Unit 3 Period 2 Grammar and composition—Euphemism-【步步高】2023-2024学年高二英语选修第三册（译林版2020）

Period 2　Grammar and composition—Euphemism 阅读以下短文，感知并猜测黑体部分的意思 Mr Smith，a ①landscape architect，devoted all his life to the work of landscape.As time went by，he became ②not all there and had ③a weight problem.Gradually he was ④hard of hearing.In his late seventies，his wife ⑤was gone and he had to live a poor life by ⑥welfare benefits.Now the old man is ⑦on his last legs and can not eat anything. 1．landscape architect园林工人 2．not all there呆头呆脑 3．a weight problem肥胖 4．hard of hearing耳聋 5．was gone去世 6．welfare benefits救济金 7．on his last legs行将就木，濒临死亡 委婉语 委婉语(euphemism)是一种礼貌的表达方式，用间接的话语来代替禁忌、敏感或令人尴尬的说法。在语言交际中恰当使用委婉语，可以有效地达成交际目的，维持良好的人际关系。在英语中，委婉语通常用于谈论以下话题： 1．表达禁忌或较为敏感的词语 (1)人们忌讳说“死亡”“倒闭”等词语 His grandfather passed away last week. The funeral will be held this Friday. 他祖父上周去世了。 葬礼将于本周五举行。 Dick’s firm is on its last legs. 迪克的公司就要倒闭了。 说明　也许人们在生活中比较忌讳死亡，尤其对于受人尊敬和爱戴的人的死亡，更忌讳直接运用die, 因此出现了许多表达死亡的委婉语，如：pass away (逝世)，depart(去世)，be gone (走了), to go west (归西了)，to be at peace(平静了)，final sleep (最后一觉)等。 (2)人们忌讳说“年老”等词语 Last year, my father set up a club for senior citizens. 去年，我父亲创立了一个老年人俱乐部。 说明　在西方国家，年龄是一个非常敏感的话题。所以old (老) 一词是令人难以接受的，于是便产生了许多关于老年的委婉语。这些词语表达了老年人的某种愿望，希望自己生命永恒，或希望自己容颜不衰，体型不改。下列词语也常用来表示老年人：senior citizen(高龄公民，资深公民)，the elderly (年长者)，the mature (成熟的人)，seasoned man (经验丰富的人，历经沧桑的人)。 (3)人们忌讳说“笨拙”“残疾”“肥胖”等与智力或身体缺陷有关的词语 The boy is a bit slow for his age. 在同龄人中这男孩脑子慢一点。 The girl is hard of hearing. 这女孩耳朵不好使。 The school is for people who are physically challenged. 这所学校是专为身体有残疾的人设立的。 2．替代不文雅词语的委婉用语 (1)常用的厕所名称有： ladies(原意是女士，转指女厕所，被认为是最常用、最典雅的委婉语，而且无尊卑之分)。 gentlemen(原意是先生，转指男厕所)。 美国人常用的厕所名称是washroom (原意是洗手间，转指厕所，使用频率较高)。 Where can I wash my hands? 卫生间在哪里？ (2)人们忌讳说那些表示“地位低、收入少”的服务性行业或职业的词语 The sanitary engineer cleaned the hospital. 清洁工人打扫医院。 They decided to employ a domestic engineer to help them clean the house. 他们决定雇用一名家政工程师帮助他们打扫房子。 说明　在英美国家，工作和社会地位的高低贵贱悬殊，那些从事被认为地位低下、挣钱不多的服务性工作或职业的人害怕被别人瞧不起，忌讳别人直接提到他们的职业。当他们要提到自己的职业时，常会用一些委婉动听的名称来取代：如shoe rebuilder 指补鞋匠 (shoemaker)，meat technologist指屠夫(butcher)，landscape architect指园林工人(landscape worker)等。 (3)人们忌讳说“失业、贫穷”等词语 My father has a lot of free time because he is between jobs at the moment. 我父亲因为目前失业，有的是时间。 They did not sell a single car for a month and had to lay off workers. 他们一个月来一辆汽车都没卖出去，只好裁员。 完成下列语段，尽可能多地使用委婉语 玛丽是一名正在日趋变老的老年人。因为缺乏锻炼，她有点胖。她决定进行锻炼因为她可不想早早面对死亡。凌晨三点，在家里佣人的陪同下，她开始在街上跑步。大约二十分钟后，她遇到了一位清洁工。攀谈中，那人告诉她说，在罢工后，他上个月失业了。幸运的是，他又找到了目前的工作。为了养家糊口，他必须努力。 Mary,1.a senior citizen，is growing old day by day.Lacking in enough exercise，she has 2.extra pounds.She is determined to do exercise because she does not want to 3.go to heaven so early.At 3：00 in the morning she began to run on the street，accompanied by her 4.domestic engineer.About 20 minutes later，they came across 5.a sanitary engineer.During the talk，the man told her that he had been out of work after an 6.industrial action the last month.Fortunately，he found this present job and had to work hard to support the family. Ⅰ.阅读理解 A With lion dance，Chinese Kongfu，Chinese crosstalk，songs and dances，and award-winning speeches，students from across New Zealand showed their Chinese language skills in the annual “Chinese Bridge” event held on Saturday. Fifteen secondary school students and two primary school students participated in the event，which was organized by the Confucius Institute in Auckland. Naisi，a New Zealand member of parliament(议会)，reflected on his own experience of learning Chinese.He came to New Zealand at five.He had very patient Chinese teachers and passed the Chinese language tests smoothly.The capability to speak Chinese grounded him well in his Chinese culture.He is looking forward to hearing from bilingual(双语) talents who will help New Zealand become more diverse and promote cross-cultural exchanges. Elijah from the Lincoln High School started learning Chinese when he was eleven.It was his fifth time to participate in the “Chinese Bridge”．He said that learning Chinese is of great help for him to know China better and he wished to visit the Great Wall in Beijing，the Oriental Pearl Tower in Shanghai and the Yellow Crane Tower in Wuhan. Ryan from the Christchurch Boys High School said that learning Chinese provides him with more opportunities for future career development.He said it was awesome that learning Chinese could allow him to make friends with 1.4 billion people. Chinese Ambassador Trophy from ACG Parnell College said that learning Chinese had opened a new door for him.From learning Chinese，he started to understand the meaning of filial piety(孝顺)，which made him closer to his parents.He learned Chinese very hard and wished the friendship between New Zealand and China makes further progress. 语篇解读　本文是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了在新西兰举行的“汉语桥”活动以及参与者对此活动的看法和评价。 1．What can we learn about “Chinese Bridge” event from the first paragraph? A．It’s a Chinese bridge. B．It’s held on weekdays. C．It’s a yearly event. D．It’s held for Chinese students. 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据第一段中“the annual ‘Chinese Bridge’ event”可知，“汉语桥”活动是一年一度的。故选C。 2．Why could Naisi know Chinese culture well? A．He relied on his own experience. B．He had the ability to speak Chinese. C．He began to learn Chinese at five. D．He attracted some bilingual talents. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The capability to speak Chinese grounded him well in his Chinese culture.”可知，Naisi能很好地了解中国文化是因为他有说中文的能力。故选B。 3．What has Trophy benefited from learning Chinese? A．Organizing the cross-culture event. B．Securing him a job in China. C．Visiting China with a scholarship. D．Having a better relationship with his parents. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据最后一段中的第二句可知，学习中文使Trophy与父母的关系更亲密了。故选D。 4．What did the four men mentioned in the passage think of learning Chinese? A．Amusing. B．Meaningful. C．Efficient. D．Tough. 答案　B 解析　观点态度题。根据第三段第四句、第四段最后一句、第五段和第六段内容可推断，文章中提到的四个人认为学习汉语是有意义的。故选B。 B You’ve stopped at a cafe on your way to work，and the next thing you know，your latte foam is staring at you.You’ve had the same furniture for years，but today your cupboard looks sad.You’re lying in the park with your friends，and now a person is floating by in the clouds—are they seeing him too？！ Why do we see human faces everywhere? Until now，it has been unclear as to why the brain processes visual signals and represents them in our mind as human faces.However，researchers from the School of Psychology at the University of Sydney have tried evaluating this phenomenon. The facial recognition response happens fast，only taking a few hundred milliseconds.From an evolutionary perspective，the researchers suggest that the benefit of “never missing a face” outweighs(超过) the error where lifeless objects are seen as faces.Despite knowing that the object you are seeing is not a human face，the perception(感知) of a face stays.This is known as “face pareidolia”． Pareidolia refers to the tendency to impose a meaningful interpretation on an unclear stimulus(刺激物)，making one see an object，a pattern or meaning when there is none.Pareidolia was originally considered a symptom of mental disorder，but it is now viewed as a normal human tendency. Pareidolia has been investigated by scientists and has been present in art and literature for a long period of time.In Shakespeare’s Hamlet，Hamlet demonstrates his supposed madness in his exchange with Polonius by telling him that he can see a camel in the sky. The researchers set out to investigate whether a detected pareidolia face would be cast off as false detection or be analysed for a facial expression.The study participants were presented with a series of faces and asked to rate each face expression on a scale from angry to happy.The series involved a mix of both real and pareidolia faces. The researchers have found that pareidolia faces are not cast off as false detection，but rather undergo an internal “facial expression analysis”，in the same way a real face would.This is likely because humans are deeply social beings.Additionally，they found that biases(成见) were often seen when participants judged human faces in the analysis of the pareidolia faces. So，next time you see an angry tree，don’t be surprised and remember it’s not personal. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了“人脸空想性错视”这个心理学概念，这种错视现象在艺术和文学中很常见。 5．What is the function of the first paragraph? A．To present a finding. B．To warn the readers. C．To introduce the topic. D．To arouse the readers’ awareness. 答案　C 解析　段落意图题。第一段列举了几个人们常经历的场景，其目的是引出第二段的问题“Why do we see human faces everywhere？”，也即文章的主题。 6．How do the researchers，from an evolutionary perspective，understand the facial recognition response? A．Our brain is good at processing signals. B．The image of a human face will last long. C．Our brain wrongly interprets signals as human faces. D．There might be risks when lifeless objects are not seen as faces. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据第四段第二句可知，从进化的角度看，从不错过一张脸的好处大于无生命物体被看成脸的错误，由此可推知，在人类的进化过程中，如果不把无生命物体看成脸可能是存在风险的。 7．What happens in pareidolia? A．People suffer mental disorder. B．People see an unclear stimulus. C．People imagine seeing a human face. D．People interpret things meaningfully. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。由第五段首句可知，pareidolia指的是对不明确的刺激施加有意义的解释的倾向，使人在实际没有对象、图案或意义的情况下看到对象、图案和意义，即人们会对事物进行有意义的解释，D项正确。 8．What can be inferred about participants seeing real human faces in the research? A．They discounted the facial expressions. B．They preferred real faces to false ones. C．They tended to make biased judgment. D．They compared real faces to pareidolia ones. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段内容可以推测，研究参与者分析错视性面孔时会像分析真的人脸一样，并且在分析过程中常常出现成见。由此可推知，这些人在判断真正人脸的时候会得出有偏见的结论。 Ⅱ.完形填空 Camogli looks like any other small Italian coastal town.The little 1 houses face the sea.The sunlight warms their beauty.But，look carefully and you’ll see many things that seem 2 ...but they’re not. This fishing village is full of trompe l’oeil—an art form in which nothing is what it appears to be.While some flowers die，others live for years.Why？Because they’re 3 on the building! Trompe l’oeil has been around for centuries. 4 ，Camogli’s fishermen painted their houses in bright colors and unusual designs，so that they could see their homes 5 from the water.Then，in the 1700s，it became a way to make small，simple buildings look 6 and high-valued. And today？There are still many trompe l’oeil houses in villages like Camogli，but only a few artists are 7 to paint them.Carlo is one of this ever-decreasing band of artists who’s managed to make a business out of it. His 8 are often people who want to improve their homes’ 9 .But for Carlo trompe l’oeil’s purpose is to bring something 10 to a new place，such as bringing the city to the sea or even the deserts to the cities. Carlo’s painting style 11 the past.He only uses old-style paints and mixes them by hand.He does so for one reason：to protect the trompe l’oeil 12 .He also believes this art should be 13 everywhere. Fortunately，in Camogli，local art and culture are still 14 .But remember，don’t always 15 your eyes! 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了错视画艺术形式的起源和发展，从多方面说明了这种艺术形式的美学价值。 1．A.colored B．crowded C．damp D．wooden 答案　A 解析　colored有色的；crowded拥挤的；damp潮湿的；wooden木质的。根据下文“Camogli’s fishermen painted their houses in bright colors”可知，这些房屋是有颜色的。故选A项。 2．A.fancy B．novel C．real D．valuable 答案　C 解析　fancy幻想的；novel新颖的；real真实的；valuable有价值的。根据下文“This fishing village is full of trompe l’oeil—an art form in which nothing is what it appears to be.”可知，这个渔村充满了错视画，它是一种似乎什么都没有的艺术形式。因为是什么都没有，所以应该是看起来似乎是真实的，但并不是真实的。故选C项。 3．A.carved B．pressed C．painted D．planted 答案　C 解析　carve雕刻；press按压；paint绘画；plant种植。根据下文“Camogli’s fishermen painted their houses in bright colors”可知，这些花朵是画在屋子上的。故选C项。 4．A.Creatively B．Mistakenly C．Frequently D．Originally 答案　D 解析　creatively创造性地；mistakenly错误地；frequently频繁地；originally最初。根据前文“Trompe l’oeil has been around for centuries.”可知，错视画这种艺术形式已经存在几个世纪了，接下来介绍错视画的起源。故选D项。 5．A.closely B．easily C．happily D．hopefully 答案　B 解析　closely紧密地；easily容易地；happily愉快地；hopefully有希望地。根据常识可知，渔民将房屋涂上颜色是为了从水中轻松地看到自己的房屋。故选B项。 6．A.comfortable B．complicated C．grand D．harmonious 答案　C 解析　comfortable舒适的；complicated复杂的；grand有气派的；harmonious和谐的。根据后文“high-valued”可知，这样的艺术形式使得房屋看起来很气派、很高档。故选C项。 7．A.allowed B．available C．responsible D．introduced 答案　B 解析　allowed被允许的；available可获得的，可找到的；responsible负责任；introduced引进的。根据后文“Carlo is one of this ever-decreasing band of artists who’s managed to make a business out of it.”可知，能表达这种艺术的艺术家很少见。故选B项。 8．A.designers B．followers C．customers D．partners 答案　C 解析　designer设计师；follower追随者；customer客户；partner伙伴。根据上文“make a business out of it”可知，他准备利用这种绘画能力做生意，表明找到他的人即他的客户。故选C项。 9．A.appearance B．capacity C．convenience D．privacy 答案　A 解析　appearance外观；capacity容量；convenience便利；privacy隐私。根据上文“Camogli’s fishermen painted their houses in bright colors and unusual designs”可知，这些渔民设计和绘画的是房屋的外观。故选A项。 10．A.civilized B．faraway C．natural D．unexpected 答案　D 解析　civilized文明的；faraway遥远的；natural自然的；unexpected意外的。根据后文“such as bringing the city to the sea or even the deserts to the cities”可知，这种艺术形式的目的是将意想不到的事物带到一个新的地方。故选D项。 11．A.comes from B．brings about C．goes against D．leaves out 答案　A 解析　come from来自；bring about带来；go against反对；leave out省略。根据后文“He only uses old-style paints and mixes them by hand.”可知，他使用的绘画风格源于老式的绘画风格。故选A项。 12．A.artists B．buildings C．paints D．traditions 答案　D 解析　artist艺术家；building建筑；paint绘画颜料；tradition传统。根据上文“Carlo is one of this ever-decreasing band of artists who’s managed to make a business out of it.”可知，能表达这种艺术的艺术家越来越少了，意在表明他想保护这种艺术传统。故选D项。 13．A.accepted B．discussed C．learned D．seen 答案　D 解析　accept接受；discuss讨论；learn学习；see看见。根据常识可知，艺术是让人观看的。故选D项。 14．A.changing B．alive C．diverse D．unique 答案　B 解析　changing变化的；alive活跃的；diverse多样化的；unique独特的。根据上文“There are still many trompe l’oeil houses in villages like Camogli”可知，当今这种艺术和文化依然广泛存在。故选B项。 15．A.believe B．block C．widen D．cheat 答案　A 解析　believe相信；block阻止；widen扩大；cheat作弊。根据上文“But，look carefully and you’ ll see many things that seem ...but they’re not.”可知，你认为你看到的东西很真实，但其实事实并非如此，意在表明不要总是相信自己的眼睛。故选A项。 Ⅲ.语法填空 Kunqu Opera,1. (know) as the Mother of Chinese Opera，enjoys a history of more than 600 years.As a traditional art show，it has left a profound influence 2.____________ other forms of Chinese operas.In 2001，the UNESCO 3. (admit) it as one of the masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. The Shanghai Kunqu Opera Group will launch a new production of Peony Pavilion(《牡丹亭》) next spring.Peony Pavilion tells the special love story between a young woman Du Liniang 4.____________ a man called Liu Mengmei.As the most celebrated masterpiece in traditional Chinese opera and the “ultimate dream” of all Kunqu artists，Peony Pavilion 5._____________ (adapt) many times over the past decades，says Gu Haohao,6. (direct) of the group. “The upcoming production will present all 55 acts of the play over three sessions,7.____________ (last) eight hours.Many of the previous productions focus on the love story itself，but I believe the third session 8. love wins over moral doctrines，and the strict barrier between life and death is 9. (extreme) important，” Gu says. Lee，a Kunqu artist，says，“I’ve witnessed Kunqu Opera rise through the ages，from difficult times to prosperous ones.Now more audiences are falling in love with 10. art form.I am sure in the near future we will be able to take this new Peony Pavilion on an international tour.” 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。昆曲被誉为中国戏曲之母，至今已有600多年的历史；文章以昆剧《牡丹亭》为例，体现了昆曲正受到越来越多的喜爱，未来将会走向国际舞台。 1．答案　known 解析　考查非谓语动词。句中已有谓语动词“enjoys”，此处应为非谓语动词，与“Kunqu Opera”为被动关系，故应用过去分词形式。故填known。 2．答案　on/upon 解析　考查介词。have an influence on/upon...“对……有影响”为固定短语。故填on/upon。 3．答案　admitted 解析　考查动词的时态。分析句子结构可知，此处应为谓语；由时间状语“In 2001”可知，应用一般过去时。故填admitted。 4．答案　and 解析　考查并列连词。between...and...“在……和……之间”为固定短语。故填and。 5．答案　has been adapted 解析　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，此处应为谓语；根据时间状语“over the past decades”可知，应用现在完成时；主语Peony Pavilion是第三人称单数，与“adapt”之间为被动关系，所以应用被动语态。故填has been adapted。 6．答案　director 解析　考查名词。由介词“of”可知，此处应为名词，作“Gu Haohao”的同位语，指剧团的“导演”。故填director。 7．答案　lasting 解析　考查非谓语动词。句中已有谓语“will present”，此处应为非谓语动词，与主语“The upcoming production”之间为主动关系，作伴随状语，所以应用现在分词形式。故填lasting。 8．答案　where 解析　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词“the third session”，且空处在从句中作状语，表示抽象地点，应用关系副词where。故填where。 9．答案　extremely 解析　考查副词。分析句子结构可知，此处应为副词，修饰形容词“important”。故填extremely。 10．答案　the/this 解析　考查冠词或指示代词。根据句意，空后的“art form”是指前文中所提到的“昆曲”，所以可用定冠词“the”或指示代词“this”修饰名词短语“art form”，特指“这种”艺术形式。故填the/this。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$