Unit 4 Scientists who changed the world【速记清单】-2024-2025 学年高一英语单元速记•巧练（译林版2020必修第三册）

Unit 4 Scientists who changed the world 【速记清单】 单元重点单词短语句型语法 考点词汇 1.survival n.生存,存活;残存物,幸存事物→ survive vt.&vi.幸存,存活;比……活得长→survivor n.幸存 Rainforests have their own perfect system for ensuring their own survival. (热带)雨林有自己完善的系统来确保自己的生存。 (1) survive vt.&vi.幸存,存活;比……活得长 (2)A survive B (by...)A比B活得长(……) survive sth. (经历意外、战争、疾病等后)幸存,活下来 survive on 靠……生存下来 2. intend vt.&vi.想要,计划;意指→intention n.打算,计划,目的→intended adj.预期的,计划的,打算的 (教材原句)In the 1960s, many people were dying of malaria, and in 1969 Tu became head of a team that intended to find a cure for the disease.在20世纪60年代,许多人死于疟疾,1969年屠呦呦担任了一个课题组的组长,这个小组计划找到该疾病的治疗方法。 (1)intend doing/to do sth. 打算去做某事 intend sb. to do sth. 打算让某人去做某事 sb. intend(s) that =It is intended that 打算 (2)be intended for... 为……准备 (3)with the intention of... 怀着……的意图 (4)intend的过去完成时可以表示过去本来打算做某事,但实际上未做,是一种虚拟语气的用法。有这种用法的动词还有:hope, wish, expect等。 3.refer to查阅,参考;提到,谈及,提交;指的是 (教材原句)When they failed to produce any promising results, Tu referred to the ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine again.当他们没有取得任何有希望的结果时,屠呦呦再次求助于中医古籍。 (1)refer...to...　 把……提交给…… refer to...as... 把……称为…… (2)reference n.提及;涉及;参考;参考书 for reference 以备查阅;以供参考 4.limited adj.有限的→limit vt.&n.限制,限定;界限,限度→limitation n.限制,局限→limitless adj.无限的 (教材原句)However, it was hard to produce enough qinghao extract for large trials because research resources were limited. 然而,由于研究资源有限,很难生产出足够的青蒿提取物用于大规模试验。 (1)be limited to 　　 限定在…… limit...to... 把……限制在……内 limit sb.to (doing) sth. 限制某人(做)某事 (2) set a limit to/on 在……上设定限度 There is a/no limit to... ……是有/ 无限度的(to 是介词) 5.pay off成功,奏效,达到目的;还清 (教材原句)The efforts of Tu and her team finally paid off.屠(呦呦)和其团队的努力终于有了回报。 pay for　　　 支付;为……付出代价 pay back 偿还 用于pay off sth.或 pay sth. off结构。通常接account,debt,loan等作宾语。 用于sth. pay off结构。通常用effort,hard work,persistence等作主语。 用于 pay sb. off结构。 6.beneficial adj. 有益的;有用的→benefit vt.&vi.使受益,对……有益;得益于 n.好处,益处 In my view,high school students should have a balanced diet and eat more fruit and vegetables,which can be beneficial to their health. 在我看来,高中生应该有一个均衡的饮食,多吃水果和蔬菜,这对他们的健康是有益的。 benefit from/by 得益于……,从……中受益 to one’s benefit 对某人有益 be of benefit to=be beneficial to对……有益处 for the benefit of sb.=for one’s benefit 为了某人的利益 7.conduct vt.& vi. 组织,实施;指挥;引导;举止;传导n.行为→conduction n.传导→conductor n.指挥,售票员 (教材原句)Their efforts to conduct research in both fields may finally pay off. 他们在这两个领域进行研究的努力可能最终会得到回报。 conduct sb.around... 带某人参观…… conduct sb.to... 带某人去…… conduct oneself well/badly (行为)表现好/差 8.surround vt.围绕,环绕;包围;与……紧密相关→surroundings 　n.周围的事物;环境(通常用复数形式) →surrounding adj.周围的 (高考例句)And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds surrounding the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears. 当他看到河面上的薄雾和山顶周围的软云时,他流下了眼泪。 surround sb./sth. with /by... 使某人/某物被……包围 be surrounded by/with 被……包围/环绕 9.indicate vt.表明;暗示;提及;指出→indication n.暗示;表示;预兆→indicator n.指示物,标志;指示器 (教材原句)The results indicated that something produced by the mould had killed the bacteria.结果表明,霉菌产生的某种物质杀死了细菌。 indicate sth.to sb. 向某人示意/ 指出某事 indicate that... 指示/表明…… 10.favo(u)r vt.较喜欢;偏袒;有助于n.帮助,好事;赞同;偏袒→favorite adj.最喜爱的→favorable adj.有利的;良好的;赞成的 (高考例句)Asking a favor of the President of the United States was no casual matter, especially for a seventeen-year-old girl. 请美国的总统帮个忙可不是一件轻松的事,尤其是对一个17岁的女孩来说。 ask a favor of sb. 请某人帮忙/照顾 do a favor for sb.=do sb.a favour给某人恩惠,帮某人忙 in one’s favor 对某人有利 in favor of 支持,赞同 11.involve vt. 包含;牵涉,影响;(使)参加→involved adj.复杂的;有牵连的,有关的→involvement n.参与;加入;插手 (教材原句)I had to ask myself, “Is there some evil involved in science?”我不得不扪心自问:“科学之中是不是也包含罪恶?” (1)involve sb.in (doing) sth.使某人参与(做)某事;使某人牵扯到某事中 involve doing sth. 包括做某事 (2)get/be involved in 被卷入……之中;热衷于,专心于　　 (3)involved作前置定语时,意为“复杂的”;作后置定语时,意为“涉及的”。如the involved story 复杂的故事,the people involved所涉及的人。 12.apply vt.&vi.应用;申请;涂;有关→application n.请求;申请;申请表;应用 →applicant n.申请人 (高考例句)First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity.该税于2016年4月首次宣布,适用于每100毫升含糖超过5克的软饮料,旨在帮助减少儿童肥胖。 apply (to sb.) for sth. (向某人)申请某事 apply sth.to 把……应用于…… apply to sb./sth. 适用于/运用于…… apply oneself to (doing) sth.集中精力于/专注于(做)某事 apply oneself to,apply to,apply sth.to 等短语中的to为介词,后接名词、代词或v.-ing形式。 13.ignorance n.无知→ignore vt.忽视;对……不予理睬→ignorant adj.不了解的;无知的,愚昧的 (教材原句)The scientist has a lot of experience with ignorance and doubt and uncertainty, and this experience is of very great importance.科学家经常会经历无知、疑惑和不确定,而这种经历是十分重要的。 in ignorance of　 对……不知道 be ignorant of 对……不知道,不了解 14.take it for granted 想当然地认为,认为……是理所当然 (教材原句)Now, we scientists take it for granted that it is perfectly possible to live and not know.如今,我们科学家理所当然地认为,生而有所不知是完全有可能的。 take...seriously 　　　　 认真对待…… take...into consideration 把……考虑在内 take it easy 轻松点 take one’s time 慢慢来,不着急 take...for granted 后接that从句作宾语时,常用it作形式宾语,构成take it for granted that...结构。 15.permit vt.&vi. 允许,准许,许可;使有可能 n.许可证→permission n.[U]允许,许可,批准 Please note that, for safety reasons, pushchairs are not permitted in the State Apartments.请注意,出于安全考虑,婴儿车不允许进入国事厅。 (1)permit doing sth. 允许做某事 permit sb.to do sth. 允许某人做某事 if time permits 如果时间允许 (2)have permission to do sth. 获得许可做某事 with one’s permission/with the permission of sb. 在某人的许可/准许下 without permission 未经许可 16.declare vt.表明,宣称;公布,宣布;申报→declaration n. 声明,宣布;公告,宣言 There being no further business, I declared the meeting closed. 由于没有别的事了,我宣布闭会。 declare sth./sb.to be/as 宣布……为…… declare that+从句 宣布/宣称…… declare war (on/against...) (向……)宣战 declare the meeting open/closed 宣布大会开幕/闭幕 考点句型 1.序数词+动词不定时 [教材原文]Tu Youyou has become the first female scientist of the People's Republic of China to receive a Nobel Prize, awarded for her contribution to the fight against malaria, one of the deadliest diseases in human history.屠呦呦成为中华人民共和国第一位获得诺贝尔奖的女科学家。她获奖是因为她在抗击疟疾中做出的贡献，疟疾是人类历史上最致命的疾病之一。 (1)“the+序数词+名词+不定式”表示“第几个做……的”，其中不定式作后置定语。 (2)当被修饰词是序数词或被序数词修饰时，通常用不定式作后置定语。被修饰词与不定式之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。 (3)修饰词被形容词最高级或the only, the very，the next, the last等修饰时，多用不定式作后置定语。 (4)抽象名词ability, attempt, chance, promise, reason, time, way等后常用不定式作定语。 2. It is+形容词+不定式 [教材原文]However, it was hard to produce enough qinghao extract for large trials because research resources were limited. 然而,由于研究资源有限,很难生产足够的青蒿提取物用于大规模试验。 在“It is/was+adj.(for/of sb.)+to do sth.”结构中,for前面的形容词通常是difficult,necessary,important,quick,easy等,这些形容词多与事物的特征有关。而 of 前面的形容词常常是wise,kind,stupid,silly,bright,nice,good等,这些形容词常与人的性格特点有关。 It作形式主语的常见句型: (1)It is+adj.+(for/of sb.) to do sth. (2)It is+adj./n.+that从句 (3)It is no good/use doing sth.做某事是没有好处/用处的 (4)It is+过去分词+that从句 3. find+宾语+宾语补足语 [教材原文]The story goes like this:Franklin had found lightning interesting for years,believing it was actually electricity. 故事是这样的:多年来,富兰克林发现闪电很有趣,他认为它实际上是电。 Find +宾语+宾语补足语中的宾语补足语的可以是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词等。 在find的复合结构中,我们还常常采用“find+it+形容词/名词+to do ”的形式。 4.be of +n. (教材原句)The first way in which science is of value is familiar to everyone:scientific knowledge enables us to do and make all kinds of things. 科学体现价值的第一种方式对每个人而言都耳熟能详:科学知识让我们能够做各种各样的事,造不同种类的东西。 (1)“be of + 名词”结构可用来说明主语在度量、大小、颜色、类别等方面的特征。这类名词有 colour,age,size,height,weight,shape,type,kind,quality 等,名词前可用 different,the same,a(n)等修饰。 (2)be of 后可接 help,value,use,importance,significance,interest,benefit 等抽象名词,用来说明主语所具有的作用、重要性或意义,其意义相当于其同根形容词,这类名词前可用 great,much,little,any,some,no 等修饰。 单元语法 动词过去分词作定语，状语和宾语补足语 一、动词ed形式作定语 1. 前置定语 单个的动词ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，作前置定语。 2. 后置定语 作后置定语的动词ed形式一般都带有修饰语或其他成分，在语法上相当于一个定语从句。 [名师点津]如要表示强调，单个动词ed形式也可以作后置定语。 3. 动词ed形式作定语和动词ing形式作定语的区别 动词ed形式作定语表示动作已完成，有时有被动意义，而动词ing形式作定语表示动作正在进行，有主动意义。 the risen sun 升起了的太阳 the rising sun 正在升起的太阳 boiled water 开水 boiling water 正沸腾的水 developed countries 发达国家 developing countries 发展中国家 fallen leaves 落叶 falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子 changed condition 改变了的情况 changing condition 变化着的情况 二、动词ed形式作状语 1. 表示时间 动词ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。 [名师点津]有时动词ed形式前可加连词when或while等词来强调时间概念。 2. 表示原因 动词ed形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。 3. 表示条件 动词ed形式作状语表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。 4. 表示让步 动词ed形式作状语表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。 [名师点津]为了使动词ed形式表示的条件、让步意义更加明显，可以加上适当的连词。 5. 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明 动词ed形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时，通常位于句子的后面，相当于一个并列分句。 [名师点津]　当动词ed形式作状语和动词ing形式的被动式作状语时，并没有多大的区别，可以互换。 三、动词ed形式作宾语补足语 1. 在感官动词 see, hear, feel, notice, watch, find 后作宾语补足语。 2. 在使役动词 get, have, make, leave, keep 等后作宾语补足语。 (1)动词ed形式作get的宾语补足语。 [名师点津]动词 get 后面也可接动词不定式或动词ing形式作宾语补足语，此时，动词和宾语是主动关系。 (2)动词ed形式作make的宾语补足语。 [名师点津]动词 make 后的宾语补足语可用不带 to 的动词不定式或动词ed形式，但不可用动词ing形式。 【误】Can you make the students understanding the text? 【正】Can you make the students understand the text? 【正】Can you make the text understood by the students?你能让学生理解这篇课文吗？ (3)动词ed形式作keep或leave的宾语补足语。 3. 动词ed形式也可用在 with (without)结构中，作介词的宾语补足语。 4. 在某些动词如 want, need, prefer, would like 等后面，作宾语补足语的不定式被动形式省略“to be”后，就成了动词ed形式作宾语补足语。 一. 单词拼写 1．Children are inspired not to obey blindly, which is b (有益于) to their critical thinking. 【答案】beneficial/eneficial 【详解】考查形容词。句意：孩子们被鼓励不要盲目服从，这有利于他们的批判性思维。根据句意及汉语提示可知，形容词beneficial表示“有益的”，be beneficial to表示“对……有益”，符合句意。故填beneficial。 2．The results of the e (实验) confirmed our earlier predictions. 【答案】experiment/xperiment 【详解】考查名词。句意：实验的结果证实了我们早先的预测。“实验”作of宾语，根据首字母提示，用名词experiment，结合句意，特指一个实验，用单数形式。故填experiment。 3．The doctors believe that, with the new medicine, patients’ chance of s will be improved. 【答案】survival/urvival 【详解】考查名词。句意：医生们相信，有了这种新药，病人的生存机会将会提高。根据句意和首字母s以及空格前的介词of可知，空格处应该用名词survival作宾语。故填survival。 4．Due to the unexpected snowstorm, the school decided to p the annual sports day until the weather improved. 【答案】postpone/ostpone 【详解】考查动词。句意：由于意外的暴风雪，学校决定推迟一年一度的运动会，直到天气好转。根据“Due to the unexpected snowstorm”和首字母提示可推知，空处应用动词postpone，意为“推迟，延迟”，且此处用decide to do表示“决定做某事”，postpone需用原形。故填postpone。 5．In times of disaster, people must unify and show the (智慧) to stay positive and rebuild for a brighter future. 【答案】wisdom 【详解】考查名词。句意：在灾难时刻，人们必须团结一致，展现智慧，保持积极的态度，为更光明的未来重建。根据单词汉语提示及空前的show the可知应填名词形式wisdom，作宾语，意为“智慧”。故填wisdom。 6．The above examples i (说明，阐明) that different preferences exist across languages for certain general patterns of reference. 【答案】illustrate/llustrate 【详解】考查动词。句意：上面的例子说明，对于某些通用的引用模式，不同语言之间存在不同的偏好。根据汉语提示“说明，阐明”和首字母提示可知，此处为动词illustrate，陈述客观事实，使用一般现在时，主语为复数名词，谓语动词用原形。故填illustrate。 7．Having realized that your time is (有限的), you’ll have to study for your goals without hesitation. 【答案】limited 【详解】考查形容词。句意：意识到你的时间是有限的，你必须毫不犹豫地为你的目标而学习。表示“有限的”使用形容词limited，作表语。故填limited。 8．The police officers are c (组织、安排) an investigation throughout the nation. 【答案】conducting/onducting 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：警察正在全国范围内组织调查。根据所给汉语提示“组织、安排”，其英文为conduct，是动词，根据句意可知，句子为现在进行时态，空处应填动词现在分词形式。故填conducting。 9．The teacher together with three students was conducting an (实验) when I entered the laboratory. 【答案】experiment 【详解】考查名词。句意：当我进入实验室时，老师和三个学生正在进行实验。根据空前an可知，空处应用以元音音素开头的名词单数形式，作宾语；表示“实验”应用experiment，为可数名词，元音音素开头，符合句意。故填experiment。 10．The scientist (提到) to global warming at least three times in his speech. 【答案】referred 【详解】考查动词。句意：这位科学家在演讲中至少三次提到全球变暖。结合空后的“to”可知，“提到”应用动词refer，短语refer to意为“提及，提到”，且句子应该是描述过去发生的事情，时态应用一般过去时，谓语动词用过去式形式。故填referred。 二. 选词填空  look forward to   in advance   apply for   give way to       keep a balance let down, take it for granted, put forward, in doubt, devote oneself to, 1．She was seeing her grandchidren again. 2．If you’re going to come, please let me know . 3．I believe old farming methods should improved modern ones. 4．How many jobs had you before you were offered this one? 5． between the progress and the protection of cultural sites can be a big challenge. 6．He that he would pass the exam. 7．The scientist researching the disease for an effective cure. 8．The future of the stadium is because of a lack of money. 9．He failed in the exam again and his parents . 10．Over the years several similar theories about the formation of the solar system have been . 【答案】1．looking forward to 2．in advance 3．give way to 4．applied for 5．Keeping a balance 6．took it for granted 7．devoted himself to 8．in doubt 9． let down 10．put forward【解析】1．考查动词短语和时态。句意：她很期待再次见到她的孙子孙女。空处作谓语，短语look forward to意为“期待”，符合句意，且根据was可知，此处应用现在分词形式构成过去进行时。故填looking forward to。 2．考查短语。句意：如果你打算来，请提前让我知道。短语in advance意为“提前”，符合句意，作状语。故填in advance。 3．考查动词短语。句意：我相信旧的耕作方法应该让位于改进的现代方法。空处作谓语，give way to意为“让位于”，符合句意，且情态动词should后接动词原形。故填give way to。 4．考查动词短语和时态。句意：在你得到这份工作之前，你申请了多少份工作？空处作谓语，apply for意为“申请”，符合句意，且根据助动词had可知以及“before you were offered this one”，空处应填过去分词形式，构成过去完成时，表示“过去的过去”。故填applied for。 5．考查动词短语。句意：在进步和文化遗址保护之间保持平衡可能是一个巨大的挑战。keep a balance意为“保持平衡”，符合句意，空处作主语，应用动名词形式，且句首单词首字母大写。故填Keeping a balance。 6．考查固定搭配、时态。句意：他认为他会通过考试是理所当然的。本题用固定搭配take it for granted意为“认为……理所当然”，根据“that he would pass the exam.”可知，句子用一般过去时态。故填took it for granted。 7．考查固定搭配、时态。句意：这位科学家致力于研究这种疾病的治疗方法。根据“researching the disease for an effective cure.”可知，本题用固定搭配devote oneself to意为“致力于……”，表示“致力于研究这种疾病的有效疗法”。结合句意，此处陈述这位科学家所做的贡献，是在陈述过去的事情，用一般过去时。故填devoted himself to。 8．考查固定搭配。句意：由于缺乏资金，体育场的未来不确定。根据“because of a lack of money.”可知，本题用固定搭配in doubt意为“怀疑，不确定”，表示“因缺乏资金，而不确定”。放于系动词后作表语。故填in doubt。 9．考查固定搭配、时态。句意：他又一次考试不及格，让他的父母失望。本题用固定搭配let down表示“让某人失望”，空处与failed作并列谓语，时态为一般过去时，let的过去式和原形一致。故填let；down。 10．考查固定搭配、时态。句意：多年来，关于太阳系形成的一些类似理论已经被提出。本题用固定搭配put forward表示“提出”，在句中作谓语，且主语several similar theories about the formation of the solar system与put forward存在被动关系，需填过去分词形式，构成现在完成时的被动语态，表示“一些类似理论已经被提出”。put 的过去分词形式同原形一致。故填put forward。 三. 用所给词的适当形式填空 1．Drinking herbal tea daily is widely thought to be (benefit), especially by senior citizens. 【答案】beneficial 【详解】考查形容词。句意：每天喝草药茶被广泛认为是有益的，特别是受到老年人的认可。提示词作表语，用形容词beneficial，意为“有益的”，表明逻辑主语“Drinking herbal tea”的性质。故填beneficial。 2．The variety of food at the restaurant is (limit), but the amount of each dish is fairly large. 【答案】limited 【详解】考查形容词。句意：这家餐厅的食物种类有限，但每道菜的量都相当大。根据句意以及空前is为系动词可知，此处为形容词limited“有限的”作表语，满足句意要求。故填limited。 3．The advances in modern technology can significantly improve patient’s chance of (survive). 【答案】survival 【详解】考查名词。句意：现代技术的进步能显著提高病人的生存机会。设空处应填名词作介词of的宾语，survive的名词形式是survival。故填survival。 4．I (intend) to respond in a straightforward way to persuade them bat soon realized that this wouldn’t work. 【答案】intended 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：我本打算直截了当地说服他们，但很快就意识到这行不通。根据句中“soon realized”可知，动作发生在过去，因此用一般过去时，所给词intend的过去式是intended。故填intended。 5．A (short) of funds is preventing the UN from monitoring relief. 【答案】shortage 【详解】考查名词。句意：资金短缺让联合国无法监管救济工作。a shortage of，表示“短缺”为固定短语。故填shortage。 6．A successful man should have courage, determination and (wise). 【答案】wisdom 【详解】考查名词。句意：一个成功的人应该有勇气、决心和智慧。根据and可知，空处应和courage以及determination并列，所以应填名词作宾语，wise的名词形式是wisdom。故填wisdom。 7．A study (involve) long-distance runners is being done at the Medical Center. 【答案】involving 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：医学中心正在进行一项涉及长跑运动员的研究。此处作定语，修饰study，study与involve之间为主动关系，应用现在分词。故填involving。 8．As senior high school students, we are supposed to take (responsible) for our own study. 【答案】responsibility 【详解】考查名词。句意：作为高中生，我们应该为自己的学习负责。此处为名词作宾语，responsible的名词为responsibility意为“责任”，take responsibility for意为“为……负责”。故填responsibility。 9．Like his father, Martin earned his living as a farmer, but he grew crops with (science) methods. 【答案】scientific 【详解】考查形容词。句意：像他的父亲一样，马丁以务农为生，但他用科学的方法种植庄稼。空格处作定语，修饰空格后的名词methods，用形容词scientific。故填scientific。 10．Palestinians have long demanded that refugees (难民) (permit) to return home. 【答案】should be permitted/be permitted 【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意：巴勒斯坦人长期以来一直要求允许难民返回家园。此处宾语从句用虚拟语气，谓语用should+动词原形，should可以省略；且permit与主语构成被动关系，故填should be permitted/be permitted。 四. 完成句子 1．养成制定学习计划的习惯对我们是有好处的。（动名词作主语） 【答案】Forming the habit of making plans for our study is beneficial to us. 【详解】考查动名词作主语。句子表述客观事实，故使用一般现在时，表示“养成制定学习计划的习惯”用动词短语form habit of making plans for our study，此处使用动名词作主语，为单数，句子构成主系表结构，be动词用is；表示“有好处的”用形容词beneficial作表语，表示“对我们”使用介词短语to us。故翻译为Forming the habit of making plans for our study is beneficial to us. 2．我们原本打算发起各种活动来提高公众对塑料污染问题的意识，但我们人手不足。（intend） 【答案】We had intended to launch various activities to raise public awareness of the problem of plastic pollution, but we were understaffed. 【详解】考查动词。表示“原本打算做某事”应用动词短语had intended to do sth，表示计划去做某事；“发起各种活动”翻译为launch various activities，其中launch表示发起；“提高意识”表达为raise awareness of，此处使用动词不定式作目的状语，“塑料污染问题”，构成名词短语the problem of plastic pollution，作of的宾语；“我们人手不足”翻译为we were understaffed，understaffed表示缺少人手，为主系表结构。故翻译为We had intended to launch various activities to raise public awareness of the problem of plastic pollution, but we were understaffed.。 3．该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。（it作形式主语） 【答案】It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. 【详解】考查形式主语、状语从句、动词短语和时态。分析句子可知，句子描述的是过去的事情，应用一般过去时；“It seemed that…”是固定句型，表示“似乎……”，其中It是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句；“喜欢某物如此之多以至于……”可以翻译为“like sth. so much that…”；“从水泵抽上来的水”翻译为“the water from the pump”；“让别人做某事”可以翻译为“have sth. done”；“让人把水运到家里”翻译为“have it delivered to her house”；“每天”翻译为“every day”。故翻译为It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day。 4．手语(sign language)对于耳聋或听力不佳的人来说非常重要。(be of+n.) 【答案】Sign language is of great importance for people who/that are deaf or have poor hearing. 【详解】考查句子结构，介词短语。本句描述客观事实，用一般现在时。主语“手语”为sign language；系动词be用is；用of+n表示“非常重要”为of great importance；表示“对于……来说”用介词for；表示“耳聋或听力不佳的人”为people who/that are deaf or have poor hearing，who/that限制性定语从句修饰先行词people。句首字母大写，故翻译为Sign language is of great importance for people who / that are deaf or have poor hearing. 5．焦虑又紧张，Jack在房间里走来走去，陷入沉思。(形容词作状语) 【答案】Nervous and anxious, he walked up and down the room, lost in thought. 【详解】考查形容词，时态和短语。根据句意，用一般过去时，“紧张又焦虑”译为Nervous and anxious，用形容词作状语，说明主语Jack的感受，“在房间里走来走去”译为walk up and down the room，“陷入沉思”译为lost in thought，形容词短语作状语，故译为Nervous and anxious, he walked up and down the room, lost in thought. 6．练瑜伽是一种摆脱压力和担忧，寻找内心平静的很好的方式。 Practicing yoga , and find inner peace. 【答案】is a good way to get rid of stress and worry 【详解】考查不定式作定语。句意：练瑜伽是一种摆脱压力和担忧，寻找内心平静的很好的方式。本句为主系表结构。way后常接不定式短语作定语。“摆脱”译为:get rid of, “压力和担忧”为stress and worry，作宾语，句子用一般现在时，故填is a good way to get rid of stress and worry. 7．汪洋是我们学校第一个被北京大学录取的学生。 (动词不定式短语作后置定语) Wang Yang was Peking University in our school. 【答案】the first student to be admitted into 【详解】考查动词不定式和动词短语。根据句意和题目要求，the first+n.+to do sth.表示“第一个做某事的……”，其中动词不定式to do作后置定语，修饰前面的名词；动词短语be admitted into表示“被……录取”，故“第一个被北京大学录取的学生”可译为the first student to be admitted into Peking University，符合句子和句意。故填the first student to be admitted into。 8．我转过身来发现他朝我走来，向前摆动双脚时，他的弱小身体左右摇晃。（find+宾语+宾语补足语） I turned to , his small body rocking from side to side as he swung his feet forward. 【答案】find him coming/walking to/towards me 【详解】考查短语和非谓语动词。空处表示“发现他朝我走来”，用find him coming/walking to/towards me，现在分词作宾补，turned to后用动词原形构成不定式。故填find him coming/walking to/towards me。 ( 9 / 14 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 4 Scientists who changed the world 【速记清单】 单元重点单词短语句型语法 考点词汇 1.survival n.生存,存活;残存物,幸存事物→ survive vt.&vi.幸存,存活;比……活得长→survivor n.幸存 Rainforests have their own perfect system for ensuring their own survival. (热带)雨林有自己完善的系统来确保自己的生存。 (1) survive vt.&vi.幸存,存活;比……活得长 (2)A survive B (by...)A比B活得长(……) survive sth. (经历意外、战争、疾病等后)幸存,活下来 survive on 靠……生存下来 2. intend vt.&vi.想要,计划;意指→intention n.打算,计划,目的→intended adj.预期的,计划的,打算的 (教材原句)In the 1960s, many people were dying of malaria, and in 1969 Tu became head of a team that intended to find a cure for the disease.在20世纪60年代,许多人死于疟疾,1969年屠呦呦担任了一个课题组的组长,这个小组计划找到该疾病的治疗方法。 (1)intend doing/to do sth. 打算去做某事 intend sb. to do sth. 打算让某人去做某事 sb. intend(s) that =It is intended that 打算 (2)be intended for... 为……准备 (3)with the intention of... 怀着……的意图 (4)intend的过去完成时可以表示过去本来打算做某事,但实际上未做,是一种虚拟语气的用法。有这种用法的动词还有:hope, wish, expect等。 3.refer to查阅,参考;提到,谈及,提交;指的是 (教材原句)When they failed to produce any promising results, Tu referred to the ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine again.当他们没有取得任何有希望的结果时,屠呦呦再次求助于中医古籍。 (1)refer...to...　 把……提交给…… refer to...as... 把……称为…… (2)reference n.提及;涉及;参考;参考书 for reference 以备查阅;以供参考 4.limited adj.有限的→limit vt.&n.限制,限定;界限,限度→limitation n.限制,局限→limitless adj.无限的 (教材原句)However, it was hard to produce enough qinghao extract for large trials because research resources were limited. 然而,由于研究资源有限,很难生产出足够的青蒿提取物用于大规模试验。 (1)be limited to 　　 限定在…… limit...to... 把……限制在……内 limit sb.to (doing) sth. 限制某人(做)某事 (2) set a limit to/on 在……上设定限度 There is a/no limit to... ……是有/ 无限度的(to 是介词) 5.pay off成功,奏效,达到目的;还清 (教材原句)The efforts of Tu and her team finally paid off.屠(呦呦)和其团队的努力终于有了回报。 pay for　　　 支付;为……付出代价 pay back 偿还 用于pay off sth.或 pay sth. off结构。通常接account,debt,loan等作宾语。 用于sth. pay off结构。通常用effort,hard work,persistence等作主语。 用于 pay sb. off结构。 6.beneficial adj. 有益的;有用的→benefit vt.&vi.使受益,对……有益;得益于 n.好处,益处 In my view,high school students should have a balanced diet and eat more fruit and vegetables,which can be beneficial to their health. 在我看来,高中生应该有一个均衡的饮食,多吃水果和蔬菜,这对他们的健康是有益的。 benefit from/by 得益于……,从……中受益 to one’s benefit 对某人有益 be of benefit to=be beneficial to对……有益处 for the benefit of sb.=for one’s benefit 为了某人的利益 7.conduct vt.& vi. 组织,实施;指挥;引导;举止;传导n.行为→conduction n.传导→conductor n.指挥,售票员 (教材原句)Their efforts to conduct research in both fields may finally pay off. 他们在这两个领域进行研究的努力可能最终会得到回报。 conduct sb.around... 带某人参观…… conduct sb.to... 带某人去…… conduct oneself well/badly (行为)表现好/差 8.surround vt.围绕,环绕;包围;与……紧密相关→surroundings 　n.周围的事物;环境(通常用复数形式) →surrounding adj.周围的 (高考例句)And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds surrounding the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears. 当他看到河面上的薄雾和山顶周围的软云时,他流下了眼泪。 surround sb./sth. with /by... 使某人/某物被……包围 be surrounded by/with 被……包围/环绕 9.indicate vt.表明;暗示;提及;指出→indication n.暗示;表示;预兆→indicator n.指示物,标志;指示器 (教材原句)The results indicated that something produced by the mould had killed the bacteria.结果表明,霉菌产生的某种物质杀死了细菌。 indicate sth.to sb. 向某人示意/ 指出某事 indicate that... 指示/表明…… 10.favo(u)r vt.较喜欢;偏袒;有助于n.帮助,好事;赞同;偏袒→favorite adj.最喜爱的→favorable adj.有利的;良好的;赞成的 (高考例句)Asking a favor of the President of the United States was no casual matter, especially for a seventeen-year-old girl. 请美国的总统帮个忙可不是一件轻松的事,尤其是对一个17岁的女孩来说。 ask a favor of sb. 请某人帮忙/照顾 do a favor for sb.=do sb.a favour给某人恩惠,帮某人忙 in one’s favor 对某人有利 in favor of 支持,赞同 11.involve vt. 包含;牵涉,影响;(使)参加→involved adj.复杂的;有牵连的,有关的→involvement n.参与;加入;插手 (教材原句)I had to ask myself, “Is there some evil involved in science?”我不得不扪心自问:“科学之中是不是也包含罪恶?” (1)involve sb.in (doing) sth.使某人参与(做)某事;使某人牵扯到某事中 involve doing sth. 包括做某事 (2)get/be involved in 被卷入……之中;热衷于,专心于　　 (3)involved作前置定语时,意为“复杂的”;作后置定语时,意为“涉及的”。如the involved story 复杂的故事,the people involved所涉及的人。 12.apply vt.&vi.应用;申请;涂;有关→application n.请求;申请;申请表;应用 →applicant n.申请人 (高考例句)First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity.该税于2016年4月首次宣布,适用于每100毫升含糖超过5克的软饮料,旨在帮助减少儿童肥胖。 apply (to sb.) for sth. (向某人)申请某事 apply sth.to 把……应用于…… apply to sb./sth. 适用于/运用于…… apply oneself to (doing) sth.集中精力于/专注于(做)某事 apply oneself to,apply to,apply sth.to 等短语中的to为介词,后接名词、代词或v.-ing形式。 13.ignorance n.无知→ignore vt.忽视;对……不予理睬→ignorant adj.不了解的;无知的,愚昧的 (教材原句)The scientist has a lot of experience with ignorance and doubt and uncertainty, and this experience is of very great importance.科学家经常会经历无知、疑惑和不确定,而这种经历是十分重要的。 in ignorance of　 对……不知道 be ignorant of 对……不知道,不了解 14.take it for granted 想当然地认为,认为……是理所当然 (教材原句)Now, we scientists take it for granted that it is perfectly possible to live and not know.如今,我们科学家理所当然地认为,生而有所不知是完全有可能的。 take...seriously 　　　　 认真对待…… take...into consideration 把……考虑在内 take it easy 轻松点 take one’s time 慢慢来,不着急 take...for granted 后接that从句作宾语时,常用it作形式宾语,构成take it for granted that...结构。 15.permit vt.&vi. 允许,准许,许可;使有可能 n.许可证→permission n.[U]允许,许可,批准 Please note that, for safety reasons, pushchairs are not permitted in the State Apartments.请注意,出于安全考虑,婴儿车不允许进入国事厅。 (1)permit doing sth. 允许做某事 permit sb.to do sth. 允许某人做某事 if time permits 如果时间允许 (2)have permission to do sth. 获得许可做某事 with one’s permission/with the permission of sb. 在某人的许可/准许下 without permission 未经许可 16.declare vt.表明,宣称;公布,宣布;申报→declaration n. 声明,宣布;公告,宣言 There being no further business, I declared the meeting closed. 由于没有别的事了,我宣布闭会。 declare sth./sb.to be/as 宣布……为…… declare that+从句 宣布/宣称…… declare war (on/against...) (向……)宣战 declare the meeting open/closed 宣布大会开幕/闭幕 考点句型 1.序数词+动词不定时 [教材原文]Tu Youyou has become the first female scientist of the People's Republic of China to receive a Nobel Prize, awarded for her contribution to the fight against malaria, one of the deadliest diseases in human history.屠呦呦成为中华人民共和国第一位获得诺贝尔奖的女科学家。她获奖是因为她在抗击疟疾中做出的贡献，疟疾是人类历史上最致命的疾病之一。 (1)“the+序数词+名词+不定式”表示“第几个做……的”，其中不定式作后置定语。 (2)当被修饰词是序数词或被序数词修饰时，通常用不定式作后置定语。被修饰词与不定式之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。 (3)修饰词被形容词最高级或the only, the very，the next, the last等修饰时，多用不定式作后置定语。 (4)抽象名词ability, attempt, chance, promise, reason, time, way等后常用不定式作定语。 2. It is+形容词+不定式 [教材原文]However, it was hard to produce enough qinghao extract for large trials because research resources were limited. 然而,由于研究资源有限,很难生产足够的青蒿提取物用于大规模试验。 在“It is/was+adj.(for/of sb.)+to do sth.”结构中,for前面的形容词通常是difficult,necessary,important,quick,easy等,这些形容词多与事物的特征有关。而 of 前面的形容词常常是wise,kind,stupid,silly,bright,nice,good等,这些形容词常与人的性格特点有关。 It作形式主语的常见句型: (1)It is+adj.+(for/of sb.) to do sth. (2)It is+adj./n.+that从句 (3)It is no good/use doing sth.做某事是没有好处/用处的 (4)It is+过去分词+that从句 3. find+宾语+宾语补足语 [教材原文]The story goes like this:Franklin had found lightning interesting for years,believing it was actually electricity. 故事是这样的:多年来,富兰克林发现闪电很有趣,他认为它实际上是电。 Find +宾语+宾语补足语中的宾语补足语的可以是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词等。 在find的复合结构中,我们还常常采用“find+it+形容词/名词+to do ”的形式。 4.be of +n. (教材原句)The first way in which science is of value is familiar to everyone:scientific knowledge enables us to do and make all kinds of things. 科学体现价值的第一种方式对每个人而言都耳熟能详:科学知识让我们能够做各种各样的事,造不同种类的东西。 (1)“be of + 名词”结构可用来说明主语在度量、大小、颜色、类别等方面的特征。这类名词有 colour,age,size,height,weight,shape,type,kind,quality 等,名词前可用 different,the same,a(n)等修饰。 (2)be of 后可接 help,value,use,importance,significance,interest,benefit 等抽象名词,用来说明主语所具有的作用、重要性或意义,其意义相当于其同根形容词,这类名词前可用 great,much,little,any,some,no 等修饰。 单元语法 动词过去分词作定语，状语和宾语补足语 一、动词ed形式作定语 1. 前置定语 单个的动词ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，作前置定语。 2. 后置定语 作后置定语的动词ed形式一般都带有修饰语或其他成分，在语法上相当于一个定语从句。 [名师点津]如要表示强调，单个动词ed形式也可以作后置定语。 3. 动词ed形式作定语和动词ing形式作定语的区别 动词ed形式作定语表示动作已完成，有时有被动意义，而动词ing形式作定语表示动作正在进行，有主动意义。 the risen sun 升起了的太阳 the rising sun 正在升起的太阳 boiled water 开水 boiling water 正沸腾的水 developed countries 发达国家 developing countries 发展中国家 fallen leaves 落叶 falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子 changed condition 改变了的情况 changing condition 变化着的情况 二、动词ed形式作状语 1. 表示时间 动词ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。 [名师点津]有时动词ed形式前可加连词when或while等词来强调时间概念。 2. 表示原因 动词ed形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。 3. 表示条件 动词ed形式作状语表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。 4. 表示让步 动词ed形式作状语表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。 [名师点津]为了使动词ed形式表示的条件、让步意义更加明显，可以加上适当的连词。 5. 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明 动词ed形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时，通常位于句子的后面，相当于一个并列分句。 [名师点津]　当动词ed形式作状语和动词ing形式的被动式作状语时，并没有多大的区别，可以互换。 三、动词ed形式作宾语补足语 1. 在感官动词 see, hear, feel, notice, watch, find 后作宾语补足语。 2. 在使役动词 get, have, make, leave, keep 等后作宾语补足语。 (1)动词ed形式作get的宾语补足语。 [名师点津]动词 get 后面也可接动词不定式或动词ing形式作宾语补足语，此时，动词和宾语是主动关系。 (2)动词ed形式作make的宾语补足语。 [名师点津]动词 make 后的宾语补足语可用不带 to 的动词不定式或动词ed形式，但不可用动词ing形式。 【误】Can you make the students understanding the text? 【正】Can you make the students understand the text? 【正】Can you make the text understood by the students?你能让学生理解这篇课文吗？ (3)动词ed形式作keep或leave的宾语补足语。 3. 动词ed形式也可用在 with (without)结构中，作介词的宾语补足语。 4. 在某些动词如 want, need, prefer, would like 等后面，作宾语补足语的不定式被动形式省略“to be”后，就成了动词ed形式作宾语补足语。 一. 单词拼写 1．Children are inspired not to obey blindly, which is b (有益于) to their critical thinking. 2．The results of the e (实验) confirmed our earlier predictions. 3．The doctors believe that, with the new medicine, patients’ chance of s will be improved. 4．Due to the unexpected snowstorm, the school decided to p the annual sports day until the weather improved. 5．In times of disaster, people must unify and show the (智慧) to stay positive and rebuild for a brighter future. 6．The above examples i (说明，阐明) that different preferences exist across languages for certain general patterns of reference. 7．Having realized that your time is (有限的), you’ll have to study for your goals without hesitation. 8．The police officers are c (组织、安排) an investigation throughout the nation. 9．The teacher together with three students was conducting an (实验) when I entered the laboratory. 10．The scientist (提到) to global warming at least three times in his speech. 二. 选词填空  look forward to   in advance   apply for   give way to       keep a balance let down, take it for granted, put forward, in doubt, devote oneself to, 1．She was seeing her grandchidren again. 2．If you’re going to come, please let me know . 3．I believe old farming methods should improved modern ones. 4．How many jobs had you before you were offered this one? 5． between the progress and the protection of cultural sites can be a big challenge. 6．He that he would pass the exam. 7．The scientist researching the disease for an effective cure. 8．The future of the stadium is because of a lack of money. 9．He failed in the exam again and his parents . 10．Over the years several similar theories about the formation of the solar system have been . 三. 用所给词的适当形式填空 1．Drinking herbal tea daily is widely thought to be (benefit), especially by senior citizens. 2．The variety of food at the restaurant is (limit), but the amount of each dish is fairly large. 3．The advances in modern technology can significantly improve patient’s chance of (survive). 4．I (intend) to respond in a straightforward way to persuade them bat soon realized that this wouldn’t work. 5．A (short) of funds is preventing the UN from monitoring relief. 6．A successful man should have courage, determination and (wise). 7．A study (involve) long-distance runners is being done at the Medical Center. 8．As senior high school students, we are supposed to take (responsible) for our own study. 9．Like his father, Martin earned his living as a farmer, but he grew crops with (science) methods. 10．Palestinians have long demanded that refugees (难民) (permit) to return home. 四. 完成句子 1．养成制定学习计划的习惯对我们是有好处的。（动名词作主语） 2．我们原本打算发起各种活动来提高公众对塑料污染问题的意识，但我们人手不足。（intend） 3．该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。（it作形式主语） 4．手语(sign language)对于耳聋或听力不佳的人来说非常重要。(be of+n.) 5．焦虑又紧张，Jack在房间里走来走去，陷入沉思。(形容词作状语) 6．练瑜伽是一种摆脱压力和担忧，寻找内心平静的很好的方式。 Practicing yoga , and find inner peace. 7．汪洋是我们学校第一个被北京大学录取的学生。 (动词不定式短语作后置定语) Wang Yang was Peking University in our school. 8．我转过身来发现他朝我走来，向前摆动双脚时，他的弱小身体左右摇晃。（find+宾语+宾语补足语） I turned to , his small body rocking from side to side as he swung his feet forward. ( 8 / 9 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$