专题4 第3讲 推理判断题——于文有据不妄断(课件PPT)-【创新方案】2025年高考英语二轮复习专题辅导与测试

第三讲　推理判断题——于文有据 不妄断 　　推理判断题属于深层次理解类试题，主要考查在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，进行推理、判断。 推理判断题常见的设题角度有推断隐含意义、观点态度、写作意图以及文章出处或读者对象。此外，有时也可能考查人物性格、写作手法或篇章结构等。 正 确 选 项 特 征 “立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。 正确选项中一般不包含表示绝对概念的词汇，如only, never, all, absolutely等，常使用一些表示“模糊”概念的词，如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等。 干扰 选项 特征 主观 臆断 没有基于原文进行推断，而是根据常识推断 过度 推断 有时作者只是客观地叙述事实，并未做出评论，而一些选项却主观地进行推断。如提到一样东西贵，并不意味着就买不起 错误 推断 某些细节看似在原文中出现过，但与原文不符，或断章取义，或因果倒置等 以细 节代 替推断 只是原文简单的复述，而非推断出来的结论 四、推断文章出处或读者对象——“语言特色”是抓手 目录 一、推断隐含意义——不被表意遮慧眼 二、推断观点态度——是褒是贬分辨清 三、推断写作意图——把握规律准推断 3 推断隐含意义——不被表意遮慧眼 一、 推断隐含意义题，要求在读懂原文的基础上，作出合乎情理的推理与判断。此类题目的题干中常含有infer (推断), indicate (象征，暗示), imply (暗示), suggest (表明), conclude (得出结论), assume (假定，设想), learn from及know about等动词(短语)，或表示可能性的词汇probably, most likely或表示推测的情态动词can, could, might等。 解题技法如下： 第一步 分析题干和选项，抓设题点 第二步 结合文章脉络结构，查找解题依据，定位信息点 第三步 解读文本字面意思，然后进行分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，得出正确答案 [典例]　(2024·全国甲卷·阅读C节选) Russia's public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor's appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. 29．What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk? A．It is heavily populated. B．It offers training for doctors. C．It is a modern city. D．It needs medical aid. [分析]　首先根据题干信息可定位到原文第三段。第三段的主旨句是第一句，意为“俄罗斯的公共卫生保健服务迫切需要现代化”，其余部分的大意是俄罗斯政府针对这一问题采取的措施，这表明了克拉斯诺亚尔斯克需要医疗援助。对比四个选项可知，D项“需要医疗援助”与第三段主旨句的意思相符。 推断观点态度——是褒是贬分辨清 二、 此类试题考查考生推断作者或文中人物对某事物所持的态度、观点或看法的能力。在推断过程中，应特别注意文中的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词或副词。解这类题不可掺杂个人观点，不能主观评价作者或他人，要基于原文作出客观的判断。观点态度题的题干常出现“attitude, tone, agree, opinion, think about, develop(展开)”等词(语)。 (一)熟记五类观点常用词汇 肯定 positive 积极乐观的　optimistic 乐观的 hopeful 　有希望的 supportive 支持的 promising 有前途的 favourable赞许的 否定 disapproving 不赞成的　critical 批评的 unfavourable 不赞同的 negative 　　否定的，消极的 怀疑 suspicious 　可疑的，怀疑的doubtful　　可疑的 主/客观 subjective 主观的　objective 客观的 中立 neutral 中立的　indifferent 漠不关心的 uninterested 不感兴趣的 unconcerned 不关心的 (二)掌握三种解题技法 1．根据文章体裁推断观点、态度 议论文 文章的论点往往会直接或间接地表明作者的态度立场 说明文 作者往往采取客观、中立的态度 记叙文 作者往往不直接提出观点，但常常有某种倾向性，读文时要细心捕捉表达或暗示情感态度的词语 2．学会区分不同的观点，善于找出作者的观点。注意文中出现的直接引语和间接引语，其中体现的一般是当事人的观点，而不是作者的观点。作者的观点一般用in my opinion/view, personally, I think, I believe, as far as I'm concerned等词语引出。 3．通过作者在文章里的措辞以及一些表达感情色彩的词汇判断作者的态度。如：褒义词useful, interesting, admiring, significant等；贬义词upset, disappointed, critical, unfriendly等。 [例1]　(2024·全国甲卷·阅读C节选) Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train's equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned，”says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want.” 31．What is Ducke's attitude toward the Saint Lukas' services? A．Appreciative. B.Doubtful. C．Ambiguous. D.Cautious. [分析]　该题考查对文章中人物观点态度的判断。根据题干中的Ducke可把答案定位在Ducke说的话这一部分。根据Ducke的话中表达情感态度的词“very impressed”和“best”可以推断出Ducke的态度是“积极向上的”。对比四个选项可知，A项“赞赏”与原文意义相符。 [例2]　(2022·全国甲卷·阅读D节选) On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony.“Many people say that we lack culture in this country，” he told me. “What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2,000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3,000 years, and the Chinese more still. We've got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. It's a pretty hard combination to beat.” He is right, but I can't help wishing they would keep those old ferries. 35．Which statement will the author probably agree with? A．A city can be young and old at the same time. B．A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic. C．Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance. D．Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign. [分析]　该题考查对作者观点态度的判断。根据节选段第一段前两句可知，一座新旧交融的城市具有其魅力。再结合节选段第二段中的“He is right”可推断出，作者赞同Anthony的观点，即认为一座城市的年轻元素和古老元素可以并存。故选A。 推断写作意图——把握规律准推断 三、 写作意图题考查考生揣测作者的写作意图或目的的能力。这类题要求考生不但能理解文章的大意，还能对作者阐述问题的方法进行分析和归纳总结。写作意图题的题干中常出现“function, purpose, mention, intend to, aim to”等词(语)。 解题技法如下： 1．根据文章体裁推断写作意图 记叙文 一般会在首段或尾段出现高度概括的总结性语句，且往往有一定的哲理性，大部分的叙述都是围绕该哲理展开的。 新闻 报道 新闻报道通常由导语和主体组成。把握导语就是找到了整篇文章的主旨，进而就可以了解写作意图。 续表 应用文 文章中有对某种物品或服务的详尽介绍，使用了具有明显宣传介绍性的语言。写作意图主要为告知、推销或者吸引读者参观等。 说明文 写作意图有赖于对文章主旨的把握，阅读时需要找准主题句。 议论文 提出论点——进行论证——得出结论，作者的意图往往隐含于最后一部分。 2.根据写作手法推断写作意图 在文章开头提出问题或介绍与主题有关的其他事物 to bring in/to introduce the topic ... 举例或引用某人的话 to support/to show ... [典例]　(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷·阅读D节选) Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in.This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革)． In the wrong hands, such a book could prove ... As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, ... Campbell's point is to wake up those responsible for AI ... AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. 35．What is the author's purpose in writing the text? A．To recommend a book on AI. B．To give a brief account of AI history. C．To clarify the definition of AI. D．To honor an outstanding AI expert. [分析]　根据原文的首尾段和中间各段的首句，以及文中核心词“book”可知，文章的内容与一本书有关，作者写这篇文章的目的是介绍这本有关人工智能的书。对比四个选项可知，仅有A项与此意相符。 推断文章出处或读者对象——“语言特色”是抓手 四、 文章出处题或读者对象题考查频率较低。一般来讲，文章出处题要求考生具备一定的常识，能够根据文章的题材和内容来推断，题干中常出现“taken from, come from, part, section”等词(语)。读者对象题要求考生根据内容和措辞推断，题干中常出现“intended readers, potential target readers”等词(语)。 解题技法如下： 1．由内容判出处和类别 极强的时效性 newspaper/news report 新产品/新影片/演出介绍 advertisement 有网址或其他网络典型用语，如click website 旅游景点方面 travel guide/brochure 时尚、名人或娱乐方面 magazine/journal/entertainment section 科普知识/研究介绍 science report/study report 文化教育性 education section 活动介绍 notice/announcement 2．三步确定读者对象 [典例]　(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·阅读C节选) Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. ... In this “book of books，” artworks are selected and arranged ... Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of the subject. ... Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. ... a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity. 28．Where is the text most probably taken from? A．An introduction to a book. B．An essay on the art of writing. C．A guidebook to a museum. D．A review of modern paintings. [分析]　根据原文的首尾段和中间各段的首句可知，本文是关于一本书的介绍。再根据文章的语言风格，可判断本文最有可能摘自书的序言。对比四个选项可知，A项与此意相符。 (2024·桂林三模)Is it true that our brain alone is responsible for human cognition (认知)? What about our body? Is it possible for thought and behaviour to originate from somewhere other than our brain? Psychologists who study Embodied Cognition (EC) ask similar questions. The EC theory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem-solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal measure. If you think about it for a moment, it makes total sense. When you smell something good or hear amusing sounds, certain emotions are awakened. Think about how newborns use their senses to understand the world around them. They don't have emotions so much as needs — they don't feel sad, they're just hungry and need food. Even unborn babies can feel their mothers' heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the real world, they cry when they're cold and then get hugged. That way, they start to associate being warm with being loved. Understandably, theorists have been arguing for years and still disagree on whether the brain is the nerve centre that operates the rest of the body. Older Western philosophers and mainstream language researchers believe this is fact, while EC theorises that the brain and body are working together as an organic supercomputer, processing everything and forming your reactions. Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction. In one experiment, test subjects were asked to judge people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness. And it works the other way, too. In another study. subjects' fingertip temperatures were measured after being “included” in or “rejected” from a group task. Those who were included felt physically warmer. For further proof, we can look at the metaphors (比喻) that we use without even thinking. A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock. And this kind of metaphorical use is common across languages. Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it? If you're having a bad day, a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you're physically cold, warm up before making any interpersonal decisions. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了心理学家的一项“EC(具身认知)”理论，该理论表明我们不是只有大脑负责人类的认知，我们的身体也负责思考或者解决问题。 1．According to the author, what is the significance of EC? A．It brings us closer to the truth in human cognition. B．It offers a clearer picture of the shape of human brain. C．It reveals the major role of the mind in human cognition. D．It facilitates our understanding of the origin of psychology. √ 解析：推理判断题。根据题干关键词“EC”可定位到第一段“The EC theory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem-solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal measure.”。原文中suggests表明了作者的观点，EC理论认为我们身体就像大脑一样塑造我们的认知，因此推断EC理论的意义在于让我们更接近人类认知的真理。对比四个选项可知，A项与原文意思接近。 [易错诊断] 本题易误选C。部分考生根据原文第一段内容从主观上认为该理论揭示了“思想在认知中起主要作用”。而原文“The EC theory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem-solving.”要表达的意思是“身体负责思考和问题解决”，也就是说身体主导认知，这与C项的意思是相反的，这一干扰项犯了“颠倒逻辑”的错误。 2．Where does the newborns' understanding of their surroundings start from? A．Their personal looks. B．Their mental needs. C．Their inner emotions. D．Their physical feelings. 解析：推理判断题。根据题干关键词newborns可定位到第二段“how newborns use their senses to understand the world around them”。借助常识可知，新生儿对周围环境的理解依靠的是身体感觉。选项D中的physical feelings是senses中的一种感觉。 √ 3．What does the author intend to prove by citing the metaphors in paragraph 5? A．Human speech is alive with metaphors. B．Human senses have effects on thinking. C．Human language is shaped by visual images. D．Human emotions are often compared to natural materials. √ 解析： 推理判断题。根据题干关键词metaphors也可定位到第五段。“For further proof, ... as a rock.”说明人们使用身体触感比喻人，由此可推断，作者通过比喻手法是为了进一步证明我们人类的感觉对思维有影响。 4．What is the author's purpose in writing the last paragraph? A．To deepen the readers' understanding of EC. B．To encourage the reader to put EC into practice. C．To guide the reader onto the path to career success. D．To share with the reader ways to release their emotions. √ 解析：写作意图题。根据题干关键词the last paragraph可定位到最后一段。根据“why not use it？”可推知，作者的目的是鼓励读者把EC理论运用于现实生活中。 本课结束 ⇨⇨ $$