Unit 2 Period 2 Grammar and composition—The elements of a paragraph （课件）-【步步高】2023-2024学年高二英语选修第二册（译林版2020）

Unit 2 Building the future Period 2 Grammar and composition—The elements of a paragraph 语境感悟 语法精讲 达标检测 语境 感悟 3 阅读下面的语段，找出本段的主题句、支撑句和结论句。 (2022·全国甲，书面表达) (1)The ocean plays a key role in our world.(2)Not only does the ocean offer us sufficient food，but also it maintains the balance of nature. (3)Thus，it is imperative to protect the ocean.(4)First of all，what we can do is to place importance on our daily actions.(5)For example，garbage can’t be thrown into the ocean.(6)What’s more，we can also hand out leaflets to call on more people to protect the ocean.(7)The more people are involved，the better the ocean environment is. 在这个段落中，句 是主题句，提出“海洋在我们的生活中扮演着非常重要的角色”的观点；句 是一级支撑句，都支持和说明主题句，具体说明海洋的作用，而句 是二级支撑句，用来补充说明句(3)，通过举例来说明如何保护海洋；句 是结论句。 (1) (2)(3) (4)(5)(6) (7) 返 回 语法 精讲 6 段落基本要素 段落是构成文章的基本单位，由若干个彼此关联的句子构成，通常用以表达一个中心思想或者从一个角度对文章的主题进行阐述。因此，段落不能是一组句子的任意堆砌，而是符合一定的模式，具有某些基本特征，遵循一定段落发展方法的。段落没有固定的模式。在实践中，我们常常碰到各种各样的段落，有些仅仅充当导言或结束语，有些仅仅起过渡词作用，这种段落便不可能也不必要包含完整的思想内容。要写出一篇好文章，我们就必须了解一些结构完整的段落的写法，掌握一点组句成段的基本知识。 　　段落往往包含以下几种类型的句子： 一、主题句(topic sentence) 1.主题句通常陈述一个段落的中心思想或主题，通常在段落的开头，有时出现在段落的中间或结尾。 Public opinions on what it takes to succeed in one’s studies or career vary widely.Given approximately equal circumstances，some claim the success factor is largely a matter of luck—being in the right place and the right time.Others speak of utter devotion to work，combined with a degree of ruthlessness.Still others maintain that it is undoubtedly a matter of how much intelligence you have or simply how much education your mother had.In a word，people have different ideas on it. 本段的主题句Public opinions on what it takes to succeed in one’s studies or career vary widely.放在段落的开头，开门见山地点明主题，使读者很容易抓住本段的写作主线：对取得学业或事业成功应具备的条件所持的各种不同的观点和看法。 2.不是所有的段落都有主题句。有时上一段落包含一个主题句，而下一段落会延续上一段落的主题。 主题句的作用是要告诉读者该段的主题思想，该段将围绕这个主题思想逐步展开、定义、论述、分类、解释和举例说明等，所以，段落主题句中必须包含一个主导思想，这是一个等待发展的思想，也是段落的主旨所在。同时，段落主题句不能写得太笼统，也不能涉及面太窄。一个段落的容量是有限的，如果主题句限定范围太宽，其内容就无法在一个段落中阐述清楚；如果限定范围太窄，又不利于段落的发展。 二、支撑句(supporting sentence) 支撑句是用来支持或说明主题句的，是段落主题句的延伸和发展，起着辅助主题句、推展段落中心的作用，对主题句表达的中心思想或举例说明、或细致描写、或详细阐述和论证，使读者能够清晰地理解和信服地接受作者所表达的意思。 支撑句一般要具备这样的特点：(1)清晰、详实，有较强的说服力，能清楚地表达思想；(2)条理分明，脉络清晰。上一句要为下一句铺平道路，下一句是上一句的自然延伸，一步一步地论述或叙述主题。 一个段落通常有若干个支撑句。这些支撑句可以处于同一个层次，共同来为主题句服务；也可以在一级支撑句之下用二级支撑句来支持一级支撑句，从而构成支撑句之间的层次关系。但在段落中如果有多个不同层次的支撑句时，必须要合理地安排它们，既要做到简洁清晰、意义连贯、合乎逻辑，又要做到层次分明并紧紧地围绕主题句，为主题句服务；同时还要注意一级支撑句、二级支撑句等和主题句之间的关系。一级支撑句为主题句服务，二级支撑句支持一级支撑句来说明或论证主题句。 (1)The computer finds many applications in all fields.(2)Computers are now doing almost everything from diagnosing hospital patients to running nuclear power stations.(3)In any field where information is collected，processed，stored，and retrieved，computers are being used more and more.(4)Computers are also used as an aid to design planning.(5)For example，they can be used to predict faults in design as well as the cost of a design if one is planning to build a road. 在这个段落中，句(1)是主题句，提出计算机在所有领域都有应用的观点；句(2)、(3)和(4)是一级支撑句，都支持和说明句(1)，具体说明计算机都在哪些领域应用，而句(5)是二级支撑句，用来补充说明句(4)，通过举例来说明计算机辅助设计的用途。 三、结论句(concluding sentence) 结论句位于段落的末尾，在段落中也起着非常重要的作用，用以对全段内容进行总结、归纳或提出结论性的观点。结论句常和主题句相呼应，以不同的形式再现主题，并与扩展句相关联。但是并非任何段落都必须有结论句才算完整。有的段落，尤其是一些较短的段落中只有主题句而没有结论句。 Scientists believe that there has been life of some sort on the earth for about twelve hundred million years.Such a large figure is difficult to grasp，so let us scale it down and reckon it as one hundred years.We then find that man has been on the earth for about a month，and civilized man for only seven or eight hours.So you see mankind is only at the beginning of its civilized life，and we must not expect too much. 本段的结尾句是对全段的总结归纳。它进一步强调了段落的中心思想，以引起读者的注意和重视。 返 回 达标检测 阅读下面的语段，找出段中的主题句和支撑句。 (1)Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of.(2)It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices，thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.(3)By drawing attention to new ideas，it helps enormously to raise standards of living.(4)By helping to increase demand，it ensures an increased need for labor，and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. (5)It lowers the costs of many services：without advertisements your daily newspapers would cost four times as much，the price of your television license would need to be doubled，and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 percent more. 本段中的句 是段落主题句。句 是支撑句，处在同一层次上，进一步阐述和说明主题句。本段没有结论句。 (1) 返 回 (2)、(3)、(4)、(5) $$