life. (应用文写作之人物介绍/感谢信) ③ The first time I visited the Great Wall, I was filled with awe by its grandeur and historical significance. (应用文写作之游记/分享经历) 2. preserve vt. 维护，保护，保存；维持 背重点 背写作佳句 1) preserve...from (doing) sth. 保护……免受…… 2) preserve sth. for... 为……而保存某事物 3) be well preserved 受到很好的保护 4) preserve peace 维护和平 5) preserve the environment 保护环境 ① It is our duty to preserve the environment for future generations. (应用文写作之倡议书/环保主题) ② These traditional customs have been well preserved in the small village for centuries. (应用文写作之文化介绍) ③ She wrapped the gift carefully to preserve it from being damaged during delivery. (读后续写之动作描写) 3. urge vt. 催促；极力主张 n. 强烈的欲望，冲动 背重点 背写作佳句 1) urge sb. to do sth. 力劝某人做某事 2) urge that... (should) do... 极力主张……；强烈要求…… 3) have an urge to do sth. 有想做某事的欲望/冲动 4) a sense of urgency 紧迫感 5) urgent adj. 紧急的，紧迫的 ① I urge all students to take an active part in environmental protection activities. (应用文写作之倡议书) ② She felt a sudden urge to run away from the scene, but she stood her ground. (读后续写之心理描写) ③ The teacher urged that every student (should) develop the habit of reading regularly. (应用文写作之建议信) 4. pursue vt. 追求，致力于；追逐；追赶 背重点 背写作佳句 1) pursue one’s dream 追求梦想 2) pursue one’s career as 从事……职业 3) pursue progress 追求进步 4) be pursued by 被……追逐 ① No matter how difficult it may be, I will never give up pursuing my dream. (应用文写作之励志表达/自我介绍) ② The young man decided to pursue a career as a doctor to help those in need. (应用文写作之职业规划/申请信) ③ The thief ran into the alley, hotly pursued by the police officer. (读后续写之动作/追逐描写) 5. emerge vi. 出现；暴露；露头 背重点 背写作佳句 1) emerge from (从隐蔽处或暗处)出现，浮现，露出 2) emerge as 作为……而初露头角 3) It emerged that... 事已清楚…… 4) the emergence of ……的出现 ① The sun emerged from behind the clouds, filling the valley with warm light. (读后续写之环境描写) ② It emerged that the young man had saved three children from the fire before the firefighters arrived. (应用文写作之新闻报道/表扬稿) ③ China has emerged as one of the most important players in global economic development. (应用文写作之介绍成就) 6. initiative n. 倡议，新方案；主动性 背重点 背写作佳句 1) take the initiative in doing sth. 主动做某事 2) on one’s own initiative 主动地 3) seize/lose the initiative 掌握/丧失先机 4) a lack of initiative 缺乏主动性 5) the Belt and Road Initiative “一带一路”倡议 ① You should take the initiative in solving problems rather than waiting for others to help you. (应用文写作之建议信/成长话题) ② He helped the old lady carry her heavy luggage on his own initiative. (读后续写之人物性格/善行描写) ③ The Belt and Road Initiative has greatly promoted cooperation and development among participating countries. (应用文写作之介绍成就/议论文) 7. ban vt. 明令禁止，取缔 n. 禁令 背重点 背写作佳句 1) ban sb. from doing sth. 禁止某人做某事 2) be banned from 被禁止…… 3) a ban on 对……的禁令 4) impose/lift a ban 颁布/解除禁令 5)同义表达：prohibit/forbid sb. from doing sth. ① The government has decided to ban smoking in all public places to protect people’s health. (应用文写作之新闻报道/倡议书) ② Students are banned from using mobile phones during class time according to the new regulation. (应用文写作之通知/校规说明) ③ There should be a strict ban on the sale of plastic bags to reduce white pollution. (应用文写作之建议信/环保主题) 四．单元短语 1. be suspended from one's job 某人被停职。 2. divide...into... 把……分成……。 3. in cooperation with... 与……合作。 4. set/put...in motion 让……动起来。 ※5. vote for/against 投票支持/反对。 6. reserve...for... 把……专门留给……。 7. without reservation 毫无保留地。 8. in my humble opinion 依拙见。 ※9. pursue one's dream 追求梦想。 10. submit oneself to... 向……屈服；不得已接受……。 11. wear and tear (正常使用造成的)磨损，损耗。 12. at the top of the agenda 居首要地位，当务之急。 13. the more...the more likely... 越……，越有可能……。 ※14. at the thought of 一想到。 15. specialize in... 专攻……，专门研究……。 16. give an accurate assessment of... 对……做出准确评估。 17. in consultation with... 和……磋商。 18. in awe 敬畏地。 19. preserve peace 维护和平。 ※20．in urgent need of... 急需……。 五．单元佳句 1．句式：that引导同位语从句 【教材】There was no guarantee that it would work, since no one had attempted anything similar before. 不能保证这个方法会奏效，因为此前没有人进行过类似的尝试。 2．it seems to do sth.似乎做某事 【教材】..it seems to be only the beginning of the road for the Silk Road... ……这似乎只是丝绸之路(申遗)的前奏…… 3．with复合结构 【教材】..with the routes network reaching as far as the Roman Empire. ……路网甚至延伸到了罗马帝国。 六．单元语法 同位语从句 同位语从句是一种名词性从句，用于对其前面的抽象名词作进一步的说明和解释，揭示该名词的具体内容。 [观察例句] 1. He made a proposal that the meeting be postponed． 2．There is no doubt that he will keep his promise． 3．The question who was to blame has never been settled． 4．Report has it that the princess is getting married this year． [归纳用法] 一、同位语从句的概念 同位语从句属于名词性从句，用于对其前面的名词作进一步的说明和解释，与该名词构成同位关系。可以跟同位语从句的常见名词有：doubt，fact，message，proof，opinion，hope，impression，evidence，idea，belief，feeling，conclusion，rumour，report，possibility，guarantee，thought，assurance，news，decision，wish，suggestion等。 二、各类关联词引导的同位语从句 1．由that引导的同位语从句 that在同位语从句中只起连接作用，不作句子成分，无词义，但不能省略。 There was little hope that he would survive． 他幸存的希望很小。 We came to the decision that we must act at once． 我们做出决定：我们必须立即行动。 The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true． 我们明天放假的那个消息是不真实的。 They expressed the wish that she accept the award． 他们表示希望她接受这笔奖金。 There is no evidence that he committed a crime． 没有他犯罪的证据。 2．由whether引导的同位语从句 whether表示“是否”，不可用if替换。 He hasn't made the decision whether he will go there． 他还没有做出决定是否去那里。 We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy． 我们不是在调查他是否可以信任的问题。 I have a small doubt whether he is suitable for the job． 他是否适合这份工作我有点怀疑。 3．由连接代词引导的同位语从句 连接代词（what，who，whom，which，whose，whatever，whoever等）既起连接作用，又在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。 I have no idea what he is doing now． 我不知道他现在在干什么。 Next comes the question what you want it for． 其次就是这个问题：你为什么要它。 4．由连接副词引导的同位语从句 连接副词（when，where，why，how等）既起连接作用，又在从句中充当状语。 I have no idea when he will be back． 我不知道他什么时候会回来。 He had no idea why she left． 他不知道她为什么离开。 三、同位语从句与先行词的分隔 同位语从句有时不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被其他成分隔开，以避免句子头重脚轻。 The news got about that the firm was closing down． 消息传开说那家公司将要倒闭。 The rumour spread that they had been arrested． 谣传他们被逮捕了。 Word came that he had been abroad． 据说他已经在国外了。 四、同位语从句与定语从句的区别 区别点 同位语从句 定语从句 作用 对名词进行说明、解释，表明该名词的具体内容 对名词进行修饰、限定，说明该名词的特征 关系 同位关系（说明“是什么”） 从属关系（说明“什么样的”） that的作用 连词，不作句子成分，不能省略 关系代词，代替先行词在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略 引导词 that，whether，what，how，when，where，why等均可 关系代词（that，which，who等）和关系副词（when，where，why） 从句内容 是对名词具体内容的陈述 是对名词特征的描述 对比示例： 例句 从句类型 判断依据 The news that he won the prize is true． 他获奖的消息是真的。 同位语从句 that不作成分，内容是“消息”的具体内容 The news that he told me is true． 他告诉我的那个消息是真的。 定语从句 that在从句中作told的宾语，修饰“消息” 五、使用注意事项 1．that在同位语从句中不能省略（与定语从句中作宾语时可省略不同） 2．if不能引导同位语从句，表示“是否”时只能用whether 3．同位语从句中的虚拟语气 当同位语从句所修饰的名词是suggestion，proposal，order，advice，demand，request等时，从句谓语常用“（should +）动词原形”。 He made a proposal that the meeting (should) be postponed． 他提议会议推迟。 4．常用名词归纳：接同位语从句的名词有限，常见的有：fact，news，idea，hope，belief，thought，doubt，evidence，proof，conclusion，decision，suggestion，proposal，order，promise，rumour，report，word（消息）等。 七．单元写作 写一篇关于遗址保护的倡议书 倡议书是一种公开提出建议或号召的应用文体，目的是呼吁他人采取行动。写遗址保护的倡议书时，需要阐明保护的重要性、存在的问题以及具体的行动建议。 时态：以一般现在时为主。 人称：以第一人称（我们）和第三人称为主。 [基本框架] 开头（the beginning）：倡议目的（说明为什么要保护遗址，遗址的价值）； 主体（the body）：倡议内容（存在的问题、具体的保护建议和措施）； 结尾（the ending）：发出号召（呼吁大家行动起来）。 [常用词块] 1. be of great significance 非常重要 2. in favor of 支持 3. contribute to the tourism 有助于旅游业 4. make good use of heritage sites 充分利用遗址 5. the enhancement of people's protection 加强人民的保护 6. raise the awareness of... 提高……的意识 7. a symbol of great ancient civilization 伟大古代文明的象征 8. enhance our national pride 增强我们的民族自豪感 9. take effective measures to do sth. 采取有效措施做某事 10. keep our mind clear 保持清醒的头脑 [常用语句] ★精彩开头 1. It is very important to preserve cultural heritage sites. 保护文化遗产遗址非常重要。 2. A lot of cultural heritage sites are in great danger and it is our duty to protect them. 许多文化遗产遗址处于极大的危险之中，保护它们是我们的责任。 3. Cultural heritage is a symbol of great ancient civilization. 文化遗产是伟大古代文明的象征。 ★正文佳句 1. Many people hold the view that cultural heritage sites should be well preserved. 许多人认为文化遗产遗址应该得到很好的保护。 2. Unfortunately, some of the cultural heritage sites have been damaged. 不幸的是，一些文化遗产遗址已经被破坏了。 3. Protecting cultural heritage can enhance our national pride. 保护文化遗产可以增强我们的民族自豪感。 4. Cultural heritage is of great value. 文化遗产具有巨大的价值。 5. Our country's cultural heritage protection has made great progress, but many problems still exist. 我国的文化遗产保护已经取得了很大进展，但仍然存在许多问题。 ★余味结尾 1．In short, we should protect the cultural heritage and actively repair the damaged heritage. 总之，我们应该保护文化遗产，积极修复被破坏的遗产。 2. We should keep our mind clear and take more effective measures to protect heritage sites. 我们应该保持清醒的头脑，采取更有效的措施来保护遗址。 3. Let's take action together to protect our precious cultural heritage. 让我们一起行动起来，保护我们宝贵的文化遗产。 文化遗产是古代伟大文明的象征，保护文化遗产可以增强我们的民族自豪感。请你写一篇80词左右的倡议书，提倡保护文化遗产。 注意： 1．词数80左右； 2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 It is important to protect cultural heritage. Cultural heritage is a symbol of great ancient civilization. Most cultural heritage is related to great people, so protecting it shows respect for them. Cultural heritage is of great value and protecting it can make us feel proud of our nation. Our country’s cultural heritage protection has made great progress, but many problems still exist and need to be solved. Therefore, we should keep our mind clear and take more effective steps to better protect cultural heritage. . 一、单词拼写。根据汉语或首字母提示写出单词的正确形式。 1. We are now living in a harmonious (和谐的) society. 2. Camus is considered to be one of the twentieth century’s literary (文学的) giants. 3. The couple tried every possible means to save their adopted (收养的) son, but in vain. 4. He fled from the fire in panic. 5. He is a very influential (有影响力的) man in the government. 6. The police found a loaded (上了膛的) gun at the spot. 7. It amazed (使惊讶) everyone that Yang Chenyu gained a mark of 730. 8. The candidate waved his hands to acknowledge (感谢) the cheers of the crowd. 9. A harmonious (和谐的) relationship exists between the human body and the instrument. 10. The ship sank (沉没) on a cold winter morning. 11. The museum will serve as a memorial (纪念碑) to the millions who lost their lives. 12. Newspapers seized on the results as proof (证据) that global warming wasn’t really happening. 13. A lot of parents write to us to express their concern (担忧) over food safety. 14. Thank you all for your cooperation (合作) and wish our project a great success. 15. A heavy rain is forecast (预报) to come tomorrow. 16. Most people have come to accept the need for conservation (保护) of natural resources. 17. They looked at him with a mixture of horror, envy and awe (敬畏). 18. This book was the outcome (成果) of a tremendous amount of scientific work. 19. The local doctor sent her to see a specialist (专家). 20. There is now intense (激烈的) competition between schools to attract students. 21. His bad habit will ruin (毁灭) his chance of having a bright future. 22. Sorry to interrupt (打扰), but there’s someone to see you. 23. The historic building is as much part of our heritage (遗产) as the paintings. 24. If the rules of a country collapse (崩塌), the whole society would get into a mess. 25. It is better for children to wear shirts made of 100% pure cotton (棉). 二、单句语法填空。用括号内所给词的适当形式填空 1. The plane suddenly shook violently (violent). 2. Seeing the eagle, the little rabbit was frozen (freeze) with fear. 3. The two foxes hatched a plot to prevent the hen hatching (hatch) its eggs. 4. My husband convinced me to visit the neighbour’s family, which strengthened the harmonious (harmony) relationship. 5. Tom, an influential figure, was dismissed (dismiss) from his job last month. 6. The minister of education insists that teachers (should) facilitate (facilitate) the discussion. 7. He managed to drag (drag) the camel out of the sand. 8. The old man spent the whole night praying (pray) for his son. 9. Guests panicked (panic) and screamed when the bomb exploded. 10. Any experience can teach and strengthen (strength) you. 11. Many companies are suffering from a shortage (short) of skilled staff. 12. Gradually he began to acknowledge (acknowledge) his feelings of envy. 13. The twins can be told from each other by (compare). 14. When rescue personnel arrived, the two had been frozen (freeze) to death. 15. The injured dog was abandoned, bleeding (bleed) to death. 16. He suspected that the military was plotting (plot) against him. 17. Whatever he said, she was convinced (convince) that he was right. 18. The university hopes to strengthen (strength) its ties with the community. 19. If you carry on working (work) like that, you will break down. 20. Yet we remain convinced (convince) that the hard winter cannot stop the arrival of spring. 21. An accident happened. That was why traffic seemed to slow down. 22. He is always able to complete the tasks assigned (assign) by his boss. 23. We were awed (awe) by ancient civilizations. 24. The more united the nation is, the more likely (likely) the civil war is to end. 25. There was no guarantee that they would not use missiles. 三、完成句子。 1. 莉莉坐到椅子上休息；相反，露西正忙着收拾行李。 Lily sank down into a chair to rest; Lucy, on the contrary, was busy packing up. 2. 与上周的会议一样，明天要举行的会议将至少持续三个小时。 As is the case with the conference last week, the one to be held tomorrow will last at least three hours. 3. 上周日，我校举行了盛大的运动会开幕式。 Last Sunday witnessed the royal opening ceremony of the sports meeting in our school. 4. 在士兵们被冻死的地方立了一座纪念碑。 A memorial was set up where the soldiers were frozen to death. 5. 我深信露西是代表我们学校参加马拉松比赛的合适人选。 I am convinced that Lucy is the right person to compete in the marathon on behalf of our school. 6. 他坚持说卡车上装的大米太多了，但是司机对他的话不予考虑。 He insisted that the truck had been loaded with too many bags of rice, but the driver dismissed what he said. 7. 他在被人发现前就因失血过多而死亡。 He bled to death before anyone found him. 8. 她沉溺于享乐的生活。 She abandoned herself to a life of pleasure. 9. 该弃儿被人们发现时安然无恙。 The child was found abandoned but unharmed. 10. 这不是一个好主意；相反地，这是一个巨大的错误。 It wasn’t a good idea; on the contrary, it was a huge mistake. 11. 与那幢房子相比，这幢房子的优点是价格低。 Compared with that house, this one has the advantage of low price. 12. 他站在一个角落里，泪流满面。 He stood in a corner with tears streaming down his face. 13. 他当选为最有前途的新导演。 He was voted most promising new director. 14. 预报这个周末要下大雨。 It is forecast that it is going to rain heavily this weekend. 15. 与朋友商量后，他仍然不知道是否要暂停该项目。 In consultation with his friend, he still had no idea whether he would suspend the project. 16. 敌人禁止村民帮助我们的士兵，但村民们没有屈服于敌人的威胁。 The enemy banned the villagers from helping our soldiers, but the villagers did not submit themselves to the enemy’s threat. 17. 以拙见，尽管竞争激烈，但我们必须勇敢地追求自己的梦想。 In my humble opinion, despite the intense competition, we must bravely pursue our dreams. 18. 我们佩服他的学习精神，都投了他的票。 Awed by his learning spirit, we all voted for him. 19. 你们俩越是争吵，就越有可能发生冲突。 The more you both fight, the more likely you are to come into conflict with each other. 20. 这些变化带来的效果难以评估。 It is difficult to assess the effects of these changes. $专题03 选择性必修第三册Unit3~Unit4单元词汇短语句型梳理 Unit 3 Back to the past 一、核心单词 学科网（北京）股份有限公2 / 21 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. convince vt. ______________ 2. load vt. & vi. ______________ n. ______________ ※3. strengthen vt. & vi. ______________ 4. dismiss vt. ______________ 5. proof n. ______________ 6. acknowledge vt. ______________ ※7. influential adj. ______________ 8. insist vi. & vt. ______________ 9. financial adj. ______________ 10. shortage n. ______________ 11. panic n. ______________ vi. & vt. (panicked, panicked)______________ 12. subsequent adj. ______________ ※13. astonish vt. ______________ 14. facilitate vt. ______________ ※15. available adj. ______________ 16. exceptional adj. ______________ 17. adopt vt. ______________vi. ______________ 18. contrary adj. ______________ 19. chaos n. ______________ ※20. reform vt. ______________ n. ______________ 二、单词拓展 ※1．__________vt.使确信，使相信；说服，劝说→__________adj.令人信服的；有说服力的→__________adj.坚信不移的；确信的 ※2．__________vt.& vi.加强，增强→__________adj.强壮的→__________n．力气；力量；强项 3．__________adj.友好和睦的；协调的，和谐的→__________adv.协调地，和谐地→__________n．融洽，和睦；和谐 4．__________n．证据，证明→__________vt.证明；检验；显示vi.证明是 5．__________vt.承认(权威、地位)；承认(属实)；(公开)感谢→__________n．承认；确认；感谢 ※6．__________adj.有很大影响力的，有支配力的→__________n．影响；势力；感化；有影响的人或事 vt.影响 7．__________adj.财政的，金融的，财务的→__________n．金融；财经 8．__________vi.& vt.离开，起程→__________n．离开，起程 9．__________n．不足，短缺→__________adj.短的；不足的；矮的，低的→__________vt.缩短；减少；变短 vi.缩短；变短 10．__________adj.随后的，后来的→__________adv.随后，其后；后来 ※11．__________vt.使十分惊讶，使吃惊→__________adj.令人感到惊讶的→__________n．惊诧；震惊→__________adj.惊诧的 12．__________adj.文学的，文学上的；爱好文学的→__________n．文学；文献；文艺；著作 13．__________adv.广阔地；广泛地→__________adj.广泛的；大量的；广阔的→__________n．拓展；延伸 14．__________adj.杰出的，优秀的；异常的，罕见的→__________n．例外；异议 ※15．__________vt.采用，采取；表决采纳；领养，收养vi.领养，收养→__________adj.被收养的；被采用的→__________n．收养；采用 16．__________n．比较；对比→__________v．比较，对比；与……类似；将……比作 17．__________adv.猛烈地，厉害地；强烈地，激烈地；凶狠地→__________n．暴力；暴行→__________adj.暴力的；猛烈的 ※18．__________ vi.& vt.(froze，frozen)突然停止，呆住；结冰；冻僵→__________adj.冰点以下的，结冰的；极冷的；(雾、雨)冻的n.冰点→__________adj.冻结的；冷酷的 19．__________vi.(bled，bled)失血，流血→__________n．血，血液；血统→__________n．出血；渗色 20．__________n．纪念碑(或像等)；纪念物→__________vt.记住，背熟；记忆→__________n．记忆，记忆力；内存，[计]存储器；回忆 三、常考单词 1. broaden vt. & vi. 变宽；扩大；增长 背重点 背写作佳句 1) broaden one’s horizons 拓宽某人的视野 2) broadly speaking 大体上说 3) breadth n. 宽度；广泛 4) broad adj. 宽阔的，广泛的 ① Traveling abroad can broaden your horizons and enrich your life experience. (应用文写作之建议信/旅行主题) ② Broadly speaking, the more you read, the wider your range of knowledge will be. (应用文写作之议论文/观点表达) ③ The course is designed to broaden students’ understanding of different cultures. (应用文写作之课程介绍/推荐信) 2. convince vt. 使确信，使相信；说服，劝说 背重点 背写作佳句 1) convince sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事 2) convince sb. to do sth. 说服某人做某事 3) be convinced that... 深信……；坚信…… 4) convincing adj. 有说服力的；使人信服的 ① I am fully convinced that hard work is the key to success. (应用文写作之观点表达/励志名言) ② He tried to convince his parents of his ability to take care of himself. (应用文写作之建议信/成长话题) ③ Her argument was so convincing that everyone present agreed with her. (读后续写之场景/人物描写) 3. harmonious adj. 友好和睦的；协调的，和谐的 背重点 背写作佳句 1) harmonious relations 关系融洽 2) harmonious society 和谐社会 3) in harmony with 与……协调 4) live in perfect harmony 十分和睦地一起生活 ① It is important to build a harmonious relationship with our classmates and teachers. (应用文写作之建议信/校园生活) ② The whole family lived together in perfect harmony, supporting each other through difficulties. (读后续写之家庭/温馨场景描写) ③ Human beings should learn to live in harmony with nature to ensure a sustainable future. (应用文写作之倡议书/环保主题) 4. dismiss vt. 不予考虑；去除；解雇；解散 背重点 背写作佳句 1) dismiss sth. as... 把某事当作……不予理会 2) dismiss sth. from one’s mind 拒绝考虑某事 3) dismiss sb. from sth. 把某人从……解雇 4) be dismissed from school/job 被学校开除/被工作单位解雇 ① She dismissed the thought of giving up from her mind and continued to fight for her dream. (读后续写之心理描写) ② He was dismissed from his job due to his constant lateness and lack of responsibility. (应用文写作之原因分析/事例说明) ③ Don’t just dismiss his suggestion as useless; it might actually work. (应用文写作之建议信/观点表达) 5. influential adj. 有很大影响力的，有支配力的 背重点 背写作佳句 1) an influential figure 有影响力的人物 2) be influential in 在……方面有影响力 3) have an influence on 对……有影响 4) under the influence of 在……的影响下 ① My mother has been the most influential person in my life, shaping who I am today. (应用文写作之人物介绍/感谢信) ② Under the influence of his teacher, he developed a lifelong passion for literature. (读后续写之成长/影响描写) ③ Social media has a powerful influence on young people’s values and behavior. (应用文写作之议论文/现象分析) 6. available adj. 可获得的，可找到的；有空的 背重点 背写作佳句 1) be/become available to sb. 对某人来说是可使用的/可获得的 2) be available to do sth. 可供使用做某事 3) make sth. available 使某物可利用/可获得 4) the only room available 唯一可用的房间 ① I am available for an interview at your earliest convenience. (应用文写作之求职信/自荐信) ② Please let me know if you are available to attend the meeting next Friday. (应用文写作之邀请信/通知) ③ The library has made a wide range of online resources available to all students. (应用文写作之学校介绍/通知) 7. shift n. 改变，转移；轮班 vi. & vt. (使)移动，(使)转移；改变 背重点 背写作佳句 1) a shift in sth. 某方面的转变 2) shift...from...to... 把……从……移动/搬到…… 3) shift one’s ground 改变某人的立场 4) be on the day/night shift 上白班/夜班 ① In recent years, there has been a dramatic shift in people’s attitude towards environmental protection. (应用文写作之议论文/现象分析) ② She shifted her attention from the noise outside to the book in her hands. (读后续写之动作/心理描写) ③ After working the night shift for a month, he was completely exhausted. (读后续写之状态描写) 四．单元短语 1. __________ 理顺，整理；把……安排好。 2. __________ 与……相比。 3. __________ 挤满……，塞满……。 ※4. __________ 把……打包；收拾(行李)。 5. __________ 与……相反。 ※6. __________ 与此相反；恰恰相反。 7. __________ 身穿制服。 8. __________ 跳入河里。 9. __________ 冻死。 10. __________ 在此期间；与此同时。 11. __________ 混乱，纷乱。 12. __________ 流血而死。 13. __________ 策划阴谋。 14. __________ 祈祷……；企盼……。 ※15. __________ 上白班。 16. __________ 坚决要求……；坚持说……。 17. __________ 资金不足。 ※18. __________ 惊慌地。 五．单元佳句 1．句式：as is/was the case (with/in...)这是经常的事/通常情况下/……也一样 【教材】Those who make great discoveries must often overcome many challenges along the way—as was the case with the explorer Christopher Columbus. 凡取得伟大发现的人，往往必须战胜重重磨难，探险家克里斯托弗·哥伦布便是如此。 2．句式：主语(表无生命的事物)＋see/find/witness＋宾语 ……经历/发生/见证/目睹了…… 【教材】His voyages opened a new chapter of the Age of Exploration, a period which witnessed many important geographical findings. 他的航海活动开启了大航海时代的新篇章，那是一个见证许多重大地理发现的时期。 3. where引导地点状语从句 【教材】Today, the USS Arizona lies where it sank: in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. 如今，美国“亚利桑那号”战列舰还位于当年沉船的位置：在太平洋的中央。 六．单元语法 表语从句 表语从句是在复合句中充当表语的从句，位于系动词之后，对主语进行说明、解释或使主语的内容具体化。 [观察例句] 1. The question is when he can arrive at the hotel． 2．The book is not what I need． 3．That is why she failed to pass the exam． 4．The trouble is that we have no money． 5．The argument is whether it rains tomorrow． [归纳用法] 一、表语从句的概念 从句在整个主句中作表语，因此被称为表语从句。表语从句隶属于名词性从句。 表语从句放在系动词之后，一般结构为“主语 + 系动词 + 表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有：be，look，remain，seem等。 二、引导表语从句的关联词 引导表语从句的关联词主要有四类：连词、连接代词、连接副词。 类别 常见词 连词 that，whether，as if，as though，because 连接代词 what，who，whom，which，whose，whatever，whoever，whomever，whichever 连接副词 when，where，why，how 三、各类关联词的具体用法 1．由连词that，whether引导的表语从句 主句的主语常常是抽象名词，如question（问题），trouble（麻烦），problem（问题），result（结果），chance（可能性），suggestion（建议），idea（想法），reason（理由）等。表语从句对主句主语进行说明、解释，使主语的内容具体化。 The trouble is (that) he has lost his money． 麻烦的事是他丢了钱。 The question is whether we need more ice cream． 问题是我们是否还需要更多的冰激凌。 The problem was that it was too valuable for everyday use． 问题是它作为日常之用太贵重了。 2．由连词because，as if，as though引导的表语从句 It looked as if it was going to snow． 看起来好像要下雪了。 That's because we never thought of it． 那是因为我们从未想过此事。 It seems as if he didn't know the answer． 好像他不知道答案。 That's because he didn't understand me． 那是因为他没有理解我。 3．由连接代词引导的表语从句 连接代词既保留原意，又在从句中担当句子成分。 The question is which of us should go． 问题是我们哪一个应该去。 The problem was who could do the work． 问题是谁能做这项工作。 That's what we should do． 那是我们应该做的。 4．由连接副词引导的表语从句 连接副词除在句中起连接作用外，还在从句中充当时间、地点、方式或原因状语，本身具有词义。 That's why he got angry with me． 那正是他对我生气的原因。 Go and get your coat．It's where you left it． 去把外套拿来。就在你原来放的地方。 I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella．That's why I got wet through． 我既没伞也没雨衣。这就是我淋湿的原因。 That is how mice ruin many stores of grain every year． 那就是老鼠每年损害大量粮食的方式。 That is what he is worried about． 那就是他所担心的。 四、使用注意事项 1．that在表语从句中一般不可省略（在非正式文体中偶尔可省） 2．表语从句中的虚拟语气 当主语是suggestion，proposal，advice，order等名词时，表语从句中的谓语动词常用“should + 动词原形”，should可以省略。 My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow． 我的建议是我们明天早点出发。 3．because与why引导的表语从句的区别 · because强调原因，常用于“That's because...”结构 · why强调结果，常用于“That's why...”结构 That's why he was late．（强调结果：他迟到的原因） That's because he missed the bus．（强调原因：是因为错过了公交车） 七．单元写作 写一篇介绍书的短文 本单元要求写一篇介绍书的短文，属于书评类写作。写作时需要运用叙述和说明的方法，把书的基本信息、内容和自己的评价交代清楚。 时态：以一般现在时为主，介绍作者背景时可使用一般过去时。 人称：以第一人称和第三人称为主。 [基本框架] 开头（the beginning）：引出书目（书名、作者、喜爱程度等）； 主体（the body）：详细介绍（书的背景、内容、特点、影响力等）； 结尾（the ending）：我的评价（从书中学到的东西、推荐理由等）。 [常用词块] 1．get along well with our friends 和我们的朋友相处得很好 2. open a history gate to me 给我打开了历史的大门 3. make efforts to do sth. 努力做某事 4. in the form of a diary 以日记的形式 5. freeze to death 冻死 6. resist difficulties from the outside world 抵制来自外界的困难 7. be translated into... 被翻译成…… 8. become one of the best-selling books 成为最畅销的书之一 9. people all over the world 世界各地的人 10. become a fan of... 成为……的迷 [常用语句] ★精彩开头 1．I would like to introduce a good book called... 我想要介绍一本叫作……的好书。 2. My favourite book is...written by... 我最喜欢的书是……写的《……》。 3. ...written by...is my favourite book. ……写的《……》是我最喜欢的书。 ★正文佳句 1．The Old Man and the Sea is on the background of the story of Cuba in the 20th century. 《老人与海》以20世纪的古巴故事为背景。 2. Harry was such a brave and clever boy that he dared to fight against powerful enemies. 哈利是一个非常勇敢聪明的男孩，他敢于同强大的敌人战斗。 3. The book has been translated into more than 70 different languages. 这本书已被翻译成70多种不同的语言。 4. It became one of the best-selling books in the world. 它成为世界上最畅销的书之一。 5. Before she wrote these books, she was only an ordinary housewife. 在写这些书之前，她只是一个普通的家庭主妇。 ★余味结尾 1．The fiction is so meaningful that I can learn a lot from it. 这本小说很有意义，我可以从中学到很多东西。 2. I want to tell you through the book that maternal love is great. 我想通过这本书告诉大家，母爱是伟大的。 3. People all over the world, especially students, have become fans of... 世界各地的人，尤其是学生，都成为了……的迷。 请你根据下面的提示，写一篇短文，介绍《哈利·波特》（Harry Potter）这本书： 1. 作者J.K.罗琳（J.K. Rowling），出生于1965年，写这本书之前是一个家庭主妇； 2. 这本书被翻译成70多种语言，成为最畅销的书之一； 3. 世界各地的人都成为哈利·波特迷。 注意： 1．写作词数应为80左右； 2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 My favourite book is Harry Potter, written by J.K. Rowling. J.K. Rowling was born in 1965 in England. Before she wrote these books, she was only an ordinary housewife in Britain, but Harry Potter changed her life forever. It is said that Harry Potter has become a global success, with over 400 million books sold and translated into more than 70 different languages, which makes J.K. Rowling an international best-selling writer. People all over the world, especially students, have become fans of Harry Potter. Unit 4 Living with technology 一、核心单词 学科网（北京）股份有限公20 / 21 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. preserve vt. ______________ 2. urgent adj. 紧急的，紧迫的；催促的，急切的 3. ruin vt. ______________ n. ______________ ※4. incredible adj. ______________ 5. violence n. ______________ 6. conflict n.______________vi. ______________ 7. internal adj. ______________ ※8. outcome n. ______________ ※9. assess vt. ______________ 10. collapse vi. ______________ n. ______________ 11. suspend vt. ______________ 12. incident n. ______________ 13. cooperation n. ______________ 14. forecast vt. (forecast, forecast; forecasted, forecasted) ______________ n. ______________ ※15. interrupt vt. ______________ vi. ______________ 16. intense adj. ______________ ※17. pursue vt. ______________ 18. submit vt. & vi. ______________ 19. emerge vi. ______________ ※20.ban vt. ______________ n. ______________ 二、单词拓展 1．__________vt.使惊叹，使敬畏 n．敬畏，惊叹→__________adj.令人敬畏的；使人畏惧的；可怕的；极好的 ※2．__________adj.紧急的，紧迫的；催促的，急切的→__________n．紧急；催促 ※3．__________adj.极好的，极大的；不能相信的，难以置信的→__________adv.令人难以置信地 4．__________n．暴力，暴行；狂热，激情→__________adj.暴力的；猛烈的→__________adv.猛烈地；剧烈地 5．__________n．专家；专科医生 adj.专业的→__________adj.特别的；专门的；特殊的 ※6．__________vt.评估，评定；估算→__________n．评定；评估 7．__________n．咨询，商讨；就诊→__________vt.咨询；请教；商量；查阅 8．__________n．分歧；分开，分隔→__________v．分割；划分；分配 9．__________n．建筑师；设计师→__________n．建筑学；建筑设计 10．__________n．操作人员，技工；接线员→__________v．工作；运转；操作→__________n．手术；运转 11．__________n．合作，协作；协助，配合→__________vi.合作，配合；协力 ※12．__________vt.打扰，插嘴；使暂停，使中断 vi.打扰，插嘴→__________n．打扰；插嘴 13．__________n．保护；保持→__________vt.保护；保存 14．__________n．自然保护区；储备 vt.预订；预留；保留→__________n．预约，预订；保留 15．__________adj.简陋的，落后的；原始的，远古的→__________adv.最初地；原始地 16．__________vt.指定，指派；分配；确定→__________n．分配；任务 17．__________n．毛织物；羊毛→ __________ adj.毛纺的；羊毛的 ※18．__________n．扩展，扩大，膨胀→__________v．扩展，扩大，增加 19．__________n．进入；参与，加入；参赛→__________vt.进入 三、常考单词 1. awe n. 敬畏，惊叹 vt. 使惊叹，使敬畏 背重点 背写作佳句 1) in awe 惊叹地；敬畏地 2) be/stand in awe of 对……敬畏；对……望而生畏 3) fill sb. with awe 让某人敬畏 4) awesome adj. 令人惊叹的；很好的 ① Standing on the top of the mountain, we gazed in awe at the magnificent sunset. (读后续写之环境/心理描写) ② I have always been in awe of my mother, who has overcome countless difficulties in her life. (应用文写作之人物介绍/感谢信) ③ The first time I visited the Great Wall, I was filled with awe by its grandeur and historical significance. (应用文写作之游记/分享经历) 2. preserve vt. 维护，保护，保存；维持 背重点 背写作佳句 1) preserve...from (doing) sth. 保护……免受…… 2) preserve sth. for... 为……而保存某事物 3) be well preserved 受到很好的保护 4) preserve peace 维护和平 5) preserve the environment 保护环境 ① It is our duty to preserve the environment for future generations. (应用文写作之倡议书/环保主题) ② These traditional customs have been well preserved in the small village for centuries. (应用文写作之文化介绍) ③ She wrapped the gift carefully to preserve it from being damaged during delivery. (读后续写之动作描写) 3. urge vt. 催促；极力主张 n. 强烈的欲望，冲动 背重点 背写作佳句 1) urge sb. to do sth. 力劝某人做某事 2) urge that... (should) do... 极力主张……；强烈要求…… 3) have an urge to do sth. 有想做某事的欲望/冲动 4) a sense of urgency 紧迫感 5) urgent adj. 紧急的，紧迫的 ① I urge all students to take an active part in environmental protection activities. (应用文写作之倡议书) ② She felt a sudden urge to run away from the scene, but she stood her ground. (读后续写之心理描写) ③ The teacher urged that every student (should) develop the habit of reading regularly. (应用文写作之建议信) 4. pursue vt. 追求，致力于；追逐；追赶 背重点 背写作佳句 1) pursue one’s dream 追求梦想 2) pursue one’s career as 从事……职业 3) pursue progress 追求进步 4) be pursued by 被……追逐 ① No matter how difficult it may be, I will never give up pursuing my dream. (应用文写作之励志表达/自我介绍) ② The young man decided to pursue a career as a doctor to help those in need. (应用文写作之职业规划/申请信) ③ The thief ran into the alley, hotly pursued by the police officer. (读后续写之动作/追逐描写) 5. emerge vi. 出现；暴露；露头 背重点 背写作佳句 1) emerge from (从隐蔽处或暗处)出现，浮现，露出 2) emerge as 作为……而初露头角 3) It emerged that... 事已清楚…… 4) the emergence of ……的出现 ① The sun emerged from behind the clouds, filling the valley with warm light. (读后续写之环境描写) ② It emerged that the young man had saved three children from the fire before the firefighters arrived. (应用文写作之新闻报道/表扬稿) ③ China has emerged as one of the most important players in global economic development. (应用文写作之介绍成就) 6. initiative n. 倡议，新方案；主动性 背重点 背写作佳句 1) take the initiative in doing sth. 主动做某事 2) on one’s own initiative 主动地 3) seize/lose the initiative 掌握/丧失先机 4) a lack of initiative 缺乏主动性 5) the Belt and Road Initiative “一带一路”倡议 ① You should take the initiative in solving problems rather than waiting for others to help you. (应用文写作之建议信/成长话题) ② He helped the old lady carry her heavy luggage on his own initiative. (读后续写之人物性格/善行描写) ③ The Belt and Road Initiative has greatly promoted cooperation and development among participating countries. (应用文写作之介绍成就/议论文) 7. ban vt. 明令禁止，取缔 n. 禁令 背重点 背写作佳句 1) ban sb. from doing sth. 禁止某人做某事 2) be banned from 被禁止…… 3) a ban on 对……的禁令 4) impose/lift a ban 颁布/解除禁令 5)同义表达：prohibit/forbid sb. from doing sth. ① The government has decided to ban smoking in all public places to protect people’s health. (应用文写作之新闻报道/倡议书) ② Students are banned from using mobile phones during class time according to the new regulation. (应用文写作之通知/校规说明) ③ There should be a strict ban on the sale of plastic bags to reduce white pollution. (应用文写作之建议信/环保主题) 四．单元短语 学科网（北京）股份有限公20 / 21 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. __________ 某人被停职。 2. __________把……分成……。 3.__________ 与……合作。 4. __________ 让……动起来。 ※5. __________ 投票支持/反对。 6. __________ 把……专门留给……。 7. __________ 毫无保留地。 8.__________ 依拙见。 ※9. __________ 追求梦想。 10. __________ 向……屈服；不得已接受……。 11. __________ (正常使用造成的)磨损，损耗。 12. __________ 居首要地位，当务之急。 13. __________ 越……，越有可能……。 ※14. __________ 一想到。 15. __________ 专攻……，专门研究……。 16. __________ 对……做出准确评估。 17. __________ 和……磋商。 18. __________ 敬畏地。 19. __________ 维护和平。 ※20．__________ 急需……。 五．单元佳句 1．句式：that引导同位语从句 【教材】There was no guarantee that it would work, since no one had attempted anything similar before. 不能保证这个方法会奏效，因为此前没有人进行过类似的尝试。 2．it seems to do sth.似乎做某事 【教材】..it seems to be only the beginning of the road for the Silk Road... ……这似乎只是丝绸之路(申遗)的前奏…… 3．with复合结构 【教材】..with the routes network reaching as far as the Roman Empire. ……路网甚至延伸到了罗马帝国。 六．单元语法 同位语从句 同位语从句是一种名词性从句，用于对其前面的抽象名词作进一步的说明和解释，揭示该名词的具体内容。 [观察例句] 1. He made a proposal that the meeting be postponed． 2．There is no doubt that he will keep his promise． 3．The question who was to blame has never been settled． 4．Report has it that the princess is getting married this year． [归纳用法] 一、同位语从句的概念 同位语从句属于名词性从句，用于对其前面的名词作进一步的说明和解释，与该名词构成同位关系。可以跟同位语从句的常见名词有：doubt，fact，message，proof，opinion，hope，impression，evidence，idea，belief，feeling，conclusion，rumour，report，possibility，guarantee，thought，assurance，news，decision，wish，suggestion等。 二、各类关联词引导的同位语从句 1．由that引导的同位语从句 that在同位语从句中只起连接作用，不作句子成分，无词义，但不能省略。 There was little hope that he would survive． 他幸存的希望很小。 We came to the decision that we must act at once． 我们做出决定：我们必须立即行动。 The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true． 我们明天放假的那个消息是不真实的。 They expressed the wish that she accept the award． 他们表示希望她接受这笔奖金。 There is no evidence that he committed a crime． 没有他犯罪的证据。 2．由whether引导的同位语从句 whether表示“是否”，不可用if替换。 He hasn't made the decision whether he will go there． 他还没有做出决定是否去那里。 We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy． 我们不是在调查他是否可以信任的问题。 I have a small doubt whether he is suitable for the job． 他是否适合这份工作我有点怀疑。 3．由连接代词引导的同位语从句 连接代词（what，who，whom，which，whose，whatever，whoever等）既起连接作用，又在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。 I have no idea what he is doing now． 我不知道他现在在干什么。 Next comes the question what you want it for． 其次就是这个问题：你为什么要它。 4．由连接副词引导的同位语从句 连接副词（when，where，why，how等）既起连接作用，又在从句中充当状语。 I have no idea when he will be back． 我不知道他什么时候会回来。 He had no idea why she left． 他不知道她为什么离开。 三、同位语从句与先行词的分隔 同位语从句有时不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被其他成分隔开，以避免句子头重脚轻。 The news got about that the firm was closing down． 消息传开说那家公司将要倒闭。 The rumour spread that they had been arrested． 谣传他们被逮捕了。 Word came that he had been abroad． 据说他已经在国外了。 四、同位语从句与定语从句的区别 区别点 同位语从句 定语从句 作用 对名词进行说明、解释，表明该名词的具体内容 对名词进行修饰、限定，说明该名词的特征 关系 同位关系（说明“是什么”） 从属关系（说明“什么样的”） that的作用 连词，不作句子成分，不能省略 关系代词，代替先行词在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略 引导词 that，whether，what，how，when，where，why等均可 关系代词（that，which，who等）和关系副词（when，where，why） 从句内容 是对名词具体内容的陈述 是对名词特征的描述 对比示例： 例句 从句类型 判断依据 The news that he won the prize is true． 他获奖的消息是真的。 同位语从句 that不作成分，内容是“消息”的具体内容 The news that he told me is true． 他告诉我的那个消息是真的。 定语从句 that在从句中作told的宾语，修饰“消息” 五、使用注意事项 1．that在同位语从句中不能省略（与定语从句中作宾语时可省略不同） 2．if不能引导同位语从句，表示“是否”时只能用whether 3．同位语从句中的虚拟语气 当同位语从句所修饰的名词是suggestion，proposal，order，advice，demand，request等时，从句谓语常用“（should +）动词原形”。 He made a proposal that the meeting (should) be postponed． 他提议会议推迟。 4．常用名词归纳：接同位语从句的名词有限，常见的有：fact，news，idea，hope，belief，thought，doubt，evidence，proof，conclusion，decision，suggestion，proposal，order，promise，rumour，report，word（消息）等。 七．单元写作 写一篇关于遗址保护的倡议书 倡议书是一种公开提出建议或号召的应用文体，目的是呼吁他人采取行动。写遗址保护的倡议书时，需要阐明保护的重要性、存在的问题以及具体的行动建议。 时态：以一般现在时为主。 人称：以第一人称（我们）和第三人称为主。 [基本框架] 开头（the beginning）：倡议目的（说明为什么要保护遗址，遗址的价值）； 主体（the body）：倡议内容（存在的问题、具体的保护建议和措施）； 结尾（the ending）：发出号召（呼吁大家行动起来）。 [常用词块] 1. be of great significance 非常重要 2. in favor of 支持 3. contribute to the tourism 有助于旅游业 4. make good use of heritage sites 充分利用遗址 5. the enhancement of people's protection 加强人民的保护 6. raise the awareness of... 提高……的意识 7. a symbol of great ancient civilization 伟大古代文明的象征 8. enhance our national pride 增强我们的民族自豪感 9. take effective measures to do sth. 采取有效措施做某事 10. keep our mind clear 保持清醒的头脑 [常用语句] ★精彩开头 1. It is very important to preserve cultural heritage sites. 保护文化遗产遗址非常重要。 2. A lot of cultural heritage sites are in great danger and it is our duty to protect them. 许多文化遗产遗址处于极大的危险之中，保护它们是我们的责任。 3. Cultural heritage is a symbol of great ancient civilization. 文化遗产是伟大古代文明的象征。 ★正文佳句 1. Many people hold the view that cultural heritage sites should be well preserved. 许多人认为文化遗产遗址应该得到很好的保护。 2. Unfortunately, some of the cultural heritage sites have been damaged. 不幸的是，一些文化遗产遗址已经被破坏了。 3. Protecting cultural heritage can enhance our national pride. 保护文化遗产可以增强我们的民族自豪感。 4. Cultural heritage is of great value. 文化遗产具有巨大的价值。 5. Our country's cultural heritage protection has made great progress, but many problems still exist. 我国的文化遗产保护已经取得了很大进展，但仍然存在许多问题。 ★余味结尾 1．In short, we should protect the cultural heritage and actively repair the damaged heritage. 总之，我们应该保护文化遗产，积极修复被破坏的遗产。 2. We should keep our mind clear and take more effective measures to protect heritage sites. 我们应该保持清醒的头脑，采取更有效的措施来保护遗址。 3. Let's take action together to protect our precious cultural heritage. 让我们一起行动起来，保护我们宝贵的文化遗产。 文化遗产是古代伟大文明的象征，保护文化遗产可以增强我们的民族自豪感。请你写一篇80词左右的倡议书，提倡保护文化遗产。 注意： 1．词数80左右； 2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 It is important to protect cultural heritage. Cultural heritage is a symbol of great ancient civilization. Most cultural heritage is related to great people, so protecting it shows respect for them. Cultural heritage is of great value and protecting it can make us feel proud of our nation. Our country’s cultural heritage protection has made great progress, but many problems still exist and need to be solved. Therefore, we should keep our mind clear and take more effective steps to better protect cultural heritage. . 一、单词拼写。根据汉语或首字母提示写出单词的正确形式。 1. We are now living in a __________(和谐的) society. 2. Camus is considered to be one of the twentieth century’s __________(文学的) giants. 3. The couple tried every possible means to save their __________(收养的) son, but in vain. 4. He fled from the fire __________panic. 5. He is a very __________(有影响力的) man in the government. 6. The police found a __________(上了膛的) gun at the spot. 7. It __________(使惊讶) everyone that Yang Chenyu gained a mark of 730. 8. The candidate waved his hands to __________(感谢) the cheers of the crowd. 9. A __________(和谐的) relationship exists between the human body and the instrument. 10. The ship __________(沉没) on a cold winter morning. 11. The museum will serve as a __________(纪念碑) to the millions who lost their lives. 12. Newspapers seized on the results as __________(证据) that global warming wasn’t really happening. 13. A lot of parents write to us to express their __________(担忧) over food safety. 14. Thank you all for your __________(合作) and wish our project a great success. 15. A heavy rain is __________(预报) to come tomorrow. 16. Most people have come to accept the need for __________(保护) of natural resources. 17. They looked at him with a mixture of horror, envy and __________(敬畏). 18. This book was the __________(成果) of a tremendous amount of scientific work. 19. The local doctor sent her to see a __________(专家). 20. There is now __________(激烈的) competition between schools to attract students. 21. His bad habit will __________(毁灭) his chance of having a bright future. 22. Sorry to __________(打扰), but there’s someone to see you. 23. The historic building is as much part of our __________(遗产) as the paintings. 24. If the rules of a country __________(崩塌), the whole society would get into a mess. 25. It is better for children to wear shirts made of 100% pure __________(棉). 二、单句语法填空。用括号内所给词的适当形式填空 1. The plane suddenly shook __________(violent). 2. Seeing the eagle, the little rabbit was __________(freeze) with fear. 3. The two foxes hatched a plot to prevent the hen __________(hatch) its eggs. 4. My husband convinced me to visit the neighbour’s family, which strengthened the __________(harmony) relationship. 5. Tom, an influential figure, __________ (dismiss) from his job last month. 6. The minister of education insists that teachers__________ (facilitate) the discussion. 7. He managed __________ (drag) the camel out of the sand. 8. The old man spent the whole night __________(pray) for his son. 9. Guests __________(panic) and screamed when the bomb exploded. 10. Any experience can teach and __________(strength) you. 11. Many companies are suffering from a __________(short) of skilled staff. 12. Gradually he began__________ (acknowledge) his feelings of envy. 13. The twins can be told from each other by (compare). 14. When rescue personnel arrived, the two had __________ (freeze) to death. 15. The injured dog was abandoned, __________(bleed) to death. 16. He suspected that the military __________ (plot) against him. 17. Whatever he said, she __________ (convince) that he was right. 18. The university hopes __________ (strength) its ties with the community. 19. If you carry on __________ (work) like that, you will break down. 20. Yet we remain __________(convince) that the hard winter cannot stop the arrival of spring. 21. An accident happened. That was __________traffic seemed to slow down. 22. He is always able to complete the tasks __________(assign) by his boss. 23. We __________ (awe) by ancient civilizations. 24. The more united the nation is, the __________ (likely) the civil war is to end. 25. There was no guarantee __________they would not use missiles. 三、完成句子。 1. 莉莉坐到椅子上休息；相反，露西正忙着收拾行李。 Lily sank down into a chair to rest; Lucy, _____________________, was busy packing up. 2. 与上周的会议一样，明天要举行的会议将至少持续三个小时。 _____________________, the one to be held tomorrow will last at least three hours. 3. 上周日，我校举行了盛大的运动会开幕式。 Last Sunday __________the royal opening ceremony of the sports meeting in our school. 4. 在士兵们被冻死的地方立了一座纪念碑。 A memorial was set up _____________________. 5. 我深信露西是代表我们学校参加马拉松比赛的合适人选。 I am convinced that Lucy _____________________ on behalf of our school. 6. 他坚持说卡车上装的大米太多了，但是司机对他的话不予考虑。 He insisted that the truck had been loaded with too many bags of rice, but the driver _____________________. 7. 他在被人发现前就因失血过多而死亡。 He _____________________ before anyone found him. 8. 她沉溺于享乐的生活。 She _____________________ a life of pleasure. 9. 该弃儿被人们发现时安然无恙。 The child was found _____________________. 10. 这不是一个好主意；相反地，这是一个巨大的错误。 It wasn’t a good idea; on the contrary, _____________________. 11. 与那幢房子相比，这幢房子的优点是价格低。 _____________________, this one has the advantage of low price. 12. 他站在一个角落里，泪流满面。 He stood in a corner _____________________. 13. 他当选为最有前途的新导演。 He _____________________ most promising new director. 14. 预报这个周末要下大雨。 _____________________ it is going to rain heavily this weekend. 15. 与朋友商量后，他仍然不知道是否要暂停该项目。 In consultation with his friend, he _____________________ he would suspend the project. 16. 敌人禁止村民帮助我们的士兵，但村民们没有屈服于敌人的威胁。 The enemy _____________________, but the villagers did not submit themselves to the enemy’s threat. 17. 以拙见，尽管竞争激烈，但我们必须勇敢地追求自己的梦想。 In my humble opinion, despite the intense competition, we must _____________________. 18. 我们佩服他的学习精神，都投了他的票。 Awed by his learning spirit, we all _____________________. 19. 你们俩越是争吵，就越有可能发生冲突。 The more you both fight, _____________________ you are to come into conflict with each other. 20. 这些变化带来的效果难以评估。 It is difficult to _____________________. $