Unit 2 Period 2 Grammar and composition—The elements of a paragraph-【步步高】2023-2024学年高二英语选修第二册（译林版2020）

Period 2　Grammar and composition—The elements of a paragraph 阅读下面的语段，找出本段的主题句、支撑句和结论句。 (2022·全国甲，书面表达) (1)The ocean plays a key role in our world.(2)Not only does the ocean offer us sufficient food，but also it maintains the balance of nature.(3)Thus，it is imperative to protect the ocean.(4)First of all，what we can do is to place importance on our daily actions.(5)For example，garbage can’t be thrown into the ocean.(6)What’s more，we can also hand out leaflets to call on more people to protect the ocean.(7)The more people are involved，the better the ocean environment is. 在这个段落中，句(1)是主题句，提出“海洋在我们的生活中扮演着非常重要的角色”的观点；句(2)(3)是一级支撑句，都支持和说明主题句，具体说明海洋的作用，而句(4)(5)(6)是二级支撑句，用来补充说明句(3)，通过举例来说明如何保护海洋；句(7)是结论句。 段落基本要素 段落是构成文章的基本单位，由若干个彼此关联的句子构成，通常用以表达一个中心思想或者从一个角度对文章的主题进行阐述。因此，段落不能是一组句子的任意堆砌，而是符合一定的模式，具有某些基本特征，遵循一定段落发展方法的。段落没有固定的模式。在实践中，我们常常碰到各种各样的段落，有些仅仅充当导言或结束语，有些仅仅起过渡词作用，这种段落便不可能也不必要包含完整的思想内容。要写出一篇好文章，我们就必须了解一些结构完整的段落的写法，掌握一点组句成段的基本知识。 段落往往包含以下几种类型的句子： 一、主题句(topic sentence) 1．主题句通常陈述一个段落的中心思想或主题，通常在段落的开头，有时出现在段落的中间或结尾。 Public opinions on what it takes to succeed in one’s studies or career vary widely.Given approximately equal circumstances，some claim the success factor is largely a matter of luck—being in the right place and the right time.Others speak of utter devotion to work，combined with a degree of ruthlessness.Still others maintain that it is undoubtedly a matter of how much intelligence you have or simply how much education your mother had.In a word，people have different ideas on it. 本段的主题句Public opinions on what it takes to succeed in one’s studies or career vary widely.放在段落的开头，开门见山地点明主题，使读者很容易抓住本段的写作主线：对取得学业或事业成功应具备的条件所持的各种不同的观点和看法。 2．不是所有的段落都有主题句。有时上一段落包含一个主题句，而下一段落会延续上一段落的主题。 主题句的作用是要告诉读者该段的主题思想，该段将围绕这个主题思想逐步展开、定义、论述、分类、解释和举例说明等，所以，段落主题句中必须包含一个主导思想，这是一个等待发展的思想，也是段落的主旨所在。同时，段落主题句不能写得太笼统，也不能涉及面太窄。一个段落的容量是有限的，如果主题句限定范围太宽，其内容就无法在一个段落中阐述清楚；如果限定范围太窄，又不利于段落的发展。 二、支撑句(supporting sentence) 支撑句是用来支持或说明主题句的，是段落主题句的延伸和发展，起着辅助主题句、推展段落中心的作用，对主题句表达的中心思想或举例说明、或细致描写、或详细阐述和论证，使读者能够清晰地理解和信服地接受作者所表达的意思。 支撑句一般要具备这样的特点：(1)清晰、详实，有较强的说服力，能清楚地表达思想；(2)条理分明，脉络清晰。上一句要为下一句铺平道路，下一句是上一句的自然延伸，一步一步地论述或叙述主题。 一个段落通常有若干个支撑句。这些支撑句可以处于同一个层次，共同来为主题句服务；也可以在一级支撑句之下用二级支撑句来支持一级支撑句，从而构成支撑句之间的层次关系。但在段落中如果有多个不同层次的支撑句时，必须要合理地安排它们，既要做到简洁清晰、意义连贯、合乎逻辑，又要做到层次分明并紧紧地围绕主题句，为主题句服务；同时还要注意一级支撑句、二级支撑句等和主题句之间的关系。一级支撑句为主题句服务，二级支撑句支持一级支撑句来说明或论证主题句。 (1)The computer finds many applications in all fields.(2)Computers are now doing almost everything from diagnosing hospital patients to running nuclear power stations.(3)In any field where information is collected，processed，stored，and retrieved，computers are being used more and more.(4)Computers are also used as an aid to design planning.(5)For example，they can be used to predict faults in design as well as the cost of a design if one is planning to build a road. 在这个段落中，句(1)是主题句，提出计算机在所有领域都有应用的观点；句(2)、(3)和(4)是一级支撑句，都支持和说明句(1)，具体说明计算机都在哪些领域应用，而句(5)是二级支撑句，用来补充说明句(4)，通过举例来说明计算机辅助设计的用途。 三、结论句(concluding sentence) 结论句位于段落的末尾，在段落中也起着非常重要的作用，用以对全段内容进行总结、归纳或提出结论性的观点。结论句常和主题句相呼应，以不同的形式再现主题，并与扩展句相关联。但是并非任何段落都必须有结论句才算完整。有的段落，尤其是一些较短的段落中只有主题句而没有结论句。 Scientists believe that there has been life of some sort on the earth for about twelve hundred million years.Such a large figure is difficult to grasp，so let us scale it down and reckon it as one hundred years.We then find that man has been on the earth for about a month，and civilized man for only seven or eight hours.So you see mankind is only at the beginning of its civilized life，and we must not expect too much. 本段的结尾句是对全段的总结归纳。它进一步强调了段落的中心思想，以引起读者的注意和重视。 阅读下面的语段，找出段中的主题句和支撑句。 (1)Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of.(2)It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices，thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.(3)By drawing attention to new ideas，it helps enormously to raise standards of living.(4)By helping to increase demand，it ensures an increased need for labor，and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment.(5)It lowers the costs of many services：without advertisements your daily newspapers would cost four times as much，the price of your television license would need to be doubled，and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 percent more. 本段中的句(1)是段落主题句。句(2)、(3)、(4)、(5)是支撑句，处在同一层次上，进一步阐述和说明主题句。本段没有结论句。 Ⅰ.阅读理解 A The Crown Family School of Social Work，Policy，and Practice considers all the pieces of your application as a collective representation of you academically and professionally.Below are some suggestions that may assist you in completing your application. ESSAY Respond directly to all the essay prompts(申请文书) regarding your professional goals，your strengths，and your learning needs with regard to a career in social work/social welfare. Demonstrate how your prior experience might contribute to the Crown Family School classroom and a career in social work/social welfare. Be sure to illustrate why you want to be at Crown Family School—what is it that we do here that you want to be a part of or are there any specific faculty(全体教师) with whom you want to work? Remember that the essay is about both content and comprehension，so read and re-read your statement for content，flow，and to catch any grammatical errors you missed the first time through. LETTERS OF RECOMMENDATION Your recommenders should be individuals who know you well and can evaluate your potential for graduate school education. We discourage letters from friends，relatives，neighbors，doctors，etc. If you have recently graduated or are about to graduate，reach out to professors.If you have worked，ask your supervisor. We want letters that can speak on your performance and why you would make a great addition to the field of social work/social welfare or social sector leadership/nonprofit management. TRANSCRIPTS Our students come from a variety of academic backgrounds and undergraduate majors including those in the social sciences，humanities，biological sciences，and arts. While a cumulative GPA is important，we are also mindful of your last 3－4 terms，your grades in coursework relevant to social work/social welfare. 1．What can we learn about the essay prompts? A．Only some of them need direct response. B．Useful experience should be listed and explained. C．A specific supervisor must be mentioned. D．Minor grammatical errors are acceptable. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据ESSAY部分中的“Demonstrate how your prior experience might contribute to the Crown Family School classroom and a career in social work/social welfare.”可知，应该列出并解释有用的经验。故选B。 2．Which of the following is TRUE about recommendation letter? A．It could be written by a research agency. B．A letter from your relatives will be allowed. C．It should refer to your performance and ability. D．All the individuals must apply to professors for admission. 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据LETTERS OF RECOMMENDATION部分中的“We want letters that can speak on your performance and why you would make a great addition to the field of social work/social welfare or social sector leadership/nonprofit management.”可知，推荐信应该与你的表现和能力有关。故选C。 3．What is the purpose of the passage? A．To help students give an insight into application forms. B．To keep students informed of the latest admission process. C．To provide students with helpful application guidelines. D．To persuade students to choose a major in social science. 答案　C 解析　写作意图题。根据第一段中的“Below are some suggestions that may assist you in completing your application.”可知，文章的目的是为学生提供有用的申请指南。故选C。 B (2023·泰州高三期末) A handful of healthy soil could contain great numbers of living organisms.However，poisonous pesticides(杀虫剂) are causing harm and destruction to them，according to a recent analysis. For the analysis，researchers looked through nearly 400 published studies including over 2,800 experiments on how pesticides affect soil organisms.They found that pesticides harmed organisms critical to maintaining healthy soils，but these harms have never been considered in the safety reviews of the EPA(Environmental Protection Agency)．Poisonous pesticides are driving factors in the sharp decline of many soil organisms，such as ground beetles.They have been identified as the most significant driver of soil biodiversity loss in the last ten years. However，that research has always been ignored.The EPA，which is responsible for pesticide supervision(监管) in the country，openly acknowledges that somewhere between 50 and 100 percent of all agriculturally applied pesticides end up on the soil.Yet，to assess pesticides’ harm to soil species，the agency just uses a single test species，the European honeybee，to estimate risk to all soil organisms.It spends its entire life above ground in artificial boxes. Worse still，as soil health gain popularity globally，pesticide companies have jumped up to green wash and promote their products.Every major company is now advertising its role in improving soil health，such as advocating planting cover crops.As general beliefs，these practices are indeed good for soil health and，if adopted responsibly，are a great step to take.But companies know that these practices are often accompanied by increased pesticide use.Chemicals and pesticides have to be applied more frequently to kill weeds before crops are planted. The long-term environmental cost can no longer be overlooked.Soils are some of the most complex ecosystems on Earth，containing nearly a quarter of the planet’s biodiversity.Protecting them should be a priority，not an afterthought. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。少量健康的土壤就含有大量的生物有机体。然而，根据最近的一项分析，有毒的农药正在对它们造成伤害和破坏。 4．What does the underlined word “They” refer to in paragraph 2? A．Soil organisms. B．Ground beetles. C．Artificial boxes. D．Poisonous pesticides. 答案　D 解析　代词指代题。根据第二段中的“Poisonous pesticides are driving factors...They have been identified as the most significant driver of soil biodiversity loss in the last ten years.”可知，they指代poisonous pesticides“有毒的农药”。故选D。 5．What can we learn from paragraph 3? A．The honeybee is a typical species living in nature. B．The assessment of pesticides’ harm is one-sided. C．Less than half of applied pesticides go to the soil eventually. D．The EPA attaches great importance to pesticide inspection. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据第三段最后两句可知，对农药危害的评估是片面的。故选B。 6．Why do pesticide companies advocate planting cover crops? A．To obey the EPA’s rules. B．To increase their product sales. C．To protect the environment. D．To shoulder their social responsibility. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据第四段内容可知，农药公司提倡种植覆盖作物是为了增加他们的产品销售。故选B。 7．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A．Soil：Essential to Agriculture B．Pesticides：Harmful to Soil Health C．Organisms：Significant to Harvest D．Pollution：Destructive to Biodiversity 答案　B 解析　标题归纳题。通读全文尤其根据第一段内容可知，B项(农药：对土壤健康有害)适合作最佳标题。故选B。 Ⅱ.完形填空 Allamby started his auto-repair business at the age of 19.Over the years it had grown into two shops，but Allamby 1 something more.At first，he thought it must have to do with 2 his business.So at age 34，he 3 to go for his bachelor’s degree in business management. After taking classes part-time over the next five years，Allamby was told he had to take biology to get his 4 .Attending biology class reawakened his 5 dream.“After the first day，I remembered the feeling of wanting to be a doctor 6 when I was younger，” Allamby says. So a 7 Allamby walked into that biology class at age 39.He was 8 to live his dream.With the 9 of his family，he decided to 10 business school.Instead，he took the science classes he’d need for a second 11 as a doctor.And so in 2015，Allamby cut 12 with his past.He sold off his two shops.Then he started at Medical University. In 2019，at age 47，Allamby 13 Allamby，MD (医学博士)．He took a job in emergency medicine at Cleveland Clinic Akron General. It’s a small 14 to pay for the life Allamby now gets to lead，but he finds his true direction halfway in life.So it’s really never too late for one to 15 his dream. 语篇解读　这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过讲述艾伦比的个人经历，最终提出，追求梦想永远不会太晚。 1．A.waited for B．longed for C．depended on D．acted on 答案　B 解析　wait for等待；long for 渴望；depend on 依赖；act on对……起作用。根据下文“something more”可知，此处指他渴望更多的东西。故选B。 2．A.launching B．handling C．starting D．growing 答案　D 解析　根据上文“but Allamby something more”可知，此处指他认为一定要和扩大他的生意有关。故选D。 3．A.decided B．continued C．desired D．ceased 答案　A 解析　根据下文“go for his bachelor’s degree in business management”可知，此处指他决定攻读工商管理的学士学位。故选A。 4．A.direction B．business C．degree D．agreement 答案　C 解析　根据上文“go for his bachelor’s degree in business management”可知，此处指他必须学习生物学才能拿到学位。故选C。 5．A.long-held B．odd C．romantic D．short-lived 答案　A 解析　根据下文“I remembered the feeling of wanting to be a doctor when I was younger”可知，此处指唤醒了他长久以来的梦想。故选A。 6．A.next B．later C．only D．back 答案　D 解析　根据下文“when I was younger”可知，此处指想起了之前想当医生的梦想。故选D。 7．A.different B．healthy C．learned D．single 答案　A 解析　根据上文“I remembered the feeling of wanting to be a doctor when I was younger”，及下文“He was to live his dream.”可知，此处指一个不同的艾伦比走进了生物课堂。故选A。 8．A.unsure B．hesitant C．ready D．likely 答案　C 解析　根据下文“to live his dream”可知，此处指他准备好去实现他的梦想。故选C。 9．A.sympathy B．support C．cooperation D．company 答案　B 解析　根据下文他改学生物学可知，应该是得到了家人的支持才去做的。故选B。 10．A.attend B．skip C．finish D．run 答案　B 解析　根据下文 “Instead，he took the science classes”可知，此处指他决定不学工商管理了。故选B。 11．A.operation B．deal C．career D．major 答案　C 解析　根据下文“He took a job in emergency medicine at Cleveland Clinic Akron General.”可知，此处指他把医生作为又一个职业，故选C。 12．A.wires B．classes C．expenses D．ties 答案　D 解析　根据下文“He sold off his two shops.”可知，此处指他断绝了自己和过去的联系。故选D。 13．A.betrayed B．became C．abandoned D．accepted 答案　B 解析　根据上文“he started at Medical University”可知，此处指他成了医学博士。故选B。 14．A.fortune B．fee C．price D．salary 答案　C 解析　根据上文，艾伦比为了实现自己的医生梦想，他出售了他的两个店铺，最终成了医学博士。所以这是他为生活付出的代价。故选C。 15．A.remember B．interpret C．forget D．pursue 答案　D 解析　根据上文可知，艾伦比成了医学博士实现了自己的医生梦想，所以此处指追求梦想永远不晚。故选D。 Ⅲ.语法填空 The Qinling Mountains are one of the most biodiverse mountain ranges.According to an announcement from the Shaanxi government，local authorities 1. (shut) over 200 mines and hydropower(水力发电) plants down in key areas of the Qinling Mountains since an official rule 2. (design) to protect the rich ecosystem went into effect. The Qinling Mountains 3. (think) to be home to several organisms found only in China.The scenery is amazing there，varying 4. the season and geography. Wang Fang，a conservation biologist at Fudan University，said 5. would be affected by the mine and hydropower projects are not only animals but also the region’s climate patterns in the long run.He added such constructions may help the local economy,6. it shouldn’t come at the cost of the environment. Before the 7. (prohibit) of mining started，a series of activities had damaged its ecosystem.However，Wang was optimistic that the damage could be repaired.Referring to how forest areas 8. (severe) damaged by unregulated logging in the 1990s bounced back，he believed stricter laws could prove 9. (benefit) this time，too.“The species at the Qinling Mountains are quite tough，so maybe we’ll see 10. (they) recovery in 20 or 30 years，” he said. 语篇解读　本文是说明文。秦岭生物多样性丰富，为了保护秦岭山脉的生态环境，当地的200多座矿井和水电厂被关闭。 1．答案　have shut 解析　考查时态和主谓一致。since引导时间状语从句，主句用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。主语local authorities为复数，故填have shut。 2．答案　designed 解析　考查过去分词。since引导的从句中已有谓语动词went，故空处应用非谓语动词。design与rule为动宾关系，故用过去分词作定语。 3．答案　are thought 解析　考查时态、语态和主谓一致。该句描述客观情况，需用一般现在时；主语为复数名词，且与think之间为被动关系，故填are thought。 4．答案　with 解析　考查介词。句意：那里的景色很美，随季节和地形而异。结合句意可知，固定短语vary with sth表示“根据……变化，变更，改变”。 5．答案　what 解析　考查名词性从句。空处引导主语从句，且在从句中作主语，表示“……的事物”，故填what。 6．答案　but/yet 解析　考查并列连词。句意：他补充说，此类建筑有利于当地经济，但不应以环境为代价。前后分句之间为转折关系，故填but/yet。 7．答案　prohibition 解析　考查名词。根据空前的the和空后的of可知，空处应用名词。prohibition禁止，禁令。 8．答案　severely 解析　考查副词。空处修饰非谓语动词damaged，应用副词形式。severely严重地。 9．答案　beneficial 解析　考查形容词。prove“证明是，被发现是”在句中作系动词，应用所给词的形容词形式作表语，故填beneficial“有利的，有帮助的”。 10．答案　their 解析　考查代词。空处修饰名词recovery，应用形容词性物主代词作定语，表示“它们的”。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$