内容正文:
Period 4
Unit 3
Diverse cultures
Discovering Useful Structures—Ellipsis
语法感悟
语法精讲
达标检测
语法 感悟
3
感知以下句子,完成方框下的小题
1.And what a city (it is)—a city that was able to rebuild itself after the earthquake that occurred in 1906.
2.My hotel is near downtown,in the Mission District,(which is) one of the oldest parts of the city.
3.This district used to be a poor area of town,but (this district) is now a centre for art,music,and food.
4.(It is) A real mix of cultures here!
5.What great food (it is)!
6.(I) Can’t wait!
在上面的6个句子中,括号内的加颜色部分都可以 。
省略
返 回
语法 精讲
5
一、省略的定义
为了避免重复,或为了使句子更简练,在一些句子中常常省去一个或某几个成分,这种语法现象在英语中叫省略。
二、省略的用法
(一)简单句中的省略
1.省略主语
(You) Shut up!住嘴!
(You) Want a hand?需要帮忙吗?
(I) Beg your pardon.请再说一遍。
(It) Doesn’t matter.没关系。
总结:祈使句和其他不容易引起歧义的情况下,特别是在口语中,主语常常省略,主要是祈使句中的you和疑问句中的主语。
2.省略宾语
—Do you know Miss Gao?
—I don’t know (her).
——你认识高女士吗?
——我不认识。
总结:当上、下或前、后两个句子的宾语一致时,下句或后句常省略宾语。
3.省略主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分)
(You come) This way,please.
请这边走。(省略了主语和谓语)
(Have you) Got any ink?
你有墨水吗?(省略了主语和谓语的一部分)
总结:在某些具体的场合下,主语和谓语都很明确,此时为了简化或显得亲切等,可将主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分)同时省略。
(二)并列句中的省略
在由and或but连接的并列句中,常省略一些重复的词或词组。
1.省略共同的主语或宾语。
Tom picked up a comic on the floor and (Tom) handed it to his teacher.
汤姆在地板上捡起了一本连环画杂志并把它交给了他的老师。
2.若主语不同,而谓语部分的系动词、助动词或情态动词相同,则省略后面的系动词、助动词或情态动词。
Jack must have been playing football and Mary(must have been) doing her homework.
杰克肯定一直在踢足球,玛丽肯定一直在做家庭作业。
3.若主语和谓语动词都相同,则省略后面的主谓成分。
His claim made me happy,but (his claim made) Jim angry.
他的断言使我高兴,却使吉姆生气。
4.若主语不同,但主要动词及后续部分相同,则省略主要动词及后续部分。
He has a knowledge of china but his friend doesn’t (have a knowledge of china).
他具备瓷器知识,但他的朋友不具备。
(三)复合句中的省略
1.状语从句中的省略
While (I was) walking along the street,I heard my name called.
当我在街上散步时,我听到有人叫我的名字。
Will you be free this Sunday?If (it is) so,let’s go camping.
这个周日你有空吗?如果有,我们去野营吧。
2.定语从句中的省略
The exact year (which/that) Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.
安吉拉和她的家人一起在中国度过的那一年是2008年。
3.宾语从句中的省略
He said (that) the diagram was very important and that we should learn it by heart.
他说这个图表很重要,我们应该牢记在心。
总结:
句式 用法说明
状语从句 (1)状语从句的主语和主句的主语相同,且从句后有系动词be的某种形式时,从句的主语和系动词可以同时省略
(2)从句的主语为it时,则从句中主语和be动词常被省略
定语从句 关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语且前面无介词时,可以省略关系代词
宾语从句 宾语从句中一般可以省略that,但如果动词接两个或两个以上that引导的宾语从句,那么只有第一个that可以省略
(四)其他情况的省略
1.动词不定式的省略
(1)为了避免重复,可以省去不定式中与前面句子相同的动词(短语),只保留不定式符号to。
I asked him to see the film,but he didn’t want to (see the film).
我叫他看电影,但是他不想看。
(2)某些使役动词,如:make,let,have等和感官动词,如:see,watch,notice,observe,hear等后面作宾补的不定式须省略to,但若这些动词用于被动语态,则to不省略。
We often hear her sing an English song in the classroom.
She is often heard to sing an English song in the classroom.(被动语态)
我们经常听见她在教室唱英文歌。
(3)并列的不定式可以省略后面的不定式符号to。但若两个不定式之间表示对比关系时,则不能省略to。
He likes to swim more than (to) skate.
比起溜冰他更喜欢游泳。
He believes it important to study rather than to make friends.(比较)
他认为重要的是学习而不是交朋友。
(4)介词but,except(除了) 前有实义动词do的某种形式时,后面的不定式不带to。
All the chairman could do was nothing but wait and see.
主席所能做的只有观望。
(5)当不定式作某些复合谓语时,如be going to,be able to,have to,ought to,used to等,可只保留不定式符号to。
They didn’t visit their parents as much as they ought to (visit their parents).
他们应该多看望父母,但他们没有。
疑难点津 省略的不定式内容若含有作助动词用的have或be的任何形式时,to后要保留原形的have或be。类似这样用法的还有动词短语ought to,be going to,be about to,be supposed to,have to,used to及形容词glad,happy,pleased,delighted等。
He didn’t come,but he ought to have.
他没来,但他应该来。
—Are you a physician?
—No,but I used to be (a physician).
——你是个内科医生吗?
——不是,但我过去是。
2.使用so,not等时的省略
在英语中,可以用so,not或其他方式来省略上文或问句中的一部分或整个句子。
—Can you finish your work today?
—I think so./I don’t think so./I think not.
——你今天能完成工作吗?
——我认为能。/我认为不能。
3.介词的省略
一些与动词、名词或形容词搭配的介词常常可以省略,而保留介词后的动名词。常见的结构有:
(1)have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth
(2)be busy (in) doing sth
(3)spend some time (in) doing sth
(4)stop/prevent sb (from) doing sth
The heavy rain prevented him (from) arriving there on time.
大雨使得他没能按时到达那里。
返 回
达标检测
阅读下面短文,根据括号内汉语提示填空
After breakfast,Mom was doing housework in the kitchen.She talked to Tom 1. (洗碗时) and plates.She said to Tom,“Dear son,2. (过街时当心车辆).” Tom usually said to his mom “3. (再见),Mom.” However,this time,she heard nothing.Tom hurriedly left home 4._____________(好像很着急).She 5. (认为汤姆很无礼) this time,but she 6. (不知道为什么).She thought she would 7. (让汤姆意识到) his wrong doings when he came back from school.
while washing bowls
look out for cars when crossing the street
See you
as if anxious
considered Tom rude
didn’t know why
make Tom realize
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