专题4 第1讲 读文策略指导——疏通读文障碍，准确把握文意(课件PPT)-【创新方案】2025年高考英语二轮复习专题辅导与测试

专题四 阅读理解 1 [把握考情] 1．依据课标选材：围绕英语课程标准提出的人与自我、人与社会、人与自然三大主题选取素材，常见文体主要有：应用文、记叙文(夹叙夹议文)、说明文、议论文。 2．深入考查语基：阅读语篇中派生词、熟词生义、专业词汇、长难句较多，增加了考生对文意理解的难度。 3．趋向深度理解：重在考查考生对语篇重要细节信息和关键信息的理解、推断、归纳和概括等高阶思维能力。 第一讲　读文策略指导——疏通读文障 碍，准确把握文意 目录 一、“两策略”破解障碍词汇 三、精读8大常考处 二、 “4层面”破解长难句 4 “两策略”破解障碍词汇 一、 近几年高考越来越注重对考生阅读理解能力的考查，主要体现在阅读文本中融入一些专有名词、派生词、合成词、熟词生义和学术词等，这些词通常会给考生造成一定的理解障碍，导致他们无法准确理解文章内容及作者意图。因此，正确处理阅读中遇到的生词，掌握一定的猜测生词词义的技巧，对于理解文章和答题尤为重要。 策略(一)　无关紧要的词汇——“跳过去” 高考语篇中经常会出现一些生词，即使不知道它的确切含义也不会影响对句意的理解。对于这类词，不要过多纠缠，放心大胆地“跳过去”。 一起出现的几个首字母都大写的单词 可能是专有名词，不需要知道其意思，只需要知道它可能是某个名称即可。 斜体的单词 可能是某本书、杂志、电影的名称或某个专业术语等，不用了解其意思，只需要知道它代表某个事物即可。 [典例]　(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷·阅读A节选) Walk 4 — Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest This informative walk led by Richard Smyth introduces you to the basic principles of photography in the wild.Bring along your camera and enjoy the wonderful views along this well-surfaced forest path. Date and Time：Sunday, 2nd October, at 11：45 Start Point：Kilbrannish Forest Recreation Area Walk Duration：1.5 hours [分析]　选段中出现了许多首字母大写的单词，如Kilbrannish Forest Recreation Area，Richard Smyth等。这些专有名词指的是地名和人名，阅读时直接跳过去即可，不必深究。 策略(二)　影响阅读的词汇——“猜出来” 有时，一些生词对阅读文本造成了很大的障碍。对于这类生词要善于运用各种技巧推测其含义，常见的猜词方法主要有以下几种方法： 1．派生词：根据词缀知识(如re-，-ize等)进行猜测。 [典例]　(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读D节选) Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. [分析]　oversampled的前缀over-意为“超出，超过”，而sample作动词时，意为“采样”，那么“oversample”意为“过度采样”；而“-ed”是形容词后缀，意为“……的”，故该派生词意为“过度采样的”。 2．合成词 将合成词的逐个词翻译后合并，再引申理解。 [典例]　(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读D节选) These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. [分析]　eye-catching是由eye(眼睛)＋catching(吸引力的)组成， 这类“名词＋现在分词”类的合成词大多可以由后往前倒着把两个意思合起来，并稍加润色，就可以正确地理解合成词的意义了。由此可推断出该合成词意为“引人注目的”。 3．词类活用 根据词法或句法规则在语境中确定其词性。 [典例]　(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读C节选) According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print. [分析]　①根据语境和“digital texts”可知，approach在此处活用成了动词，意为“处理”。该词作名词，意为“方法”。②根据语境和“when they are reading print”可知，print在此处活用成了名词，意为“印刷物”。该词还可以用作动词，意为“印刷”。 4．熟词生义 根据原词基本义在语境中作引申义理解。 [典例]　(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读C节选) With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. [分析]　根据原词geography的基本义“地理”可以猜测出其引申义“地形，地势”，而在此处的语境中应该指纸质书上的文字在不同页码上有不同的“地形”，也就是“布局”之意。 5．学术难词 根据已有学科知识大胆猜测或作模糊义理解。 [典例]　(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读D节选) In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. [分析]　根据地理学知识可知，在地球上的物种灭绝之前，研究人员和公民科学家通常会收集大量的数据，他们这样做的目的是“记录”下这些物种，以供后来研究使用。故可推测document有“记录”之意。 “4层面”破解长难句 二、 考生做阅读理解题时读不懂文章，除了生僻词汇偏多，复杂的长难句也是阅读障碍之一。要准确理解这些长难句，必须掌握破解它们的方法。  1．复杂的简单句　——留主干，忽略不重要信息 遇到复杂的简单句，应迅速找出句子的主干(主谓或主谓宾)；其次找出主语、谓语或宾语各自的修饰成分，如定语、状语或同位语等；忽略不重要信息(各种修饰成分)，留主干。 [典例]　(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读B节选) He's one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians(兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine — combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine. [分析]　 ①句子主干：He's one of American veterinarians。 ②不重要的信息：短语a small but growing number of作定语；现在分词短语now practicing “holistic” medicine作后置定语；破折号起引出解释说明的作用。 [句意]　他是一名美国兽医。美国兽医人数不多，但正在发展壮大。他们践行“整体”医学疗法——将西方传统疗法同针灸、按摩和草药治疗结合起来。 2．复杂的并列句　——找并列连词，分解意群 复杂的并列句是指由并列连词(and, but, or, yet等)或分号(；)把两个或两个以上的简单句连起来的句子。先找到并列连词，再把句子分解为若干意群，这样化整为零，就容易理解这种长难句。 [典例]　(2023·全国乙卷·阅读D节选) Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can't. [分析]　①找并列连词：and和but。 ②分解意群：这是一个含有三个简单句的并列句，划分为三个意群。分句一主干：a history would bring together texts and objects；分句二主干：some chapters of this book are able to do just that；分句三主干：we simply can't。 [句意]　理想情况下，历史应该将文本和实物结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。 3．主从复合句　——寻关联，辨逻辑 先找出引导词，根据引导词判断出主句和从句，再找出主句和从句的主干(主谓或主谓宾)，弄清主句和从句的句意(包括各种修饰成分)以及它们之间的逻辑关系。 [例1]　 (2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读D节选) Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. [分析]　 ①找关联词：how引导宾语从句，从句主干是these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns。 ②找主句主干： Daru and his team tested。 ③其他修饰成分：Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals是现在分词短语作状语。 [句意]　Daru和他的团队使用一个包括19亿条记录植物、昆虫、鸟类和动物的全球数据集来测试这些数据在多大程度上代表了全球实际上的生物多样性。 [例2]　 (2024·全国甲卷·阅读B节选) That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like. [分析]　 ①找关联词：why引导表语从句，if引导宾语从句，which引导非限制性定语从句。 ②找主干：That's ...。 [句意]　这就是为什么大多数宠物猫能立刻辨认出它们的主人是否接触过其他猫，它们通常不喜欢主人接触其他猫。 4．并列复合句　——找并列连词，寻关联逻辑 有些长难句其实是并列的复合句，找出复合句之间的并列连词和复合句的主干(主谓或主谓宾)，弄清句际之间的逻辑关系，这样问题就能迎刃而解。 [典例]　(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读D节选) These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? [分析]　①找并列连词：and。 ②分析and前的分句：主干是these observations outnumber the primary data，that引导定语从句。 ③分析and后的分句：主干是I wanted to know，其中since引导原因状语从句，how引导宾语从句。 [句意]　现在，这些观察结果的数量超过了来自实物标本的原始数据，由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：这些观察数据可靠吗？ 精读8大常考处 三、 阅读理解的命题有一定规律可循，掌握命题规律能帮助考生明确应该重点关注的内容，抓阅读的“敏感点”，快速、准确锁定信息区间，为准确解题圈定信息源。 1．段首、段尾处：文章的首段和尾段，以及每一段的首句和尾句都会包含一些重要的信息，如文章或段落的主旨、观点或意图等，所以，阅读时关注首尾处。 2．转折处：转折后的内容常常是作者或文中某人物的观点或意图。因此，在阅读过程中看到转折词，考生最好能标记以方便解题。一些标志性的转折词或短语包括but, however, although, on the contrary, yet (句首), still (句首), as a matter of fact, in fact等。 [典例]　(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读C节选) Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn't assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words. 31．What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A．Students should apply multiple learning techniques. B．Teachers should produce their own teaching material. C．Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education. D．Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored. [分析]　解答本题的关键在文中转折词However后的内容，这句话是作者所要暗示的意图。对比四个选项，可知C项与原文“educators shouldn't assume all media are the same”的隐含意义——纸质文本在学习中的不可替代性相符。 3．对比、比较处：有时作者常对事物、事实或观点进行对比，从而论证自己观点的正确性。表示对比的标志性词语有unlike, by contrast, in contrast to, in comparison, compared with/to等。细读这些标志性词语后的内容，可以快速找到答案。 4．因果关系处：文中出现表示因果关系的词语如because, since, therefore, so, due to, as a result of, thus, consequently等处多为作者想要表达事件的原因、结果或某种结论的地方。 [典例]　(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读B节选) Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets. 25．Why did Farber decide to try acupuncture on pets? A．He was trained in it at university. B．He was inspired by another veterinarian. C．He benefited from it as a patient. D．He wanted to save money for pet owners. [分析]　根据文中表示因果关系的标志词So可知，该词的前文是该事件的原因，后文是结果。对比四个选项，可知原文“he improved after ... seemed likely to work on his patients”与C项意思相符。 5．举例说明处：一般的议论文和说明文都需要一些例子来支持作者的观点，这些例子往往与作者的论述和说明有很大的关联。作者常用for example, for instance, such as, like等词语来说明或论证某种观点。 [典例]　(2024·全国甲卷·阅读B节选) Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed. 24．What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph? A．It's a survival skill. B．It's taught by mother cats. C．It's hard to interpret. D．It's getting louder with age. [分析]　根据文中表示例释关系的标志性词语For instance可知，该词语的后文是对段首句的解释说明。其后的内容就是猫发出声音是为了求助、吓跑危险的动物或寻找庇护。对比四个选项可知，答案为A。 6．特殊标点处：特殊标点为引号、破折号、冒号、问号、括号等，这些标点处往往是对某件事或某个观点等的解释说明或强调。考生应该熟悉以下标点符号的用法： 冒号 冒号的出现有两大作用——引出后面内容或者用来解释说明前面抽象的内容，或者是对前面内容的总结。不管是解释还是总结，出现冒号时通常要重点选读冒号后面的内容。 括号 括号中的内容通常用来解释或强调括号前面的内容，我们在平时的学习过程中见到括号时一般都跳过，但是在英语中通常会把要强调的内容放在括号中，因此不但不可以跳过，反而要认真分析。 破折号 破折号后面的内容通常是对前面内容的解释说明或补充，说明此处信息至关重要。但要注意，两个破折号的作用通常为插入语，就不再是重点信息了。 7．观点态度处：作者表达观点时，通常用直接或间接引语，并通过“say, think, believe, doubt”等标志词引出。细读引语或有这些标志词的地方，可以快速找到答案。 [典例]　(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷·阅读B节选) “At the end of the day all transit agencies right now are doing everything they can to improve the rider experience. So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories，” she says. 27．What is Trost's opinion about BART's future? A．It will close down. B．Its profits will decline. C．It will expand nationwide. D．Its ridership will increase. [分析]　根据文中表达观点的标志词says和think及直接引语的内容可知，Trost对BART的未来持乐观态度，认为乘客数量将会增加。think后的“get more riders”正是Trost的观点。对比四个选项可知，D项与此意相符。 8．结论结果处：文中出现indicate, suggest, advice, conclude, conclusion等结论性的标志词时，则表明此处为文中提及事件的结果、结论或作者要表达的建议。 本课结束 $$