Unit 3 Period 2 Grammar and composition—The development of a text （课件）-【步步高】2023-2024学年高二英语选修第二册（译林版2020）

Unit 3 Helping people Period 2 Grammar and composition—The development of a text 语境感悟 语法精讲 达标检测 语境 感悟 3 节选自(2022·全国甲，B) (一) ①Goffin’s cockatoos，a kind of small parrot native to Australasia，have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old.Though not known to use tools in the wild，the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage.In a recent experiment，cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it.The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape，and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from.Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut. ③The next step，according to the researchers，is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues(线索)，or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections. 27.Which can be a suitable title for the text? A.Cockatoos：Quick Error Checkers B.Cockatoos：Independent Learners C.Cockatoos：Clever Signal-Readers D.Cockatoos：Skilful Shape-Sorters 通读全文，尤其第一段首句可知，本文主要介绍了一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的儿童相似。选项D简洁明了，能较好地概括全文，适合作文章标题。 (二) 节选自(2021·全国乙，B) ⑥How attached are you to your landline(座机)? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries? 27.What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph? A.It remains a family necessity. B.It will fall out of use some day. C.It may increase daily expenses. D.It is as important as the gas light. 返 回 文章第一段指出，现在几乎每个人都有一部手机，但超过半数的澳大利亚家庭仍然在使用座机。文章以问题的形式引出话题，接下来的第二、三、四、五段分析了原因；最后一段得出结论。根据最后一段第二句“How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries？”可知，座机迟早会像煤气路灯和晨间牛奶递送服务一样退出我们的生活。故B项正确。 语法 精讲 9 篇章结构 一篇完整的文章通常由四个部分组成：标题部分、开头部分、主体部分和结尾部分。有时，一篇文章的主体部分也可能包含几个段落，但将开头部分、主体部分和结尾部分组织在一个段落中也是可行的。 一、标题(title) 一个好的标题(title)应该是生动的、有吸引力的，能够刺激读者的阅读意愿。因此，标题的选择对于一篇文章非常重要。在写作时，必须对标题进行反复思考，仔细推敲。一般来说，一个标题需要满足这三个要求：①准确性；②简洁性；③醒目性。有的文章含有副标题或分标题。如2021年浙江6月高考阅读理解B篇，通过作者的亲身案例引出社会现状：孩子们沉迷于电子产品。David Bond 为了让孩子们减少使用电子产品的时间，通过制作纪录片向孩子们推销大自然这个品牌，鼓励他们走进大自然。Market Nature to Children“向孩子们推销自然”能较好地概括全文，适合作文章标题。 二、开头(introduction) 开头段是一篇文章的起点，关系到整篇文章的布局，决定着文章的发展方向。如果开头段写得好，就可以吸引读者继续阅读；如果引言段写得不好，条理不清，内容复杂，就可能使读者无法继续阅读。同时，如果开头段写得好，后面的段落就比较容易写，否则文章就很难展开。开头段首先要起到点题的作用，统领全文，同时能够吸引读者的注意力。在满足上述要求的基础上，开头段应简洁明了，结构合理。 如2021年浙江6月高考阅读理解C篇第一段，“If you ever get the impression that your dog can ‘tell’ whether you look content or annoyed，you may be onto something.Dogs may indeed be able to distinguish between happy and angry human faces，according to a new study.”简单明了地介绍了一个新的研究发现：狗能够辨别人类开心或生气的面部表情。这吸引了读者的注意力，为下文话题的展开作好了充分的铺垫。 三、主体(main body) 主体段是在开头段之后对文章中心思想的叙述或阐述，是文章的中心部分，由一个或几个段落组成。每个主体段的内容必须与主题一致，这有助于说明文章的中心思想。段落之间，按逻辑关系使用必要的过渡词、过渡句或过渡段，以达到“起、承、转、合”的目的，使整个主体部分读起来自然流畅。如果是记叙文，应以“事”为纲，把事情描述清楚；如果是议论文，应以“理”为纲，使论点明确。主体段应根据内容和词数的需要，确定详细的要点，主次分明，重要内容要多写，次要内容用一两句话，惜墨如金。主体段的拓展方式因文章体裁的不同而不同： 记叙文的拓展可以按照事件的时间顺序进行；说明文的拓展可以按照由浅入深、由易到难、由表及里的顺序进行；而议论文的拓展可以采用对比和比较，也可以采用因果法。如2020全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D篇，文章开头介绍了绿色植物的积极作用，以及麻省理工学院的工程师们研发的一种发光植物，接下来的三段介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，由此构成文章的主体让读者自然而然地就能得出结论：在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。 四、结尾(conclusion) 结尾段也比较重要。一个好的文章结尾对读者的阅读很有帮助，也会加深读者对文章的印象。一篇文章，尤其是叙事性文章的结尾方式，在很大程度上决定了文章的效果。有时，作者在开头段上花了很多工夫，却忽略了结尾段，这样头重脚轻的文章很难满足读者的阅读要求。因此，我们在写作时必须注意文章的结尾部分。一般来说，结尾部分要简明扼要地概括整篇文章的中心思想，另外还要使整篇文章的主题得到进一步升华。如2021年浙江6月高考完形填空，讲述了作者年事已高的母亲去商店购物时，由于自己带的现金不足以支付所有的商品，于是不得不把一些商品放回原处。这时，一位素昧平生的女士帮作者的母亲付了款。 这让作者的母亲深受感动，于是她决定把这个善举传递下去。她给了收银员5美元，希望这笔钱可以帮到像她一样的顾客。作者在结尾段“So，whoever you are，thank you for the random act of kindness that not only helped my mother out，but made her day too.”表达了自己对陌生女士的感激之情，使文章主题得到进一步升华。 返 回 达标检测 阅读下面的短文，在短文下的表格内填上适当的内容。 (2022·全国甲，七选五改编) Important Things to Know When Dining Out Cultural dining etiquette(礼节) might surprise you with some of its important rules.Don’t get caught making an embarrassing mistake at a restaurant.Knowing some tips will help ensure that you have an enjoyable meal with friends or family—no matter where you are in the world. The way you handle chopsticks is important to avoid annoying your companions.When you put them down between bites，always put them down together so they are parallel with the edge of the table in front of you.Never stick them upright in your food or cross them as you use them. In India and the Middle East，it’s considered very rude to eat with your left hand.People in France expect you to eat with a utensil(器具) in each hand.Mexicans consider it inappropriate to eat with utensils，instead preferring to use their hands.In Chile，you may never touch any food with your fingers.People in Thailand generally use their forks only to push food onto their spoons. It may seem like a simple request to ask for salt and pepper at a meal.In Portugal，this would be a serious mistake，because it shows the chef that you don’t like their seasoning skills.Similarly，in Italy，never ask for extra cheese to add to your food. Some of these cultural dining etiquette rules may seem random and strange，but they are important in various countries.The more time you spend in any given country，the more comfortable you’ll begin to feel with its foreign cultural practices. The more time you spend in any given country，the more comfortable you’ll begin to feel with its foreign cultural practices. Title ________________________________________ Introduction ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Main body (1)________________ (2)Hands or Utensils (3)________________ Conclusion ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Important Things to Know When Dining Out Knowing some tips will help ensure that you have an enjoyable meal with friends or family—no matter where you are in the world. Chopstick Rules Making Requests 返 回 $$