Unit 3 Period 2 Grammar and composition—The development of a text-【步步高】2023-2024学年高二英语选修第二册（译林版2020）

Period 2　Grammar and composition—The development of a text 节选自(2022·全国甲，B) (一) ①Goffin’s cockatoos，a kind of small parrot native to Australasia，have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old.Though not known to use tools in the wild，the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage.In a recent experiment，cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it.The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape，and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from.Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut. ③The next step，according to the researchers，is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues(线索)，or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections. 27．Which can be a suitable title for the text? A．Cockatoos：Quick Error Checkers B．Cockatoos：Independent Learners C．Cockatoos：Clever Signal-Readers D．Cockatoos：Skilful Shape-Sorters 通读全文，尤其第一段首句可知，本文主要介绍了一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的儿童相似。选项D简洁明了，能较好地概括全文，适合作文章标题。 (二) 节选自(2021·全国乙，B) ⑥How attached are you to your landline(座机)? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries? 27．What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph? A．It remains a family necessity. B．It will fall out of use some day. C．It may increase daily expenses. D．It is as important as the gas light. 文章第一段指出，现在几乎每个人都有一部手机，但超过半数的澳大利亚家庭仍然在使用座机。文章以问题的形式引出话题，接下来的第二、三、四、五段分析了原因；最后一段得出结论。根据最后一段第二句“How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries？”可知，座机迟早会像煤气路灯和晨间牛奶递送服务一样退出我们的生活。故B项正确。 篇章结构 一篇完整的文章通常由四个部分组成：标题部分、开头部分、主体部分和结尾部分。有时，一篇文章的主体部分也可能包含几个段落，但将开头部分、主体部分和结尾部分组织在一个段落中也是可行的。 一、标题(title) 一个好的标题(title)应该是生动的、有吸引力的，能够刺激读者的阅读意愿。因此，标题的选择对于一篇文章非常重要。在写作时，必须对标题进行反复思考，仔细推敲。一般来说，一个标题需要满足这三个要求：①准确性；②简洁性；③醒目性。有的文章含有副标题或分标题。如2021年浙江6月高考阅读理解B篇，通过作者的亲身案例引出社会现状：孩子们沉迷于电子产品。David Bond 为了让孩子们减少使用电子产品的时间，通过制作纪录片向孩子们推销大自然这个品牌，鼓励他们走进大自然。Market Nature to Children“向孩子们推销自然”能较好地概括全文，适合作文章标题。 二、开头(introduction) 开头段是一篇文章的起点，关系到整篇文章的布局，决定着文章的发展方向。如果开头段写得好，就可以吸引读者继续阅读；如果引言段写得不好，条理不清，内容复杂，就可能使读者无法继续阅读。同时，如果开头段写得好，后面的段落就比较容易写，否则文章就很难展开。开头段首先要起到点题的作用，统领全文，同时能够吸引读者的注意力。在满足上述要求的基础上，开头段应简洁明了，结构合理。如2021年浙江6月高考阅读理解C篇第一段，“If you ever get the impression that your dog can ‘tell’ whether you look content or annoyed，you may be onto something.Dogs may indeed be able to distinguish between happy and angry human faces，according to a new study.”简单明了地介绍了一个新的研究发现：狗能够辨别人类开心或生气的面部表情。这吸引了读者的注意力，为下文话题的展开作好了充分的铺垫。 三、主体(main body) 主体段是在开头段之后对文章中心思想的叙述或阐述，是文章的中心部分，由一个或几个段落组成。每个主体段的内容必须与主题一致，这有助于说明文章的中心思想。段落之间，按逻辑关系使用必要的过渡词、过渡句或过渡段，以达到“起、承、转、合”的目的，使整个主体部分读起来自然流畅。如果是记叙文，应以“事”为纲，把事情描述清楚；如果是议论文，应以“理”为纲，使论点明确。主体段应根据内容和词数的需要，确定详细的要点，主次分明，重要内容要多写，次要内容用一两句话，惜墨如金。主体段的拓展方式因文章体裁的不同而不同：记叙文的拓展可以按照事件的时间顺序进行；说明文的拓展可以按照由浅入深、由易到难、由表及里的顺序进行；而议论文的拓展可以采用对比和比较，也可以采用因果法。如2020全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D篇，文章开头介绍了绿色植物的积极作用，以及麻省理工学院的工程师们研发的一种发光植物，接下来的三段介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，由此构成文章的主体让读者自然而然地就能得出结论：在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。 四、结尾(conclusion) 结尾段也比较重要。一个好的文章结尾对读者的阅读很有帮助，也会加深读者对文章的印象。一篇文章，尤其是叙事性文章的结尾方式，在很大程度上决定了文章的效果。有时，作者在开头段上花了很多工夫，却忽略了结尾段，这样头重脚轻的文章很难满足读者的阅读要求。因此，我们在写作时必须注意文章的结尾部分。一般来说，结尾部分要简明扼要地概括整篇文章的中心思想，另外还要使整篇文章的主题得到进一步升华。如2021年浙江6月高考完形填空，讲述了作者年事已高的母亲去商店购物时，由于自己带的现金不足以支付所有的商品，于是不得不把一些商品放回原处。这时，一位素昧平生的女士帮作者的母亲付了款。这让作者的母亲深受感动，于是她决定把这个善举传递下去。她给了收银员5美元，希望这笔钱可以帮到像她一样的顾客。作者在结尾段“So，whoever you are，thank you for the random act of kindness that not only helped my mother out，but made her day too.”表达了自己对陌生女士的感激之情，使文章主题得到进一步升华。 阅读下面的短文，在短文下的表格内填上适当的内容。 (2022·全国甲，七选五改编) Important Things to Know When Dining Out Cultural dining etiquette(礼节) might surprise you with some of its important rules.Don’t get caught making an embarrassing mistake at a restaurant.Knowing some tips will help ensure that you have an enjoyable meal with friends or family—no matter where you are in the world. The way you handle chopsticks is important to avoid annoying your companions.When you put them down between bites，always put them down together so they are parallel with the edge of the table in front of you.Never stick them upright in your food or cross them as you use them. In India and the Middle East，it’s considered very rude to eat with your left hand.People in France expect you to eat with a utensil(器具) in each hand.Mexicans consider it inappropriate to eat with utensils，instead preferring to use their hands.In Chile，you may never touch any food with your fingers.People in Thailand generally use their forks only to push food onto their spoons. It may seem like a simple request to ask for salt and pepper at a meal.In Portugal，this would be a serious mistake，because it shows the chef that you don’t like their seasoning skills.Similarly，in Italy，never ask for extra cheese to add to your food. Some of these cultural dining etiquette rules may seem random and strange，but they are important in various countries.The more time you spend in any given country，the more comfortable you’ll begin to feel with its foreign cultural practices. Title Important Things to Know When Dining Out Introduction Knowing some tips will help ensure that you have an enjoyable meal with friends or family—no matter where you are in the world. Main body (1)Chopstick Rules (2)Hands or Utensils (3)Making Requests Conclusion The more time you spend in any given country，the more comfortable you’ll begin to feel with its foreign cultural practices. Ⅰ.阅读理解 A (2023·江苏百校高三大联考) Heroes Monica and Bryan Davies had trained as couriers(递送员) for the charity Anthony Nolan.They were determined to volunteer to deliver stem cells to cancer patients，inspired by their daughter Helen’s brave battle with her illness and meeting the selfless stem cell donor who came to her rescue. Monica,67，said：“I couldn’t bear the thought that other families stand by a hospital bed，being told the transplant couldn’t go ahead because the stem cells couldn’t get through.” Helen was diagnosed(诊断) with Hodgkins Lymphoma in 2010.The diagnosis was all the more terrifying as a close family friend had lost their teenage son to the disease a decade earlier，but at first the doctors comforted Helen and said she was likely to make a full recovery. The doctors said Helen’s age and fitness worked in her favour.They said she would have six months of treatment and she would be fine.But within months of finishing her treatment，Helen’s cough returned and scans revealed a shadow on her chest.Further investigations confirmed the cancer was back. The doctors used up all treatments except a stem cell transplant from a donor.Thankfully a matching donor was found on the Anthony Nolan stem cell register and Helen had her transplant in March 2014.This time Helen made a good recovery.She wanted to contact her donor，but strict anonymity(匿名) rules prevented patients meeting their donor for two years after the transplant. As soon as she was allowed，Helen made contact with her donor Ben Potts，from Kent.They quickly became friends and she invited him to her wedding in September 2016. After that，Monica and Bryan decided to support Anthony Nolan and volunteered to become stem cell couriers when they retired and returned to England. The couple made three deliveries a week.They’ve now covered 15,000 miles.Henny Braund，Anthony Nolan’s chief executive said：“Over the last year our volunteer couriers have showed just how committed they are to giving people with blood cancer a second chance of life.” 语篇解读　本文为记叙文，主要讲述了一对夫妻莫妮卡和布莱恩志愿为癌症患者派送干细胞的故事。 1．What inspired the couple to volunteer to deliver stem cells? A．The pains of cancer patients. B．Their daughter’s experience. C．The death of a friend’s son. D．The donors’ selfless devotion. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据第一段第二句可知，是女儿的经历让这对夫妻决心志愿为癌症患者派送干细胞，故选B。 2．What was the doctors’ initial feeling about Helen’s condition? A．Confident. B．Terrified. C．Desperate. D．Embarrassed. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据第四段前两句可知，起初医生对治愈海伦的病很有信心，故选A。 3．Why couldn’t Helen meet her donor at first? A．She did not make a full recovery. B．The donor refused to be contacted. C．They arranged a later time to meet. D．She had no idea who saved her life. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第五段最后一句可知，起初，因为有严格的匿名规定，女孩不知道捐赠者是谁，所以不能与捐赠者见面，故选D。 4．What is the text mainly about? A．A charitable organization. B．A girl fighting against cancer. C．A couple delivering stem cells. D．A successful stem cell transplant. 答案　C 解析　主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据第一段内容和最后一段前两句可知，全文讲述的是一对夫妻志愿派送干细胞的故事，故选C。 B Zero-emission large passenger aircraft powered by hydrogen will be technically available in five years，according to Airbus，but they will not enter service for at least a decade as the price of the fuel needs to come down. The prediction comes from Glenn Llewellyn，vice-president of zero-emission technology at the pan-European plane-maker.He said that while Airbus planned to demonstrate hydrogen-powered aircraft in 2025，over the next 10 years，hydrogen won’t be more economic than the fossil fuel equivalent.“To make real emission-free hydrogen-powered planes，which give out only water and heat，their fuel needs to come from hydrogen produced via renewable sources such as wind and solar，” he added.“Another barrier is building up the ecosystem that hydrogen aircraft will need.” However，Mr Llewellyn predicted that there was enough interest in the sector to make this happen.In an interview，Mr Llewellyn said，“We already see massive increases in the amount of renewable energy being produced across the world.”“Wind energy production has multiplied by two over the last five years and solar energy production has multiplied by four，” he added.“There are a number of independent institutes that have mapped out how hydrogen costs can come down over the next decades.We see a 30% reduction in renewable hydrogen costs in 2030 compared to where it is today，and a 50% reduction in renewable hydrogen costs by 2050.They are exactly the kind of cost figures that are interesting for us，because it makes zero-emission aircraft commercially viable(可行的) in the 2030s.” Last month UK-based ZeroAvia conducted the world’s first flight of a commercial-grade aircraft powered by hydrogen.A few days before，Airbus announced a series of design proposals for hydrogen-driven aircraft，including a “blended wing” concept that provides greater storage capacity.This design could be key to hydrogen-powered aircraft as the fuel is less energy-dense(密度大的) than conventional fuel and so it requires more space to match performance of existing airplanes. 语篇解读　本文为说明文。文章说明了制造以氢气为动力的零排放大型客机目前所遇到的问题以及它的前景。 5．What does paragraph 2 focus on? A．The future to make hydrogen-powered aircraft. B．The importance to make hydrogen-powered aircraft. C．The problems to make hydrogen-powered aircraft. D．The possibility to make hydrogen-powered aircraft. 答案　C 解析　段落大意题。根据第二段最后三句可推知，无排放的氢动力飞机的燃料成本高，建立氢动力飞机需要的生态系统也是个问题。由此可知，第二段重点讲制造氢动力飞机的问题。故选C项。 6．What does the underlined word “capacity” in the last paragraph mean? A．Space. B．Ability. C．Place. D．Capability. 答案　A 解析　词义猜测题。最后一段最后一句对空中客车公司提出的“blended wing”混合机翼设计的原因进行解释，“blended wing”设计可以提供更大的储存空间。由此推知capacity意为“空间”，与space同义。故选A项。 7．What is Mr Llewellyn’s attitude towards the future of zero-emission large aircraft? A．Cautious. B．Negative. C．Doubtful. D．Positive. 答案　D 解析　观点态度题。根据第三段中“there was enough interest”和“massive increases in the amount of renewable energy”以及“makes zero-emission aircraft commercially viable(可行的)”推知，Mr Llewellyn对未来的零排放大型飞机的态度是积极乐观的。故选D项。 8．Which can be the suitable title for the text? A．A Prediction about Zero-emission Aircraft B．Zero-emission Large Aircraft Will Be Available C．How Zero-emission Large Aircraft Will Be Made D．The Barriers to Make Zero-emission Large Aircraft 答案　B 解析　标题归纳题。根据第一段和第三段中“However，Mr Llewellyn predicted that there was enough interest in the sector to make this happen.”以及最后一段中“Last month UK-based ZeroAvia conducted the world’s first flight of a commercial-grade aircraft powered by hydrogen.”可知，文章主要讲述了尽管面临一些困难，但零排放的大型飞机有望在将来成为现实。故选B项。 Ⅱ.完形填空 It was 1：30 at night in an Alaskan village.Ida Nelson was staying in bed with her sister when she heard the sound of a small airplane 1 the nearby airport.Nelson and her sister jumped to their feet，ran to the window，and saw the 2 ：The airport’s runway lights were out. Nelson 3 some clothes，jumped into her ATV，and 4 it to the airport，where she found a local pilot 5 to turn on the lights，but in vain.Meanwhile she and the pilot learned of the plane’s 6 ：It was a medevac (救伤直升机)，there to 7 a seriously ill local girl to the nearest hospital,280 miles away in Anchorage. Nelson had a 8 .Driving her ATV to the end of the runway，she shone her headlights on the tarmac (飞机跑道) for the plane to 9 .Great idea，but it wasn’t enough.More light was needed，so a 10 neighbor called nearly every home in the village—32 of them. Within 20 minutes,20 vehicles 11 on one side of the runway.The medevac， 12 by the headlights，landed safely.The young patient was loaded onto the aircraft，and the plane 13 took off again.Her illness was never publicly 14 but she has been released from the hospital. In a world filled with uncertainty，as Nelson told CNN，coming together is kind of 15 . 语篇解读　这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了Ida Nelson及其邻居们帮助救援直升机着陆救援当地女孩的故事。 1．A.reaching B．circling C．guarding D．passing 答案　B 解析　根据第一段最后一句“The airport’s runway lights were out.”可知机场跑道的灯出了故障，飞机无法降落，因此盘旋在机场上空。故选B。 2．A.chance B．lesson C．problem D．trick 答案　C 解析　根据空后“The airport’s runway lights were out.”可知，机场道灯坏了，所以是问题，故选C。 3．A.pulled on B．tried on C．tidied up D．washed up 答案　A 解析　根据前文“Ida Nelson was staying in bed with her sister”可知，因为Nelson开始是躺在床上的，所以此处表示她穿上衣服，开车去了机场。故选A。 4．A.speeded B．pushed C．sent D．flew 答案　A 解析　根据前文“jumped into her ATV”可知，此处表示加速开车去机场，因为当时情况紧急。故选A。 5．A.waiting B．forgetting C．regretting D．trying 答案　D 解析　根据后文“but in vain”可知，本地飞行员尝试打开灯，但没有成功。故选D。 6．A.danger B．mission C．height D．staff 答案　B 解析　根据后文“It was a medevac (救伤直升机)，there to a seriously ill local girl to the nearest hospital”可知，此处指Nelson得知了直升机的任务。故选B。 7．A.signal B．transport C．attract D．invite 答案　B 解析　根据上下文可知，飞机是有任务的，将患者送(运输)到医院。故选B。 8．A.team B．duty C．job D．plan 答案　D 解析　根据后文“Driving her ATV to the end of the runway，she shone her headlights”可知，此处指Nelson有了一个计划。故选D。 9．A.return B．warn C．follow D．leave 答案　C 解析　根据前文“she shone her headlights on the tarmac (飞机跑道)”可知，她打开车灯，作为参照让飞机跟着。故选C。 10．A.careful B．grateful C．helpful D．peaceful 答案　C 解析　根据后文“called nearly every home in the village—32 of them”可知，这位邻居喊了几乎每一户人家，由此可知，此人乐于助人。故选C。 11．A.lined B．landed C．changed D．moved 答案　A 解析　这里的意思是车子排列在跑道两旁，打开灯勾勒出跑道，因此line更准确，故选A。 12．A.covered B．guided C．decorated D．forced 答案　B 解析　根据后文“landed safely”可知，救伤直升机在车灯的指引下，安全着陆了。故选B。 13．A.fortunately B．generally C．frequently D．immediately 答案　D 解析　根据前文“a seriously ill local girl to the nearest hospital”可知，因为病人病情严重，所以这位年轻的病人被抬上飞机，飞机立即又起飞了。故选D。 14．A.discussed B．revealed C．criticized D．funded 答案　B 解析　根据后文“but she has been released from the hospital”可知，but 表转折，由此推知病人的病情没有被公开。故选B。 15．A.curiosity B．honesty C．happiness D．kindness 答案　D 解析　根据前文描述可知，Nelson 和邻居的行为向人们表明，虽然世界充满不确定性，但也有人们的善意。故选D。 Ⅲ.语法填空 March 12th is China’s annual National Tree Planting Day.On this day，millions of Chinese，from all walks of life，will put their work at hands aside 1. a moment，take spades and buckets as well as young trees，and go out 2. (green) their hometowns. China’s Tree Planting Day could date back to a proposal 3. (make) by Sun Yat-sen (1866－1925) and Tomb Sweeping Festival(April 5th) 4. (adopt) as Tree Planting Day then.However，April 5th was a late time for tree-planting in Southern China，so it was changed to March 12th in order to memorize Sun Yat-sen,5. passed away on March 12th. In February 1979，the 5th National People’s Congress of People’s Republic of China made a 6. (decide) that March 12th would be taken as Tree Planting Day，requiring the whole country to carry out tree-planting 7. (activity) on this day. Now tree-planting in the spring has become a bit of tradition for Chinese.For those 8.__________(live) in the big cities，National Tree Planting Day is 9. excellent time for city skipping.They often take the planting as a nice short tour back to nature with their family members.After their fieldwork together，they not only harvest better environment but aslo more 10._________(harmony) family relations as well as enthusiasm for the future. 1．答案　for 解析　考查固定短语。for a moment为固定短语，意为“一会儿；暂时”。 2．答案　to green 解析　考查非谓语动词。该处表示“为了绿化他们的家乡”，表示目的，故用动词不定式。 3．答案　made 解析　考查非谓语动词。根据该句中的“by Sun Yat-sen(1866－1925)”可知，a proposal和动词make之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。 4．答案　was adopted 解析　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。该句陈述的是过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时；主语Tomb Sweeping Festival和动词adopt之间为被动关系，故用被动语态；主语为单数，故谓语动词应用单数形式。 5．答案　who 解析　考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Sun Yat-sen，在从句中作主语，故填who。 6．答案　decision 解析　考查名词。冠词a后接名词，故该处应用名词。make a decision意为“做决定”。 7．答案　activities 解析　考查名词复数。activity可作可数名词，根据该句中的“the whole country”并结合常识可知，植树节有许多活动，故用activity的复数形式。 8．答案　living 解析　考查非谓语动词。分析该句结构可知，空处作those的后置定语，those和动词live之间为逻辑上的主动关系，故用现在分词形式。 9．答案　an 解析　考查冠词。该处泛指一个极好的时刻，应用不定冠词，且excellent的发音以元音音素开头，故用an。 10．答案　harmonious 解析　考查形容词。空处修饰名词短语“family relations”，故用形容词形式。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$