Unit 3 sea exploration【速记清单】-2024-2025学年高二英语单元速记·巧练（人教版2019选择性必修四册）

Unit3 Sea Exploration 【速记清单】（原卷版） 2024-2025学年高二英语单元速记·巧练（人教版2019选择性必修四册） 单元重点单词短语句型语法 考点词汇 1. extend /ɪkˈstend/   vt. 【paraphrase】  to make sth longer or larger; to make sth last longer   扩展；使伸长；延长 【formation】 三单: extends        现在分词: extending    过去分词: extended   同根词：extend  广泛；广阔的；广博的  extension   n.  延长；延期；扩大；伸展；电话分机 【多元例句】 例 1：A trading route across the sea was also extended along the coasts of the Indian Ocean, centred around Ceylon (now Sri Lanka)                         ---教材原句 P26 例2: I learned a lot about how to extend the life of objects and transform them into something new and useful.   例 3：Students should be able to extend the logic (逻辑) of each to their particular circumstance. 例4：From the old city of Augusta, a second railroad was extended westward across the state to connect with the new road to Tennessee.                 --- Gone with the Wind 《乱世佳人》 例5：I’m going to Charleston and New Orleans and—oh, well, a very extended trip.     --- Gone with the Wind 《乱世佳人》 例6：The plan was based on the fact that the French line of operation was too extended.        --- War and Peace 《战争与和平》 Key: 【短语互译】 1. extend one's business   扩大其营业   2. extend the ban on the import of beef   延长牛肉进口禁令 3. extend the kitchen by six feet   把厨房延长六英尺 4. extend our insurance cover to travel abroad  把我们的保险范围扩大到国外旅行 5. extend a warm welcome to our visitors   向我们的来宾表示热烈的欢迎 【句子翻译】 1. 也许可以将这种技术应用于其他农作物。   It might be possible to extend the technique to other crop plants. 2. 那些洞穴深约18公里。   The caves extend for some 18 kilo-metres. 3. 你能把你的访问再延长几天吗?   Can you extend your visit for a few days more? 4. 公司打算将业务扩展到欧洲。 The company plans to extend its operations into Europe. 2. negotiate /nɪˈɡəʊʃieɪt/   vt.  & vi. 【paraphrase】 to try to reach an agreement by formal discussion        vt.  商定；达成（协议）   vi.  谈判；磋商；协商 【formation】 三单: negotiates 现在分词: negotiating    过去分词: negotiated  同根词：negotiable  adj. 可通过谈判解决的；可协商的 negotiation  n.  谈判；转让；顺利的通过 【多元例句】 例 1: Here, merchants from China and many other places met to negotiate trade deals, which also led to more awareness of each other's cultures.                    ---教材原句 P26 例2: Having similarly explained his views and his magnanimity to Tutolmin, he dispatched that old man also to Peters burg to negotiate.                 --- War and Peace 《战争与和平》             例 3: They assure the officer on duty that they, the marshals, are on their way to negotiate with Prince Auersperg.           --- War and Peace 《战争与和平》 例4：Never pay full price if you can negotiate something better.     --- Million Dollar Habits 《价值百万的习惯》 例5：And then I negotiated with him about the pony.          --- Wuthering Heights 《呼啸山庄》 例6 ：In order to negotiate with him they have to get an interpreter, and they pitch upon this Mr. Melas, having used some other one before.   --- Complete Series of Sherlock holmes 《战福尔摩斯探案集》 Key: 【短语互译】 1. to negotiate a peace settlement  就和平协议进行谈判 2. negotiate a contract   协商合同 3. negotiate with the company  与公司谈判 4. be under negotiation   正在洽谈 【句子翻译】 1. 我们很高兴用这种方式来和贵方协商交易。   We are happy to negotiate with you in that way. 2. 你必须和当地人谈判来以更好的价格来购买你需要的东西。   You have to negotiate with the locals to get better prices to buy what you need. 3. “孩子们必须学会在合理的范围内自己与这个世界进行谈判。”怀特说。   "Children have to learn to negotiate with the world on their own, within reasonable boundaries," White says. 4. 参加课外活动可以让我们学习如何与同学进行协商与合作。 Participating in extra-curricular activities enables us to learn to negotiate and cooperate with fellow students. 3. withdraw /wɪðˈdrɔː; wɪθˈdrɔː/   vt.  & vi. 【paraphrase】 to move back or away from a place or situation; to make sb/sth do this      vt. & vi.  （使）撤回；撤离 【formation】 三单: withdraws 现在分词: withdrawing    过去式: withdrew 过去分词: withdrawn   同根词：withdrawn   沉默寡言的；孤僻的   withdrawal   撤退；撤军；撤回 【多元例句】 例 1: Although China withdrew from further expeditions after 1433, these land and sea routes remained active channels between other cultures for centuries.         ---教材原句 P26 例2: After dinner he spent half an hour with his guests, and again, with a smile, pressed his wife's hand, withdrew, and drove off to the council.               --- Anna Karenina 《安娜·卡列尼娜》                     例 3: The prince withdrew, trying not to show how ridiculous he thought the whole performance.  --- Anna Karenina《安娜·卡列尼娜》 例4：Levin felt, withdrew behind the screen, and put out the candle, but for a long while he could not sleep.       --- Anna Karenina《安娜·卡列尼娜》 例5：My hand was on the curtain, but I preferred speaking before I withdrew it.    --- Jane Eyle 《简爱》 例6 ：I withdrew the bolt and opened the door with a trembling hand.      --- Jane Eyle 《简爱》         Key: 【短语互译】 1. withdraw from     退出；离开 2. withdraw money    取钱 3. withdraw cash    取现；取钱 4. withdraw troops    收兵，撤军 【句子翻译】 1.“温迪，”他说，“不要退出。”   “Wendy,” he said, “don't withdraw.” 2. 当工人退休时，他们可以从计划中提取资金。   When workers retire, they can withdraw money from the plan. 3. 我想收回我早些时候发表的一项声明。   I want to withdraw a statement I made earlier. 4. 这家公司已决定撤销部分体育项目的资助。 The company has decided to withdraw from some of its sports sponsorship. 4. bond  /bɒnd/ n. & vt. & vi. 【paraphrase1】  something that forms a connection between people or groups, such as a feeling of friendship or shared ideas and experiences   n. 纽带；联系；关系；契合 【paraphrase2】  to join two things firmly together; to join firmly to sth. else  v. 使牢固结合；把…紧紧地连接到 【formation】  复数：bonds 三单: bonds 现在分词: bonding     过去式: bonded 过去分词: bonded    同根词：bonding   n.  特殊关系的形成；黏合 【多元例句】 例 1: The aim of this initiative is to encourage cooperation and trade across the historic Silk Road areas, and strengthen the bonds between China and the rest of the world.     ---教材原句 P27 例2: The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register.                       例 3: It was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books.   例4：Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others.       例5：The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond.        Key: 【短语互译】 1.the emotional bond between mother and child   母亲和孩子之间的感情纽带 2. bond market  债券市场 3. in bond  （进口货物）在关栈中；保税 4. bond strength   [化]粘合强度；键强度 【句子翻译】 1. 一种特殊的纽带把我们两国联结起来。       A special bond unites our two countries. 2. 这段经历构成了我们之间一条非常特殊的纽带。   The experience created a very special bond between us. 3. 这将使你们走得更近，并将增进你们之间的关系。   It will draw you closer together, and it will strengthen the bond of your friendship. 4. 钻石本身可能很坚固，但却不易与其他物质很好地黏合。   Diamond may be strong in itself, but it does not bond well with other materials. 5. politics /ˈpɒlətɪks/  n. 【paraphrase】  the activities involved in getting and using power in public life, and being able to influence decisions that affect a country or a society   政治；政治事务（或活动） 【formation】  同根词：political  adj.  政治的；党派的 politically adv.  政治上      politician n.政治家，政客 【多元例句】 例 1: But you should always keep it in your mind that private questions about salaries, family life, religious belief and politics should be avoided during these conversations.   例2: Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades.      例 3: On the journey in the train he talked to his neighbors about politics and the new railways.   --- Anna Karenina《安娜·卡列尼娜》   例4：She knew, too, that he was really interested in books dealing with politics, philosophy, and theology, that art was utterly foreign to his nature.     --- Anna Karenina《安娜·卡列尼娜》 例5：Alexey Alexandrovitch, a man of great power in the world of politics, felt himself helpless in this. --- Anna Karenina《安娜·卡列尼娜》 例6：The conversation touched for a brief space on politics and on how recent events were looked at in the higher spheres in Petersburg.                   --- Anna Karenina《安娜·卡列尼娜》 Key: 【短语互译】 1. discuss politics 讨论政治 2. study politics 学习政治学 3. party politics  党派政治 4. cultural politics 文化政治 ; 文化政治学 ; 政治文化 【句子翻译】 1. 他不喜欢政治。 He is not interested in politics. 2. 她积极参与地方政治活动。    She plays an active part in local politics. 3. 他曾在耶鲁大学学习政治学和经济学。    He studied politics and economics at Yale. 4. 他们俩都深深卷入政治中。     They are both heavily involved in politics. 6. profession /prəˈfeʃn/   n. 【paraphrase】  a type of job that needs special training or skill, especially one that needs a high level of education n. （需要专门技能，尤指需要较高教育水平的某一）行业，职业 【formation】 复数: professions 词根: profess   同根词: professional   adj. 专业的；职业的；职业性的  n. 专业人员；职业运动员  professionally  adv.  专业地；内行地 【多元例句】 例 1: Henry Norman Bethune devoted his life and profession to helping people without expecting anything in return.                                              ---教材原句 P28 例2: A software engineer by profession, Steve was a keen lover of the piano, and the only musician in his family.                                          例 3: More than 750,000 have graduated from SAC, with many seeking employment in engineering, aviation, education, medicine and a wide variety of other professions. 例4：The next day Noah and Charlotte went to live in Fagin's house and began to be instructed in their new profession．                             --- Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》 例5：He is a professional stage actor.                      例6 ：In the past, sound engineers worked in the back rooms of recording studios, but many of today’s sound   professionals are sharing their knowledge and experience with professionals in other fields to create new products based on the phenomenon we call sound.           Key: 【短语互译】 1. caring profession  护理行业 ; 照顾他人的职业 2. service profession  服务专业 3. health profession  饮食行业 ; 健康专业 4. the professions of law, medicine, and engineering.  法律、医学、工程的职业 【句子翻译】 1. 我的职业对我的性格有重要的影响。   My profession had an important influence in my character. 2. 他在几年内攀上了职业的巅峰。   In a few years he had climbed to the top of his profession. 3. 他们两人的职业都是医生。   They're both doctors by profession. 4. 少数富有献身精神的医生为启蒙这一行业而奋斗多年。 A few dedicated doctors have fought for years to enlighten the profession. 7. possession /pəˈzeʃn/  n. 【paraphrase1】  [ U ] ( formal ) the state of having or owning sth   具有；拥有 【paraphrase2】  [ C, usually pl. ] something that you own or have with you at a particular time 个人财产；私人物品 【formation】 复数: possession s 词根: possess   同根词: possessive   adj.  占有的；所有的；所有格的；占有欲强的    possess   vt.  控制；使掌握；持有；迷住 【多元例句】 例1: The sea is home to life, not human beings’ possessions.    ---教材原句 P32 例2: All customers travelling on TransLink services must be in possession of a valid ticket before boarding.           例 3: She left her sister to rest for a while，and she herself set off at once with her possessions in a basket．    --Tess of the D’urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》                             例4：I was alone on the open moor, with no money or possessions.        --- Jane Eyle 《简爱》                                             例5：Oliver's small possessions were put into a brown paper parcel，and he was led to Mr Sowerberry's house by Mr Bumble．                                  --- Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》    例6 ：The next morning, the public were once informed that Oliver Twist was again To Let,and that five pounds would be paid to anybody who would take possession of him. --- Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》       Key: 【短语互译】 1. be in possession of    占有某物  2. have (get) possession of   占有,  拥有 3.  in the possession of     为某人所占有 4. put in possession of    让某人知道 5. take possession of     占领, 夺取 【句子翻译】 1. 她被发现藏有危险物品。 He was found in possession of dangerous drugs. 2. 我们买下了这所房子, 但要到七月份才算实际拥有。 We've bought the house, but we can't get possession of it before July. 3. 那幢别墅属镇长所有。 The villa is in the mayor's possession. 4. 人们不得不收拾起仅有的一点财物逃到国外去。 The people had to gather up their few possessions and escaped abroad. 8. marine /məˈriːn/  adj. 【paraphrase1】  connected with the sea and the creatures and plants that live there  海的；海产的；海生的 【formation】 复数: marine      同根词: mariner  n. 水手；船员 【多元例句】 例 1: At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms（海洋微生物）called phytoplankton.                                          例2: The way light reflects off marine organisms.                                       例 3: Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystem.  例4：There are confirmed stories of drown ing sailors being pushed up to the surface of the water and held there by dolphins, a characteristic way in which these marine mammals help each other.        --- Life of Pi 《少年派的奇幻漂流》                                             例5：I caught nothing the whole day, not even in the late afternoon, when marine life appeared in abundance.                      --- Life of Pi 《少年派的奇幻漂流》    例6：My little marine town had vanished.      --- Life of Pi 《少年派的奇幻漂流》   Key: 【短语互译】 1. marine park   海岸公园海洋公园海蚀公园海洋世界 2. marine environment    海洋环境 3. marine engineering    轮机工程；船舶工程 4. marine insurance   海上保险 【句子翻译】 1. 他父亲是位海洋生物学家。 His father is a marine biologist. 2. 岩石被海生植物所覆盖。 The rocks are covered by marine plants. 3. 一个教训就是要避免海洋环境失去平衡。     One lesson is to avoid unbalancing the marine environment. 4. 事实上，很多海洋生物都有这种能力，尤其是在海洋深处的。  Actually, a lot of marine organisms have this ability, especially in deeper parts of the ocean. 考点句型 1.what引导名词性从句 Over the centuries, further trading allowed more exploration of the regions to the west of China, as recorded in Du Huan’ s Record of My Travels in the eighth century.(P26) 几个世纪以来,贸易的进一步发展使得中国西部地区得到了更多的开发,这一点在8世纪杜环的《经行记》中有所记载。 【句式剖析】本句是一个复合句。主句是further trading allowed...。as recorded in...是非限制性定语从句 的省略形式,句子补全为:as it was recorded in...。 Ø As you can imagine, we all enjoyed the party. 你可以想象到,我们在那次聚会上都玩得很开心。 【句式拓展】 (1)as用于引导限制性定语从句时,主要与such、as、the same连用,其意为“像……的”“凡是……的” “……一类的人(物)”。 Ø He is not such a man as would leave his work half done. 他并不是一个做事半途而废的人。 Ø You must show her the same respect as you show me. 你必须对她表现出与对我同样的敬重。 (2)as用于引导非限制性定语从句时,根据情况可位于主句之前或之后,有时也可插在主句中间,其意为 “正如”。 Ø The moon travels round the earth once every month, as is known to everybody. 众所周知,月球每月绕地球 转一周。 Ø As is often the case, a smart building is the crystallization of collective wisdom and skills. 通常情况就是这 样,一座完美的建筑是集体智慧和技巧的结晶。 (3)as引导非限制性定语从句常见的有: as we all know 众所周知 as I can remember正如我所记得的 as often happens正如经常发生的那样 as we expect正如我们预料的那样 as was expected 正如预料的那样 as can be seen看得出来 as may be imagined正如可以想象的那样 as has been said above如上所述 as we all can see正如我们都能看到的那样 as is often the case像常规那样 【练习】完成句子 1.如你所想,我面临着许多挑战和障碍。 ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________,I was faced with many challenges and obstacles. 2.众所周知,长城是世界上最长的城墙。 ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________,the Great Wall is the longest wall in the world. 3.众所周知,如果我们有困难,是朋友而不是手机可以真正地帮助我们摆脱困境。 ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ____________,if we are in trouble, it is not our phones but our friends that can realy help us out. 2.though/although的用法 Although this was banned in 1982, some countries are still “murdering” these intelligent creatures without mercy.(P32) 尽管这在1982年被禁止,一些国家仍然毫不留情地“谋杀”这些聪明的动物。 【句式剖析】本句是一个复合句。some countries are...是主句;although=though是从属连词,意为“虽然……;尽管……”,引导让步状语从句。 Ø Although the sun was shining, it wasn’ t very warm. 尽管太阳高照,天却不是很暖和。 Ø Although they’ re expensive, they last forever and never go out of style. 尽管价格昂贵,但它们经久耐用，永不过时。 【句式拓展】though/although的用法 (1)用作连词,表示“虽然”,两者大致同义,可换用,只是 although 比 though 更为正式。 Ø Though/Although it was raining, we went there.虽然下着雨,但我们还是去了那儿。 Ø Though/Although it was barely four o’ clock,the lights were already on.尽管才四点钟,灯已经亮了。 (2)用作副词,although一般不用作副词,而though 可用作副词,且一般放在句末(不放在句首),意为“可是；不过”。 Ø It’ s hard work; I enjoy it though. 工作很辛苦,可是我乐意干。 Ø He is looking fit, though. 不过他看起来很健康。 (3)用于习语,在 as though(好像,仿佛)、even though(即使,纵然)等固定短语中不能用 although。 Ø We felt as though we had witnessed the whole thing. 我们感觉仿佛目击了整个事件似的。 Ø He is an honest man, I must say, even though I have opposed him. 尽管我反对过他,我还是得说他是一个诚实的人。 (4)用于倒装,though引导的让步状语从句可用部分倒装的形式(注意:倒装后位于句首的名词之前不用冠词),但 although 一般不这样用。 Ø I will say no more on these matters, important though they are. 虽然这些事很重要,我也不想再说什么了。 Ø Child though he was, he did quite well. 他虽是个孩子,但干得很好。 【练习】完成句子 1.纵然任务艰巨,我们也要及时完成 We will manage to accomplish the task in time ___________ ____________ it is difficult. 2.拉斯蒂点点头,好像一切都明白了。 Rusty nodded ___________ ____________ he understood everything. 3.尽管听起来也许很奇怪,但我很高兴这都结束了。 ___________ ____________ ___________ ____________ ___________, I was pleased it was over. 单元语法 Review of the infinitive (不定式的用法复习) 动词不定式由“to＋动词原形”构成。这里的to是不定式标志，没有词义。不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语，组成动词不定式短语。 [观察例句] 1．To complete the great map of the worldwas a strong passion for the people of early civilizations. 2．It's very important to master a foreign language. 3．The aim of this initiative is to encourage cooperation and tradeacross the historic Silk Road areas，and strengthen the bonds between China and the rest of the world. 4．Trading has grown greatly in recent years，and will continue to do so in years to come. 5．Marco Polo's tales inspired European explorers to search for sea routes from west to east. 6．Here，merchants from China and many other places met to negotiate trade deals，which also led to more awareness of each other's cultures. 7．Although the ancient sea routes of Zheng He have been travelled many times，there are still many other places left to explore. [归纳用法] 1．例句1中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作主语。例句2中的it为形式主语，真正的主语为后面的动词不定式短语。 2．例句3中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作表语。 3．例句4中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作宾语。 4．例句5中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作宾语补足语。 5．例句6中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作状语。 6．例句7中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作定语。 一、动词不定式的形式 主动语态 被动语态 意义 一般时 to do to be done 表示动作与谓语动作同时发生或发生在谓语动作之后 完成时 to have done to have been done 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前 进行时 to be doing 表示谓语动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行 I plan to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow. 我打算参加明天举行的会议。(attend的动作在plan之后发生，且meeting与hold为被动关系) They are said to be studying psychology. 据说他们正研究心理学。(be said与study同时发生) I'm very sorry to have kept you sitting around doing nothing. 让你一直无所事事闲坐着我很抱歉。(keep发生在be sorry之前) No harm seems to have been done.似乎并没有什么危害发生。(do发生在seem之前，且harm与do之间是被动关系) [名师点津] 动词不定式的否定式 在不定式符号to前加not；不带to的不定式则在动词前加not。 Zhang Ming asked me not to stay at home all day. 张明要我别整天待在家里。 My mother let me not do it by myself. 妈妈让我不要独自做这件事。 二、不定式的句法功能 动词不定式在句中不能独立作谓语，但可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、表语和状语等多种成分。 1．作主语 To talk with him is a great pleasure. 和他谈话是一件非常愉快的事。 [名师点津] ①为了避免头重脚轻，通常都将作主语的不定式置于句子后面，用it作形式主语，放在句首。 ②若要说明不定式的动作的执行者，可以在不定式前加上“for/of＋n./pron.”结构。当形容词表达事物的特征时用for sb.；当形容词表达人所具有的特征或品质时用of sb.，这样的形容词有careful，cruel，foolish，brave，good，honest，kind，rude，polite，nice，stupid，wise，wrong等。 It's very important for you to rememberthis. 对你来说记住这一点很重要。 It's very kind of you to help me. 你能帮我真是太好了。 2．作表语 不定式作表语主要有三种情况，一是用于seem，appear，prove，turn out等连系动词之后的不定式(尤其是to be)；二是像My job is to sweep the floor(我的工作就是擦地板)这样的主语与表语“等价”的情形；三是表示想法、约定、义务、命令、可能性、命运等。 He seems to be ill. 他似乎生病了。 Her wish is to be a teacher. 她的愿望是当一名教师。 We are to meet at the bus station at three. 我们约定3点钟在车站见面。(表约定) 3．作宾语 常接不定式而不接动名词作宾语的动词及短语有： “决心学会想希望”：decide/determine，learn，want，hope/wish/expect/long “设法假装在拒绝”：manage，pretend，refuse “主动答应选计划”：offer，promise，choose，plan “同意请求帮一帮”：agree，ask/beg，help 外加afford，fail，would like/love，threaten。 I can't afford to buy a car.我买不起汽车。 I like swimming，but I don't like to swim this afternoon. 我喜欢游泳，但我今天下午不想游泳。 [名师点津] 不定式作宾语后跟宾语补足语时，常把不定式后移而用形式宾语 it 代替，常见句式：think/believe/consider/find/feel，etc.＋it＋adj./n.＋不定式。 I think it necessary to send for an expert. 我认为请位专家来是有必要的。 4．作宾语补足语 通常可带不定式作宾语补足语的动词：advise，allow，ask，bear，beg，cause，command，encourage，expect，forbid，force，get，hate，help，intend，invite，leave，like，mean，need，oblige，order，permit，persuade，prefer，request，remind，teach，tell，trouble，want，warn，wish等。 What caused him to change his mind? 是什么使他改变主意的？ He didn't allow the students to go there. 他没允许学生们去那儿。 5．作定语 I have a question to ask you. 我有一个问题要问你。 He is not a man to tell a lie. 他不是个说谎的人。 [名师点津] 不定式与被修饰的词有动宾关系，且句中有该不定式的逻辑主语时，该不定式用主动形式表被动意义。如果这个不定式是不及物动词，其后应有相应的介词。 The Browns have a comfortable house to live in. 布朗家有一幢舒适的房子可以居住。 6．不定式作状语 (1)动词不定式可以用作目的状语。其他非谓语动词形式不能用作目的状语。 To succeed，one must first of all believe in himself. 要想成功，首先必须相信自己。 (2)only to do sth.为不定式作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果。 We hurried to the station，only to be told that the train had left. 我们急匆匆赶到车站，结果被告知火车已经开走了。 (3)形容词或过去分词作表语时，后面可接不定式作原因状语。常见词有：happy，lucky，glad，sorry，anxious，proud，disappointed，angry，surprised，ready，delighted，clever，foolish，pleased，fortunate，right等。 You will never know how happy I wasto see her yesterday. 你永远不会知道昨天看到她时，我有多么高兴。 (4)在“主语＋系动词＋表语(形容词)＋ to do”结构中，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有：easy，hard，difficult，important，impossible，interesting，pleasant，nice，comfortable，safe，dangerous等。 The box is not easy to carry. 这个箱子不易携带。 7．动词不定式与疑问词who，which，when，where，how，what等连用，在句中起名词的作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。 How to solve the problem is very important.(主语) 如何解决这一问题很重要。 He didn't know what to ask.(宾语) 他不知道该问些什么。 My question is when to start.(表语) 我的问题是何时开始。 三、省略to的情况 1．在某些使役动词或感官动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式，常不带to；如果这些动词用于被动结构，其后的to就必须补上。这类词可以用以下口诀助记： 一感：feel　二听：listen to，hear　三让：make，have，let 五看：see，watch，observe，look at，notice。 I often hear him sing the song. 我经常听见他唱那首歌。 He is often heard to singthe song. 他经常被人听见唱那首歌。 2．在以why引导的疑问句中，表示建议，不定式不带to。 Why congratulate her? 为什么要祝贺她呢？ Why not conduct the interview right now? 为什么不马上主持面试呢？ 3．在cannot but，cannot choose but，cannot help but之后的动词不定式不带to。 I cannot but admire his courage.我只有佩服他的勇气。 4．动词不定式在but，except，besides后面时，如果这些词之前有行为动词do，那么，这些词后的动词不定式不带to，否则要带to。 She could do nothing but cry. 她除了哭，不能做任何事。 I have no choice but to work for the firm. 除了为这家公司工作，我别无选择。 What do you like to do besides swim? 除了游泳，你还喜欢做什么？ 5．为了避免重复，动词不定式可省去to。 I'm really puzzled about what to think or say. 想什么，说什么，我确实困惑了。 [名师点津] 在expect，hope，wish，mean，prefer，forget，want，try以及be glad，be happy，would like，should love，would love等后面，常用to来代替前面的不定式，以避免重复。 I haven't conducted a performance，but I wish to. 我没有主持过演出，但是我希望主持一场。 Ⅰ. 单词拼写 1.Their common experience created a strong b______(纽带；关系) between them. 2.As a major figure in British p______(政治), Churchill was in a league of his own. 3.The deadline has been e______(扩展；延长) by two days. 4.I’m reading a book about folk t______(故事) and ancient legends. 5.Henry Norman Bethune devoted his life and p_______(职业) to helping people without expecting anything in turn. 6.Last summer we visited an island in the Indian Ocean, whose rocky coastline and long golden beaches were a sight to b______(看；看见). 7.The tennis player withdraw from several t______(锦标赛；联赛) due to injury. 8.Reaching out across the sea is often a m_______(混合；结合体) of danger and boredom . 9. He also emailed his family using his l_______(便携式电脑), telling them about his experiences around the world. 10.When the journey ended, Zac’s adventure received widespread media c______(新闻报道). 11.After finishing his workout, he updated his fitness l______(日志；日记) . 12.In the final match, his o_______(对手) will be stronger and more experienced. 13.In a classical music concert, the audience politely a______(鼓掌)at the end of the performance. 14.I couldn’t find your name in the telephone d_______(电话号码簿) . 15.A $5 million reward has been announced for information leading to the a______(逮捕) of those responsible for the murder . 16.The sea is home to life, not human beings’ p_______(个人财产). 17.African r______(王室的；高贵的) families sent gifts such as giraffes as gestures of friendship in return for gold, silk, and spices. 18.Although China w______(撤离) from further expeditions after 1433, these land and sea routes remained active channels between other cultures for centuries. 19.Here, merchants from China and many other places met to n______(协商) trade deals, which also led to more awareness of each other’s cultures. Ⅱ . 用所给短语的适当形式填空 set sail，in a league of one’s own，develop relations with， withdraw from，in hand，become known as，search for，for the benefit of 1. It is a great privilege to get to know a painter，who is 　　　　　　. 2. With the new information 　　　　　　，we finally finished the design ahead of time. 3. Christopher Columbus 　　　　　　 for the New World in the Santa Maria. 4. Dogs have a very good sense of smell and are often used to 　　　　　　 survivors in an earthquake. 5. How much money do you wish to 　　　　　　 your account? 6. This center is being constructed 　　　　　　 the next generation. 7. These Chinese immigrants settled in an area that later 　　 　　　　 Chinatown. 8. We will continue to improve and 　　　　　　 the developed countries. Ⅲ . 单句语法填空 1. The unmanned Chang’ e-4 probe (探测器)—the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess—__________ (touch) down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin. 2. The median(中位数的)age of an American in 1950 was 30—today it is 41 and is expected __________ (increase) to 42 by 2050. 3. Landing on the moon’ s far side is __________ (extreme) challenging. 4. However, greater attention should __________ (place) on longevity. 5. We __________ (commit) to improving services now. 6. After a heated discussion, they failed to arrive at a __________(conclude). 7. She had made __________ (remark) progress in her writing skills. 8. It’ s vital that we __________ (carry) out the operation immediately. 9. With no solid evidence, he refused to acknowledge __________ (steal) the lady’ s purse. 7 / 9 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit3 Sea Exploration 【速记清单】（解析版） 2024-2025学年高二英语单元速记·巧练（人教版2019选择性必修四册） 单元重点单词短语句型语法 考点词汇 1. extend /ɪkˈstend/   vt. 【paraphrase】  to make sth longer or larger; to make sth last longer   扩展；使伸长；延长 【formation】 三单: extends        现在分词: extending    过去分词: extended   同根词：extend  广泛；广阔的；广博的  extension   n.  延长；延期；扩大；伸展；电话分机 【多元例句】 例 1：A trading route across the sea was also extended along the coasts of the Indian Ocean, centred around Ceylon (now Sri Lanka)                         ---教材原句 P26 例2: I learned a lot about how to extend the life of objects and transform them into something new and useful.   例 3：Students should be able to extend the logic (逻辑) of each to their particular circumstance. 例4：From the old city of Augusta, a second railroad was extended westward across the state to connect with the new road to Tennessee.                 --- Gone with the Wind 《乱世佳人》 例5：I’m going to Charleston and New Orleans and—oh, well, a very extended trip.     --- Gone with the Wind 《乱世佳人》 例6：The plan was based on the fact that the French line of operation was too extended.        --- War and Peace 《战争与和平》 Key: 【短语互译】 1. extend one's business   扩大其营业   2. extend the ban on the import of beef   延长牛肉进口禁令 3. extend the kitchen by six feet   把厨房延长六英尺 4. extend our insurance cover to travel abroad  把我们的保险范围扩大到国外旅行 5. extend a warm welcome to our visitors   向我们的来宾表示热烈的欢迎 【句子翻译】 1. 也许可以将这种技术应用于其他农作物。   It might be possible to extend the technique to other crop plants. 2. 那些洞穴深约18公里。   The caves extend for some 18 kilo-metres. 3. 你能把你的访问再延长几天吗?   Can you extend your visit for a few days more? 4. 公司打算将业务扩展到欧洲。 The company plans to extend its operations into Europe. 2. negotiate /nɪˈɡəʊʃieɪt/   vt.  & vi. 【paraphrase】 to try to reach an agreement by formal discussion        vt.  商定；达成（协议）   vi.  谈判；磋商；协商 【formation】 三单: negotiates 现在分词: negotiating    过去分词: negotiated  同根词：negotiable  adj. 可通过谈判解决的；可协商的 negotiation  n.  谈判；转让；顺利的通过 【多元例句】 例 1: Here, merchants from China and many other places met to negotiate trade deals, which also led to more awareness of each other's cultures.                    ---教材原句 P26 例2: Having similarly explained his views and his magnanimity to Tutolmin, he dispatched that old man also to Peters burg to negotiate.                 --- War and Peace 《战争与和平》             例 3: They assure the officer on duty that they, the marshals, are on their way to negotiate with Prince Auersperg.           --- War and Peace 《战争与和平》 例4：Never pay full price if you can negotiate something better.     --- Million Dollar Habits 《价值百万的习惯》 例5：And then I negotiated with him about the pony.          --- Wuthering Heights 《呼啸山庄》 例6 ：In order to negotiate with him they have to get an interpreter, and they pitch upon this Mr. Melas, having used some other one before.   --- Complete Series of Sherlock holmes 《战福尔摩斯探案集》 Key: 【短语互译】 1. to negotiate a peace settlement  就和平协议进行谈判 2. negotiate a contract   协商合同 3. negotiate with the company  与公司谈判 4. be under negotiation   正在洽谈 【句子翻译】 1. 我们很高兴用这种方式来和贵方协商交易。   We are happy to negotiate with you in that way. 2. 你必须和当地人谈判来以更好的价格来购买你需要的东西。   You have to negotiate with the locals to get better prices to buy what you need. 3. “孩子们必须学会在合理的范围内自己与这个世界进行谈判。”怀特说。   "Children have to learn to negotiate with the world on their own, within reasonable boundaries," White says. 4. 参加课外活动可以让我们学习如何与同学进行协商与合作。 Participating in extra-curricular activities enables us to learn to negotiate and cooperate with fellow students. 3. withdraw /wɪðˈdrɔː; wɪθˈdrɔː/   vt.  & vi. 【paraphrase】 to move back or away from a place or situation; to make sb/sth do this      vt. & vi.  （使）撤回；撤离 【formation】 三单: withdraws 现在分词: withdrawing    过去式: withdrew 过去分词: withdrawn   同根词：withdrawn   沉默寡言的；孤僻的   withdrawal   撤退；撤军；撤回 【多元例句】 例 1: Although China withdrew from further expeditions after 1433, these land and sea routes remained active channels between other cultures for centuries.         ---教材原句 P26 例2: After dinner he spent half an hour with his guests, and again, with a smile, pressed his wife's hand, withdrew, and drove off to the council.               --- Anna Karenina 《安娜·卡列尼娜》                     例 3: The prince withdrew, trying not to show how ridiculous he thought the whole performance.  --- Anna Karenina《安娜·卡列尼娜》 例4：Levin felt, withdrew behind the screen, and put out the candle, but for a long while he could not sleep.       --- Anna Karenina《安娜·卡列尼娜》 例5：My hand was on the curtain, but I preferred speaking before I withdrew it.    --- Jane Eyle 《简爱》 例6 ：I withdrew the bolt and opened the door with a trembling hand.      --- Jane Eyle 《简爱》         Key: 【短语互译】 1. withdraw from     退出；离开 2. withdraw money    取钱 3. withdraw cash    取现；取钱 4. withdraw troops    收兵，撤军 【句子翻译】 1.“温迪，”他说，“不要退出。”   “Wendy,” he said, “don't withdraw.” 2. 当工人退休时，他们可以从计划中提取资金。   When workers retire, they can withdraw money from the plan. 3. 我想收回我早些时候发表的一项声明。   I want to withdraw a statement I made earlier. 4. 这家公司已决定撤销部分体育项目的资助。 The company has decided to withdraw from some of its sports sponsorship. 4. bond  /bɒnd/ n. & vt. & vi. 【paraphrase1】  something that forms a connection between people or groups, such as a feeling of friendship or shared ideas and experiences   n. 纽带；联系；关系；契合 【paraphrase2】  to join two things firmly together; to join firmly to sth. else  v. 使牢固结合；把…紧紧地连接到 【formation】  复数：bonds 三单: bonds 现在分词: bonding     过去式: bonded 过去分词: bonded    同根词：bonding   n.  特殊关系的形成；黏合 【多元例句】 例 1: The aim of this initiative is to encourage cooperation and trade across the historic Silk Road areas, and strengthen the bonds between China and the rest of the world.     ---教材原句 P27 例2: The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register.                       例 3: It was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books.   例4：Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others.       例5：The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond.        Key: 【短语互译】 1.the emotional bond between mother and child   母亲和孩子之间的感情纽带 2. bond market  债券市场 3. in bond  （进口货物）在关栈中；保税 4. bond strength   [化]粘合强度；键强度 【句子翻译】 1. 一种特殊的纽带把我们两国联结起来。       A special bond unites our two countries. 2. 这段经历构成了我们之间一条非常特殊的纽带。   The experience created a very special bond between us. 3. 这将使你们走得更近，并将增进你们之间的关系。   It will draw you closer together, and it will strengthen the bond of your friendship. 4. 钻石本身可能很坚固，但却不易与其他物质很好地黏合。   Diamond may be strong in itself, but it does not bond well with other materials. 5. politics /ˈpɒlətɪks/  n. 【paraphrase】  the activities involved in getting and using power in public life, and being able to influence decisions that affect a country or a society   政治；政治事务（或活动） 【formation】  同根词：political  adj.  政治的；党派的 politically adv.  政治上      politician n.政治家，政客 【多元例句】 例 1: But you should always keep it in your mind that private questions about salaries, family life, religious belief and politics should be avoided during these conversations.   例2: Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades.      例 3: On the journey in the train he talked to his neighbors about politics and the new railways.   --- Anna Karenina《安娜·卡列尼娜》   例4：She knew, too, that he was really interested in books dealing with politics, philosophy, and theology, that art was utterly foreign to his nature.     --- Anna Karenina《安娜·卡列尼娜》 例5：Alexey Alexandrovitch, a man of great power in the world of politics, felt himself helpless in this. --- Anna Karenina《安娜·卡列尼娜》 例6：The conversation touched for a brief space on politics and on how recent events were looked at in the higher spheres in Petersburg.                   --- Anna Karenina《安娜·卡列尼娜》 Key: 【短语互译】 1. discuss politics 讨论政治 2. study politics 学习政治学 3. party politics  党派政治 4. cultural politics 文化政治 ; 文化政治学 ; 政治文化 【句子翻译】 1. 他不喜欢政治。 He is not interested in politics. 2. 她积极参与地方政治活动。    She plays an active part in local politics. 3. 他曾在耶鲁大学学习政治学和经济学。    He studied politics and economics at Yale. 4. 他们俩都深深卷入政治中。     They are both heavily involved in politics. 6. profession /prəˈfeʃn/   n. 【paraphrase】  a type of job that needs special training or skill, especially one that needs a high level of education n. （需要专门技能，尤指需要较高教育水平的某一）行业，职业 【formation】 复数: professions 词根: profess   同根词: professional   adj. 专业的；职业的；职业性的  n. 专业人员；职业运动员  professionally  adv.  专业地；内行地 【多元例句】 例 1: Henry Norman Bethune devoted his life and profession to helping people without expecting anything in return.                                              ---教材原句 P28 例2: A software engineer by profession, Steve was a keen lover of the piano, and the only musician in his family.                                          例 3: More than 750,000 have graduated from SAC, with many seeking employment in engineering, aviation, education, medicine and a wide variety of other professions. 例4：The next day Noah and Charlotte went to live in Fagin's house and began to be instructed in their new profession．                             --- Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》 例5：He is a professional stage actor.                      例6 ：In the past, sound engineers worked in the back rooms of recording studios, but many of today’s sound   professionals are sharing their knowledge and experience with professionals in other fields to create new products based on the phenomenon we call sound.           Key: 【短语互译】 1. caring profession  护理行业 ; 照顾他人的职业 2. service profession  服务专业 3. health profession  饮食行业 ; 健康专业 4. the professions of law, medicine, and engineering.  法律、医学、工程的职业 【句子翻译】 1. 我的职业对我的性格有重要的影响。   My profession had an important influence in my character. 2. 他在几年内攀上了职业的巅峰。   In a few years he had climbed to the top of his profession. 3. 他们两人的职业都是医生。   They're both doctors by profession. 4. 少数富有献身精神的医生为启蒙这一行业而奋斗多年。 A few dedicated doctors have fought for years to enlighten the profession. 7. possession /pəˈzeʃn/  n. 【paraphrase1】  [ U ] ( formal ) the state of having or owning sth   具有；拥有 【paraphrase2】  [ C, usually pl. ] something that you own or have with you at a particular time 个人财产；私人物品 【formation】 复数: possession s 词根: possess   同根词: possessive   adj.  占有的；所有的；所有格的；占有欲强的    possess   vt.  控制；使掌握；持有；迷住 【多元例句】 例1: The sea is home to life, not human beings’ possessions.    ---教材原句 P32 例2: All customers travelling on TransLink services must be in possession of a valid ticket before boarding.           例 3: She left her sister to rest for a while，and she herself set off at once with her possessions in a basket．    --Tess of the D’urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》                             例4：I was alone on the open moor, with no money or possessions.        --- Jane Eyle 《简爱》                                             例5：Oliver's small possessions were put into a brown paper parcel，and he was led to Mr Sowerberry's house by Mr Bumble．                                  --- Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》    例6 ：The next morning, the public were once informed that Oliver Twist was again To Let,and that five pounds would be paid to anybody who would take possession of him. --- Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》       Key: 【短语互译】 1. be in possession of    占有某物  2. have (get) possession of   占有,  拥有 3.  in the possession of     为某人所占有 4. put in possession of    让某人知道 5. take possession of     占领, 夺取 【句子翻译】 1. 她被发现藏有危险物品。 He was found in possession of dangerous drugs. 2. 我们买下了这所房子, 但要到七月份才算实际拥有。 We've bought the house, but we can't get possession of it before July. 3. 那幢别墅属镇长所有。 The villa is in the mayor's possession. 4. 人们不得不收拾起仅有的一点财物逃到国外去。 The people had to gather up their few possessions and escaped abroad. 8. marine /məˈriːn/  adj. 【paraphrase1】  connected with the sea and the creatures and plants that live there  海的；海产的；海生的 【formation】 复数: marine      同根词: mariner  n. 水手；船员 【多元例句】 例 1: At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms（海洋微生物）called phytoplankton.                                          例2: The way light reflects off marine organisms.                                       例 3: Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystem.  例4：There are confirmed stories of drown ing sailors being pushed up to the surface of the water and held there by dolphins, a characteristic way in which these marine mammals help each other.        --- Life of Pi 《少年派的奇幻漂流》                                             例5：I caught nothing the whole day, not even in the late afternoon, when marine life appeared in abundance.                      --- Life of Pi 《少年派的奇幻漂流》    例6：My little marine town had vanished.      --- Life of Pi 《少年派的奇幻漂流》   Key: 【短语互译】 1. marine park   海岸公园海洋公园海蚀公园海洋世界 2. marine environment    海洋环境 3. marine engineering    轮机工程；船舶工程 4. marine insurance   海上保险 【句子翻译】 1. 他父亲是位海洋生物学家。 His father is a marine biologist. 2. 岩石被海生植物所覆盖。 The rocks are covered by marine plants. 3. 一个教训就是要避免海洋环境失去平衡。     One lesson is to avoid unbalancing the marine environment. 4. 事实上，很多海洋生物都有这种能力，尤其是在海洋深处的。  Actually, a lot of marine organisms have this ability, especially in deeper parts of the ocean. 考点句型 1.what引导名词性从句 Over the centuries, further trading allowed more exploration of the regions to the west of China, as recorded in Du Huan’ s Record of My Travels in the eighth century.(P26) 几个世纪以来,贸易的进一步发展使得中国西部地区得到了更多的开发,这一点在8世纪杜环的《经行记》中有所记载。 【句式剖析】本句是一个复合句。主句是further trading allowed...。as recorded in...是非限制性定语从句 的省略形式,句子补全为:as it was recorded in...。 Ø As you can imagine, we all enjoyed the party. 你可以想象到,我们在那次聚会上都玩得很开心。 【句式拓展】 (1)as用于引导限制性定语从句时,主要与such、as、the same连用,其意为“像……的”“凡是……的” “……一类的人(物)”。 Ø He is not such a man as would leave his work half done. 他并不是一个做事半途而废的人。 Ø You must show her the same respect as you show me. 你必须对她表现出与对我同样的敬重。 (2)as用于引导非限制性定语从句时,根据情况可位于主句之前或之后,有时也可插在主句中间,其意为 “正如”。 Ø The moon travels round the earth once every month, as is known to everybody. 众所周知,月球每月绕地球 转一周。 Ø As is often the case, a smart building is the crystallization of collective wisdom and skills. 通常情况就是这 样,一座完美的建筑是集体智慧和技巧的结晶。 (3)as引导非限制性定语从句常见的有: as we all know 众所周知 as I can remember正如我所记得的 as often happens正如经常发生的那样 as we expect正如我们预料的那样 as was expected 正如预料的那样 as can be seen看得出来 as may be imagined正如可以想象的那样 as has been said above如上所述 as we all can see正如我们都能看到的那样 as is often the case像常规那样 【练习】完成句子 1.如你所想,我面临着许多挑战和障碍。 ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________,I was faced with many challenges and obstacles. 2.众所周知,长城是世界上最长的城墙。 ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________,the Great Wall is the longest wall in the world. 3.众所周知,如果我们有困难,是朋友而不是手机可以真正地帮助我们摆脱困境。 ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ____________,if we are in trouble, it is not our phones but our friends that can realy help us out. Keys: 1. As may be imagined;As you can imagine 2. As we all know 3. As is known to all 2.though/although的用法 Although this was banned in 1982, some countries are still “murdering” these intelligent creatures without mercy.(P32) 尽管这在1982年被禁止,一些国家仍然毫不留情地“谋杀”这些聪明的动物。 【句式剖析】本句是一个复合句。some countries are...是主句;although=though是从属连词,意为“虽然……;尽管……”,引导让步状语从句。 Ø Although the sun was shining, it wasn’ t very warm. 尽管太阳高照,天却不是很暖和。 Ø Although they’ re expensive, they last forever and never go out of style. 尽管价格昂贵,但它们经久耐用，永不过时。 【句式拓展】though/although的用法 (1)用作连词,表示“虽然”,两者大致同义,可换用,只是 although 比 though 更为正式。 Ø Though/Although it was raining, we went there.虽然下着雨,但我们还是去了那儿。 Ø Though/Although it was barely four o’ clock,the lights were already on.尽管才四点钟,灯已经亮了。 (2)用作副词,although一般不用作副词,而though 可用作副词,且一般放在句末(不放在句首),意为“可是；不过”。 Ø It’ s hard work; I enjoy it though. 工作很辛苦,可是我乐意干。 Ø He is looking fit, though. 不过他看起来很健康。 (3)用于习语,在 as though(好像,仿佛)、even though(即使,纵然)等固定短语中不能用 although。 Ø We felt as though we had witnessed the whole thing. 我们感觉仿佛目击了整个事件似的。 Ø He is an honest man, I must say, even though I have opposed him. 尽管我反对过他,我还是得说他是一个诚实的人。 (4)用于倒装,though引导的让步状语从句可用部分倒装的形式(注意:倒装后位于句首的名词之前不用冠词),但 although 一般不这样用。 Ø I will say no more on these matters, important though they are. 虽然这些事很重要,我也不想再说什么了。 Ø Child though he was, he did quite well. 他虽是个孩子,但干得很好。 【练习】完成句子 1.纵然任务艰巨,我们也要及时完成 We will manage to accomplish the task in time ___________ ____________ it is difficult. 2.拉斯蒂点点头,好像一切都明白了。 Rusty nodded ___________ ____________ he understood everything. 3.尽管听起来也许很奇怪,但我很高兴这都结束了。 ___________ ____________ ___________ ____________ ___________, I was pleased it was over. Keys: 1. even though 2. as though 3. Strange though/as it may sound 单元语法 Review of the infinitive (不定式的用法复习) 动词不定式由“to＋动词原形”构成。这里的to是不定式标志，没有词义。不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语，组成动词不定式短语。 [观察例句] 1．To complete the great map of the worldwas a strong passion for the people of early civilizations. 2．It's very important to master a foreign language. 3．The aim of this initiative is to encourage cooperation and tradeacross the historic Silk Road areas，and strengthen the bonds between China and the rest of the world. 4．Trading has grown greatly in recent years，and will continue to do so in years to come. 5．Marco Polo's tales inspired European explorers to search for sea routes from west to east. 6．Here，merchants from China and many other places met to negotiate trade deals，which also led to more awareness of each other's cultures. 7．Although the ancient sea routes of Zheng He have been travelled many times，there are still many other places left to explore. [归纳用法] 1．例句1中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作主语。例句2中的it为形式主语，真正的主语为后面的动词不定式短语。 2．例句3中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作表语。 3．例句4中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作宾语。 4．例句5中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作宾语补足语。 5．例句6中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作状语。 6．例句7中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作定语。 一、动词不定式的形式 主动语态 被动语态 意义 一般时 to do to be done 表示动作与谓语动作同时发生或发生在谓语动作之后 完成时 to have done to have been done 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前 进行时 to be doing 表示谓语动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行 I plan to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow. 我打算参加明天举行的会议。(attend的动作在plan之后发生，且meeting与hold为被动关系) They are said to be studying psychology. 据说他们正研究心理学。(be said与study同时发生) I'm very sorry to have kept you sitting around doing nothing. 让你一直无所事事闲坐着我很抱歉。(keep发生在be sorry之前) No harm seems to have been done.似乎并没有什么危害发生。(do发生在seem之前，且harm与do之间是被动关系) [名师点津] 动词不定式的否定式 在不定式符号to前加not；不带to的不定式则在动词前加not。 Zhang Ming asked me not to stay at home all day. 张明要我别整天待在家里。 My mother let me not do it by myself. 妈妈让我不要独自做这件事。 二、不定式的句法功能 动词不定式在句中不能独立作谓语，但可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、表语和状语等多种成分。 1．作主语 To talk with him is a great pleasure. 和他谈话是一件非常愉快的事。 [名师点津] ①为了避免头重脚轻，通常都将作主语的不定式置于句子后面，用it作形式主语，放在句首。 ②若要说明不定式的动作的执行者，可以在不定式前加上“for/of＋n./pron.”结构。当形容词表达事物的特征时用for sb.；当形容词表达人所具有的特征或品质时用of sb.，这样的形容词有careful，cruel，foolish，brave，good，honest，kind，rude，polite，nice，stupid，wise，wrong等。 It's very important for you to rememberthis. 对你来说记住这一点很重要。 It's very kind of you to help me. 你能帮我真是太好了。 2．作表语 不定式作表语主要有三种情况，一是用于seem，appear，prove，turn out等连系动词之后的不定式(尤其是to be)；二是像My job is to sweep the floor(我的工作就是擦地板)这样的主语与表语“等价”的情形；三是表示想法、约定、义务、命令、可能性、命运等。 He seems to be ill. 他似乎生病了。 Her wish is to be a teacher. 她的愿望是当一名教师。 We are to meet at the bus station at three. 我们约定3点钟在车站见面。(表约定) 3．作宾语 常接不定式而不接动名词作宾语的动词及短语有： “决心学会想希望”：decide/determine，learn，want，hope/wish/expect/long “设法假装在拒绝”：manage，pretend，refuse “主动答应选计划”：offer，promise，choose，plan “同意请求帮一帮”：agree，ask/beg，help 外加afford，fail，would like/love，threaten。 I can't afford to buy a car.我买不起汽车。 I like swimming，but I don't like to swim this afternoon. 我喜欢游泳，但我今天下午不想游泳。 [名师点津] 不定式作宾语后跟宾语补足语时，常把不定式后移而用形式宾语 it 代替，常见句式：think/believe/consider/find/feel，etc.＋it＋adj./n.＋不定式。 I think it necessary to send for an expert. 我认为请位专家来是有必要的。 4．作宾语补足语 通常可带不定式作宾语补足语的动词：advise，allow，ask，bear，beg，cause，command，encourage，expect，forbid，force，get，hate，help，intend，invite，leave，like，mean，need，oblige，order，permit，persuade，prefer，request，remind，teach，tell，trouble，want，warn，wish等。 What caused him to change his mind? 是什么使他改变主意的？ He didn't allow the students to go there. 他没允许学生们去那儿。 5．作定语 I have a question to ask you. 我有一个问题要问你。 He is not a man to tell a lie. 他不是个说谎的人。 [名师点津] 不定式与被修饰的词有动宾关系，且句中有该不定式的逻辑主语时，该不定式用主动形式表被动意义。如果这个不定式是不及物动词，其后应有相应的介词。 The Browns have a comfortable house to live in. 布朗家有一幢舒适的房子可以居住。 6．不定式作状语 (1)动词不定式可以用作目的状语。其他非谓语动词形式不能用作目的状语。 To succeed，one must first of all believe in himself. 要想成功，首先必须相信自己。 (2)only to do sth.为不定式作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果。 We hurried to the station，only to be told that the train had left. 我们急匆匆赶到车站，结果被告知火车已经开走了。 (3)形容词或过去分词作表语时，后面可接不定式作原因状语。常见词有：happy，lucky，glad，sorry，anxious，proud，disappointed，angry，surprised，ready，delighted，clever，foolish，pleased，fortunate，right等。 You will never know how happy I wasto see her yesterday. 你永远不会知道昨天看到她时，我有多么高兴。 (4)在“主语＋系动词＋表语(形容词)＋ to do”结构中，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有：easy，hard，difficult，important，impossible，interesting，pleasant，nice，comfortable，safe，dangerous等。 The box is not easy to carry. 这个箱子不易携带。 7．动词不定式与疑问词who，which，when，where，how，what等连用，在句中起名词的作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。 How to solve the problem is very important.(主语) 如何解决这一问题很重要。 He didn't know what to ask.(宾语) 他不知道该问些什么。 My question is when to start.(表语) 我的问题是何时开始。 三、省略to的情况 1．在某些使役动词或感官动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式，常不带to；如果这些动词用于被动结构，其后的to就必须补上。这类词可以用以下口诀助记： 一感：feel　二听：listen to，hear　三让：make，have，let 五看：see，watch，observe，look at，notice。 I often hear him sing the song. 我经常听见他唱那首歌。 He is often heard to singthe song. 他经常被人听见唱那首歌。 2．在以why引导的疑问句中，表示建议，不定式不带to。 Why congratulate her? 为什么要祝贺她呢？ Why not conduct the interview right now? 为什么不马上主持面试呢？ 3．在cannot but，cannot choose but，cannot help but之后的动词不定式不带to。 I cannot but admire his courage.我只有佩服他的勇气。 4．动词不定式在but，except，besides后面时，如果这些词之前有行为动词do，那么，这些词后的动词不定式不带to，否则要带to。 She could do nothing but cry. 她除了哭，不能做任何事。 I have no choice but to work for the firm. 除了为这家公司工作，我别无选择。 What do you like to do besides swim? 除了游泳，你还喜欢做什么？ 5．为了避免重复，动词不定式可省去to。 I'm really puzzled about what to think or say. 想什么，说什么，我确实困惑了。 [名师点津] 在expect，hope，wish，mean，prefer，forget，want，try以及be glad，be happy，would like，should love，would love等后面，常用to来代替前面的不定式，以避免重复。 I haven't conducted a performance，but I wish to. 我没有主持过演出，但是我希望主持一场。 Ⅰ. 单词拼写 1.Their common experience created a strong b______(纽带；关系) between them. 2.As a major figure in British p______(政治), Churchill was in a league of his own. 3.The deadline has been e______(扩展；延长) by two days. 4.I’m reading a book about folk t______(故事) and ancient legends. 5.Henry Norman Bethune devoted his life and p_______(职业) to helping people without expecting anything in turn. 6.Last summer we visited an island in the Indian Ocean, whose rocky coastline and long golden beaches were a sight to b______(看；看见). 7.The tennis player withdraw from several t______(锦标赛；联赛) due to injury. 8.Reaching out across the sea is often a m_______(混合；结合体) of danger and boredom . 9. He also emailed his family using his l_______(便携式电脑), telling them about his experiences around the world. 10.When the journey ended, Zac’s adventure received widespread media c______(新闻报道). 11.After finishing his workout, he updated his fitness l______(日志；日记) . 12.In the final match, his o_______(对手) will be stronger and more experienced. 13.In a classical music concert, the audience politely a______(鼓掌)at the end of the performance. 14.I couldn’t find your name in the telephone d_______(电话号码簿) . 15.A $5 million reward has been announced for information leading to the a______(逮捕) of those responsible for the murder . 16.The sea is home to life, not human beings’ p_______(个人财产). 17.African r______(王室的；高贵的) families sent gifts such as giraffes as gestures of friendship in return for gold, silk, and spices. 18.Although China w______(撤离) from further expeditions after 1433, these land and sea routes remained active channels between other cultures for centuries. 19.Here, merchants from China and many other places met to n______(协商) trade deals, which also led to more awareness of each other’s cultures. 答案：1.bond 2.politics 3.extended 4.tales 5.profession 6.behold 7. tournaments 8.mixture 9.laptop 10. coverage 11.log 12.opponent 13.applauded 14. directory 15. arrest 16. possessions 17. royal 18. withdrew 19.negotiate Ⅱ . 用所给短语的适当形式填空 set sail，in a league of one’s own，develop relations with， withdraw from，in hand，become known as，search for，for the benefit of 1. It is a great privilege to get to know a painter，who is 　　　　　　. 2. With the new information 　　　　　　，we finally finished the design ahead of time. 3. Christopher Columbus 　　　　　　 for the New World in the Santa Maria. 4. Dogs have a very good sense of smell and are often used to 　　　　　　 survivors in an earthquake. 5. How much money do you wish to 　　　　　　 your account? 6. This center is being constructed 　　　　　　 the next generation. 7. These Chinese immigrants settled in an area that later 　　 　　　　 Chinatown. 8. We will continue to improve and 　　　　　　 the developed countries. 答案：1. in a league of their own　2. in hand　3. set sail 4. search for 　5. withdraw from 6. for the benefit of 7. became known as　8. develop relations with Ⅲ . 单句语法填空 1. The unmanned Chang’ e-4 probe (探测器)—the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess—__________ (touch) down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin. 2. The median(中位数的)age of an American in 1950 was 30—today it is 41 and is expected __________ (increase) to 42 by 2050. 3. Landing on the moon’ s far side is __________ (extreme) challenging. 4. However, greater attention should __________ (place) on longevity. 5. We __________ (commit) to improving services now. 6. After a heated discussion, they failed to arrive at a __________(conclude). 7. She had made __________ (remark) progress in her writing skills. 8. It’ s vital that we __________ (carry) out the operation immediately. 9. With no solid evidence, he refused to acknowledge __________ (steal) the lady’ s purse. Keys: 1. touched 2. to increase 3. extremely 4. be placed 5. are committed 6. conclusion 7. remarkable 8. (should) carry 9. stealing ( 7 / 9 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$