Unit 4 Sharing【速记清单】-2024-2025学年高二英语单元速记·巧练（人教版2019选择性必修四册）

Unit 4 Sharing【速记清单】（原卷版） 2024-2025学年高二英语单元速记·巧练（人教版2019选择性必修四册） 单元重点单词短语句型语法 考点词汇 1. mail  /meɪl/ n.  &  vt. 【paraphrase1】  n. the bags of letters and packages that are transported by the postal service  邮件；信件；邮政    【paraphrase2】  vt. send via the postal service；cause to be directed or transmitted to another place   邮寄；发电邮给 【formation】 复数：mails  三单: mails 现在分词: mailing    过去式: mailed  过去分词：mailed 同根词：  mailing      adj. 邮递的   n. 邮寄；邮件  【多元例句】 例 1: I’ ve been dying to have some of my favourite sweets, and it’s always nice to get mail!   ---教材原句 P41 例2: Mail your entry to us by October 31 this year.                     例3：You've got mail and it's a postcard.  例4：A lady who was starting with her maid in the next mail for Boulogne, and who told me not to take it until the coach was out of the courtyard.                         --- Camille 《茶花女》 例5：Tell the captain we've got some of his mails here.                  --- Lord Jim 《吉姆老爷》 例6：The mails are taken to the field marshal's room, for he likes to do everything himself.       --- War and Peace 《战争与和平》 Key: 【短语互译】 1. by mail  邮寄；通过写信，通过邮递；按信件 2. daily mail  每日邮报（英国伦敦的报刊） 3. voice mail  语音邮件 4. express mail  快信 5. send mail   发送邮件 6. mail order  邮购，函购；邮购订单 【句子翻译】 1. 我们通过邮递做生意。 We do our business by mail. 2. 我打开了邮件，惊讶地发现了一个打碎的花瓶。   I opened my mail and was surprised to see a broken vase. 3. 下午还另有一批邮件吗？   Is there another mail in the afternoon? 4. 我去邮局寄信。   I went to the post office to mail the letters. 2. uniform /ˈjuːnɪfɔːm/   n.  &  adj. 【paraphrase1】  the special set of clothes worn by all members of an organization or a group at work, or by children at school    n.  制服；校服   【paraphrase2】  not varying; the same in all parts and at all times  adj.  一致的；统一的；一律的 【formation】 复数：uniforms 三单: uniforms 现在分词: uniforming    过去分词: uniformed 比较级：more uniform      最高级：most uniform 同根词：uniformed  adj.  穿着制服的  uniformly  adv. 一致地 【多元例句】 例 1: Unlike students in our country, these boys do not wear cotton uniforms, and many of them also have to walk a long way, sometimes for up to two hours, just to get to school. ---教材原句 P38      例2: As I watched him take off his basketball uniform and replace it with a baseball uniform, I saw him leaving behind the layer that no longer served him, just as our lizard had.   例 3: There are several reasons why school uniforms are good idea.   例4：Uniforms can be useful in unexpected ways.  例5：A school in Ireland has introduced an interesting new uniform.      例6：Some very good schools don't have a uniform policy. However, uniforms are still popular. 【短语互译】 1. put on a uniform 穿上制服 2. take off a uniform 脱下制服 3. in uniform  穿制服 4. school uniform  校服 5. military uniform  军装 6. uniform distribution  均匀分布；一致分布 3. shade /ʃeɪd/  vt. & n. 【paraphrase1】 ~ sb/sth (from/against sth) to prevent direct light from reaching sth.  v. 给…遮（光线） 【paraphrase2】 ~ (of sth) an area that is dark and cool under or behind sth, for example a tree or building, because the sun's light does not get to it    n.  阴凉处；背阴；（树）荫 【formation】 复数：shades 三单: shades 现在分词: shading 过去式: shaded 过去分词: shaded   同根词：adj.  shady 成荫的；阴暗的；名声不好的;  shaded 荫蔽的；色彩较暗的 【多元例句】 例 1: Another teacher and I walked for two and a half hours to get there- first, up a mountain from where we had fantastic views, and then down a shaded path to the valley below. ---教材原句 P38 例2: There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.                       例 3: He passed milky white waterfalls and mountains in many shades of blue.    例4：Before Vinnie could say yes, the President hurried on, a shade of apology in his voice.  例5：I was looking at him from the shade.                        --- Lord Jim 《吉姆老爷》     例6 ：To watch his face was like watching a darkening sky before a clap of thunder, shade upon shade imperceptibly  coming on, the doom growing mysteriously intense in the calm of maturing violence.                      --- Lord Jim 《吉姆老爷》   【短语互译】 1. get shade from the sun    不让太阳照射 2. throw a shade on    投阴影于… 3. offer sb shade    给某人提供阴凉处 4. in the shade    在阴凉处 5. shade the face/eyes   遮住脸/眼睛 4. ripe /raɪp/  adj. 【paraphrase1】  fully grown and ready to be eaten  成熟的;  ~ (for sth) ready or suitable for sth to happen 时机成熟的；适宜的 【formation】 比较级 riper 或 more ripe 最高级 ripest 或 most ripe  同根词：adv.  ripely  圆通地；成熟地   vt.  ripen  使成熟 【多元例句】 例 1: He then placed the hot stones in an empty oil drum with kau kau (sweetpotato), ripe corn, and greens.   ---教材原句 P39 例2: I bought a handful of perfectly ripe small strawberries and a little sweet melon.                                             例 3: You can be the one who directs the conversation to fun topics that are ripe for others to add humor.  例4：But in some waters, such as those of the Arctic, a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton, and these areas will turn greener.     例5：For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter.    【短语互译】 1. ripe for  时机成熟；为……做好准备 2. ripe for settlement   解决的时机已成熟 3. ripe field  成熟庄稼的田地 4. ripe scholar  老练的学者 5. ripe time  成熟的时机 5. drag /dræɡ/  vt. & vi 【paraphrase1】 to pull sb/sth along with effort and difficulty （使劲而吃力地）拖，拉，拽，扯 【formation】  同根词： political  adj.  政治的；党派的  politically  adv.  政治上    politician n. 政治家，政客 【多元例句】 例 1: My muscles were aching and my knees shaking as we dragged ourselves down the mountain towards home.   ---教材原句 P39 例2: This meant, of course, that he arrived at school early in the morning, dragging his heavy instrument case across the campus to the pitying looks of the non-musicians he had left behind.        例 3: Crowds of men of various arms, wounded and unwounded, with frightened faces, dragged themselves back to Mozhaysk from the one army and back to Valuevo from the other.   --- War and Peace 《战争与和平》   例4：The wounded dragged themselves out of their rooms and stood with pale but happy faces round the carts.                                    --- War and Peace 《战争与和平》 例5：They seized Makar Alexeevich by the arms and dragged him to the door.                               --- War and Peace 《战争与和平》 例6：He did not at first recognize the place from which he had set out to look for the child, so crowded was it now with people and goods that had been dragged out of the houses.                                                             --- War and Peace 《战争与和平》 【短语互译】 1. drag one's feet   拖步而行 2. drag one's heel   故意延迟行动 3. drag away   拉开, 拖走 4. drag down …   使身体垮掉 5. drag in   把…拉进去, 硬把…拉扯进来 6. drag up   重提 (旧事、旧话) 6. resign /rɪˈzaɪn/   vi. & vt. 【paraphrase】  ~ (from sth)~ (as sth) to officially tell sb. that you are leaving your job, an organization, etc. 辞职；辞去（某职务） 【formation】 三单: resigns 现在分词：resigning   过去式：resigned 过去分词：resigned 词根: resign   同根词: resigned  adj.  顺从的；已辞职的；己放弃的         resignation  n. 辞职；放弃；辞职书；顺从 【多元例句】 例 1: One of my dreams is to work in Africa and continue to help the disabled after I resign from my job.          ---教材原句 P40 例2: Dr. Rowan, whose secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.                                              例 3: I can see that you are tired of the arrangement, and of me, and I had better, therefore, resign.     --- The Man of Property《有产业的人》                                    例4：But Baba sensed my lack of genuine interest and resigned himself to the bleak fact that his son was never going to either play or watch soccer.      --- The Kite Runner 《追风筝的孩子》 例5：As for Scarlett, she had long ago become resigned to Melanie’s habit of seeing good in everyone.                        --- Gone with the Wind 《乱世佳人》     例6 ：That October Governor Bullock resigned his office and fled from Georgia.     --- Gone with the Wind 《乱世佳人》 【短语互译】    1. resign one's office   辞职 2. resign one's position   辞职 3. resign a task to sb   把任务交给某人 4. resign oneself to  使听从于；听任；听凭于；甘受    5. resign to fate   认命 7. deserve /dɪˈzɜːv/  vt. 【paraphrase】 ( not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时 ) [ V -ing ] if sb/sth deserves sth,  is right that they should have it, because of the way they have behaved or because of what they are  值得；应得；应受 【formation】 三单: deserves 现在分词：deserving   过去式：deserved 过去分词：deserved 同根词: deserved  adj.   应得的；理所当然的   deservedly   adv.  理所当然地；应得报酬地 【多元例句】 例 1:“I think everyone deserves the right to be happy,” she said.              ---教材原句 P40 例2: But your father has the distinction of belonging to the minority who truly deserves the label.    --- The Kite Runner 《追风筝的孩子》 例 3: I wondered whether I deserved any of it.  --- The Kite Runner 《追风筝的子》                                        例4：“Let’s just say we both got what we deserved,” I said.  --- The Kite Runner 《追风筝的孩子》                            例5：You gave him what he deserved, and he deserved even more.   --- The Kite Runner 《追风筝的孩子》 例6 ：If ever anyone deserved a watch, you do, and I know Pa would approve.               --- Gone with the Wind 《乱世佳人》 【短语互译】 1. deserve to do sth   值得干某事 ; 应该做 2. you deserve it   你应得的 ;  你活该 ; 你值得 3. deserve to win   赢在情理之中 4. deserve to be mentioned   值得一提 ; 翻译 5. deserve one's reputation   名不虚传 8. contract vt.  &  n. 【paraphrase1】   vt.  ~ sb (to sth) to make a legal agreement with sb for them to work for you or provide you with a service  与…订立合同（或契约） 【paraphrase2】   n.  ~ (with sb)~ (between A and B)~ (for sth/to do sth) an official written agreement  合同；合约；契约 【formation】 复数: contracts  三单: contracts       现在分词：contracting  过去式：contracted       过去分词：contracted  同根词: contractual   adj. 契约的，合同的    contractor  n.  承包人；立契约者 【多元例句】 例 1: Many dangerous diseases which are rare in China are quite commonly contracted in Tanzania.  、---教材原句 P44 例2: The French take their 35-hour workweek seriously — so seriously that some labor unions recently struck a deal with a group of companies limiting the number of hours that independent contractors can be on call.                                例 3: According to the Dallas Area Cultural Advocacy Coalition, arts agencies employ more than 10,000 people as full- or part-time employees or independent contractors.                                                     例4：And just as soon as Johnnie Gallegher’s contract with Tommy is up, I’m going to hire him to run Hugh’s mill.  --- Gone with the Wind 《乱世佳人》                                          例5：They all made their money speculating in food like your loving husband or out of dubious government contracts or in shady ways that won’t bear investigation.                        --- Gone with the Wind 《乱世佳人》 例6：Her heart contracted（收缩）a little with shame at the sight of that closed door, remembering the many nights of this last summer when Rhett had sat there alone, drinking until he was sodden and Pork came to urge him to bed.       --- Gone with the Wind 《乱世佳人》       【短语互译】 1. contract for   订契约, 承包, 承建 2. break a contract   撕毁契约 3. simple contract    口头契约 4. law of contract  合同法 9. pray /preɪ/  vi.  &  vt. 【paraphrase】   ~ (to sb) (for sb/sth) to speak to God, especially to give thanks or ask for help 祈祷；祷告 【formation】 三单: prays 现在分词: praying 过去式: prayed     过去分词: prayed 同根词: prayerful  adj.  虔诚的；常常祷告的  prayer  n. 祈祷，祷告；恳求；祈祷文 【多元例句】 例 1: Now that I understand how important my mother's work is, I've decided to become a volunteer myself to help people in other lands. In the future, I pray that you will do the same.                            ---教材原句 P45 例2: I pray they will not stay.   ---Cities in Flight 《飞行都市》                                  例 3: One thing which you will not believe, perhaps, Armand, is that I prayed God to give me strength; and what proves that he accepted my sacrifice is that he gave me the strength for which I prayed.                                ---Camille 《茶花女》   例4：I went to find a priest at Saint Roch, I burned two candles for her, and I prayed in the church for an hour.  ---Camille 《茶花女》                                                                例5：In the Catholic school, when it came time to pray, I would pretend to close my eyes , then peek around the room.   --- Dreams From My Father 《我父亲的梦想》    例6：With our eyes closed, we uttered the same words, but in our hearts we each prayed to our own masters.  --- Dreams From My Father 《我父亲的梦想》   【短语互译】 1. pray for sb/sth    祈求; 祈祷 2. pray for the success of    为…的成功而祈祷 3. pray to sb for sth    为某事祈求某人   4. pray at one's knee     跪在某人的膝下恳求 5. pray against    祈祷不要发生… 考点句型 1.It takes/took (sb) some time to do sth. (某人)花费时间做某事 It took about two weeks to arrive, and it was a bit damaged, but it was so nice to get some sweets and jam from home...(P38) 它用了约两周的时间才到我这里。包裹虽然有点儿破损，但是拿到从家里寄来的糖果和果酱，还是很开心的…… 【句式剖析】It takes/took (sb) some time to do sth. (某人)花费时间做某事. it在句中为形式主语，后面的不定式短语to do sth是句子的真正主语。此外，take还表示“需要”，it takes/took ...to do sth“做某事需要花费……”。 Ø On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work. 周一早晨我通常要花一个小时开车去上班。 【句式拓展】 it作形式主语的句型: (1)It+be+形容词+to do/that... “做……是……的” Ø It was surprising that she passed the difficult exam. 真让人惊讶，她居然通过了这次有难度的考试。 (2)It+be+过去分词(said/ reported/ believed/thought/expected/announced)+ that... “据……” Ø It is reported that the temperature will decline sharply in one or two days. 据报告近一两日气温将明显下降。 Ø It is announced that the sports meet will be held next Tuesday. 据通知，运动会将在下周二举行。 【温馨提示】如果过去分词是suggested/ordered/required/advised/requested/insisted等表示建议、要求、命 令的词时，从句应该用虚拟语气，其谓语动词的结构为“(should+)动词原形”。 Ø It’s suggested that children (should) make their bed by themselves. 人们建议孩子应该自己铺床。 (3) It+be+名词+to do/that... “做……是……” Ø It is a great honour for me to be invited to speak at the meeting. 对于被邀请在会上讲话我感到非常荣幸。 Ø It is our duty to do our part to make the world we live in a better place. 我们有责任尽我们的一份力量使我 们生活的世界变得更美好。 (4)It seems/happens/appears/looks/occurs/turns out that... “这似乎/碰巧/显得/看上去/出现/结果是……” Ø It so happened that the train arrived at the station when I got there. 碰巧我到达车站时火车进站了。 Ø Just as I was leaving the house it occurred to me that I had forgotten my keys. 我就要离开房子时，想起来 我忘了带钥匙。 (5)It worries/shocks/surprises/frightens+to do/that... “担心/震惊/惊喜/害怕的是……” Ø It shocks me that he failed in this exam. 他考试不及格让我震惊。 Ø It worries me that he should drive all that way on his own. 一路上他都将独自驾驶，这使我十分担心。 【练习】 1.他们一致没给我回信，让我担心 __________ __________ __________ __________ they haven't answered my letters. 2.他们花了三年多的时间完成了那项工程。 __________ __________ __________ more than three years to finish that project. 3.参加此次庆祝活动是我的荣幸。 __________ __________ __________ __________ for me to take part in the celebration. 2.be doing...when...“正在做……这时(突然)……” The other day I was showing the boys a chemistry experiment when, before I knew it,the mixture was bubbling out of the test tube spilling everywhere!(P38) 那天，我在给孩子们演示化学实验时，我还没反应过来，混合物就从试管里冒了出来，溅得到处都是! 【句式剖析】be doing...when...“正在做……这时(突然)……”，when 为并列连词。表示“这时；突然”，相当于and at this/that time。 Ø I was studying in my room when I heard screaming. 我正在房间里学习，突然听到了尖叫声。 【句式拓展】 (1)was/were about to do sth when... “正要做某事突然……” Ø He was about to go home when the teacher came. 他正要回家，这时老师来了。 Ø She was about to speak when she was stopped by her sister. 她刚要说话，就被她姐姐拦住了。 (2)was/were going to do sth when... “正要做某事突然……” Ø He was going to do the experiment when the teacher came in. 他正要做实验，这时老师进来了。 Ø They were going to have lunch when a friend came. 他们正要吃午饭，一位朋友来访了。 (3)was/were on the point of doing sth when...“正要做某事突然……” Ø We were on the point of giving up when the headmaster came to encourage us. 我们正要放弃时，校长来鼓励我们了。 Ø We were on the point of setting out when it began to rain. 我们正要出发时，天下起雨来。 (4)had just done sth when...“刚做完某事突然……” Ø I had just finished my exam paper when the bell rang. 我刚做完试卷，铃就响了。 Ø We had just got to the station when the train left. 我们刚到车站，火车就开走了。 【练习】 1.我正要出门，一位不速之客来访了。 I __________ __________ __________ go out when an unexpected visitor came. 2.我正要给他打电话，这是他进来了。 I __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ calling him when he came in. 3.regret doing sth后悔做了某事 She regrets not bringing a kettle to Ghana to boil the water she needs.(P40) 她后悔没有带水壶去加纳来烧开她需要的水。 【句式剖析】本句是个复合句。主句是She regrets not bringing..., she needs是定语从句，修饰water。 regret doing sth“后悔做了某事”，此处是动词-ing形式的否定式，意为“后悔没有做某事”。 Ø I now regret not working harder at school. 我现在后悔在学校时没有更努力学习。 【句式拓展】 (1)regret to do sth 对将要发生的事感到遗憾/抱歉 Ø We regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you the job. 我们遗憾地通知你,我们没法给你这份工作。 (2)mean to do sth 打算(想要)做某事，主语只能是“人”。 mean doing sth 意味着(要)做某事，主语不能是“人”。 Ø To mean to do something and to actually do something are two different things. 打算做一件事和实际上做一 件事是两回事。 (3)can’t help to do sth 不能帮助做某事 can’t help doing sth 不禁做某事 Ø She can’t help to clean the house because she is busy making a cake. 她不能帮忙打扫房子，因为她正忙着 做蛋糕。 Ø We can’t help laughing when listening to the cross-talk. 我们听相声时都会情不自禁地笑。 (4)go on to do sth 做完某事后接着做另一件事 go on doing sth 继续(不停地)做正在做的事 Ø Go on to do the other exercises after you have finished this one. 做完这个练习后, 请接着做其他的练习。 Ø We went on talking till after midnight. 我们继续谈话直到午夜以后。 (5)stop to do sth 停下正在做的事去做另一件事 stop doing sth 停止做某事 Ø He stopped to try to adjust his vision to the faint starlight. 他停下脚步试着让眼睛适应微弱的星光。 Ø He stopped speaking, and there was not a sound in the room. 他停止讲话，房间里一点声音也没有了。 (6)forget to do sth 忘记做某事 forget doing sth 忘记曾经做过的事 Ø It appears that he forgot to sign the letter. 他似乎忘记在信上署名了。 Ø I shall never forget seeing the Alps for the first time. 我永远也不会忘记第一次看到阿尔卑斯山的感受。 (7)remembered to do sth 记住将要做的事 remembered doing sth 记得曾经做过的事 Ø Remember to carry out your promise. 记住要履行你的承诺。 Ø I remember meeting him but I just can’t visualize him. 我记得我见过他,可就是想不起他的样子了。 (8)try to do sth 设法做某事；尽力做某事 trying doing sth 试着做某事；尝试做某事 Ø We must try to improve our service. 我们必须改进提高我们的服务。 Ø I will try phoning him, but he may have left by now. 我要尝试给他打电话，但是他现在可能已经离开了。 【练习】 1.要想赶早班车，那就意味着我们得在5点钟以前起床。 If we mean ____________________(catch) the early bus, that means getting up before five. 2.跟人聊天时老忍不住看手机的人就被称为“低头族” People who can' t help ____________________(check) their phones during a conversation are known as phubbers. 3.我后悔没有到更多的地方去旅行，而且我问过的几乎每个人都会这样说。 I regret ____________________(travel) more, and so does nearly everyone that I have asked. 4.be of+抽象名词 Do you think students doing volunteer work is of any use?(P42) 你认为学生做志愿工作有用处吗? 【句式剖析】本句是个复合句。Do you think是主句，students doing volunteer...是宾语从句，is of any use是“be of+抽象名词”结构。 “be of+抽象名词”结构，名词通常是use、importance、help、value、interest、benefit等，该结构相当于“be+名词所对应的形容词”，这类名词前可用no、some、any、little、much、great等对其进行修饰。 Ø The vase purchased at a high price turned out to be of little value. 这只花高价购买的花瓶原来没什么价值。 Ø It is hoped that these suggestions would be of great help to you. 希望这些建议对你有用。 【练习】 一句多译 1.了解中国的餐桌礼仪对你很有益。 Having a good knowledge of table manners of China will be __________ __________ __________ you. Having a good knowledge of table manners of China will be __________ __________ __________ __________ you. 5.What if...?表示“要是……会怎么样呢?” Yeah, what if we have to clean out the smelly cages? (P43) 是啊，如果我们必须清理那些难闻的笼子怎么办呢? 【句式剖析】What if...?表示“要是……会怎么样呢?”，后面跟一个句子，相当于“What will/would happen if...?”。 Ø What if this doesn’t work out? 如果这行不通怎么办呢? 【句式拓展】 (1)What if后面的句子也可以使用虚拟语气，即后面句子的谓语动词用一般过去式或“should+动词原形”，表示对将来的假设。 Ø What if it rained and then froze all through those months? 要是那几个月一直又下雨又冰冻怎么办? Ø What if anything should happen to the child? 万一这孩子出了差错怎么办? (2)What about...? “……怎么样?”常用来提出建议。 Ø What about going out with me tomorrow? 明天和我一起出去怎么样? Ø What about these stories of success or failure? 这些关于成功或失败的故事怎么样呢？ 【练习】 1.去伦敦购物再看场演出怎么样？ __________ __________ __________ shopping and seeing a show in London? 2.要是您想看看诸如体育之类的节目，怎么办？ __________ __________ you want to watch something like sports? 6.Why do sth?“为什么做某事呢?” Why help people overseas when China has many areas that are still in need of development?(P44) 中国还有很多地区需要发展，为什么还要帮助海外的人呢? 【句式剖析】Why help people overseas是主句，when引导的是时间状语从句，that引导的是定语从句。 Why do sth?“为什么做某事呢?”，常用来提出责难或表示不同意。 Ø Why give him so much money that day? 那天为什么给他那么多钱呢? 【句式拓展】 (1)Why not do sth? 为什么不做某事? 常用来提出建议或询问某人对某事的看法。 Ø Why not ask the teacher for help? 为什么不向老师寻求帮助呢? (2)Why not?为什么不呢？表示同意。 Ø —Shall we go to the cinema this evening?——我们今晚去看电影好吗? —Why not? Let’s start at 6.——好啊，我们六点出发。 【练习】 1.—It's a long time since I saw my sister. —__________ __________ __________ __________ (为什么不去看她) this weekend? 2.__________ __________ __________ __________ (为什么做这个实验) this afternoon? 7.except for意为“除了……以外”。 We talked together, we spent our leisure time together, and except for school and work, we were never apart.(P44) 我们一起聊天，一起度过闲暇时光，除了上学和工作，我们从未分开过。 【句式剖析】except for是介词短语，表示对主要部分的肯定和对局部的否定，意为“除了……以外”。 Ø Smith is a good man,except for his bad temper. 史密斯除了脾气不好外，是个好人。 (1)except用于表示同类事物之间的关系，其意为“除……以外；除去”，后面可接名词、代词、动词、副词、介词短语。 Ø We have an English lesson every day except Sunday. 除星期天外，我们每天有一堂英语课。(接名词) Ø They all went to the park last Sunday except him. 除了他以外，上星期天他们都去公园了。(接代词) Ø He always goes to work by bike except recently. 除最近外，他总是骑自行车上班。(接副词) (2)except后接从句 Ø This restaurant has nothing to recommend except that it’s cheap. 这家饭馆除了价钱便宜之外，一无可取。 Ø He goes to work on time every day except when he is ill. 他每天都按时上班，除非他生病了。 【练习】 1.吃完早餐，学生们除了上学就不到别处去了。 After breakfast the students went nowhere __________ __________. 2.这两只钢笔样子差不多，就颜色不一样。 These two pens are alike __________ __________ they're in different colors. 3.除了有关研究的事，别的他什么也不关心。 He has concern for nothing __________ __________ is related to his research work. 单元语法 Review of phrases (短语) 英语中的短语是有一定意义但不构成独立从句或句子的一组词。从形式结构角度划分，英语的短语可分为名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、副词短语、介词短语等。英语短语的句法功能通常与对应的单词的句法功能类似。 [观察例句] 1．So I've been here in the jungle for about a month now. 2．My secondary school is a bush school. 3．It takes me only a few minutes to walk to school down a dusty track covered in weeds. 4．I've had to become much more imaginative in my teaching. 5．Right now I'm feeling very excited. [归纳用法] 1．例句1中的黑体部分为介词短语。 2．例句2中的黑体部分为名词短语。 3．例句3中的黑体部分为动词短语。 4．例句4中的黑体部分为形容词短语。 5．例句5中的黑体部分为副词短语。 一、名词短语 名词与它的修饰语一起即构成名词短语。完整的名词短语由三个部分组成：限定词、修饰词、名词。名词短语可以充当句子中的主语、宾语、表语等成分。 many good students 许多优秀的学生 his beautiful wife 他美丽的妻子 the best answer 最好的答案 those sweet roses 那些甜美的玫瑰 These red roses are for you.(作主语) 这些红玫瑰是送给你的。 He brought a new book with him.(作宾语) 他带来了一本新书。 He is my best friend.(作表语) 他是我最好的朋友。 名词短语的三个部分并非每一次都要同时出现，在特定场合下，这三个部分都有可能省略。修饰词是名词短语中最不重要的部分，如果不需要描述名词的状态特征则完全可以省略。比如a book同样是正确的名词短语。如果说话人确信听众知道自己在讨论什么东西，则名词也可以省略。比如Of those answers，this one is the best.这里的the best指的就是the best answer。在面对面交流的时候，修饰词和名词有时甚至可以一起省略。假设你在花店，用手指向一捧玫瑰花，对花店老板说“I want those.”的话，花店老板很清楚你想要什么。 二、形容词短语 形容词短语是指由几个形容词或形容词及其修饰语构成的短语。 1．两个或多个形容词可以由and，but等对等连词连接，构成形容词短语。 Your room is large and beautiful.(作表语) 你的房间大且美丽。 He is young but clever.(作表语) 他年轻但聪明。 2．very等程度副词作修饰语，可与形容词构成形容词短语。 It is very hot today.(作表语) 今天很热。 The road is long enough.(作表语) 这路够长的。 3．介词及其宾语可用在形容词后修饰形容词，可与形容词构成形容词短语。 I am sure of success.(作表语) 我确信会成功的。 The bottle is full of water.(作表语) 瓶子里装满了水。 4．不定式在形容词后作修饰语，可与形容词构成形容词短语。 He is sure to come.(作表语) 他一定会来的。 [名师点津] 形容词短语在句中还可以作状语和后置定语。 1．形容词短语作状语说明主语的情况，可以表示动作或状态发生的原因、方式、时间等，或对谓语作补充说明。 Afraid of difficulty，he prefers to do the easy maths problem.(作原因状语) 他害怕困难，宁愿做容易的数学题。 The lost boy spent three days in the forest cold and hungry.(作伴随状语) 那个迷路的男孩又冷又饿地在森林中过了三天。 Wet or fine，he got up at six and took a walk in the park.(作让步状语) 不管天晴还是下雨他总是六点起床在公园里散散步。 2．形容词短语作后置定语 Factories，big or small，can be seen there. 在那里你可以看到大大小小的工厂。 The house worth is 500，000 yuan was sold by his son. 那栋价值高达五十万人民币的房子被他儿子卖掉了。 三、副词短语 副词短语是指由几个副词或副词及其修饰语构成的短语。在句中主要作状语。 1．两个或多个副词可以由and，but等对等连词构成副词短语。 I tried again and again.(作状语) 我试了一遍又一遍。 2．very，extremely，clearly等程度副词作修饰语，可与其他副词构成副词短语。 He runs extremely fast.(作状语) 他跑得快极了。 The teacher speaks clearly enough.(作状语) 老师说得够清楚的。 3．其他类型的副词短语 I was so deeply moved by his deeds that I couldn't fall asleep deep into the night.(作状语) 他的行为深深打动了我，在深夜我无法入睡。 We air the bedrooms every day.(作状语) 我们每天给卧室通通风。 四、动词短语 动词短语就是有些动词可以和一些别的词构成短语(以动词为中心)，表达一个概念，其作用和一个单独动词差不多的一种固定搭配。在实际使用中，通常会把动词短语当成一个整体。动词短语的搭配可分为下列五种基本类型： 1．动词＋介词 go over 复习，listen to 听，think about 考虑，look for 寻找，rely/depend on 依靠，look into 调查，play with 玩，send for 派人去请，consist of 由……构成，arrive at 到达 He wants to check with his secretary before he signs the paper. 在签署该项文件之前，他想跟他的秘书商议一下。 He has been asked to account for his absence. 他已被要求说明缺席的原因。 2．动词＋副词 eat up 吃光，give up 放弃，hold up 举起，put on 穿，上演，turn on 打开，try on 试穿 They were so far away that I couldn't make out their faces clearly. 他们离得那么远，我没法把他们的脸辨认清楚。 Trains stop here in order to pick up passengers only. 火车在这里停车，只让乘客上车。 [名师点津] “动词＋副词”这类短语动词较容易出错。这类短语动词的宾语若是名词，这个宾语可在短语的中间，亦可在短语的后面。如：Turn the light on.或 Turn on the light.宾语若是代词，这个宾语只能放在短语的中间。如：Turn it on. 3．动词＋副词＋介词 catch up with 赶上，get on with 与……相处，keep up with 跟上，do away with 废除，look down upon 轻视，look forward to 期待，keep away with 脱离，go on with 继续 Have the lawyers checked up on the court proceedings very carefully? 律师们是否打算把法庭的记录仔细审查一遍呢？ There are some things that teachers will not put up with. 有些事情教师是不会容忍的。 4．动词＋名词＋介词 catch hold of 抓住，give lessons to 给……上课，make friends with 与……交朋友，take care of 照料 We must keep pace with the new development of modern scientific research. 我们必须跟上现代科学研究的新发展。 People who take part in sports must be in condition. 参加运动的人一定能保持良好的健康状态。 5．动词＋形容词＋介词 be fond of 爱好，be familiar with 熟悉，be suitable for 适合于，be late for 迟到，be good at 擅长于，be afraid of 害怕 Others may be fond of titles and honors，but I am not. 人皆好名，我则不然。 You coward! What are you afraid of? 你这胆小鬼！你怕什么呢？ 五、介词短语 介词短语是介词和其他代词或名词或词组搭配形成的短语。在句中作状语、表语、补语、定语等。 1．常见的介词短语 (1)介词＋名词：at the door，into the bag (2)介词＋代词：for me，of others (3)介词＋动名词：in doing so，to my saying that (4)介词＋连接副词/连接代词/what从句：over what he had better do (5)介词＋连接副词/连接代词＋不定式：on how to do this (6)介词＋介词短语：from across the street，until after dinner (7)介词＋副词：from below (8)介词＋复合结构：with the light on (9)介词＋不定式(but/except)：...did nothing but sleep 2．介词短语的用法 (1)用作表语 The house is in fairly good condition. 这所房子状况尚好。 She looks like her mother. 她像她母亲。 (2)用作宾语 Choose a book from among these. 从这些书中选一本吧。 The window is never opened except in summer. 除夏天外，这扇窗户从未打开。 (3)用作定语 I like the design on his tie. 我喜欢他领带上的图案。 I've decided to leave on the afternoon of the 18th. 我决定18号下午离开。 (4)用作状语 Mr Smith was injured in the war. 史密斯先生在战争期间受过伤。 He walked by me without noticing me. 他从我身旁走过而没有注意到我。 (5)用作补语 Kelly is employed as a mechanic.(宾语补足语) 凯利受雇当技工。 He is regarded as the best doctor in town.(主语补足语) 他被认为是本城最好的医生。 Ⅰ. 单词拼写 1. To my great joy，the p 　　　　　　（包裹）my family mailed to me contained a new tablet and my cotton secondary school uniforms. 2. On the dusty table beside the w 　　　　　　（洗手间）， there were some rubber tubes covered with dust. 3. Steven’s rigid friend wanted to m 　　　　　　（邮寄） a parcel to his father who works in a circus. 4. Some little boys are standing in the s 　　　　　　（阴凉处） of an apple tree and looking at the ripe apples on it. 5. In this s 　　　　　　（初级的）school，students usually wear uniforms made of cotton. 6. A chemist with wrinkles on his f 　　　　　　（前额） removed the weeds from the garden and cleaned the dust in the doorway. 7. In the hut，on the p 　　　　　　（平台）beside the fire-place，there is a kettle，a pan，some saucers and a vase made of clay. 8. The chemist put something into the t 　　　　　　（管状物）of water and soon some bubbles rose from it. 9. The chemist was thought of as a r 　　　　　　（固执的）person who always did things in his own way. 10. I feel it a privilege to be offered such a nice chance to comment on the h 　　 　　　　（住房）market. 11. The chemist put a rubber p 　　　　　　（堵塞物）in the opening of the tube and held it upside down. 12. It is really a privilege for the d 　　　　　　（残疾的）children to come and watch the circus performance. 13. It is declared that the Prime Minister will r 　　　　　　（辞职）from his post after the press conference. 14. I have been working very hard lately and I feel I d 　　　　　　（值得）a salary increase. 15.I'll put the　　　(壶) on and make some tea.  Ⅱ . 用所给短语的适当形式填空 be greeted by, up to, at home and abroad, be dying to, adapt to, get the most out of 1. The administrative staff exploit the local tourism resources. 2. The moment I arrived at the royal palace, I the buildings with a fancy style. 3. The migration didn't cause a great challenge to him. Instead，he the new environment with ease. 4. The mayor's extreme politics faced objections . 5. Sailors, fishermen and merchants flood into the city and the unique environment in the city. 6.It's humans to handle the polluted channel with any possible means. Ⅲ . 单句语法填空 1. A postman is a man employed to deliver letters and __________ (parcel). 2. Last year, he __________ (mail) the documents to French journalists. 3. He stood and __________ (dust) down his suit and folded the letter away. 4. They are all uniform __________ size and shape. 5. Medical opinion varies on how many __________ (tablet) it takes to overdose. 6. The two __________ (chemist) shared the Nobel Prize. 7. I did indeed look older and more __________ (wrinkle) than ever. 8. He __________ (shade) from the sun by the pure white royal umbrella. 9. They disapproved of my __________ (drag) in his wealth. 10. The play, whose style is __________ (rigid) formal, is typical of the period. 11. His nationality is not relevant __________ whether he is a good singer. 12. It is said that only members have the privilege __________ (use) the submersible. 13. I casually __________ (mention) that I might be interested in working abroad. 7 / 9 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 4 Sharing【速记清单】（解析版） 2024-2025学年高二英语单元速记·巧练（人教版2019选择性必修四册） 单元重点单词短语句型语法 考点词汇 1. mail  /meɪl/ n.  &  vt. 【paraphrase1】  n. the bags of letters and packages that are transported by the postal service  邮件；信件；邮政    【paraphrase2】  vt. send via the postal service；cause to be directed or transmitted to another place   邮寄；发电邮给 【formation】 复数：mails  三单: mails 现在分词: mailing    过去式: mailed  过去分词：mailed 同根词：  mailing      adj. 邮递的   n. 邮寄；邮件  【多元例句】 例 1: I’ ve been dying to have some of my favourite sweets, and it’s always nice to get mail!   ---教材原句 P41 例2: Mail your entry to us by October 31 this year.                     例3：You've got mail and it's a postcard.  例4：A lady who was starting with her maid in the next mail for Boulogne, and who told me not to take it until the coach was out of the courtyard.                         --- Camille 《茶花女》 例5：Tell the captain we've got some of his mails here.                  --- Lord Jim 《吉姆老爷》 例6：The mails are taken to the field marshal's room, for he likes to do everything himself.       --- War and Peace 《战争与和平》 Key: 【短语互译】 1. by mail  邮寄；通过写信，通过邮递；按信件 2. daily mail  每日邮报（英国伦敦的报刊） 3. voice mail  语音邮件 4. express mail  快信 5. send mail   发送邮件 6. mail order  邮购，函购；邮购订单 【句子翻译】 1. 我们通过邮递做生意。 We do our business by mail. 2. 我打开了邮件，惊讶地发现了一个打碎的花瓶。   I opened my mail and was surprised to see a broken vase. 3. 下午还另有一批邮件吗？   Is there another mail in the afternoon? 4. 我去邮局寄信。   I went to the post office to mail the letters. 2. uniform /ˈjuːnɪfɔːm/   n.  &  adj. 【paraphrase1】  the special set of clothes worn by all members of an organization or a group at work, or by children at school    n.  制服；校服   【paraphrase2】  not varying; the same in all parts and at all times  adj.  一致的；统一的；一律的 【formation】 复数：uniforms 三单: uniforms 现在分词: uniforming    过去分词: uniformed 比较级：more uniform      最高级：most uniform 同根词：uniformed  adj.  穿着制服的  uniformly  adv. 一致地 【多元例句】 例 1: Unlike students in our country, these boys do not wear cotton uniforms, and many of them also have to walk a long way, sometimes for up to two hours, just to get to school. ---教材原句 P38      例2: As I watched him take off his basketball uniform and replace it with a baseball uniform, I saw him leaving behind the layer that no longer served him, just as our lizard had.   例 3: There are several reasons why school uniforms are good idea.   例4：Uniforms can be useful in unexpected ways.  例5：A school in Ireland has introduced an interesting new uniform.      例6：Some very good schools don't have a uniform policy. However, uniforms are still popular. 【短语互译】 1. put on a uniform 穿上制服 2. take off a uniform 脱下制服 3. in uniform  穿制服 4. school uniform  校服 5. military uniform  军装 6. uniform distribution  均匀分布；一致分布 3. shade /ʃeɪd/  vt. & n. 【paraphrase1】 ~ sb/sth (from/against sth) to prevent direct light from reaching sth.  v. 给…遮（光线） 【paraphrase2】 ~ (of sth) an area that is dark and cool under or behind sth, for example a tree or building, because the sun's light does not get to it    n.  阴凉处；背阴；（树）荫 【formation】 复数：shades 三单: shades 现在分词: shading 过去式: shaded 过去分词: shaded   同根词：adj.  shady 成荫的；阴暗的；名声不好的;  shaded 荫蔽的；色彩较暗的 【多元例句】 例 1: Another teacher and I walked for two and a half hours to get there- first, up a mountain from where we had fantastic views, and then down a shaded path to the valley below. ---教材原句 P38 例2: There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.                       例 3: He passed milky white waterfalls and mountains in many shades of blue.    例4：Before Vinnie could say yes, the President hurried on, a shade of apology in his voice.  例5：I was looking at him from the shade.                        --- Lord Jim 《吉姆老爷》     例6 ：To watch his face was like watching a darkening sky before a clap of thunder, shade upon shade imperceptibly  coming on, the doom growing mysteriously intense in the calm of maturing violence.                      --- Lord Jim 《吉姆老爷》   【短语互译】 1. get shade from the sun    不让太阳照射 2. throw a shade on    投阴影于… 3. offer sb shade    给某人提供阴凉处 4. in the shade    在阴凉处 5. shade the face/eyes   遮住脸/眼睛 4. ripe /raɪp/  adj. 【paraphrase1】  fully grown and ready to be eaten  成熟的;  ~ (for sth) ready or suitable for sth to happen 时机成熟的；适宜的 【formation】 比较级 riper 或 more ripe 最高级 ripest 或 most ripe  同根词：adv.  ripely  圆通地；成熟地   vt.  ripen  使成熟 【多元例句】 例 1: He then placed the hot stones in an empty oil drum with kau kau (sweetpotato), ripe corn, and greens.   ---教材原句 P39 例2: I bought a handful of perfectly ripe small strawberries and a little sweet melon.                                             例 3: You can be the one who directs the conversation to fun topics that are ripe for others to add humor.  例4：But in some waters, such as those of the Arctic, a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton, and these areas will turn greener.     例5：For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter.    【短语互译】 1. ripe for  时机成熟；为……做好准备 2. ripe for settlement   解决的时机已成熟 3. ripe field  成熟庄稼的田地 4. ripe scholar  老练的学者 5. ripe time  成熟的时机 5. drag /dræɡ/  vt. & vi 【paraphrase1】 to pull sb/sth along with effort and difficulty （使劲而吃力地）拖，拉，拽，扯 【formation】  同根词： political  adj.  政治的；党派的  politically  adv.  政治上    politician n. 政治家，政客 【多元例句】 例 1: My muscles were aching and my knees shaking as we dragged ourselves down the mountain towards home.   ---教材原句 P39 例2: This meant, of course, that he arrived at school early in the morning, dragging his heavy instrument case across the campus to the pitying looks of the non-musicians he had left behind.        例 3: Crowds of men of various arms, wounded and unwounded, with frightened faces, dragged themselves back to Mozhaysk from the one army and back to Valuevo from the other.   --- War and Peace 《战争与和平》   例4：The wounded dragged themselves out of their rooms and stood with pale but happy faces round the carts.                                    --- War and Peace 《战争与和平》 例5：They seized Makar Alexeevich by the arms and dragged him to the door.                               --- War and Peace 《战争与和平》 例6：He did not at first recognize the place from which he had set out to look for the child, so crowded was it now with people and goods that had been dragged out of the houses.                                                             --- War and Peace 《战争与和平》 【短语互译】 1. drag one's feet   拖步而行 2. drag one's heel   故意延迟行动 3. drag away   拉开, 拖走 4. drag down …   使身体垮掉 5. drag in   把…拉进去, 硬把…拉扯进来 6. drag up   重提 (旧事、旧话) 6. resign /rɪˈzaɪn/   vi. & vt. 【paraphrase】  ~ (from sth)~ (as sth) to officially tell sb. that you are leaving your job, an organization, etc. 辞职；辞去（某职务） 【formation】 三单: resigns 现在分词：resigning   过去式：resigned 过去分词：resigned 词根: resign   同根词: resigned  adj.  顺从的；已辞职的；己放弃的         resignation  n. 辞职；放弃；辞职书；顺从 【多元例句】 例 1: One of my dreams is to work in Africa and continue to help the disabled after I resign from my job.          ---教材原句 P40 例2: Dr. Rowan, whose secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.                                              例 3: I can see that you are tired of the arrangement, and of me, and I had better, therefore, resign.     --- The Man of Property《有产业的人》                                    例4：But Baba sensed my lack of genuine interest and resigned himself to the bleak fact that his son was never going to either play or watch soccer.      --- The Kite Runner 《追风筝的孩子》 例5：As for Scarlett, she had long ago become resigned to Melanie’s habit of seeing good in everyone.                        --- Gone with the Wind 《乱世佳人》     例6 ：That October Governor Bullock resigned his office and fled from Georgia.     --- Gone with the Wind 《乱世佳人》 【短语互译】    1. resign one's office   辞职 2. resign one's position   辞职 3. resign a task to sb   把任务交给某人 4. resign oneself to  使听从于；听任；听凭于；甘受    5. resign to fate   认命 7. deserve /dɪˈzɜːv/  vt. 【paraphrase】 ( not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时 ) [ V -ing ] if sb/sth deserves sth,  is right that they should have it, because of the way they have behaved or because of what they are  值得；应得；应受 【formation】 三单: deserves 现在分词：deserving   过去式：deserved 过去分词：deserved 同根词: deserved  adj.   应得的；理所当然的   deservedly   adv.  理所当然地；应得报酬地 【多元例句】 例 1:“I think everyone deserves the right to be happy,” she said.              ---教材原句 P40 例2: But your father has the distinction of belonging to the minority who truly deserves the label.    --- The Kite Runner 《追风筝的孩子》 例 3: I wondered whether I deserved any of it.  --- The Kite Runner 《追风筝的子》                                        例4：“Let’s just say we both got what we deserved,” I said.  --- The Kite Runner 《追风筝的孩子》                            例5：You gave him what he deserved, and he deserved even more.   --- The Kite Runner 《追风筝的孩子》 例6 ：If ever anyone deserved a watch, you do, and I know Pa would approve.               --- Gone with the Wind 《乱世佳人》 【短语互译】 1. deserve to do sth   值得干某事 ; 应该做 2. you deserve it   你应得的 ;  你活该 ; 你值得 3. deserve to win   赢在情理之中 4. deserve to be mentioned   值得一提 ; 翻译 5. deserve one's reputation   名不虚传 8. contract vt.  &  n. 【paraphrase1】   vt.  ~ sb (to sth) to make a legal agreement with sb for them to work for you or provide you with a service  与…订立合同（或契约） 【paraphrase2】   n.  ~ (with sb)~ (between A and B)~ (for sth/to do sth) an official written agreement  合同；合约；契约 【formation】 复数: contracts  三单: contracts       现在分词：contracting  过去式：contracted       过去分词：contracted  同根词: contractual   adj. 契约的，合同的    contractor  n.  承包人；立契约者 【多元例句】 例 1: Many dangerous diseases which are rare in China are quite commonly contracted in Tanzania.  、---教材原句 P44 例2: The French take their 35-hour workweek seriously — so seriously that some labor unions recently struck a deal with a group of companies limiting the number of hours that independent contractors can be on call.                                例 3: According to the Dallas Area Cultural Advocacy Coalition, arts agencies employ more than 10,000 people as full- or part-time employees or independent contractors.                                                     例4：And just as soon as Johnnie Gallegher’s contract with Tommy is up, I’m going to hire him to run Hugh’s mill.  --- Gone with the Wind 《乱世佳人》                                          例5：They all made their money speculating in food like your loving husband or out of dubious government contracts or in shady ways that won’t bear investigation.                        --- Gone with the Wind 《乱世佳人》 例6：Her heart contracted（收缩）a little with shame at the sight of that closed door, remembering the many nights of this last summer when Rhett had sat there alone, drinking until he was sodden and Pork came to urge him to bed.       --- Gone with the Wind 《乱世佳人》       【短语互译】 1. contract for   订契约, 承包, 承建 2. break a contract   撕毁契约 3. simple contract    口头契约 4. law of contract  合同法 9. pray /preɪ/  vi.  &  vt. 【paraphrase】   ~ (to sb) (for sb/sth) to speak to God, especially to give thanks or ask for help 祈祷；祷告 【formation】 三单: prays 现在分词: praying 过去式: prayed     过去分词: prayed 同根词: prayerful  adj.  虔诚的；常常祷告的  prayer  n. 祈祷，祷告；恳求；祈祷文 【多元例句】 例 1: Now that I understand how important my mother's work is, I've decided to become a volunteer myself to help people in other lands. In the future, I pray that you will do the same.                            ---教材原句 P45 例2: I pray they will not stay.   ---Cities in Flight 《飞行都市》                                  例 3: One thing which you will not believe, perhaps, Armand, is that I prayed God to give me strength; and what proves that he accepted my sacrifice is that he gave me the strength for which I prayed.                                ---Camille 《茶花女》   例4：I went to find a priest at Saint Roch, I burned two candles for her, and I prayed in the church for an hour.  ---Camille 《茶花女》                                                                例5：In the Catholic school, when it came time to pray, I would pretend to close my eyes , then peek around the room.   --- Dreams From My Father 《我父亲的梦想》    例6：With our eyes closed, we uttered the same words, but in our hearts we each prayed to our own masters.  --- Dreams From My Father 《我父亲的梦想》   【短语互译】 1. pray for sb/sth    祈求; 祈祷 2. pray for the success of    为…的成功而祈祷 3. pray to sb for sth    为某事祈求某人   4. pray at one's knee     跪在某人的膝下恳求 5. pray against    祈祷不要发生… 考点句型 1.It takes/took (sb) some time to do sth. (某人)花费时间做某事 It took about two weeks to arrive, and it was a bit damaged, but it was so nice to get some sweets and jam from home...(P38) 它用了约两周的时间才到我这里。包裹虽然有点儿破损，但是拿到从家里寄来的糖果和果酱，还是很开心的…… 【句式剖析】It takes/took (sb) some time to do sth. (某人)花费时间做某事. it在句中为形式主语，后面的不定式短语to do sth是句子的真正主语。此外，take还表示“需要”，it takes/took ...to do sth“做某事需要花费……”。 Ø On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work. 周一早晨我通常要花一个小时开车去上班。 【句式拓展】 it作形式主语的句型: (1)It+be+形容词+to do/that... “做……是……的” Ø It was surprising that she passed the difficult exam. 真让人惊讶，她居然通过了这次有难度的考试。 (2)It+be+过去分词(said/ reported/ believed/thought/expected/announced)+ that... “据……” Ø It is reported that the temperature will decline sharply in one or two days. 据报告近一两日气温将明显下降。 Ø It is announced that the sports meet will be held next Tuesday. 据通知，运动会将在下周二举行。 【温馨提示】如果过去分词是suggested/ordered/required/advised/requested/insisted等表示建议、要求、命 令的词时，从句应该用虚拟语气，其谓语动词的结构为“(should+)动词原形”。 Ø It’s suggested that children (should) make their bed by themselves. 人们建议孩子应该自己铺床。 (3) It+be+名词+to do/that... “做……是……” Ø It is a great honour for me to be invited to speak at the meeting. 对于被邀请在会上讲话我感到非常荣幸。 Ø It is our duty to do our part to make the world we live in a better place. 我们有责任尽我们的一份力量使我 们生活的世界变得更美好。 (4)It seems/happens/appears/looks/occurs/turns out that... “这似乎/碰巧/显得/看上去/出现/结果是……” Ø It so happened that the train arrived at the station when I got there. 碰巧我到达车站时火车进站了。 Ø Just as I was leaving the house it occurred to me that I had forgotten my keys. 我就要离开房子时，想起来 我忘了带钥匙。 (5)It worries/shocks/surprises/frightens+to do/that... “担心/震惊/惊喜/害怕的是……” Ø It shocks me that he failed in this exam. 他考试不及格让我震惊。 Ø It worries me that he should drive all that way on his own. 一路上他都将独自驾驶，这使我十分担心。 【练习】 1.他们一致没给我回信，让我担心 __________ __________ __________ __________ they haven't answered my letters. 2.他们花了三年多的时间完成了那项工程。 __________ __________ __________ more than three years to finish that project. 3.参加此次庆祝活动是我的荣幸。 __________ __________ __________ __________ for me to take part in the celebration. Keys:(1)It worries me that；(2)It took them；(3)It's a great honour 2.be doing...when...“正在做……这时(突然)……” The other day I was showing the boys a chemistry experiment when, before I knew it,the mixture was bubbling out of the test tube spilling everywhere!(P38) 那天，我在给孩子们演示化学实验时，我还没反应过来，混合物就从试管里冒了出来，溅得到处都是! 【句式剖析】be doing...when...“正在做……这时(突然)……”，when 为并列连词。表示“这时；突然”，相当于and at this/that time。 Ø I was studying in my room when I heard screaming. 我正在房间里学习，突然听到了尖叫声。 【句式拓展】 (1)was/were about to do sth when... “正要做某事突然……” Ø He was about to go home when the teacher came. 他正要回家，这时老师来了。 Ø She was about to speak when she was stopped by her sister. 她刚要说话，就被她姐姐拦住了。 (2)was/were going to do sth when... “正要做某事突然……” Ø He was going to do the experiment when the teacher came in. 他正要做实验，这时老师进来了。 Ø They were going to have lunch when a friend came. 他们正要吃午饭，一位朋友来访了。 (3)was/were on the point of doing sth when...“正要做某事突然……” Ø We were on the point of giving up when the headmaster came to encourage us. 我们正要放弃时，校长来鼓励我们了。 Ø We were on the point of setting out when it began to rain. 我们正要出发时，天下起雨来。 (4)had just done sth when...“刚做完某事突然……” Ø I had just finished my exam paper when the bell rang. 我刚做完试卷，铃就响了。 Ø We had just got to the station when the train left. 我们刚到车站，火车就开走了。 【练习】 1.我正要出门，一位不速之客来访了。 I __________ __________ __________ go out when an unexpected visitor came. 2.我正要给他打电话，这是他进来了。 I __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ calling him when he came in. Keys:(1)I was about to go out when an unexpected visitor came.；(2)I was on the point of calling him when he came in. 3.regret doing sth后悔做了某事 She regrets not bringing a kettle to Ghana to boil the water she needs.(P40) 她后悔没有带水壶去加纳来烧开她需要的水。 【句式剖析】本句是个复合句。主句是She regrets not bringing..., she needs是定语从句，修饰water。 regret doing sth“后悔做了某事”，此处是动词-ing形式的否定式，意为“后悔没有做某事”。 Ø I now regret not working harder at school. 我现在后悔在学校时没有更努力学习。 【句式拓展】 (1)regret to do sth 对将要发生的事感到遗憾/抱歉 Ø We regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you the job. 我们遗憾地通知你,我们没法给你这份工作。 (2)mean to do sth 打算(想要)做某事，主语只能是“人”。 mean doing sth 意味着(要)做某事，主语不能是“人”。 Ø To mean to do something and to actually do something are two different things. 打算做一件事和实际上做一 件事是两回事。 (3)can’t help to do sth 不能帮助做某事 can’t help doing sth 不禁做某事 Ø She can’t help to clean the house because she is busy making a cake. 她不能帮忙打扫房子，因为她正忙着 做蛋糕。 Ø We can’t help laughing when listening to the cross-talk. 我们听相声时都会情不自禁地笑。 (4)go on to do sth 做完某事后接着做另一件事 go on doing sth 继续(不停地)做正在做的事 Ø Go on to do the other exercises after you have finished this one. 做完这个练习后, 请接着做其他的练习。 Ø We went on talking till after midnight. 我们继续谈话直到午夜以后。 (5)stop to do sth 停下正在做的事去做另一件事 stop doing sth 停止做某事 Ø He stopped to try to adjust his vision to the faint starlight. 他停下脚步试着让眼睛适应微弱的星光。 Ø He stopped speaking, and there was not a sound in the room. 他停止讲话，房间里一点声音也没有了。 (6)forget to do sth 忘记做某事 forget doing sth 忘记曾经做过的事 Ø It appears that he forgot to sign the letter. 他似乎忘记在信上署名了。 Ø I shall never forget seeing the Alps for the first time. 我永远也不会忘记第一次看到阿尔卑斯山的感受。 (7)remembered to do sth 记住将要做的事 remembered doing sth 记得曾经做过的事 Ø Remember to carry out your promise. 记住要履行你的承诺。 Ø I remember meeting him but I just can’t visualize him. 我记得我见过他,可就是想不起他的样子了。 (8)try to do sth 设法做某事；尽力做某事 trying doing sth 试着做某事；尝试做某事 Ø We must try to improve our service. 我们必须改进提高我们的服务。 Ø I will try phoning him, but he may have left by now. 我要尝试给他打电话，但是他现在可能已经离开了。 【练习】 1.要想赶早班车，那就意味着我们得在5点钟以前起床。 If we mean ____________________(catch) the early bus, that means getting up before five. 2.跟人聊天时老忍不住看手机的人就被称为“低头族” People who can' t help ____________________(check) their phones during a conversation are known as phubbers. 3.我后悔没有到更多的地方去旅行，而且我问过的几乎每个人都会这样说。 I regret ____________________(travel) more, and so does nearly everyone that I have asked. Keys:(1)to catch；(2)checking；(3)not travelling 4.be of+抽象名词 Do you think students doing volunteer work is of any use?(P42) 你认为学生做志愿工作有用处吗? 【句式剖析】本句是个复合句。Do you think是主句，students doing volunteer...是宾语从句，is of any use是“be of+抽象名词”结构。 “be of+抽象名词”结构，名词通常是use、importance、help、value、interest、benefit等，该结构相当于“be+名词所对应的形容词”，这类名词前可用no、some、any、little、much、great等对其进行修饰。 Ø The vase purchased at a high price turned out to be of little value. 这只花高价购买的花瓶原来没什么价值。 Ø It is hoped that these suggestions would be of great help to you. 希望这些建议对你有用。 【练习】 一句多译 1.了解中国的餐桌礼仪对你很有益。 Having a good knowledge of table manners of China will be __________ __________ __________ you. Having a good knowledge of table manners of China will be __________ __________ __________ __________ you. Keys:(1)very beneficial to；of great benefit to 5.What if...?表示“要是……会怎么样呢?” Yeah, what if we have to clean out the smelly cages? (P43) 是啊，如果我们必须清理那些难闻的笼子怎么办呢? 【句式剖析】What if...?表示“要是……会怎么样呢?”，后面跟一个句子，相当于“What will/would happen if...?”。 Ø What if this doesn’t work out? 如果这行不通怎么办呢? 【句式拓展】 (1)What if后面的句子也可以使用虚拟语气，即后面句子的谓语动词用一般过去式或“should+动词原形”，表示对将来的假设。 Ø What if it rained and then froze all through those months? 要是那几个月一直又下雨又冰冻怎么办? Ø What if anything should happen to the child? 万一这孩子出了差错怎么办? (2)What about...? “……怎么样?”常用来提出建议。 Ø What about going out with me tomorrow? 明天和我一起出去怎么样? Ø What about these stories of success or failure? 这些关于成功或失败的故事怎么样呢？ 【练习】 1.去伦敦购物再看场演出怎么样？ __________ __________ __________ shopping and seeing a show in London? 2.要是您想看看诸如体育之类的节目，怎么办？ __________ __________ you want to watch something like sports? Keys:(1)What about；(2)What if 6.Why do sth?“为什么做某事呢?” Why help people overseas when China has many areas that are still in need of development?(P44) 中国还有很多地区需要发展，为什么还要帮助海外的人呢? 【句式剖析】Why help people overseas是主句，when引导的是时间状语从句，that引导的是定语从句。 Why do sth?“为什么做某事呢?”，常用来提出责难或表示不同意。 Ø Why give him so much money that day? 那天为什么给他那么多钱呢? 【句式拓展】 (1)Why not do sth? 为什么不做某事? 常用来提出建议或询问某人对某事的看法。 Ø Why not ask the teacher for help? 为什么不向老师寻求帮助呢? (2)Why not?为什么不呢？表示同意。 Ø —Shall we go to the cinema this evening?——我们今晚去看电影好吗? —Why not? Let’s start at 6.——好啊，我们六点出发。 【练习】 1.—It's a long time since I saw my sister. —__________ __________ __________ __________ (为什么不去看她) this weekend? 2.__________ __________ __________ __________ (为什么做这个实验) this afternoon? Keys:(1)Why not visit her；(2)Why do this experiment 7.except for意为“除了……以外”。 We talked together, we spent our leisure time together, and except for school and work, we were never apart.(P44) 我们一起聊天，一起度过闲暇时光，除了上学和工作，我们从未分开过。 【句式剖析】except for是介词短语，表示对主要部分的肯定和对局部的否定，意为“除了……以外”。 Ø Smith is a good man,except for his bad temper. 史密斯除了脾气不好外，是个好人。 (1)except用于表示同类事物之间的关系，其意为“除……以外；除去”，后面可接名词、代词、动词、副词、介词短语。 Ø We have an English lesson every day except Sunday. 除星期天外，我们每天有一堂英语课。(接名词) Ø They all went to the park last Sunday except him. 除了他以外，上星期天他们都去公园了。(接代词) Ø He always goes to work by bike except recently. 除最近外，他总是骑自行车上班。(接副词) (2)except后接从句 Ø This restaurant has nothing to recommend except that it’s cheap. 这家饭馆除了价钱便宜之外，一无可取。 Ø He goes to work on time every day except when he is ill. 他每天都按时上班，除非他生病了。 【练习】 1.吃完早餐，学生们除了上学就不到别处去了。 After breakfast the students went nowhere __________ __________. 2.这两只钢笔样子差不多，就颜色不一样。 These two pens are alike __________ __________ they're in different colors. 3.除了有关研究的事，别的他什么也不关心。 He has concern for nothing __________ __________ is related to his research work. Keys:(1)expect school；(2)expect that：(3)expect what 单元语法 Review of phrases (短语) 英语中的短语是有一定意义但不构成独立从句或句子的一组词。从形式结构角度划分，英语的短语可分为名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、副词短语、介词短语等。英语短语的句法功能通常与对应的单词的句法功能类似。 [观察例句] 1．So I've been here in the jungle for about a month now. 2．My secondary school is a bush school. 3．It takes me only a few minutes to walk to school down a dusty track covered in weeds. 4．I've had to become much more imaginative in my teaching. 5．Right now I'm feeling very excited. [归纳用法] 1．例句1中的黑体部分为介词短语。 2．例句2中的黑体部分为名词短语。 3．例句3中的黑体部分为动词短语。 4．例句4中的黑体部分为形容词短语。 5．例句5中的黑体部分为副词短语。 一、名词短语 名词与它的修饰语一起即构成名词短语。完整的名词短语由三个部分组成：限定词、修饰词、名词。名词短语可以充当句子中的主语、宾语、表语等成分。 many good students 许多优秀的学生 his beautiful wife 他美丽的妻子 the best answer 最好的答案 those sweet roses 那些甜美的玫瑰 These red roses are for you.(作主语) 这些红玫瑰是送给你的。 He brought a new book with him.(作宾语) 他带来了一本新书。 He is my best friend.(作表语) 他是我最好的朋友。 名词短语的三个部分并非每一次都要同时出现，在特定场合下，这三个部分都有可能省略。修饰词是名词短语中最不重要的部分，如果不需要描述名词的状态特征则完全可以省略。比如a book同样是正确的名词短语。如果说话人确信听众知道自己在讨论什么东西，则名词也可以省略。比如Of those answers，this one is the best.这里的the best指的就是the best answer。在面对面交流的时候，修饰词和名词有时甚至可以一起省略。假设你在花店，用手指向一捧玫瑰花，对花店老板说“I want those.”的话，花店老板很清楚你想要什么。 二、形容词短语 形容词短语是指由几个形容词或形容词及其修饰语构成的短语。 1．两个或多个形容词可以由and，but等对等连词连接，构成形容词短语。 Your room is large and beautiful.(作表语) 你的房间大且美丽。 He is young but clever.(作表语) 他年轻但聪明。 2．very等程度副词作修饰语，可与形容词构成形容词短语。 It is very hot today.(作表语) 今天很热。 The road is long enough.(作表语) 这路够长的。 3．介词及其宾语可用在形容词后修饰形容词，可与形容词构成形容词短语。 I am sure of success.(作表语) 我确信会成功的。 The bottle is full of water.(作表语) 瓶子里装满了水。 4．不定式在形容词后作修饰语，可与形容词构成形容词短语。 He is sure to come.(作表语) 他一定会来的。 [名师点津] 形容词短语在句中还可以作状语和后置定语。 1．形容词短语作状语说明主语的情况，可以表示动作或状态发生的原因、方式、时间等，或对谓语作补充说明。 Afraid of difficulty，he prefers to do the easy maths problem.(作原因状语) 他害怕困难，宁愿做容易的数学题。 The lost boy spent three days in the forest cold and hungry.(作伴随状语) 那个迷路的男孩又冷又饿地在森林中过了三天。 Wet or fine，he got up at six and took a walk in the park.(作让步状语) 不管天晴还是下雨他总是六点起床在公园里散散步。 2．形容词短语作后置定语 Factories，big or small，can be seen there. 在那里你可以看到大大小小的工厂。 The house worth is 500，000 yuan was sold by his son. 那栋价值高达五十万人民币的房子被他儿子卖掉了。 三、副词短语 副词短语是指由几个副词或副词及其修饰语构成的短语。在句中主要作状语。 1．两个或多个副词可以由and，but等对等连词构成副词短语。 I tried again and again.(作状语) 我试了一遍又一遍。 2．very，extremely，clearly等程度副词作修饰语，可与其他副词构成副词短语。 He runs extremely fast.(作状语) 他跑得快极了。 The teacher speaks clearly enough.(作状语) 老师说得够清楚的。 3．其他类型的副词短语 I was so deeply moved by his deeds that I couldn't fall asleep deep into the night.(作状语) 他的行为深深打动了我，在深夜我无法入睡。 We air the bedrooms every day.(作状语) 我们每天给卧室通通风。 四、动词短语 动词短语就是有些动词可以和一些别的词构成短语(以动词为中心)，表达一个概念，其作用和一个单独动词差不多的一种固定搭配。在实际使用中，通常会把动词短语当成一个整体。动词短语的搭配可分为下列五种基本类型： 1．动词＋介词 go over 复习，listen to 听，think about 考虑，look for 寻找，rely/depend on 依靠，look into 调查，play with 玩，send for 派人去请，consist of 由……构成，arrive at 到达 He wants to check with his secretary before he signs the paper. 在签署该项文件之前，他想跟他的秘书商议一下。 He has been asked to account for his absence. 他已被要求说明缺席的原因。 2．动词＋副词 eat up 吃光，give up 放弃，hold up 举起，put on 穿，上演，turn on 打开，try on 试穿 They were so far away that I couldn't make out their faces clearly. 他们离得那么远，我没法把他们的脸辨认清楚。 Trains stop here in order to pick up passengers only. 火车在这里停车，只让乘客上车。 [名师点津] “动词＋副词”这类短语动词较容易出错。这类短语动词的宾语若是名词，这个宾语可在短语的中间，亦可在短语的后面。如：Turn the light on.或 Turn on the light.宾语若是代词，这个宾语只能放在短语的中间。如：Turn it on. 3．动词＋副词＋介词 catch up with 赶上，get on with 与……相处，keep up with 跟上，do away with 废除，look down upon 轻视，look forward to 期待，keep away with 脱离，go on with 继续 Have the lawyers checked up on the court proceedings very carefully? 律师们是否打算把法庭的记录仔细审查一遍呢？ There are some things that teachers will not put up with. 有些事情教师是不会容忍的。 4．动词＋名词＋介词 catch hold of 抓住，give lessons to 给……上课，make friends with 与……交朋友，take care of 照料 We must keep pace with the new development of modern scientific research. 我们必须跟上现代科学研究的新发展。 People who take part in sports must be in condition. 参加运动的人一定能保持良好的健康状态。 5．动词＋形容词＋介词 be fond of 爱好，be familiar with 熟悉，be suitable for 适合于，be late for 迟到，be good at 擅长于，be afraid of 害怕 Others may be fond of titles and honors，but I am not. 人皆好名，我则不然。 You coward! What are you afraid of? 你这胆小鬼！你怕什么呢？ 五、介词短语 介词短语是介词和其他代词或名词或词组搭配形成的短语。在句中作状语、表语、补语、定语等。 1．常见的介词短语 (1)介词＋名词：at the door，into the bag (2)介词＋代词：for me，of others (3)介词＋动名词：in doing so，to my saying that (4)介词＋连接副词/连接代词/what从句：over what he had better do (5)介词＋连接副词/连接代词＋不定式：on how to do this (6)介词＋介词短语：from across the street，until after dinner (7)介词＋副词：from below (8)介词＋复合结构：with the light on (9)介词＋不定式(but/except)：...did nothing but sleep 2．介词短语的用法 (1)用作表语 The house is in fairly good condition. 这所房子状况尚好。 She looks like her mother. 她像她母亲。 (2)用作宾语 Choose a book from among these. 从这些书中选一本吧。 The window is never opened except in summer. 除夏天外，这扇窗户从未打开。 (3)用作定语 I like the design on his tie. 我喜欢他领带上的图案。 I've decided to leave on the afternoon of the 18th. 我决定18号下午离开。 (4)用作状语 Mr Smith was injured in the war. 史密斯先生在战争期间受过伤。 He walked by me without noticing me. 他从我身旁走过而没有注意到我。 (5)用作补语 Kelly is employed as a mechanic.(宾语补足语) 凯利受雇当技工。 He is regarded as the best doctor in town.(主语补足语) 他被认为是本城最好的医生。 Ⅰ. 单词拼写 1. To my great joy，the p 　　　　　　（包裹）my family mailed to me contained a new tablet and my cotton secondary school uniforms. 2. On the dusty table beside the w 　　　　　　（洗手间）， there were some rubber tubes covered with dust. 3. Steven’s rigid friend wanted to m 　　　　　　（邮寄） a parcel to his father who works in a circus. 4. Some little boys are standing in the s 　　　　　　（阴凉处） of an apple tree and looking at the ripe apples on it. 5. In this s 　　　　　　（初级的）school，students usually wear uniforms made of cotton. 6. A chemist with wrinkles on his f 　　　　　　（前额） removed the weeds from the garden and cleaned the dust in the doorway. 7. In the hut，on the p 　　　　　　（平台）beside the fire-place，there is a kettle，a pan，some saucers and a vase made of clay. 8. The chemist put something into the t 　　　　　　（管状物）of water and soon some bubbles rose from it. 9. The chemist was thought of as a r 　　　　　　（固执的）person who always did things in his own way. 10. I feel it a privilege to be offered such a nice chance to comment on the h 　　 　　　　（住房）market. 11. The chemist put a rubber p 　　　　　　（堵塞物）in the opening of the tube and held it upside down. 12. It is really a privilege for the d 　　　　　　（残疾的）children to come and watch the circus performance. 13. It is declared that the Prime Minister will r 　　　　　　（辞职）from his post after the press conference. 14. I have been working very hard lately and I feel I d 　　　　　　（值得）a salary increase. 15.I'll put the　　　(壶) on and make some tea.  答案：1. parcel　2. washroom　3. mail　4. shade 5. secondary　6. forehead　7. platform　8. tube 9. rigid　10. housing 11. plug　12. disabled　13. resign　14. deserve 15.kettle Ⅱ . 用所给短语的适当形式填空 be greeted by, up to, at home and abroad, be dying to, adapt to, get the most out of 1. The administrative staff exploit the local tourism resources. 2. The moment I arrived at the royal palace, I the buildings with a fancy style. 3. The migration didn't cause a great challenge to him. Instead，he the new environment with ease. 4. The mayor's extreme politics faced objections . 5. Sailors, fishermen and merchants flood into the city and the unique environment in the city. 6.It's humans to handle the polluted channel with any possible means. 答案：1. are dying to 2.was greeted by 3. adapted to 4.at home and abroad 5. get the most out of 6. up to Ⅲ . 单句语法填空 1. A postman is a man employed to deliver letters and __________ (parcel). 2. Last year, he __________ (mail) the documents to French journalists. 3. He stood and __________ (dust) down his suit and folded the letter away. 4. They are all uniform __________ size and shape. 5. Medical opinion varies on how many __________ (tablet) it takes to overdose. 6. The two __________ (chemist) shared the Nobel Prize. 7. I did indeed look older and more __________ (wrinkle) than ever. 8. He __________ (shade) from the sun by the pure white royal umbrella. 9. They disapproved of my __________ (drag) in his wealth. 10. The play, whose style is __________ (rigid) formal, is typical of the period. 11. His nationality is not relevant __________ whether he is a good singer. 12. It is said that only members have the privilege __________ (use) the submersible. 13. I casually __________ (mention) that I might be interested in working abroad. Keys: 1. parcels 2. mailed 3. dusted 4. in 5. tablets 6. chemists 7. wrinkled 8. was shaded 9. dragging 10. rigidly 11. to 12.to use 13. mentioned 7 / 9 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$