第21讲 阅读理解：说明文-【上好课】2025年中考英语一轮复习讲练测（北京专用）

第二十一讲、阅读理解（说明文） 知识目标 考情透视·目标导航 2 知识导图·思维引航 2 考点突破·考法探究 3 一、解题技巧 3 二、解题方法 3 三、注意事项 3 分层训练·巩固提升 4 基础巩固 4 能力提升 11 说明文是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等作科学解说的。它既不像记叙文那样重在情节的叙述和描写，也不像议论文那样，重在阐明主张和论点论据；说明文是通过解说事物、阐明事理，说明文是中考英语阅读理解题中的重点，难点之一。说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法，因此说明文结构复杂，专业术语多，易于拉开考生分数档次，对于考生来说说明文抽象度高，解题难度大。因此考生要掌握说明文的命题特点，叙述方式，以冷静的心态阅读原文，重点突破长句结构特点和逻辑关系，以便对其做出准确的语意理解。 阅读说明文体裁的文章时应首先抓住下面的重要信息： A. 说明的对象 B. 说明对象的特征 C. 说明的方法（例证法；定义法；分类法；因果关系法；比较对照法；过程分析法） 说明文阅读理解的特征 一般说来，英语说明文与其他文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面，即who → what → when → where → how → why。 1. who：问的是这篇文章的主体是谁？（即所要说明和描述的人或事物） 2. what：问的是主体做了什么事情？（即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途） 3. when和where：是在何时何地发生的？（即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途） 4. how：通过什么方式表现出来的？ 5. why：这种特性功能用途的原因是什么？ 做说明文阅读理解题的时候，一定要记住上面的wh-word。边阅读，边搜记，牢记要点，把握全文。 说明文阅读理解的解题技巧 阅读说明类文章重在把握被说明事物各因素之间的联系，如因果、条件、从属、并列等；以及说明方法，如定义、例释、类比等。考生应加强此类文章的阅读训练，不断提高判断、归纳、分析和解决问题的能力。首先我们平时要多关注科学题材的文章，了解一些基本的科普知识；其次，在阅读时要注意实验的目的和结果，不能凭想象和猜测下结论；对于较难理解的句子要利用语法结构去分析；最后，要利用文章特点找准主题句，把握中心，从而一一破解题目。 一、解题技巧 技巧一 快速读题，正确理解题干，定位关键词，带着问题读文章。 技巧二 运用正确的阅读策略，变速阅读文章，学会处理文中的冗余信息。 技巧三 注意特殊语言现象，在含有关键词的句子处标上题号。 技巧四 注意正确项和干扰项的特征，回到文中确定答案。 技巧五 合理猜测，推敲生词的含义。 技巧六 符合题目要求，对信息进行必要的加工处理。 二、解题方法 先读懂文章，然后按顺序答题。此方法适合内容较易于理解和记忆的文章。 先读试题再读文章，这样我们可以带着问题有的放矢地阅读文章，迅速选出答案。 先阅读一遍文章，把握中心大意，然后开始答题，对暂时确定不了的答案，可回读文章的有关内容并对其进行分析、推敲后再确定。 对拿不准的答案，可先逐项排除自己有把握的错误选项，再将剩下的答案进行比较、筛选，直到确定最佳答案。 三、注意事项 1. 限时阅读：严格控制做题时间，具体到每一篇文章，通过有意识的训练，达到时间分配上的合理性。 2. 带着问题读：先快速浏览一遍题目，再开始阅读文章，有针对性的阅读会提升速度。 3. 找对应词句：中考阅读理解的答案都会聚焦到文章的词或句子上，在做题时找到相应的原文，并进行勾勒、标注，重点理解，有助于排除疑虑，且方便检查。 4. 重点注意首段、尾段、首句、尾句：中考阅读理解的材料都是有鲜明的中心句的，把握好中心句有助于全篇的理解。中心句通常位于首段、尾段、首句或尾句，需要特别注意。 5. 理解作者意图：切勿将自己的意图强加到文章中，特别是在做主旨大意题时。 基础巩固 Passage 2 (2024·安徽) During their busy lives, people do not pay much attention to the expiry dates (有效期) on the food in their fridges. As a result, a lot of food is forgotten about and wasted. However, according to a recent research, being aware of (意识到) what you throw away can help you waste less. The researchers measured (计量) food waste from 154 families across the UK. Half of these families in the research were asked to list the fruits and vegetables they had bought and their expiry dates. The families stuck the list on the fridge door and received a text message every day telling them to check it. The other half did not have to make a list and did not receive text messages. Over a six-week period, all the families were asked to measure their food waste at the end of each week. The researchers were surprised to find that making lists and getting texts made little difference to how much food was wasted. However, each family in the research wasted less food—about 0.1 kilo a week. The researchers carried on the research for six months, and found that all the families continued to waste less food. This shows that just measuring food waste encourages people to pay closer attention to it and throw less away. 43. What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 2 refer to (指的是)? A. The research. B. The list. C. The door. D. The message. 44. What is introduced in paragraph 3 about the six-week research? A. Its purpose. B. Its method. C. Its steps. D. Its results. 45. Which of the following is the best title (标题) for the text? A. Measure Food Waste to Stop It B. Pay Attention to What You Buy C. Check the Food Before Storing It D. Give Thought to Your Busy Life 【答案】43. B 44. D 45. A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一项关于减少食物浪费的研究。 43. 推理判断题。根据“The families stuck the list on the fridge door and received a text message every day telling them to check it.”可知，这些家庭把食物清单贴在冰箱门上，并且被要求每天检查。故此处it指代上文中提到的“清单”。故选B。 44. 细节理解题。通读第三段可知，本段主要介绍了研究的结果。故选D。 45. 最佳标题题。根据“This shows that just measuring food waste encourages people to pay closer attention to it and throw less away.”及全文可知，文章介绍了一项关于食物浪费的研究，研究发现，只要监测食物浪费情况就可以减少食物的浪费，故文章最佳标题是“Measure Food Waste to Stop It”。故选A。 Passage 2（2024·广西·中考真题） Have you ever imagined what bees can do with their tiny brains? Now scientists are looking into a bee’s brain. Clint Perry, a scientist, has spent much time studying how bees think. He says studying bees is not very different from studying other animals. “The main difficulty is to design (设计) an experiment (实验) bee and get what we want,” he says. “With humans, we can ask them a question and get an answer. But we can’t use the same way to get an answer from bees. They are just trying to get sugar. Bees like sugar.” The fact that bees like sugar is helpful for scientists to design experiments. For example, in one experiment, Perry gave bees a task: to find delicious sugar on a landing place above a black bar (棒). Perry made the task easier or harder by moving the landing place farther from or closer to the black bar. He found that bees would avoid the task when it was difficult. And when the task was easy, bees would try it. As for humans, we might choose not to take a test when we weren’t ready for it. And we might choose to take the test when we were well prepared. In the same way, bees seemed to make decisions like humans. Perry points out that we are not sure whether bees actually make a thoughtful choice from experiments. Now scientists still do not know how bees manage to do so much with their tiny brains. But learning more about how bees’ brains work could help us learn more about how our own brains deal with information. 41. What did Perry study in his experiments? A. How bees sleep. B. How bees think. C. How bees dream. 42. What can we know from Paragraph 2? A. Bees can talk. B. Bees are lazy. C. Bees like sugar. 43. What would bees do when the task was easy according to Paragraph 3? A. They would try it. B. They would avoid it. C. They would praise it. 44. What’s the importance of looking into bees’ brains? A. It helps us learn how human brains work. B. It tells us how to make thoughtful choices. C. It lets us know how to deal with information. 45. Where is the article probably taken from? A. A travel magazine. B. A sports magazine. C. A science magazine. 【答案】41. B 42. C 43. A 44. A 45. C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍关于蜜蜂的一些信息。 41. 细节理解题。根据“Clint Perry, a scientist, has spent much time studying how bees think.”可知，科学家克林特·佩里花了很多时间研究蜜蜂是如何思考的。故选B。 42. 细节理解题。根据“Bees like sugar.”可知，蜜蜂喜欢糖。故选C。 43. 细节理解题。根据“And when the task was easy, bees would try it.”可知，当任务很容易时，蜜蜂就会尝试。故选A。 44. 细节理解题。根据“But learning more about how bees’ brains work could help us learn more about how our own brains deal with information.”可知，但更多地了解蜜蜂的大脑是如何工作的，可以帮助我们更多地了解人类大脑是如何处理信息的。故选A。 45. 推理判断题。本文主要介绍关于蜜蜂的一些信息，所以可能在科学杂志上看到这篇文章，故选C。 Passage 3 （2024·宁夏·中考真题） ①AI is shaking up the world now. It has been widely used in many different fields. ②AI in Communication Chatbots (聊天机器人) , a kind of Al-driven tool, have become a necessary part of modern communication. They can understand and reply to users at once. Whether it’s on websites or mobile apps, chatbots can offer support in real time. Besides, AI users can control smart home tools through voice orders. AI is reshaping (重塑) the way we communicate in our daily lives. ③AI in Transportation AI makes a big difference to traffic. For example, some ride-sharing platforms (拼车平台) depend heavily on AI. They use AI to match passengers with drivers and provide better transportation services. And self-driving cars are a main example of AI’s use in transportation, too. With the help of AI, they can reduce accidents and help those unable to drive. ④AI in Education AI provides a smart way to education. It changes the way teachers teach and students learn. AI in classrooms can make teaching and learning more interesting, which helps students focus more on their studies. AI can also offer students support outside classrooms. For example, it can help with homework, answer questions, and provide explanations. By analyzing (分析) students’ advantages, weaknesses and learning needs, AI can make suitable study plans for them. This can help students achieve their learning goals easier. ⑤All in all, AI is shaping and will continue to shape our everyday experiences. 23. What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. Researches on AI in transportation. B. Suggestions on AI in transportation. C. Problems of AI in transportation. D. Advantages of AI in transportation. 24. What does the underlined word “suitable” in Paragraph 4 mean? A. New. B. Proper. C. Simple. D. Different. 25. What can we probably infer (推断) from the passage? A. It takes a long time for chatbots to reply to users. B. Ride-sharing platforms hardly depend on AI. C. AI can only offer help inside classrooms. D. AI will continue to influence our daily lives. 26. Which of the following shows the structure (结构) of the passage? A. B. C. D. 【答案】23. D 24. B 25. D 26. C 【解析】本文主要介绍人工智能应用于日常生活的不同领域。 23. 段落大意题。根据“AI in Transportation”一段的内容可知，第三段主要介绍人工智能在交通应用中的优点。故选D。 24. 词句猜测题。根据“By analyzing (分析) students’ advantages, weaknesses and learning needs, AI can make suitable study plans for them.”可知，通过分析学生的优势、劣势和学习需求，AI可以为他们制定……学习计划。由此可知，是为他们指定“合适的、量身定制的”学习计划，故选B。 25. 细节理解题。根据“All in all, AI is shaping and will continue to shape our everyday experiences.”可知，总而言之，人工智能正在塑造并将继续塑造我们的日常体验。故选D。 26. 篇章结构题。分析文章内容可知，第一段引出主题，第二、三、四段分别介绍人工智能应用于日常生活的不同领域，第五段进行总结。故选C。 Passage 4 （2024·广东·中考真题） People know animals do have feelings, but they are not sure if these feelings are correctly understood. In recent years, scientists have done research about the feelings of cows, frogs and pandas. ▲ It says that humans can tell whether a chicken is happy or sad by listening to its calls. The researchers put a bowl behind a door. Inside the bowl, sometimes, there was something chickens love to eat, such as rice or insects. Sometimes, there was nothing. When the chickens saw food behind the door, they seemed happy and produced fast and loud sounds, known as food calls. When there wasn’t food, the chickens made low and long noises to express disappointment. The researchers recorded all these sounds and studied their waves. Then the researchers chose 16 recordings of such chicken noises. Half were from the chickens seeing the food and half were from the chickens finding no food. The recordings were played to 194 volunteers. Sixty-nine percent of the volunteers correctly understood whether the chickens were feeling happy or not, and some of them even had no experience of taking care of chickens. The result shows that humans have the natural ability to understand the feelings of chickens. Hopefully, this finding can bring about new technology to help with chicken-raising, a big industry in many countries. Some scientists are already working on a smart computer program that can identify chickens’ feelings. This is good news for farmers who want to make the birds happier and healthier. 1. Which of the following can be put in “________” in Paragraph 1? A. Humans may not like animals. B. Scientists know nothing about it. C. Nobody knows why this happens. D. A new study adds chickens to the list. 2. Which is most probably the sound wave of a happy call by a chicken? A. B. C. D. 3. How did the volunteers help with the research? A. By listening to the chicken calls. B. By taking care of the chickens. C. By finding food for the chickens. D. By making the chickens happy. 4. What does the underlined word “identify” mean in Paragraph 4? A. Control. B. Hide. C. Recognize. D. Hurt. 5. What is the best title for the passage? A. Chickens’ Food Calls B. Happy Chickens, Sad Chickens C. Farmers’ Best Choice D. Smart Farmers, Healthy Farmers 【答案】1. D 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. B 【解析】本文进行一个研究，研究结果表明人类可以通过听鸡的叫声来判断它是高兴还是悲伤。 1. 推理判断题。根据“In recent years, scientists have done research about the feelings of cows, frogs and pandas. ... It says that humans can tell whether a chicken is happy or sad by listening to its calls.”可知，空前提到牛、青蛙和熊猫，空后提到鸡，选项D “一项新的研究将鸡加入了这个名单” 符合语境，故选D。 2. 推理判断题。根据“When the chickens saw food behind the door, they seemed happy and produced fast and loud sounds”可知，当鸡看到门后有食物时，它们似乎很高兴，并发出快速而响亮的声音。选项D符合 “快速而响亮的声音” 这一描述，故选D。 3. 细节理解题。根据“The recordings were played to 194 volunteers.”可知，这些录音播放给194名志愿者听，所以志愿者们是通过听鸡叫来帮助这项研究，故选A。 4. 词句猜测题。根据“Some scientists are already working on a smart computer program that can identify chickens’ feelings.”可知，一些科学家已经在研究一种可以……鸡的情感的智能计算机程序。联系前文可知，是为了识别鸡的情感，故选C。 5. 最佳标题题。本文介绍研究结果表明人类可以通过听鸡的叫声来判断它是高兴还是悲伤，选项B “快乐的鸡，悲伤的鸡” 符合主题，故选B。 Passage 5（2024·广东深圳·中考真题） A recent TV series To the Wonder has become China’s breakout TV hit of the year. It has also won praise at a film festival abroad. To the Wonder is based on the award-winning novel of Li Juan, My Altay, and is directed by Teng Congcong. It is very poetic and filled with beautiful wisdom. The TV drama follows the journey of Li Wenxiu. She once wished to leave Altay, an area in Northern Xinjiang. After failing to realize her dream in the capital of Xinjiang, Li has to move back to her hometown and tries to find a new direction for herself. At first, Li finds it hard to understand her neighbours’ traditional way of thinking. Under the influence of her mother Zhang Fengxia, Li starts to see the place and its people in a new light. Later, she comes to understand their lifestyle and respect for nature. Fans describe watching the drama as an experience in the wonderland. “It’s like breathing in fresh air or lying under the sun,” said one fan. “It is a unique drama, very different from the usual Chinese series. A must-watch if you want to discover the beauty of the grassland and life there,” another fan said. “People enjoy the wonderful view of Altay. But the key to the success of the series lies in its ability to connect with the viewers on a human level,” said Teng Congcong. “In the drama, everyone communicates sincerely. Even if I disagree with you, I sincerely respect you. In fact, this is a very important part of human nature—the love for truth, goodness and beauty.” 1. To the Wonder is the name of·________. A. a foreign drama B. a famous film C. a TV series D. a beautiful poem 2. Why does Li Wenxiu come back to Altay? A. To look after her mother. B. To find herself a new direction. C. To help the local people. D. To enjoy its beautiful view. 3. The underlined word “unique” has the closest meaning to ________. A. serious B. common C. special D. strange 4. What is the key to the success of To the Wonder according to Director Teng? A. Its sincere respect for nature. B. The beautiful wisdom of the writer. C. The lifestyle of the local people. D. Its sincere connection with viewers. 5. What is the purpose of the text? A. Everyone communicates sincerely B. Life requires believing in miracles C. A love for truth, goodness, and beauty D. Sincerely respect you 【答案】1. C 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. C 【解析】本文介绍了中国的一部电视剧《我的阿勒泰》在国内外的热播情况，以及观众和导演对该剧的评价。 1. 细节理解题。根据“A recent TV series To the Wonder has become China’s breakout TV hit of the year.”可知，《我的阿勒泰》是一部电视剧。故选C。 2. 细节理解题。根据“After failing to realize her dream in the capital of Xinjiang, Li has to move back to her hometown and tries to find a new direction for herself.”可知，李文秀回到阿勒泰是为了寻找新的方向。故选B。 3. 词句猜测题。根据下文“very different from the usual Chinese series”可知，这部剧与一般的中国剧集非常不同，所以“unique”应该是“特别的”意思。故选C。 4. 细节理解题。根据“But the key to the success of the series lies in its ability to connect with the viewers on a human level…”可知，导演认为该剧成功的关键在于其能够在人性层面与观众建立联系。故选D。 5. 主旨大意题。根据“In fact, this is a very important part of human nature—the love for truth, goodness and beauty.”及全文可知，《我的阿勒泰》这部剧中的每个人都真诚地交流，这是人性中非常重要的一部分——对真、善、美的爱。故本文的目的是为了表达“对真、善、美的热爱”。故选C。 能力提升 2024年时事热点（9-12月） Passage 1 On Nov 20 2024, 700 meters deep under the green hills of Kaiping in Jiangmen, Guangdong, the construction of a 35.4-meter wide ball-shaped detector was completed. This is Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO, 江门中微子实验室). Giant as it is, it’s designed to observe one of the tiniest and lightest forms of matter in the universe – the neutrino. Neutrinos are tiny particles (粒子) smaller than atoms (原子). The birth of neutrinos is often related to extreme events in the universe, such as the Big Bang. This is because high-energy neutrinos mainly come about between crashes with cosmic rays (宇宙射线) and dust or gas. They have no electric charge (电荷), so they can pass through matter without being stopped or slowed down. This makes them very hard to detect and study. Every second, 10 trillion neutrinos pass through your body without leaving any sign, which is why they are called “ghost particles”. Scientists have thus built JUNO to catch these “shy” particles. The detector’s 45,000 “eyes” receive light signals (信号), turn them into electrical signals, amplify (放大) them by a factor of 10 million and send them to a computer. Scientists then use this data to study neutrinos. Although neutrinos have existed since the early universe, it wasn’t until 1930 that Austrian scientist Wolfgang Pauli suggested their existence to explain missing energy in radioactive decay (放射性衰变). He said that this missing energy was carried away by an undetected particle, which he named the neutrino.  Neutrino research helps us understand how the universe began and changed over time, as well as what the natural laws are like, opening the door for many possibilities. With these laws, we can gradually turn scientific discoveries into technologies, which can benefit our lives. In a few years, neutrinos may change the world like Newton’s discovery of universal gravitation (万有引力) did. 1. What do we know about JUNO? A. It is about 700 square meters. B. It will soon be put into use. C. It is cube-shaped. D. It lies deep underground. 2. Why are neutrinos called “ghost particles”? A. They can only be seen in the dark. B. They can pass through matter unnoticed. C. They are associated with extreme events. D. They are from crashes with cosmic rays and dust. 3. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. The discovery of neutrinos. B. The functions of neutrinos. C. The research of the early universe. D. The importance of neutrino research. 4. What do scientists suggest about the future of neutrino research? A. It will face unexpected difficulties. B. It will help us find new sources of energy. C. It could lead to groundbreaking technologies. D. It may prove some existing theories wrong. 5.What is the main idea of the passage? A. The difficulty in detecting neutrinos. B. The importance of neutrino research. C. The history of the discovery of neutrinos D. The introduction of Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory. 【答案】DBACD 【解析】2024年11月20日 江门建成 JUNO 研究中微子实验室，文章介绍中微子特性、发现及研究意义。 1.D细节理解题。文章开头提到 “On Nov 20 2024, 700 meters deep under the green hills of Kaiping in Jiangmen, Guangdong, the construction of a 35.4 - meter wide ball - shaped detector was completed. This is Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO)”，明确指出 JUNO 位于地下 700 米深处，所以选项 D 正确。选项 A 文中未提及 JUNO 的面积是 700 平方米；选项 B 文中未提及即将投入使用；选项 C 中说它是立方体形状，而原文提到是球型（ball - shaped）。 2.B细节理解题。根据第三段 “They have no electric charge (电荷), so they can pass through matter without being stopped or slowed down. Every second, 10 trillion neutrinos pass through your body without leaving any sign, which is why they are called ‘ghost particles’”，因为中微子能穿过物质而不被察觉，所以被称为 “幽灵粒子”，选项 B 正确。 3. A主旨大意题。第五段主要讲述了 1930 年奥地利科学家 Wolfgang Pauli 提出中微子的存在来解释放射性衰变中缺失的能量，这是在讲述中微子的发现过程，所以选项 A 正确。 4. C推理题。根据最后一段 “Neutrino research helps us understand how the universe began and changed over time, as well as what the natural laws are like, opening the door for many possibilities. In a few years, neutrinos may change the world like Newton’s discovery of universal gravitation (万有引力) did”，科学家暗示中微子研究可能会带来开创性的技术，就像牛顿发现万有引力改变世界一样，选项 C 正确。 5.主旨大意题。文章首先介绍了江门中微子实验室（JUNO），然后讲述了中微子的特性、中微子的发现以及中微子研究的意义等内容，整体是围绕江门中微子实验室展开的，所以选项 D 正确。 Passage 2 Self-driving cars do not have people telling them what to do. They move themselves about safely by doing three things right: learning about the environment, deciding what to do next, and taking action. First, the car needs to know what is around it. It uses many different sensors (传感器) to do this. These sensors, such as cameras and radar, are like the car’s “eyes”. They allow the car to “see” things such as people and traffic lights. The sensors also help the car know where and how fast it is going. Besides knowing what is close by, a self-driving car makes plans ahead to avoid traffic accidents. This is where “vehicle to everything” (V2X) comes in. This technology connects a self-driving car with people and things. It also allows the car to go online. All these things help the car “talk” with the outside world and get the latest road information. After receiving the information, the car needs to “read” it and decide what to do. So it combines the information from all sensors, just like putting together the pieces of a puzzle. This process is called multi-sensor fusion (多传感器融合). Machine learning plays an important role here because it helps the car recognize people and objects. Then, the car can decide when to stop, go, or turn. Finally, to carry out decisions, the car uses drive-by-wire technology (线控技术). It allows the car to give “orders” to its wheels, brakes (刹车) and engine in the form of electronic signals (电子信号). This makes different parts of the car respond quickly. The car also uses less oil this way, which is good for the environment.  1. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A. Ways to use different sensors in self-driving cars. B. The differences between the “eyes” of cars and humans. C. How self-driving cars learn about their environment. D. When and where self-driving cars work the best. 2. What does V2X technology do? A. It allows the car to see in the dark. B. It allows the car to connect with people and things. C. It allows the car to connect with other cars. D. It allows the car to give “orders” to its wheels.  3. What does multi-sensor fusion mean? A. Getting all road information. B. Using AI technology to finish a puzzle. C. Putting together information from all sensors. D. Connecting self-driving cars with each other on the road. 4. What do we know about drive-by-wire technology? A. It helps self-driving cars drive faster. B. It allows self-driving cars to run without oil. C. It can collect signals from different traffic lights. D. It helps control the movement of self-driving cars. 5. What is the text mainly about? A. How self-driving cars work. B. Why self-driving cars are good.  C. The development of self-driving cars. D. The safety issues of self-driving cars. 【答案】CBCDA 【解析】文章主要讲解自动驾驶汽车安全行驶的原理，包括利用传感器了解环境、借助技术做决策及通过线控技术执行动作等。 1.C第二段主要讲述了自动驾驶汽车如何利用传感器（如摄像头和雷达等）来了解周围环境，这些传感器就像汽车的 “眼睛”，能让汽车 “看到” 人和交通灯等事物，还能知道自己的位置和速度。所以这一段主要是关于自动驾驶汽车如何了解其周围环境的，故选 C。 2.B. 根据文章第三段 “This technology connects a self - driving car with people and things.” 可知，V2X 技术能让汽车与人和物连接，故选 B。 3.C文章中提到 “So it combines the information from all sensors, just like putting together the pieces of a puzzle. This process is called multi - sensor fusion.”，即多传感器融合意味着将所有传感器的信息整合在一起，就像拼图一样，故选 C。 4.D从文章最后一段 “Finally, to carry out decisions, the car uses drive - by - wire technology. It allows the car to give “orders” to its wheels, brakes and engine in the form of electronic signals. This makes different parts of the car respond quickly.” 可知，线控技术有助于控制自动驾驶汽车的运动，它以电子信号形式给汽车的车轮、刹车和引擎发出 “指令”，使汽车不同部件快速反应，故选 D。 5.A文章整体围绕自动驾驶汽车如何通过了解环境、做决策和采取行动来安全行驶展开，也就是在讲述自动驾驶汽车是如何工作的，故选 A。 Passage 3 We know AI isn't a real person. But a lot of us act as if it is. In a survey of 2,000 people in the US, 48 percent thought we should be polite when talking to AI. Scientists from the Imperial College London in the UK found something similar recently. They saw that people often treat AI agents like social beings. They show sympathy and even protect them. In an experiment, 244 volunteers played an online ball game with an AI bot. A pretend volunteer was also there and sometimes didn't give the ball to the AI on purpose. When the scientists watched the game, they found that most of the time, the volunteers tried to make it fair for the bot by giving it the ball more. This finding matches the basic ideas of media equation theory. This theory was made by scientists at Stanford University in the US in the 1990s. It says we often respond to media and technology like we do to real people and places, not just as tools. While this can make humans and AI work well together, it also has risks. Especially when AI bots are made to act like "friends" to people. For example, there's Replika. It's an AI companion chatbot that started in 2017 and has about 2 million users around the world. Its website says, "Your Replika will always be on your side no matter what." But the AI's support became dangerous when it made Jaswant Singh Chail, a young man in the UK, want to kill the Queen of England. He tried in December 2021 but was stopped in time. Still, he got a nine-year sentence. Scientists at Imperial College London said companies should not make AI too much like a real person in their design. This can help people know the difference between virtual and real. 1. Why did the volunteers help the AI bot during the online ball game? A. They were required to treat all players equally. B. They felt pressured to follow the rules of the game. C. They found it more interesting to involve the AI bot more. D. They sympathized with the AI bot and treated the AI bot like a social being. 2. According to the media equation theory, how do we treat media and technology? A. Like tools. B. Like we do with real people and places. C. By completely ignoring them. D. Only considering them when using them. 3. What is a potential risk of AI bots acting as “friends” for human users? A. They may waste users’ time. B. They may encourage harmful behavior. C. They may isolate users from reality. D. They may misuse users’ personal data. 4. How do researchers at Imperial College London advise on the design of AI agents? A. Controlling their level of humanness. B. Improving their interaction performance. C. Programming them to ignore negative behavior. D. Equipping them with advanced learning theories. 5. What is the main idea of the article? A. Describing the development history of AI technology. B. Emphasizing the role of AI in improving work efficiency. C. Analyzing the application of AI in the field of education. D. Discussing how people treat AI as social beings and exploring its risks. 【答案】DBBAD 【解析】文章探讨人们如何将AI视作真人对待，及其潜在风险。 1. D. 推理判断题。文章中提到，在实验中，志愿者们大多数时候尝试让游戏对AI机器人公平，通过更多地给机器人传球。这表明他们对被故意排除在外的AI机器人表现出了同情。 2. B. 细节理解题。根据文章中的描述，媒体方程理论表明我们经常像对待真人和地方一样对待媒体和技术，而不仅仅是作为工具。 3：B. 推理判断题。文章中提到了Replika的例子，这是一个AI伴侣聊天机器人，它的支持变得危险，因为它让一个年轻人想要刺杀英国女王。这个例子说明了AI机器人作为“朋友”可能鼓励有害行为的风险。 4. A. 细节理解题。文章最后提到，帝国理工学院的科学家建议公司在设计AI时不应使其过于像真人，这有助于人们区分虚拟和现实，即控制AI的人性水平。 5.D. 主旨大意题。文章的主旨是讨论人们如何将AI视为社会存在，并探索这种做法的风险。文章通过实验、理论分析和具体案例来支持这一观点。 Passage 4 Have you ever heard of minimalism（极简主义）? It is the practice of making life easier by decluttering (整理) and letting go, trying to make life simpler and happier. For example, minimalists throw away things they don’t need and focus on building strong friendships instead of having too many friends they don’t care much about. This year, minimalism has become more popular, with many people sharing their minimalist habits online. According to Taizhou Daily, the topic “minimalism” on Xiaohongshu has already reached over 3.1 billion views. “It helps me think about why I care so much about material things instead of myself,” one user shared. While minimalism has its good points, I believe it also has some problems. Minimalists often try to control every part of their lives, which can lead to worrying too much and chasing perfection. “To avoid buying things I don’t need, I spend too much time looking at the good and bad sides instead of just deciding,” one person shared online. “I’ve done this before; it’s a waste of time.” The pressure to make every part of life perfect can make people feel nervous and stressed. When they can’t keep up with this idea, they may feel upset. Some young people even take minimalism too far. Besides cutting extra spending, they might cut back on social activities and spend less time with others. “When a person leads a minimalist life without making friends and going after things they like, it can hurt their emotional resilience,” said Chen Junjie, vice-president of the Yuhuan Psychological Health Association. Without a strong support system, people may feel lonely and miss out on help when facing challenges. This can hold them back from trying new things or dreaming big, hurting their creativity and excitement for life in the process. In short, while minimalism encourages people to live more carefully, taking it too far can make life feel less rich. Young people should try to find a middle ground, living simply while staying active and connected. 1. According to the article, what is a common practice among minimalists? A. Collecting valuable items. B. Keeping just a few close friends. C. Organizing their belongings regularly. D. Seeking new experiences frequently. 2. Why do some minimalists feel stressed, according to the article? A. They aim to do everything perfectly. B. They struggle to afford basic necessities. C. They have trouble making decisions. D. They often compare themselves to others.  3. According to Chen Junjie, how can taking minimalism too far affect young people? A. It can encourage risky behavior. B. It can lead to serious health problems. C. It can weaken their ability to handle emotions. D. It can stop them from expressing themselves. 4. Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude toward minimalism? A. Negative. B. Doubtful. C. Supportive. D. Neutral. 【答案】BACD 【解析】极简主义通过简化生活和减少物品来提升幸福感，但过度追求可能导致生活缺乏丰富性和社交活动，影响情感韧性和创造力。年轻人应该寻找平衡，简单生活同时保持活跃和社交联系。 1.B 推理判断题。文章提到 “minimalists throw away things they don't need and focus on building strong friendships instead of having too many friends they don't care much about”，极简主义者会扔掉不需要的东西并且专注于建立牢固的友谊而不是拥有很多自己不太在乎的朋友，这意味着他们只保留少数亲密的朋友。A 选项收集有价值的物品，文章未提及；C 选项定期整理个人物品，文章虽提到整理，但这不是对这一问题的准确回答；D 选项频繁寻求新体验，文章也未提及。所以答案是 B。 2.A细节理解题。文中提到 “Minimalists often try to control every part of their lives, which can lead to worrying too much and chasing perfection” 以及 “The pressure to make every part of life perfect can make people feel nervous and stressed”，极简主义者试图控制生活的每个部分，追求完美，这种想要让生活各个部分都完美的压力会使他们感到紧张和有压力。所以答案是 A。 3. C 细节理解题。根据 “‘When a person leads a minimalist life without making friends and going after things they like, it can hurt their emotional resilience,’ said Chen Junjie”，陈俊杰说当一个人过着极简主义生活，不交朋友，不追求自己喜欢的东西时，会伤害他们的情绪适应能力。所以答案是 C。 4.D推理判断题。文章既提到了极简主义的优点，如 “it is the practice of making life easier by decluttering (整理) and letting go, trying to make life simpler and happier”，也提到了极简主义的问题，如 “while minimalism has its good points, I believe it also has some problems”，最后还建议年轻人找到一个中间地带，这表明作者对极简主义的态度是中立的。所以答案是 D。 Passage 5 December 4th, 2024, something wonderful happened. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), put “Spring Festival” into the very important Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录).It's a really big honor for the Spring Festival! Spring Festival is a very important part of Chinese culture. It has another name, Chinese New Year. It's not just a big festival in China. People from all over the world also like to celebrate it. When it was added to the Intangible Cultural Heritage list, it means the whole world not only saw where it came from – that it started in China. But also the great ideas it has that can bring people from different places together. This festival is like a window that shows the good things about Chinese civilization. It has the values of peace and being in harmony. During the Spring Festival, people give their best wishes for the coming year, hoping for a better life. It also shows some values that all people like, like being nice to everyone and keeping a good balance between people and nature. The most important thing in Spring Festival is the family. In Chinese culture, having a close family is very important. And this love for the family doesn't just stay at home. It goes to the neighborhood, the whole country, and even to other countries. That's why, every Spring Festival, millions of people in China go back to their hometowns, making it the world’s largest human migration. Spring Festival has a lot of intangible cultural traditions. Every part of it has a long history and deep meaning. It's a time full of old stories and special customs. These customs all come from the stories that people told for a long time. For example, setting off fireworks and putting up red things on houses and shops come from an old story about an animal called “nian”. The Chinese word for “year” is also “nian”. Long ago, people thought this nian would come and hurt people and animals at the end of the year. But they found a way to scare it away. The story says nian was very afraid of loud noises and the color red. So, these customs started and we still do them today. Rao Quan, who is the vice-minister of culture and tourism and led the Chinese team at the UNESCO meeting, was very happy and said thank you for this honor. He said that having Spring Festival on the UNESCO list would help to spread the values of peace and harmony that everyone can understand. It would also show how important intangible cultural heritage is for our future growth. It's like a very precious thing that we should all love and protect. 1.Why is the Spring Festival considered a window to Chinese civilization? A. It only shows the technological advancements of China. B. It is the only festival that exists in China. C. It reflects the values of peace, harmony, and family that are central to Chinese culture. D. It is a festival that focuses on individual achievements rather than cultural values. 2.Why is the family considered the most important aspect of the Spring Festival? A. Because it is a time for business meetings. B. Because it is a time for political discussions. C. Because it is a time for individual achievements. D. Because it is a time for strengthening family bonds and showing love. 3.What can we know about the story of the animal "nian" and its influence on the Spring Festival customs? A. The story has no influence on the customs of the festival. B. The story is a recent addition and has little impact on the festival. C. The story is only told for entertainment and has no practical significance. D. The story of "nian" has led to customs like setting off fireworks and using red decorations. 4.From the text, we can know that ________. A. There will be no new customs added to the Spring Festival. B. The Spring Festival has no impact on international cultural exchange. C. UNESCO's recognition will lead to more protection of the Spring Festival. D. The spirit of the Spring Festival will be well protected and not be passed down to the next generation. 5.What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To describe the customs of Spring Festival. B. To explain why Spring Festival is important. C. To show the influence of Spring Festival worldwide. D. To encourage people to celebrate Spring Festival. 【答案】CDDCB 【解析】2024 年 12 月 4 日春节被列入非遗名录，文章阐述其文化价值、家庭重要性、习俗来源及名录意义。 1.C。文章中提到 “This festival is like a window that shows the good things about Chinese civilization. It has the values of peace and being in harmony.” 以及强调家庭的重要性等，这些都是中国文化的核心价值，所以春节被认为是展示中国文明的窗口是因为它反映了和平、和谐和家庭等中国文化的核心价值观， 2. D。文章明确指出 “The most important thing in Spring Festival is the family. In Chinese culture, having a close family is very important. And this love for the family doesn't just stay at home.”，春节是加强家庭联系和表达爱的时刻. 3. D。文中提到 “For example, setting off fireworks and putting up red things on houses and shops come from an old story about an animal called “nian”，说明年兽的故事导致了放烟花和使用红色装饰等春节习俗. 4. C。文章最后提到 “Rao Quan, who is the vice - minister of culture and tourism and led the Chinese team at the UNESCO meeting, was very happy and said thank you for this honor. He said that having Spring Festival on the UNESCO list would help to spread the values of peace and harmony that everyone can understand. It would also show how important intangible cultural heritage is for our future growth.”，说明联合国教科文组织的认可会让春节得到更多的保护. 5. B。文章主要讲述了春节被列入人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录，然后阐述了春节所包含的文化价值等，重点是解释为什么春节是重要的，A 选项只是描述春节习俗比较片面；C 选项文章不是主要为了讲述春节的历史；D 选项不是主要为了介绍春节的传统活动。 Passage 6（2024·北京丰台区一模） A Secret Code “See you at Open House tonight, Amy,” my friend Evelyn shouted from the school bus window. “Don’t forget to ask your mom if I can come over tomorrow!” “OK!” I called back, I wished I could feel excited about my first Open House at my new school, but I was worried. What would other kids say when they found out my parents can’t hear? And I wanted Evelyn to visit my house one day, then she'd see how different my house was. My parents use a video phone so they can use sign language to communicate with callers. We also have a light on the wall that flashes when the phone or doorbell rings, and our TV is always set to show the captions (字幕). Would Evelyn think my house is strange? When darkness fell, Dad drove us to the brightly lit school, which looked different at night. It felt different, too, as we walked down the hallway to my classroom. We stopped in front of the notice board in the hall. “Look at Amy’s picture!” Mom said, too loud. She does that when she's excited, because she can’t hear herself. Some older kids turned to stare at us in surprise and I wanted to hide. Ms. Jennings walked over to us. I introduced my teacher to my family and explained that my parents are deaf. “It’s nice to meet you.” Mom said, signing. Some of my classmates were watching us and whispering. Then I noticed Evelyn and her mom standing by the door. “Hi, Amy,” Evelyn said suddenly. I turned around, “Hi.” “I didn’t know your parents are deaf,” she said. “Yeah.” I couldn’t think of anything else to say. “And you can talk to them with your hands? That's so cool!” “You think so?” I asked, feeling relieved (如释重负). Evelyn nodded. “It’s like a secret code. Would you teach me some words sometime?” I smiled. “Of course.” Then I got my parents’ attention. “Mom, Dad,” I said, signing, “I’d like you to meet my friend Evelyn and her mom.” 24. How did Amy feel about her first Open House at the beginning? A. Worried. B. Surprised. C. Excited. D. Strange. 25. Amy’s house is different because ________. A. there is no doorbell on their door B. the TV is always set to show the captions C. her parents use video phones to talk with each other D. there is a light on the wall to make the house brighter 26. Amy felt relieved at last because ________. A. her classmates said hello to her family B. her mother was very happy to see her picture C. her friend thought it cool to use sign language D. her teacher walked over and talked to her family 【答案】24. A 25. B 26. C 【解析】本文主要讲述作者因为父母是聋人而感到羞愧自卑，但因受到好朋友的影响从而改变了心态的故事。 24. 细节理解题。根据“but I was worried”可知，一开始有点担心，故选A。 25. 细节理解题。根据“And I wanted Evelyn to visit my house one day, then she'd see how different my house was...and our TV is always set to show the captions (字幕)”可知，艾米的房子是不同的，因为电视总是设置为显示字幕。故选B。 26. 细节理解题。根据“And you can talk to them with your hands? That's so cool!”和“‘You think so?’ I asked, feeling relieved (如释重负).”可知，艾米终于松了一口气，因为她的朋友认为用手语很酷。故选C。 Passage7（2024·北京海淀区一模） Meditation is one kind of exercise in controlling attention. Meditators use some practices, like keeping focus on breathing, to strengthen the ability to take control over what their minds are doing. While meditators have long experienced its benefits, science only recently discovered that the mental effort of meditation is good exercise for the brain. Meditation has much to do with cognition, a term to describe the thought processes inside our heads (like focusing, making decisions, and remembering) that allow us to understand the world. Meditators are really good at using several cognitive abilities to stay focused. When they learn that their minds wander (走神), they quickly bring their attention back, which is like doing a mental push-up. All these mental push-ups end up strengthening their ability to change their thoughts based on what they are doing right now, like changing from doing math to reading when they go to different classes. push-up Groups of brain areas that communicate are called brain networks, and the health of the brain depends on the ability of brain networks to communicate well. Science has shown that meditation can improve sustained attention, which is how well a person can keep their attention on something hard for a long time. Scientists can measure improvements in sustained attention by looking for increases in certain brain waves, using EEG (脑电图). It proves that meditation can make the brain areas involved in attention communicate with each other more easily. Meditation can even change the way that meditators’ brain networks communicate, by bringing new, helpful brain areas into the conversation or getting rid of a brain area that is too loud and distracting (分心的). As a result, meditators get better at focusing their attention away from negative thoughts and feelings and putting themselves into a good mood. These changes take a long time and a lot of work. People need to make meditation a habit and guidance from a teacher can be helpful. Yet, not everyone can afford a personal teacher. That’s where technology steps in. Scientists have made apps that provide tips and help people meditate at their own levels. While some digital meditation apps have been carefully studied by scientists, some need to be tested. So, it is important to be careful at first about whether an app really works. 27. According to the passage, when people meditate, they ________. A. try to control their focus B. focus on what goes around C. make important decisions D. develop the ability to communicate 28. What can we learn from the passage? A. Meditators end their practice when their minds wander. B. Meditation makes it possible for people to have happier moods. C. Certain brain waves decrease when sustained attention improves. D. Digital meditation apps work better than personal meditation teachers. 29. What might be the best title for the passage? A. How does meditation benefit the brain? B. How do people make meditation a habit? C. How does technology improve meditation? D. How do meditalors better their mental health? 【答案】27. A 28. B 29. A 【解析】本文主要介绍了冥想对大脑有什么好处。 27. 细节理解题。根据“Meditators are really good at using several cognitive abilities to stay focused.”可知，当人们冥想时，他们试图控制自己的注意力。故选A。 28. 细节理解题。根据“As a result, meditators get better at focusing their attention away from negative thoughts and feelings and putting themselves into a good mood.”可知，冥想可以让人们有更快乐的心情。故选B。 29. 标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其根据“While meditators have long experienced its benefits…is good exercise for the brain.”以及“Meditation can even change the way that meditators’ brain networks communicate…that is too loud and distracting (分心的).”可知，文章主要介绍了冥想对大脑有什么好处。故选A。 Passage 8（2024·北京西城区一模） Have you ever wondered why you are good at noticing things in your environment that are possibly dangerous? Defensive circuits, one of our brain systems, detect (察觉) signs that might suggest threats (威胁) and prepare the body to take quick action, therefore increasing our chances of staying alive. Our defensive circuits are always on the lookout for things that might be threats. They look for certain features of objects (物体) that make those objects stand out from the other things around them. Objects with these features are given priority in our brains; that is, we pay attention to them before other things. So, how exactly does our threat detection work? First, the presence of a feature that could suggest a threat grabs, or catches, our attention very quickly—it is an automatic (自动的) process. Threat detection happens so quickly because the threat information does not have to go all the way around the cortex (大脑皮层). You can think of this as a shortcut through the brain, which gives us more time to avoid possible threats. Once we look at something that might be a threat, we often find looking away to be very difficult—the threatening object holds our attention. This process is also automatic, and its advantage is that it gives us more time to collect additional details about the possible threat. Those details are important for understanding whether we are facing a real threat and deciding how to best deal with the situation. After we have recognized the possible threat, our brains must often make up for the time we’ve spent examining it-we need to avoid paying attention to the threat, and then we can look around and process the rest of the environment. This can help us find additional threats, or find a way out. Once we detect a threat, the defensive circuits prepare our body to take action. We make changes to our emotions (for example, feeling fear) and body functions (such as speeding up our heartbeat). Together, these changes allow us to act properly in threatening situations, increasing the likelihood that we will get away without being harmed. There are differences between people on how easily the defensive system is activated. Some of us are frightened more easily than others, and it takes less to activate the defensive circuits. This, however, can be problematic. Overly sensitive defensive circuits might stop working as they should when overused. 27. What can we learn about the defensive circuits? A. They watch out for possible danger. B. They help us remember threat features. C. They promise us a happy and healthy life. D. They easily stand out from other brain systems. 28. What do our brains do to make up for the time spent examining possible danger? A. Create additional details immediately. B. Activate a shortcut through the cortex. C. Push our body to make lasting changes. D. Redirect our attention to the rest of the environment. 29. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. How does your brain work in various situations? B. What makes us different when it comes to facing threats? C. Why are we overly sensitive to certain threatening objects? D. What happens in your brain when you notice something frightening? 【答案】27. A 28. D 29. D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了我们的大脑如何在面临威胁时作出反应，以及这种反应机制的优点和可能的问题。 27. 细节理解题。根据第二段“Our defensive circuits are always on the lookout for things that might be threats.”我们的防御回路总是在寻找可能构成威胁的东西，可推测此处是指它们警惕可能发生的危险。故选A。 28. 细节理解题。根据“we need to avoid paying attention to the threat, and then we can look around and process the rest of the environment.”可知，此处是指把我们的注意力转移到环境的其他部分。故选D。 29. 最佳标题类。通读全文，主要讲述了我们的大脑如何在面临威胁时作出反应，以及这种反应机制的优点和可能的问题，选项D“当你注意到可怕的事情时，你的大脑会发生什么”符合题意。故选D。 Passage 9（2024·北京东城区一模） Short videos have become increasingly popular in recent years. These videos are typically short in length, lasting from a few seconds to a few minutes, and offer a quick supply of entertainment (娱乐) or information. While these videos may seem harmless, there are worries about the effect they can have on the human brain and attention span (持续时间). Dopamine is a neurotransmitter (神经递质) that is connected with the reward (奖励) center of the brain. When we experience something pleasurable or rewarding, such as eating a delicious meal or receiving praise, our brains release (释放) dopamine. This release of dopamine strengthens the behavior that led to the reward, making us more likely to do that behavior again. Short videos can also make our brains release dopamine. The quick and easy-to-understand nature of these videos provides an immediate satisfaction that can be addictive (上瘾的). Each time we watch a video and experience the pleasure of entertainment or information, our brains release dopamine, strengthening the behavior of watching more videos. Over time, this continuous release of dopamine can lead to a decrease in dopamine receptors in the brain. This means that it takes more and more dopamine to create the same pleasurable sensation, making it even more difficult to stop watching short videos. Studies have shown that too much use of social media can lead to a decrease in attention span, and short videos may be even more harmful. The never-ending excitement provided by these videos can make it difficult for people to focus on tasks that require lasting attention. This can lead to a decrease in productivity and a reduced interest in activities that don’t offer immediate rewards. Additionally, these videos can have a bad influence on mental health. Watching an endless stream of short videos can lead to feelings of anxiety and stress. You might also start to feel bad about yourself because you think you’re not as good as the people in the videos. Not all short videos are harmful, and they can be a valuable tool for entertainment and education. However, it is important to be mindful of how long you watch these videos and focus on activities that require full attention and provide long-term rewards. 27. What do you know about dopamine from the passage? A. Dopamine makes people more attentive. B. Dopamine keeps us from repeating things we like. C. Dopamine influences emotions instead of behaviors. D. Dopamine is released as a result of pleasurable experiences. 28. What causes people to increase their behaviors of watching short videos? A. The strong wish to learn new things. B. The convenience of getting short videos. C. The necessity of having social communication. D. The need to keep the same level of satisfaction. 29. What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A. To introduce how dopamine works in our brains. B. To encourage people to improve their attention span. C. To remind people to limit their time of watching short videos. D. To explain why short videos have become increasingly popular. 【答案】27. D 28. D 29. C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了短视频成隐的机制与危害；多巴胺是一种神经递质，与大脑的奖赏中枢相连；愉悦的经历会释放多巴胺；而多巴胺的释放加强了导致奖励的行为，使我们更有可能再次做出这种行为。但是随着时间的推移，多巴胺的持续释放会导致大脑中多巴胺受体的减少。这意味着需要越来越多的多巴胺来产生同样的愉悦感，这使得停止观看短视频变得更加困难。文章呼吁我们注意看这些视频的时间，并把注意力集中在需要全神贯注并提供长期回报的活动上来。 27. 细节理解题。根据第二段“When we experience something pleasurable or rewarding, such as eating a delicious meal or receiving praise, our brains release dopamine.”可知，当我们经历一些愉快或奖励的事情时，比如吃一顿美味的饭或受到表扬，我们的大脑会释放多巴胺。故选D。 28. 细节理解题。根据第三段“Each time we watch a video and experience the pleasure of entertainment or information, our brains release dopamine, strengthening the behavior of watching more videos.”和第四段“Over time, this continuous release of dopamine can lead to a decrease in dopamine receptors in the brain. This means that it takes more and more dopamine to create the same pleasurable sensation, making it even more difficult to stop watching short videos.”可知，愉悦的经历会释放多巴胺；随着时间的推移，多巴胺的持续释放会导致大脑中多巴胺受体的减少；这意味着需要越来越多的多巴胺来产生同样的愉悦感，这使得停止观看短视频变得更加困难。故选D。 29. 主旨大意题。综合全文尤其是最后一段“However, it is important to be mindful of how long you watch these videos and focus on activities that require full attention and provide long-term rewards.”可知，本文通过介绍短视频了成隐的机制与危害，提醒我们要注意控制刷短视频的时间。故选C。 Passage 10（2024·北京房山区一模） Microplastics (微塑料) are in our soil, our water, our air, getting into our bodies and causing health problems. Plastics are everywhere, and they’re not going away. Now, that may be changing. A new environmentally-friendly shopping model was created. For example, in this model, you are able to buy ice cream in a reusable container (容器). When you’re done eating the ice cream, you’ll throw the container in your personal reuse bin. The containers are then picked up by a delivery service, cleaned and refilled, and shipped out to consumers again. In other words, it’s the 21st century milkman to save the world from single-use plastics. This shopping model is called Loop. Already, two large retailers (零售商) are Loop partners and more may join the project. While recycling is very important, it is not going to solve waste at the root (根本的) cause. “Our company collects the ocean plastics and puts them into products making,” says Tom Szaky, CEO of TerraCycle, a company that is known for recycling hard-to-recycle materials. “But every day, more and more gets put in the ocean, so no matter how much we clean the ocean, we’re never going to solve the problem. That’s really where Loop came out. To us, the root cause of waste is not plastic, it’s using things once, and that’s really what Loop tries to change as much as possible.” For customers, the process is designed to be as easy as possible. “The goal isn’t as much to get you to change, it’s instead to create systems that don’t make you change—but have you then solve the problem in the process,” Szaky says. “Making customers change is difficult. So the first question we asked in developing the model was ‘Why did throwing rubbish win?’ I think it did because throwing rubbish is convenient and affordable.” If the solutions are not convenient, people will not accept them. Loop aims to be as convenient as throwing something in the bin. You don’t even need to wash the container, so it’s simpler than recycling. Jennifer Morgan from the environmental non-profit organization Greenpeace said, “Greenpeace welcomes the aim of the Loop to move away from throwaway culture.” But Morgan questioned whether companies worldwide are ready to change their business models. Anyway, this is an effort to change the problem of plastics and hopefully this model will work. 27. The second paragraph is mainly about ________. A. what customers should do to solve waste problem B. what benefits the retailers can get from Loop C. how the new shopping model Loop works D. how the milkman picks up the containers 28. What can we learn from the passage? A. Loop is designed to be convenient for customers to accept. B. Companies worldwide are using the shopping model Loop. C. Ocean plastics can be cleaned up by the shopping model Loop. D. Customers have to clean the containers under the new model Loop. 29. What is the best title of the passage? A. Making Plastics into Products B. Recycling: A Falling Industry C. From Throwing Away to Reusing D. Plastics: Hard-to-recycle Materials 【答案】27. C 28. A 29. C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了为解决一次性塑料问题，出现的环保购物新模式——Loop。 27. 主旨大意题。根据第二段整段可知，第二段介绍了一种新的环保购物模式——Loop，并举例说明新的购物模式Loop是如何运作的。故选C。 28. 细节理解题。根据“For customers, the process is designed to be as easy as possible”可知，对于客户来说，流程设计得尽可能简单，所以Loop的设计便于客户接受。故选A。 29. 标题归纳题。根据全文可知，文章主要介绍了为解决一次性塑料问题，出现的环保购物新模式——Loop，在这个模式中，用可重复使用的容器来代替一次性包装物，来购买物品，即文章的标题可为“从丢弃到再利用”。故选C。 Passage 11（2024·苏州） China has become the world’s largest producer and market of EVs (电车). According to a report, 9.58 million Chinese-made EVs were produced and 9.49 million were sold in 2023. Among the total sales, 1.2 million EVs were exported (出口). The Chinese government has been encouraging EVs as part of its effort for green, high-quality development. As a result, China’s EV industry develops very quickly. At Auto (汽车) China 2004, BYD was the only company showing EVs there. At Auto China 2024, there were 278 different EV models on show, including BYD, SAIC, Geely, Li Auto, Nio, Xpeng and other brands (品牌). China’s EV industry is now facing both challenges and chances. It’s reported that 71% of EV brands cut prices in 2023. EV makers without the ability of innovation (创新) will face growing risks. In order to be both green and smart, Chinese EV makers are trying hard to improve technologies like battery qualities and AI support. At the same time, the government is adding even more charging points (充电站). On the other hand, more Chinese people are aware of the environmental problems. It is encouraging more buyers to choose EVs. EVs are the way of the future. In an ideal world, everyone benefits from innovation and green transport. Some might get there sooner than others, and will gain greater rewards. It is very likely that China will hold the lead. 18. How many Chinese-made EVs were sold in China in 2023? A. 8.38 million. B. 9.49 million. C. 9.58 million. D. 8.29 million. 19. What is the purpose of Paragraph 2? A. To introduce different EV brands in China. B. To give some information about Auto China. C. To show the development of China’s EV industry. D. To advise people to buy Chinese-made EVs. 20. EV makers can most probably reduce growing risks by ______. A. improving innovation ability B. winning the government’s support C. adding more charging points D. dealing with environmental problems 21. What’s the writer’s attitude (态度) towards the future of China’s EV industry? A. Uncertain. B. Hopeful. C. Doubtful. D. Worried. 【答案】18. D 19. C 20. A 21. B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了中国在电动汽车行业的发展以及面临的机遇和挑战。 18. 细节理解题。根据“According to a report, 9.58 million Chinese-made EVs were produced and 9.49 million were sold in 2023. Among the total sales, 1.2 million EVs were exported (出口).”可知，2023年中国制造的电动汽车销量为949万辆，其中包括出口120万辆，故在国内销售了829万辆。故选D。 19. 段落大意题。根据“At Auto (汽车) China 2004, BYD was the only company showing EVs there. At Auto China 2024, there were 278 different EV models on show”可知，2004年的汽车展上只有一家展示电动汽车的品牌，但是到了2024年有了多家品牌，文章第二段的内容表明了中国电车行业的发展。故选C。 20. 推理判断题。根据“EV makers without the ability of innovation (创新) will face growing risks”可知，没有创新能力的电动汽车制造商将面临越来越大的风险，故可知电动汽车制造商可以通过提高创新能力来降低风险。故选A。 21. 观点态度题。根据最后一段“EVs are the way of the future…It is very likely that China will hold the lead.”可知，作者认为电动汽车行业大有可为，且中国在未来会居于领先地位，故可知作者对中国电动汽车行业的未来是充满希望的。故选B。 Passage 12（2024·广东广州·中考真题） Have you ever heard of upcycling? It is a way of turning old or unnecessary things into something useful and often beautiful. Is it the same as recycling? Recycling usually takes old things, like paper and glass, and breaks them down to make a new product. When you upcycle an object, you are probably doing something different. You can simply refashion it. For example, you might make a bag out of an old T-shirt. Also, the upcycled object is usually in the same, or even better condition. Upcycling isn’t a new idea. Some of the best examples of modem-day upcycling come from the old times. In those days, things were repurposed over and over until they were no longer useful. Upcycling is a way of life. Things shouldn’t be just thrown away when they can be saved and turned into something useful. It’s clear that upcycling is green. It is also considered to be more environmentally friendly than recycling. Upcycling can just require your own ideas and work, but recycling requires energy (能源) or water to break down things. Grace, a young woman from the UK, takes used tea bags and turns them into dresses, shoes and even hats. Every day she drinks some tea, then dries out the tea bags with the tea still in them. When they’re dry, she takes the tea out and puts the bags together to make an item of clothing. This can take a long time, but Grace has made lots of artworks. In fact, no matter you create objects from old things or buy ready-made products from upcycled things, both ways are helpful for the environment and can bring you something that’s both beautiful and useful. Get started today! 1. What does the underlined word “refashion” mean in paragraph 2? A. Break down useless things. B. Collect used things. C. Create things out of old ones. D. Come up with good ideas. 2. How is upcycling different from recycling? A. It’s a completely new idea. B. It needs more energy. C. It requires more time and work. D. It’s a greener way of life. 3. Why does the writer tell the story of Grace in paragraph 5? A. To list the steps of doing upcycling. B. To give a good example of upcycling. C. To express a different idea of upcycling. D. To provide basic knowledge of upcycling. 4. What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To encourage people to do upcycling. B. To introduce the history of upcycling. C. To compare upcycling with recycling. D. To explain the importance of recycling 【答案】1. C 2. D 3. B 4. A 【解析】本文主要讲述了升级回收 （upcycling）的概念、与普通回收（recycling）的区别、其环保优势以及通过 Grace 的故事展示了 “升级回收 ” 的实际应用，旨在鼓励人们进行“升级回收 ”。 1. 词义猜测题。根据“ For example, you might make a bag out of an old T-shirt”可知，refashion的意思是“用旧的东西创造新的东西”，故选C。 2. 细节理解题。根据“It’s clear that upcycling is green. It is also considered to be more environmentally friendly than recycling”可知，“升级回收”是一种更环保的生活方式，故选D。 3. 细节理解题。根据“Grace, a young woman from the UK, takes used tea bags and tums them into dresses, shoes and even hats”可知，作者通过Grace的故事来举一个“升级回收 ”的好例子，故选B。 4. 推理判断题。根据“Get started today!”以及全文内容可知，文章的主要目的是鼓励人们进行“升级回收 ”，故选A。 Passage 13（2024·江苏常州·中考真题） ①China published the world’s first highly clear lunar geologic (地质的) atlas (地图集) on April 21. According to the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), it will provide up-to-date information for future lunar research and exploration. ②“These maps will help choose locations for future lunar research stations,” Ouyang Ziyuan, a well-known lunar scientist, said. “They can also help us better know about the Earth and other planets in the solar system, like Mars.” ③The world has seen great progress in the field of lunar science over the past half a century. However, the lunar geologic atlas that was developed during the Apollo Program remained unchanged. “As lunar geologic studies develop, those old maps can no longer satisfy future needs,” said Liu Jianzhong, a CAS researcher. ④Since 2012, Ouyang and Liu have led a team of scientists from several research centers in compiling (编制) this atlas. Their work was mainly built on information gained from China’s Chang’e Program. Information from other research projects and international tasks was also used. ⑤The new geologic atlas, which is published in both Chinese and English, presents a scale (比例尺) of 1: 2.5 million. Compared with the 1:5 million scale lunar maps from the US in 2020, these larger scale maps show more details. As well as the geologic history of the moon, they provide information on its 14 types of structures (结构) and 17 types of rocks. A total of 12,341 impact craters (撞击坑) and 81 impact basins have also been marked. ⑥This atlas is set to serve many useful purposes, such as lunar resources research and science education. Liu said the upcoming Chang’e-6 task would also use the atlas. “Our maps can help the research by providing scientific support,” he explained. ⑦“Compiling the atlas was a huge task, which included years of effort from a large number of researchers,” said Gregory Michael, a German scientist. “It will be a starting point for every new question of lunar geology.” 1. What is the great value of the new atlas? A. It is the first lunar geologic atlas in the world. B. It proves the hard work of Chinese scientists. C. It will meet the future needs in lunar studies. D. It is built on information from many researches. 2. What is Paragraph 5 mainly about? A. The large size and mystery of the moon. B. The discovery of Chang’e Program. C. The details of the new geologic atlas. D. The challenges the scientists face. 3. How does the writer prove “This atlas is set to serve many useful purposes”? A. By comparing different purposes. B. By using Chang’e-6 task as an example. C. By using a German scientist’s words. D. By listing information from the new maps. 4. What does “It” in the last paragraph refer to(指代)? A. Scientific support. B. The lunar research. C. Effort from researchers. D. Compiling the atlas. 【答案】1. C 2. C 3. B 4. D 【解析】本文主要介绍了中国发布的世界上首个高清晰度月球地质图集及其重要性。 1. 推理判断题。根据“However, the lunar geologic atlas that was developed during the Apollo Program remained unchanged. ‘As lunar geologic studies develop, those old maps can no longer satisfy future needs,’”可知，旧的月球地质图集已经不能满足未来的需求，而新的图集将满足未来月球研究的需求。故选C。 2. 主旨大意题。根据“Compared with the 1:5 million scale lunar maps from the US in 2020…impact craters (撞击坑) and 81 impact basins have also been marked”可知，第五段主要介绍了新地质图集的详细信息。故选C。 3. 推理判断题。根据“Liu said the upcoming Chang’e-6 task would also use the atlas. ‘Our maps can help the research by providing scientific support,’”可知，作者通过使用嫦娥六号任务作为例子来证明“这个图集将有很多有用的用途”。故选B。 4. 词句猜测题。根据“‘Compiling the atlas was a huge task… ‘It will be a starting point for every new question of lunar geology.’”可知，It指代的是“Compiling the atlas编制图集”。故选D。 Passage 14 （2024·江苏无锡·中考真题） A theory of emotion Two scientists called Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer developed the two-factor theory of emotion in 1962. They said that emotions are formed in two parts. First, the body has a physical response to a threat and then the mind considers the physical response as an emotion, which is then felt by the person. For example, imagine you are walking through a forest and you see a bear. Seeing it would probably start a physical response, such as your heart beating very fast and sweat breaking out. Your mind then decides that this is fear, which you feel as an emotion. A new study has suggested that the key to reducing feelings of anger is not venting (letting the angry emotions out) but doing calming activities such as yoga or meditation. The study was published in March by Sophie Kjaervik and Brad Bushman from Ohio State University in the US. They wanted to explore the popular theory that venting (expressing) anger is a good way of reducing it. Examples of venting anger include shouting or hitting something like a cushion, so that you let go of the emotion and therefore don’t feel it any more. The pair looked at 154 other studies on anger. These involved 10, 189 people, and included a variety of ages and backgrounds. In their study, Kjaervik and Bushman define anger as “an emotional response (反应) to a real or imagined threat (威胁)”. They used a theory of emotion (情绪假说) that says emotions are partly felt in your body and partly in your mind. The scientists looked at the other studies to see how different activities influenced anger. They found that activities such as running or boxing—which are often thought to be good for dealing with anger—weren’t very good at reducing it. In fact, some of these activities actually made it worse because they increased physical responses in the body that are linked to feeling angry. For example, they made people’s hearts beat faster. However, activities that decreased physical responses in the body did help to reduce feelings of anger. These included activities that slow the heart rate, such as deep breathing, meditation and yoga. Bushman says activities that increase physical responses may be good for heart health but are “definitely not the best way to reduce anger”. The team found jogging was most likely to increase anger. However, some heart-rate increasing activities—like ball games and team sports—could reduce anger. 1. What is the main finding of the new study? A. A new method of venting anger. B. A new method of reducing anger. C. Good activities to vent anger. D. Good activities to reduce anger. 2. What can we learn about calming activities? A. They can reduce feelings of anger. B. They can increase the heart rate. C. They are good for mind health. D. They are good for heart health. 3. According to Schachter and Singer’s theory, what happens first if you see a snake and feel afraid? A. You get the feeling of fear. B. You get the feeling of calm. C. Your heart beats fast. D. Your heart beats slowly. 4. The following sentence can best be put at the end of ________. They think this shows that fun or playful activities help to reduce negative feelings. A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 【答案】1. D 2. A 3. C 4. D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了关于情绪的两因素理论，以及一项新的研究发现，即减少愤怒感觉的关键不是发泄，而是做一些如瑜伽或冥想等平静的活动。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“A new study has suggested that the key to reducing feelings of anger is not venting (letting the angry emotions out) but doing calming activities such as yoga or meditation.”可知，新的研究发现，减少愤怒感觉的关键不是发泄，而是做一些如瑜伽或冥想等平静的活动，故这项新的研究主要发现了一些可以减少愤怒的好的活动。故选D。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段“However, activities that decreased physical responses in the body did help to reduce feelings of anger. These included activities that slow the heart rate, such as deep breathing, meditation and yoga.”可知，那些能够减少身体反应的活动，即深呼吸、冥想和瑜伽等平静的活动有助于减少愤怒感觉。故选A。 3. 推理判断题。根据“For example, imagine you are walking through a forest and you see a bear. Seeing it would probably start a physical response, such as your heart beating very fast and sweat breaking out.”可知，文章指出，当我们看到一只熊时，我们的身体可能会做出反应，比如心跳得很快，出汗。故可知当我们看到一条蛇并感到害怕时，我们心跳也会加快。故选C。 4. 推理判断题。根据第四段“However, some heart-rate increasing activities—like ball games and team sports—could reduce anger.”可知，团队发现一些增加心率的活动，如球类运动和团队运动，可能会减少愤怒。这表明有趣的活动有助于减少负面情绪。故这句话可以放在第四自然段的结尾。故选D。 Passage 15（2023-24·深圳福田区期末） One of my favorite inventions in recent years is face unlocking. Without needing to lift my fingers and type in the numbers, I can get straight into my phone with just a look. Now there is a new technology designed to replace the password called the “passkey”! Passkeys turn your phone into something a bit like a wallet, which you can use to store membership cards to all of your apps and services. When you need to log in to a website, you’ll just have to tap a button on your phone and your passkey wallet will let you in without any worry. And how does it keep this wallet safe? By using the same “biometric (生物统计)” check your phone uses — a face scan or a fingerprint that cannot easily be forged. Passkeys won’t just save us from having to remember passwords but, perhaps logging in with a passkey will actually be much safer than typing a password. This is because it uses a technology called “public key” cryptography (密码) which is one of the building blocks of the Internet — and is how computers have securely communicated with other computers for so many years. To put it simply, it works a bit like a key, instead of a password. With a password, the website has to keep a database (数据库) of everyone’s passwords to check against when you log in. But with a passkey, when you create your account on a website, it will effectively create a new lock and key. The website will keep the lock, ★ . I think it’s a really clever idea, and that passkeys are going to make our digital lives even safer. So, next time you’re complaining that you can’t remember your password, don’t worry too much. It won’t always be like this! 36. The writer explains how the passkeys work by ________. A. giving examples B. listing numbers C. raising questions D. comparing similar things 37. The underlined word “forged” in paragraph 3 means ________. A. copied B. printed C. canceled D. recorded 38. The passkeys are much safer than passwords because of ________. A. biometric check B. cryptography technology C. blocks of Internet D. secure communication 39. Which of the following can be put in ★ ? A. but your phone is safer B. so you won’t forget the key C. or it will remember the key D. and only your phone will have the key 40. The passage is written to ________. A. show passkeys are safer than passwords B. introduce science development C. report the invention of face unlocking D. describe digital lives 【答案】36. D 37. A 38. B 39. D 40. A 【解析】本文主要介绍了新技术——密钥登录。它将取代密码，且比密码更安全。 36. 细节理解题。根据第1段“One of my favorite inventions in recent years...there is a new technology designed to replace the password called the ‘passkey’!”可知，作者通过比较类似的东西来解释密钥是如何工作的，故选D。 37. 词义猜测题。根据第3段“And how does it keep this wallet safe? By using the same ‘biometric (生物统计)’ check your phone uses — a face scan or a fingerprint that cannot easily be forged.”可知，此处表示面部扫描或不易被伪造的指纹，所以与“copied”的意思相同，都是“复制的”。故选A。 38. 细节理解题。根据第4段“logging in with a passkey will actually be much safer than typing a password. This is because it uses a technology called ‘public key’ cryptography”可知，由于加密技术，密钥比密码安全得多，故选B。 39. 推理判断题。根据第5段“But with a passkey, when you create your account on a website, it will effectively create a new lock and key. The website will keep the lock,”可知，提到“当您在网站上创建帐户时，它将有效地创建新的锁和钥匙。网站将保持锁定”，此处应说“只有你的手机才会有钥匙”符合题意，D选项可以放入★处，故选D。 40. 主旨大意题。根据第1段“Now there is a new technology designed to replace the password called the ‘passkey’!”以及通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了新技术——密钥登录。它将取代密码，且比密码更安全。作者认为密钥让我们的数字生活更安全。因此写这篇文章是为了表明密钥比密码更安全，故选A。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 1 / 21 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 第二十一讲、阅读理解（说明文） 知识目标 考情透视·目标导航 2 知识导图·思维引航 2 考点突破·考法探究 3 一、解题技巧 3 二、解题方法 3 三、注意事项 3 分层训练·巩固提升 4 基础巩固 4 能力提升 9 说明文是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等作科学解说的。它既不像记叙文那样重在情节的叙述和描写，也不像议论文那样，重在阐明主张和论点论据；说明文是通过解说事物、阐明事理，说明文是中考英语阅读理解题中的重点，难点之一。说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法，因此说明文结构复杂，专业术语多，易于拉开考生分数档次，对于考生来说说明文抽象度高，解题难度大。因此考生要掌握说明文的命题特点，叙述方式，以冷静的心态阅读原文，重点突破长句结构特点和逻辑关系，以便对其做出准确的语意理解。 阅读说明文体裁的文章时应首先抓住下面的重要信息： A. 说明的对象 B. 说明对象的特征 C. 说明的方法（例证法；定义法；分类法；因果关系法；比较对照法；过程分析法） 说明文阅读理解的特征 一般说来，英语说明文与其他文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面，即who → what → when → where → how → why。 1. who：问的是这篇文章的主体是谁？（即所要说明和描述的人或事物） 2. what：问的是主体做了什么事情？（即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途） 3. when和where：是在何时何地发生的？（即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途） 4. how：通过什么方式表现出来的？ 5. why：这种特性功能用途的原因是什么？ 做说明文阅读理解题的时候，一定要记住上面的wh-word。边阅读，边搜记，牢记要点，把握全文。 说明文阅读理解的解题技巧 阅读说明类文章重在把握被说明事物各因素之间的联系，如因果、条件、从属、并列等；以及说明方法，如定义、例释、类比等。考生应加强此类文章的阅读训练，不断提高判断、归纳、分析和解决问题的能力。首先我们平时要多关注科学题材的文章，了解一些基本的科普知识；其次，在阅读时要注意实验的目的和结果，不能凭想象和猜测下结论；对于较难理解的句子要利用语法结构去分析；最后，要利用文章特点找准主题句，把握中心，从而一一破解题目。 一、解题技巧 技巧一 快速读题，正确理解题干，定位关键词，带着问题读文章。 技巧二 运用正确的阅读策略，变速阅读文章，学会处理文中的冗余信息。 技巧三 注意特殊语言现象，在含有关键词的句子处标上题号。 技巧四 注意正确项和干扰项的特征，回到文中确定答案。 技巧五 合理猜测，推敲生词的含义。 技巧六 符合题目要求，对信息进行必要的加工处理。 二、解题方法 先读懂文章，然后按顺序答题。此方法适合内容较易于理解和记忆的文章。 先读试题再读文章，这样我们可以带着问题有的放矢地阅读文章，迅速选出答案。 先阅读一遍文章，把握中心大意，然后开始答题，对暂时确定不了的答案，可回读文章的有关内容并对其进行分析、推敲后再确定。 对拿不准的答案，可先逐项排除自己有把握的错误选项，再将剩下的答案进行比较、筛选，直到确定最佳答案。 三、注意事项 1. 限时阅读：严格控制做题时间，具体到每一篇文章，通过有意识的训练，达到时间分配上的合理性。 2. 带着问题读：先快速浏览一遍题目，再开始阅读文章，有针对性的阅读会提升速度。 3. 找对应词句：中考阅读理解的答案都会聚焦到文章的词或句子上，在做题时找到相应的原文，并进行勾勒、标注，重点理解，有助于排除疑虑，且方便检查。 4. 重点注意首段、尾段、首句、尾句：中考阅读理解的材料都是有鲜明的中心句的，把握好中心句有助于全篇的理解。中心句通常位于首段、尾段、首句或尾句，需要特别注意。 5. 理解作者意图：切勿将自己的意图强加到文章中，特别是在做主旨大意题时。 基础巩固 Passage 2 (2024·安徽) During their busy lives, people do not pay much attention to the expiry dates (有效期) on the food in their fridges. As a result, a lot of food is forgotten about and wasted. However, according to a recent research, being aware of (意识到) what you throw away can help you waste less. The researchers measured (计量) food waste from 154 families across the UK. Half of these families in the research were asked to list the fruits and vegetables they had bought and their expiry dates. The families stuck the list on the fridge door and received a text message every day telling them to check it. The other half did not have to make a list and did not receive text messages. Over a six-week period, all the families were asked to measure their food waste at the end of each week. The researchers were surprised to find that making lists and getting texts made little difference to how much food was wasted. However, each family in the research wasted less food—about 0.1 kilo a week. The researchers carried on the research for six months, and found that all the families continued to waste less food. This shows that just measuring food waste encourages people to pay closer attention to it and throw less away. 43. What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 2 refer to (指的是)? A. The research. B. The list. C. The door. D. The message. 44. What is introduced in paragraph 3 about the six-week research? A. Its purpose. B. Its method. C. Its steps. D. Its results. 45. Which of the following is the best title (标题) for the text? A. Measure Food Waste to Stop It B. Pay Attention to What You Buy C. Check the Food Before Storing It D. Give Thought to Your Busy Life Passage 2（2024·广西·中考真题） Have you ever imagined what bees can do with their tiny brains? Now scientists are looking into a bee’s brain. Clint Perry, a scientist, has spent much time studying how bees think. He says studying bees is not very different from studying other animals. “The main difficulty is to design (设计) an experiment (实验) bee and get what we want,” he says. “With humans, we can ask them a question and get an answer. But we can’t use the same way to get an answer from bees. They are just trying to get sugar. Bees like sugar.” The fact that bees like sugar is helpful for scientists to design experiments. For example, in one experiment, Perry gave bees a task: to find delicious sugar on a landing place above a black bar (棒). Perry made the task easier or harder by moving the landing place farther from or closer to the black bar. He found that bees would avoid the task when it was difficult. And when the task was easy, bees would try it. As for humans, we might choose not to take a test when we weren’t ready for it. And we might choose to take the test when we were well prepared. In the same way, bees seemed to make decisions like humans. Perry points out that we are not sure whether bees actually make a thoughtful choice from experiments. Now scientists still do not know how bees manage to do so much with their tiny brains. But learning more about how bees’ brains work could help us learn more about how our own brains deal with information. 41. What did Perry study in his experiments? A. How bees sleep. B. How bees think. C. How bees dream. 42. What can we know from Paragraph 2? A. Bees can talk. B. Bees are lazy. C. Bees like sugar. 43. What would bees do when the task was easy according to Paragraph 3? A. They would try it. B. They would avoid it. C. They would praise it. 44. What’s the importance of looking into bees’ brains? A. It helps us learn how human brains work. B. It tells us how to make thoughtful choices. C. It lets us know how to deal with information. 45. Where is the article probably taken from? A. A travel magazine. B. A sports magazine. C. A science magazine. Passage 3 （2024·宁夏·中考真题） ①AI is shaking up the world now. It has been widely used in many different fields. ②AI in Communication Chatbots (聊天机器人) , a kind of Al-driven tool, have become a necessary part of modern communication. They can understand and reply to users at once. Whether it’s on websites or mobile apps, chatbots can offer support in real time. Besides, AI users can control smart home tools through voice orders. AI is reshaping (重塑) the way we communicate in our daily lives. ③AI in Transportation AI makes a big difference to traffic. For example, some ride-sharing platforms (拼车平台) depend heavily on AI. They use AI to match passengers with drivers and provide better transportation services. And self-driving cars are a main example of AI’s use in transportation, too. With the help of AI, they can reduce accidents and help those unable to drive. ④AI in Education AI provides a smart way to education. It changes the way teachers teach and students learn. AI in classrooms can make teaching and learning more interesting, which helps students focus more on their studies. AI can also offer students support outside classrooms. For example, it can help with homework, answer questions, and provide explanations. By analyzing (分析) students’ advantages, weaknesses and learning needs, AI can make suitable study plans for them. This can help students achieve their learning goals easier. ⑤All in all, AI is shaping and will continue to shape our everyday experiences. 23. What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. Researches on AI in transportation. B. Suggestions on AI in transportation. C. Problems of AI in transportation. D. Advantages of AI in transportation. 24. What does the underlined word “suitable” in Paragraph 4 mean? A. New. B. Proper. C. Simple. D. Different. 25. What can we probably infer (推断) from the passage? A. It takes a long time for chatbots to reply to users. B. Ride-sharing platforms hardly depend on AI. C. AI can only offer help inside classrooms. D. AI will continue to influence our daily lives. 26. Which of the following shows the structure (结构) of the passage? A. B. C. D. Passage 4 （2024·广东·中考真题） People know animals do have feelings, but they are not sure if these feelings are correctly understood. In recent years, scientists have done research about the feelings of cows, frogs and pandas. ▲ It says that humans can tell whether a chicken is happy or sad by listening to its calls. The researchers put a bowl behind a door. Inside the bowl, sometimes, there was something chickens love to eat, such as rice or insects. Sometimes, there was nothing. When the chickens saw food behind the door, they seemed happy and produced fast and loud sounds, known as food calls. When there wasn’t food, the chickens made low and long noises to express disappointment. The researchers recorded all these sounds and studied their waves. Then the researchers chose 16 recordings of such chicken noises. Half were from the chickens seeing the food and half were from the chickens finding no food. The recordings were played to 194 volunteers. Sixty-nine percent of the volunteers correctly understood whether the chickens were feeling happy or not, and some of them even had no experience of taking care of chickens. The result shows that humans have the natural ability to understand the feelings of chickens. Hopefully, this finding can bring about new technology to help with chicken-raising, a big industry in many countries. Some scientists are already working on a smart computer program that can identify chickens’ feelings. This is good news for farmers who want to make the birds happier and healthier. 1. Which of the following can be put in “________” in Paragraph 1? A. Humans may not like animals. B. Scientists know nothing about it. C. Nobody knows why this happens. D. A new study adds chickens to the list. 2. Which is most probably the sound wave of a happy call by a chicken? A. B. C. D. 3. How did the volunteers help with the research? A. By listening to the chicken calls. B. By taking care of the chickens. C. By finding food for the chickens. D. By making the chickens happy. 4. What does the underlined word “identify” mean in Paragraph 4? A. Control. B. Hide. C. Recognize. D. Hurt. 5. What is the best title for the passage? A. Chickens’ Food Calls B. Happy Chickens, Sad Chickens C. Farmers’ Best Choice D. Smart Farmers, Healthy Farmers Passage 5（2024·广东深圳·中考真题） A recent TV series To the Wonder has become China’s breakout TV hit of the year. It has also won praise at a film festival abroad. To the Wonder is based on the award-winning novel of Li Juan, My Altay, and is directed by Teng Congcong. It is very poetic and filled with beautiful wisdom. The TV drama follows the journey of Li Wenxiu. She once wished to leave Altay, an area in Northern Xinjiang. After failing to realize her dream in the capital of Xinjiang, Li has to move back to her hometown and tries to find a new direction for herself. At first, Li finds it hard to understand her neighbours’ traditional way of thinking. Under the influence of her mother Zhang Fengxia, Li starts to see the place and its people in a new light. Later, she comes to understand their lifestyle and respect for nature. Fans describe watching the drama as an experience in the wonderland. “It’s like breathing in fresh air or lying under the sun,” said one fan. “It is a unique drama, very different from the usual Chinese series. A must-watch if you want to discover the beauty of the grassland and life there,” another fan said. “People enjoy the wonderful view of Altay. But the key to the success of the series lies in its ability to connect with the viewers on a human level,” said Teng Congcong. “In the drama, everyone communicates sincerely. Even if I disagree with you, I sincerely respect you. In fact, this is a very important part of human nature—the love for truth, goodness and beauty.” 1. To the Wonder is the name of·________. A. a foreign drama B. a famous film C. a TV series D. a beautiful poem 2. Why does Li Wenxiu come back to Altay? A. To look after her mother. B. To find herself a new direction. C. To help the local people. D. To enjoy its beautiful view. 3. The underlined word “unique” has the closest meaning to ________. A. serious B. common C. special D. strange 4. What is the key to the success of To the Wonder according to Director Teng? A. Its sincere respect for nature. B. The beautiful wisdom of the writer. C. The lifestyle of the local people. D. Its sincere connection with viewers. 5. What is the purpose of the text? A. Everyone communicates sincerely B. Life requires believing in miracles C. A love for truth, goodness, and beauty D. Sincerely respect you 能力提升 2024年时事热点（9-12月） Passage 1 On Nov 20 2024, 700 meters deep under the green hills of Kaiping in Jiangmen, Guangdong, the construction of a 35.4-meter wide ball-shaped detector was completed. This is Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO, 江门中微子实验室). Giant as it is, it’s designed to observe one of the tiniest and lightest forms of matter in the universe – the neutrino. Neutrinos are tiny particles (粒子) smaller than atoms (原子). The birth of neutrinos is often related to extreme events in the universe, such as the Big Bang. This is because high-energy neutrinos mainly come about between crashes with cosmic rays (宇宙射线) and dust or gas. They have no electric charge (电荷), so they can pass through matter without being stopped or slowed down. This makes them very hard to detect and study. Every second, 10 trillion neutrinos pass through your body without leaving any sign, which is why they are called “ghost particles”. Scientists have thus built JUNO to catch these “shy” particles. The detector’s 45,000 “eyes” receive light signals (信号), turn them into electrical signals, amplify (放大) them by a factor of 10 million and send them to a computer. Scientists then use this data to study neutrinos. Although neutrinos have existed since the early universe, it wasn’t until 1930 that Austrian scientist Wolfgang Pauli suggested their existence to explain missing energy in radioactive decay (放射性衰变). He said that this missing energy was carried away by an undetected particle, which he named the neutrino.  Neutrino research helps us understand how the universe began and changed over time, as well as what the natural laws are like, opening the door for many possibilities. With these laws, we can gradually turn scientific discoveries into technologies, which can benefit our lives. In a few years, neutrinos may change the world like Newton’s discovery of universal gravitation (万有引力) did. 1. What do we know about JUNO? A. It is about 700 square meters. B. It will soon be put into use. C. It is cube-shaped. D. It lies deep underground. 2. Why are neutrinos called “ghost particles”? A. They can only be seen in the dark. B. They can pass through matter unnoticed. C. They are associated with extreme events. D. They are from crashes with cosmic rays and dust. 3. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. The discovery of neutrinos. B. The functions of neutrinos. C. The research of the early universe. D. The importance of neutrino research. 4. What do scientists suggest about the future of neutrino research? A. It will face unexpected difficulties. B. It will help us find new sources of energy. C. It could lead to groundbreaking technologies. D. It may prove some existing theories wrong. 5.What is the main idea of the passage? A. The difficulty in detecting neutrinos. B. The importance of neutrino research. C. The history of the discovery of neutrinos D. The introduction of Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory. Passage 2 Self-driving cars do not have people telling them what to do. They move themselves about safely by doing three things right: learning about the environment, deciding what to do next, and taking action. First, the car needs to know what is around it. It uses many different sensors (传感器) to do this. These sensors, such as cameras and radar, are like the car’s “eyes”. They allow the car to “see” things such as people and traffic lights. The sensors also help the car know where and how fast it is going. Besides knowing what is close by, a self-driving car makes plans ahead to avoid traffic accidents. This is where “vehicle to everything” (V2X) comes in. This technology connects a self-driving car with people and things. It also allows the car to go online. All these things help the car “talk” with the outside world and get the latest road information. After receiving the information, the car needs to “read” it and decide what to do. So it combines the information from all sensors, just like putting together the pieces of a puzzle. This process is called multi-sensor fusion (多传感器融合). Machine learning plays an important role here because it helps the car recognize people and objects. Then, the car can decide when to stop, go, or turn. Finally, to carry out decisions, the car uses drive-by-wire technology (线控技术). It allows the car to give “orders” to its wheels, brakes (刹车) and engine in the form of electronic signals (电子信号). This makes different parts of the car respond quickly. The car also uses less oil this way, which is good for the environment.  1. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A. Ways to use different sensors in self-driving cars. B. The differences between the “eyes” of cars and humans. C. How self-driving cars learn about their environment. D. When and where self-driving cars work the best. 2. What does V2X technology do? A. It allows the car to see in the dark. B. It allows the car to connect with people and things. C. It allows the car to connect with other cars. D. It allows the car to give “orders” to its wheels.  3. What does multi-sensor fusion mean? A. Getting all road information. B. Using AI technology to finish a puzzle. C. Putting together information from all sensors. D. Connecting self-driving cars with each other on the road. 4. What do we know about drive-by-wire technology? A. It helps self-driving cars drive faster. B. It allows self-driving cars to run without oil. C. It can collect signals from different traffic lights. D. It helps control the movement of self-driving cars. 5. What is the text mainly about? A. How self-driving cars work. B. Why self-driving cars are good.  C. The development of self-driving cars. D. The safety issues of self-driving cars. Passage 3 We know AI isn't a real person. But a lot of us act as if it is. In a survey of 2,000 people in the US, 48 percent thought we should be polite when talking to AI. Scientists from the Imperial College London in the UK found something similar recently. They saw that people often treat AI agents like social beings. They show sympathy and even protect them. In an experiment, 244 volunteers played an online ball game with an AI bot. A pretend volunteer was also there and sometimes didn't give the ball to the AI on purpose. When the scientists watched the game, they found that most of the time, the volunteers tried to make it fair for the bot by giving it the ball more. This finding matches the basic ideas of media equation theory. This theory was made by scientists at Stanford University in the US in the 1990s. It says we often respond to media and technology like we do to real people and places, not just as tools. While this can make humans and AI work well together, it also has risks. Especially when AI bots are made to act like "friends" to people. For example, there's Replika. It's an AI companion chatbot that started in 2017 and has about 2 million users around the world. Its website says, "Your Replika will always be on your side no matter what." But the AI's support became dangerous when it made Jaswant Singh Chail, a young man in the UK, want to kill the Queen of England. He tried in December 2021 but was stopped in time. Still, he got a nine-year sentence. Scientists at Imperial College London said companies should not make AI too much like a real person in their design. This can help people know the difference between virtual and real. 1. Why did the volunteers help the AI bot during the online ball game? A. They were required to treat all players equally. B. They felt pressured to follow the rules of the game. C. They found it more interesting to involve the AI bot more. D. They sympathized with the AI bot and treated the AI bot like a social being. 2. According to the media equation theory, how do we treat media and technology? A. Like tools. B. Like we do with real people and places. C. By completely ignoring them. D. Only considering them when using them. 3. What is a potential risk of AI bots acting as “friends” for human users? A. They may waste users’ time. B. They may encourage harmful behavior. C. They may isolate users from reality. D. They may misuse users’ personal data. 4. How do researchers at Imperial College London advise on the design of AI agents? A. Controlling their level of humanness. B. Improving their interaction performance. C. Programming them to ignore negative behavior. D. Equipping them with advanced learning theories. 5. What is the main idea of the article? A. Describing the development history of AI technology. B. Emphasizing the role of AI in improving work efficiency. C. Analyzing the application of AI in the field of education. D. Discussing how people treat AI as social beings and exploring its risks. Passage 4 Have you ever heard of minimalism（极简主义）? It is the practice of making life easier by decluttering (整理) and letting go, trying to make life simpler and happier. For example, minimalists throw away things they don’t need and focus on building strong friendships instead of having too many friends they don’t care much about. This year, minimalism has become more popular, with many people sharing their minimalist habits online. According to Taizhou Daily, the topic “minimalism” on Xiaohongshu has already reached over 3.1 billion views. “It helps me think about why I care so much about material things instead of myself,” one user shared. While minimalism has its good points, I believe it also has some problems. Minimalists often try to control every part of their lives, which can lead to worrying too much and chasing perfection. “To avoid buying things I don’t need, I spend too much time looking at the good and bad sides instead of just deciding,” one person shared online. “I’ve done this before; it’s a waste of time.” The pressure to make every part of life perfect can make people feel nervous and stressed. When they can’t keep up with this idea, they may feel upset. Some young people even take minimalism too far. Besides cutting extra spending, they might cut back on social activities and spend less time with others. “When a person leads a minimalist life without making friends and going after things they like, it can hurt their emotional resilience,” said Chen Junjie, vice-president of the Yuhuan Psychological Health Association. Without a strong support system, people may feel lonely and miss out on help when facing challenges. This can hold them back from trying new things or dreaming big, hurting their creativity and excitement for life in the process. In short, while minimalism encourages people to live more carefully, taking it too far can make life feel less rich. Young people should try to find a middle ground, living simply while staying active and connected. 1. According to the article, what is a common practice among minimalists? A. Collecting valuable items. B. Keeping just a few close friends. C. Organizing their belongings regularly. D. Seeking new experiences frequently. 2. Why do some minimalists feel stressed, according to the article? A. They aim to do everything perfectly. B. They struggle to afford basic necessities. C. They have trouble making decisions. D. They often compare themselves to others.  3. According to Chen Junjie, how can taking minimalism too far affect young people? A. It can encourage risky behavior. B. It can lead to serious health problems. C. It can weaken their ability to handle emotions. D. It can stop them from expressing themselves. 4. Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude toward minimalism? A. Negative. B. Doubtful. C. Supportive. D. Neutral. Passage 5 December 4th, 2024, something wonderful happened. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), put “Spring Festival” into the very important Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录).It's a really big honor for the Spring Festival! Spring Festival is a very important part of Chinese culture. It has another name, Chinese New Year. It's not just a big festival in China. People from all over the world also like to celebrate it. When it was added to the Intangible Cultural Heritage list, it means the whole world not only saw where it came from – that it started in China. But also the great ideas it has that can bring people from different places together. This festival is like a window that shows the good things about Chinese civilization. It has the values of peace and being in harmony. During the Spring Festival, people give their best wishes for the coming year, hoping for a better life. It also shows some values that all people like, like being nice to everyone and keeping a good balance between people and nature. The most important thing in Spring Festival is the family. In Chinese culture, having a close family is very important. And this love for the family doesn't just stay at home. It goes to the neighborhood, the whole country, and even to other countries. That's why, every Spring Festival, millions of people in China go back to their hometowns, making it the world’s largest human migration. Spring Festival has a lot of intangible cultural traditions. Every part of it has a long history and deep meaning. It's a time full of old stories and special customs. These customs all come from the stories that people told for a long time. For example, setting off fireworks and putting up red things on houses and shops come from an old story about an animal called “nian”. The Chinese word for “year” is also “nian”. Long ago, people thought this nian would come and hurt people and animals at the end of the year. But they found a way to scare it away. The story says nian was very afraid of loud noises and the color red. So, these customs started and we still do them today. Rao Quan, who is the vice-minister of culture and tourism and led the Chinese team at the UNESCO meeting, was very happy and said thank you for this honor. He said that having Spring Festival on the UNESCO list would help to spread the values of peace and harmony that everyone can understand. It would also show how important intangible cultural heritage is for our future growth. It's like a very precious thing that we should all love and protect. 1.Why is the Spring Festival considered a window to Chinese civilization? A. It only shows the technological advancements of China. B. It is the only festival that exists in China. C. It reflects the values of peace, harmony, and family that are central to Chinese culture. D. It is a festival that focuses on individual achievements rather than cultural values. 2.Why is the family considered the most important aspect of the Spring Festival? A. Because it is a time for business meetings. B. Because it is a time for political discussions. C. Because it is a time for individual achievements. D. Because it is a time for strengthening family bonds and showing love. 3.What can we know about the story of the animal "nian" and its influence on the Spring Festival customs? A. The story has no influence on the customs of the festival. B. The story is a recent addition and has little impact on the festival. C. The story is only told for entertainment and has no practical significance. D. The story of "nian" has led to customs like setting off fireworks and using red decorations. 4.From the text, we can know that ________. A. There will be no new customs added to the Spring Festival. B. The Spring Festival has no impact on international cultural exchange. C. UNESCO's recognition will lead to more protection of the Spring Festival. D. The spirit of the Spring Festival will be well protected and not be passed down to the next generation. 5.What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To describe the customs of Spring Festival. B. To explain why Spring Festival is important. C. To show the influence of Spring Festival worldwide. D. To encourage people to celebrate Spring Festival. Passage 6（2024·北京丰台区一模） A Secret Code “See you at Open House tonight, Amy,” my friend Evelyn shouted from the school bus window. “Don’t forget to ask your mom if I can come over tomorrow!” “OK!” I called back, I wished I could feel excited about my first Open House at my new school, but I was worried. What would other kids say when they found out my parents can’t hear? And I wanted Evelyn to visit my house one day, then she'd see how different my house was. My parents use a video phone so they can use sign language to communicate with callers. We also have a light on the wall that flashes when the phone or doorbell rings, and our TV is always set to show the captions (字幕). Would Evelyn think my house is strange? When darkness fell, Dad drove us to the brightly lit school, which looked different at night. It felt different, too, as we walked down the hallway to my classroom. We stopped in front of the notice board in the hall. “Look at Amy’s picture!” Mom said, too loud. She does that when she's excited, because she can’t hear herself. Some older kids turned to stare at us in surprise and I wanted to hide. Ms. Jennings walked over to us. I introduced my teacher to my family and explained that my parents are deaf. “It’s nice to meet you.” Mom said, signing. Some of my classmates were watching us and whispering. Then I noticed Evelyn and her mom standing by the door. “Hi, Amy,” Evelyn said suddenly. I turned around, “Hi.” “I didn’t know your parents are deaf,” she said. “Yeah.” I couldn’t think of anything else to say. “And you can talk to them with your hands? That's so cool!” “You think so?” I asked, feeling relieved (如释重负). Evelyn nodded. “It’s like a secret code. Would you teach me some words sometime?” I smiled. “Of course.” Then I got my parents’ attention. “Mom, Dad,” I said, signing, “I’d like you to meet my friend Evelyn and her mom.” 24. How did Amy feel about her first Open House at the beginning? A. Worried. B. Surprised. C. Excited. D. Strange. 25. Amy’s house is different because ________. A. there is no doorbell on their door B. the TV is always set to show the captions C. her parents use video phones to talk with each other D. there is a light on the wall to make the house brighter 26. Amy felt relieved at last because ________. A. her classmates said hello to her family B. her mother was very happy to see her picture C. her friend thought it cool to use sign language D. her teacher walked over and talked to her family Passage7（2024·北京海淀区一模） Meditation is one kind of exercise in controlling attention. Meditators use some practices, like keeping focus on breathing, to strengthen the ability to take control over what their minds are doing. While meditators have long experienced its benefits, science only recently discovered that the mental effort of meditation is good exercise for the brain. Meditation has much to do with cognition, a term to describe the thought processes inside our heads (like focusing, making decisions, and remembering) that allow us to understand the world. Meditators are really good at using several cognitive abilities to stay focused. When they learn that their minds wander (走神), they quickly bring their attention back, which is like doing a mental push-up. All these mental push-ups end up strengthening their ability to change their thoughts based on what they are doing right now, like changing from doing math to reading when they go to different classes. push-up Groups of brain areas that communicate are called brain networks, and the health of the brain depends on the ability of brain networks to communicate well. Science has shown that meditation can improve sustained attention, which is how well a person can keep their attention on something hard for a long time. Scientists can measure improvements in sustained attention by looking for increases in certain brain waves, using EEG (脑电图). It proves that meditation can make the brain areas involved in attention communicate with each other more easily. Meditation can even change the way that meditators’ brain networks communicate, by bringing new, helpful brain areas into the conversation or getting rid of a brain area that is too loud and distracting (分心的). As a result, meditators get better at focusing their attention away from negative thoughts and feelings and putting themselves into a good mood. These changes take a long time and a lot of work. People need to make meditation a habit and guidance from a teacher can be helpful. Yet, not everyone can afford a personal teacher. That’s where technology steps in. Scientists have made apps that provide tips and help people meditate at their own levels. While some digital meditation apps have been carefully studied by scientists, some need to be tested. So, it is important to be careful at first about whether an app really works. 27. According to the passage, when people meditate, they ________. A. try to control their focus B. focus on what goes around C. make important decisions D. develop the ability to communicate 28. What can we learn from the passage? A. Meditators end their practice when their minds wander. B. Meditation makes it possible for people to have happier moods. C. Certain brain waves decrease when sustained attention improves. D. Digital meditation apps work better than personal meditation teachers. 29. What might be the best title for the passage? A. How does meditation benefit the brain? B. How do people make meditation a habit? C. How does technology improve meditation? D. How do meditalors better their mental health? Passage 8（2024·北京西城区一模） Have you ever wondered why you are good at noticing things in your environment that are possibly dangerous? Defensive circuits, one of our brain systems, detect (察觉) signs that might suggest threats (威胁) and prepare the body to take quick action, therefore increasing our chances of staying alive. Our defensive circuits are always on the lookout for things that might be threats. They look for certain features of objects (物体) that make those objects stand out from the other things around them. Objects with these features are given priority in our brains; that is, we pay attention to them before other things. So, how exactly does our threat detection work? First, the presence of a feature that could suggest a threat grabs, or catches, our attention very quickly—it is an automatic (自动的) process. Threat detection happens so quickly because the threat information does not have to go all the way around the cortex (大脑皮层). You can think of this as a shortcut through the brain, which gives us more time to avoid possible threats. Once we look at something that might be a threat, we often find looking away to be very difficult—the threatening object holds our attention. This process is also automatic, and its advantage is that it gives us more time to collect additional details about the possible threat. Those details are important for understanding whether we are facing a real threat and deciding how to best deal with the situation. After we have recognized the possible threat, our brains must often make up for the time we’ve spent examining it-we need to avoid paying attention to the threat, and then we can look around and process the rest of the environment. This can help us find additional threats, or find a way out. Once we detect a threat, the defensive circuits prepare our body to take action. We make changes to our emotions (for example, feeling fear) and body functions (such as speeding up our heartbeat). Together, these changes allow us to act properly in threatening situations, increasing the likelihood that we will get away without being harmed. There are differences between people on how easily the defensive system is activated. Some of us are frightened more easily than others, and it takes less to activate the defensive circuits. This, however, can be problematic. Overly sensitive defensive circuits might stop working as they should when overused. 27. What can we learn about the defensive circuits? A. They watch out for possible danger. B. They help us remember threat features. C. They promise us a happy and healthy life. D. They easily stand out from other brain systems. 28. What do our brains do to make up for the time spent examining possible danger? A. Create additional details immediately. B. Activate a shortcut through the cortex. C. Push our body to make lasting changes. D. Redirect our attention to the rest of the environment. 29. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. How does your brain work in various situations? B. What makes us different when it comes to facing threats? C. Why are we overly sensitive to certain threatening objects? D. What happens in your brain when you notice something frightening? Passage 9（2024·北京东城区一模） Short videos have become increasingly popular in recent years. These videos are typically short in length, lasting from a few seconds to a few minutes, and offer a quick supply of entertainment (娱乐) or information. While these videos may seem harmless, there are worries about the effect they can have on the human brain and attention span (持续时间). Dopamine is a neurotransmitter (神经递质) that is connected with the reward (奖励) center of the brain. When we experience something pleasurable or rewarding, such as eating a delicious meal or receiving praise, our brains release (释放) dopamine. This release of dopamine strengthens the behavior that led to the reward, making us more likely to do that behavior again. Short videos can also make our brains release dopamine. The quick and easy-to-understand nature of these videos provides an immediate satisfaction that can be addictive (上瘾的). Each time we watch a video and experience the pleasure of entertainment or information, our brains release dopamine, strengthening the behavior of watching more videos. Over time, this continuous release of dopamine can lead to a decrease in dopamine receptors in the brain. This means that it takes more and more dopamine to create the same pleasurable sensation, making it even more difficult to stop watching short videos. Studies have shown that too much use of social media can lead to a decrease in attention span, and short videos may be even more harmful. The never-ending excitement provided by these videos can make it difficult for people to focus on tasks that require lasting attention. This can lead to a decrease in productivity and a reduced interest in activities that don’t offer immediate rewards. Additionally, these videos can have a bad influence on mental health. Watching an endless stream of short videos can lead to feelings of anxiety and stress. You might also start to feel bad about yourself because you think you’re not as good as the people in the videos. Not all short videos are harmful, and they can be a valuable tool for entertainment and education. However, it is important to be mindful of how long you watch these videos and focus on activities that require full attention and provide long-term rewards. 27. What do you know about dopamine from the passage? A. Dopamine makes people more attentive. B. Dopamine keeps us from repeating things we like. C. Dopamine influences emotions instead of behaviors. D. Dopamine is released as a result of pleasurable experiences. 28. What causes people to increase their behaviors of watching short videos? A. The strong wish to learn new things. B. The convenience of getting short videos. C. The necessity of having social communication. D. The need to keep the same level of satisfaction. 29. What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A. To introduce how dopamine works in our brains. B. To encourage people to improve their attention span. C. To remind people to limit their time of watching short videos. D. To explain why short videos have become increasingly popular. Passage 10（2024·北京房山区一模） Microplastics (微塑料) are in our soil, our water, our air, getting into our bodies and causing health problems. Plastics are everywhere, and they’re not going away. Now, that may be changing. A new environmentally-friendly shopping model was created. For example, in this model, you are able to buy ice cream in a reusable container (容器). When you’re done eating the ice cream, you’ll throw the container in your personal reuse bin. The containers are then picked up by a delivery service, cleaned and refilled, and shipped out to consumers again. In other words, it’s the 21st century milkman to save the world from single-use plastics. This shopping model is called Loop. Already, two large retailers (零售商) are Loop partners and more may join the project. While recycling is very important, it is not going to solve waste at the root (根本的) cause. “Our company collects the ocean plastics and puts them into products making,” says Tom Szaky, CEO of TerraCycle, a company that is known for recycling hard-to-recycle materials. “But every day, more and more gets put in the ocean, so no matter how much we clean the ocean, we’re never going to solve the problem. That’s really where Loop came out. To us, the root cause of waste is not plastic, it’s using things once, and that’s really what Loop tries to change as much as possible.” For customers, the process is designed to be as easy as possible. “The goal isn’t as much to get you to change, it’s instead to create systems that don’t make you change—but have you then solve the problem in the process,” Szaky says. “Making customers change is difficult. So the first question we asked in developing the model was ‘Why did throwing rubbish win?’ I think it did because throwing rubbish is convenient and affordable.” If the solutions are not convenient, people will not accept them. Loop aims to be as convenient as throwing something in the bin. You don’t even need to wash the container, so it’s simpler than recycling. Jennifer Morgan from the environmental non-profit organization Greenpeace said, “Greenpeace welcomes the aim of the Loop to move away from throwaway culture.” But Morgan questioned whether companies worldwide are ready to change their business models. Anyway, this is an effort to change the problem of plastics and hopefully this model will work. 27. The second paragraph is mainly about ________. A. what customers should do to solve waste problem B. what benefits the retailers can get from Loop C. how the new shopping model Loop works D. how the milkman picks up the containers 28. What can we learn from the passage? A. Loop is designed to be convenient for customers to accept. B. Companies worldwide are using the shopping model Loop. C. Ocean plastics can be cleaned up by the shopping model Loop. D. Customers have to clean the containers under the new model Loop. 29. What is the best title of the passage? A. Making Plastics into Products B. Recycling: A Falling Industry C. From Throwing Away to Reusing D. Plastics: Hard-to-recycle Materials Passage 11（2024·苏州） China has become the world’s largest producer and market of EVs (电车). According to a report, 9.58 million Chinese-made EVs were produced and 9.49 million were sold in 2023. Among the total sales, 1.2 million EVs were exported (出口). The Chinese government has been encouraging EVs as part of its effort for green, high-quality development. As a result, China’s EV industry develops very quickly. At Auto (汽车) China 2004, BYD was the only company showing EVs there. At Auto China 2024, there were 278 different EV models on show, including BYD, SAIC, Geely, Li Auto, Nio, Xpeng and other brands (品牌). China’s EV industry is now facing both challenges and chances. It’s reported that 71% of EV brands cut prices in 2023. EV makers without the ability of innovation (创新) will face growing risks. In order to be both green and smart, Chinese EV makers are trying hard to improve technologies like battery qualities and AI support. At the same time, the government is adding even more charging points (充电站). On the other hand, more Chinese people are aware of the environmental problems. It is encouraging more buyers to choose EVs. EVs are the way of the future. In an ideal world, everyone benefits from innovation and green transport. Some might get there sooner than others, and will gain greater rewards. It is very likely that China will hold the lead. 18. How many Chinese-made EVs were sold in China in 2023? A. 8.38 million. B. 9.49 million. C. 9.58 million. D. 8.29 million. 19. What is the purpose of Paragraph 2? A. To introduce different EV brands in China. B. To give some information about Auto China. C. To show the development of China’s EV industry. D. To advise people to buy Chinese-made EVs. 20. EV makers can most probably reduce growing risks by ______. A. improving innovation ability B. winning the government’s support C. adding more charging points D. dealing with environmental problems 21. What’s the writer’s attitude (态度) towards the future of China’s EV industry? A. Uncertain. B. Hopeful. C. Doubtful. D. Worried. Passage 12（2024·广东广州·中考真题） Have you ever heard of upcycling? It is a way of turning old or unnecessary things into something useful and often beautiful. Is it the same as recycling? Recycling usually takes old things, like paper and glass, and breaks them down to make a new product. When you upcycle an object, you are probably doing something different. You can simply refashion it. For example, you might make a bag out of an old T-shirt. Also, the upcycled object is usually in the same, or even better condition. Upcycling isn’t a new idea. Some of the best examples of modem-day upcycling come from the old times. In those days, things were repurposed over and over until they were no longer useful. Upcycling is a way of life. Things shouldn’t be just thrown away when they can be saved and turned into something useful. It’s clear that upcycling is green. It is also considered to be more environmentally friendly than recycling. Upcycling can just require your own ideas and work, but recycling requires energy (能源) or water to break down things. Grace, a young woman from the UK, takes used tea bags and turns them into dresses, shoes and even hats. Every day she drinks some tea, then dries out the tea bags with the tea still in them. When they’re dry, she takes the tea out and puts the bags together to make an item of clothing. This can take a long time, but Grace has made lots of artworks. In fact, no matter you create objects from old things or buy ready-made products from upcycled things, both ways are helpful for the environment and can bring you something that’s both beautiful and useful. Get started today! 1. What does the underlined word “refashion” mean in paragraph 2? A. Break down useless things. B. Collect used things. C. Create things out of old ones. D. Come up with good ideas. 2. How is upcycling different from recycling? A. It’s a completely new idea. B. It needs more energy. C. It requires more time and work. D. It’s a greener way of life. 3. Why does the writer tell the story of Grace in paragraph 5? A. To list the steps of doing upcycling. B. To give a good example of upcycling. C. To express a different idea of upcycling. D. To provide basic knowledge of upcycling. 4. What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To encourage people to do upcycling. B. To introduce the history of upcycling. C. To compare upcycling with recycling. D. To explain the importance of recycling Passage 13（2024·江苏常州·中考真题） ①China published the world’s first highly clear lunar geologic (地质的) atlas (地图集) on April 21. According to the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), it will provide up-to-date information for future lunar research and exploration. ②“These maps will help choose locations for future lunar research stations,” Ouyang Ziyuan, a well-known lunar scientist, said. “They can also help us better know about the Earth and other planets in the solar system, like Mars.” ③The world has seen great progress in the field of lunar science over the past half a century. However, the lunar geologic atlas that was developed during the Apollo Program remained unchanged. “As lunar geologic studies develop, those old maps can no longer satisfy future needs,” said Liu Jianzhong, a CAS researcher. ④Since 2012, Ouyang and Liu have led a team of scientists from several research centers in compiling (编制) this atlas. Their work was mainly built on information gained from China’s Chang’e Program. Information from other research projects and international tasks was also used. ⑤The new geologic atlas, which is published in both Chinese and English, presents a scale (比例尺) of 1: 2.5 million. Compared with the 1:5 million scale lunar maps from the US in 2020, these larger scale maps show more details. As well as the geologic history of the moon, they provide information on its 14 types of structures (结构) and 17 types of rocks. A total of 12,341 impact craters (撞击坑) and 81 impact basins have also been marked. ⑥This atlas is set to serve many useful purposes, such as lunar resources research and science education. Liu said the upcoming Chang’e-6 task would also use the atlas. “Our maps can help the research by providing scientific support,” he explained. ⑦“Compiling the atlas was a huge task, which included years of effort from a large number of researchers,” said Gregory Michael, a German scientist. “It will be a starting point for every new question of lunar geology.” 1. What is the great value of the new atlas? A. It is the first lunar geologic atlas in the world. B. It proves the hard work of Chinese scientists. C. It will meet the future needs in lunar studies. D. It is built on information from many researches. 2. What is Paragraph 5 mainly about? A. The large size and mystery of the moon. B. The discovery of Chang’e Program. C. The details of the new geologic atlas. D. The challenges the scientists face. 3. How does the writer prove “This atlas is set to serve many useful purposes”? A. By comparing different purposes. B. By using Chang’e-6 task as an example. C. By using a German scientist’s words. D. By listing information from the new maps. 4. What does “It” in the last paragraph refer to(指代)? A. Scientific support. B. The lunar research. C. Effort from researchers. D. Compiling the atlas. Passage 14 （2024·江苏无锡·中考真题） A theory of emotion Two scientists called Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer developed the two-factor theory of emotion in 1962. They said that emotions are formed in two parts. First, the body has a physical response to a threat and then the mind considers the physical response as an emotion, which is then felt by the person. For example, imagine you are walking through a forest and you see a bear. Seeing it would probably start a physical response, such as your heart beating very fast and sweat breaking out. Your mind then decides that this is fear, which you feel as an emotion. A new study has suggested that the key to reducing feelings of anger is not venting (letting the angry emotions out) but doing calming activities such as yoga or meditation. The study was published in March by Sophie Kjaervik and Brad Bushman from Ohio State University in the US. They wanted to explore the popular theory that venting (expressing) anger is a good way of reducing it. Examples of venting anger include shouting or hitting something like a cushion, so that you let go of the emotion and therefore don’t feel it any more. The pair looked at 154 other studies on anger. These involved 10, 189 people, and included a variety of ages and backgrounds. In their study, Kjaervik and Bushman define anger as “an emotional response (反应) to a real or imagined threat (威胁)”. They used a theory of emotion (情绪假说) that says emotions are partly felt in your body and partly in your mind. The scientists looked at the other studies to see how different activities influenced anger. They found that activities such as running or boxing—which are often thought to be good for dealing with anger—weren’t very good at reducing it. In fact, some of these activities actually made it worse because they increased physical responses in the body that are linked to feeling angry. For example, they made people’s hearts beat faster. However, activities that decreased physical responses in the body did help to reduce feelings of anger. These included activities that slow the heart rate, such as deep breathing, meditation and yoga. Bushman says activities that increase physical responses may be good for heart health but are “definitely not the best way to reduce anger”. The team found jogging was most likely to increase anger. However, some heart-rate increasing activities—like ball games and team sports—could reduce anger. 1. What is the main finding of the new study? A. A new method of venting anger. B. A new method of reducing anger. C. Good activities to vent anger. D. Good activities to reduce anger. 2. What can we learn about calming activities? A. They can reduce feelings of anger. B. They can increase the heart rate. C. They are good for mind health. D. They are good for heart health. 3. According to Schachter and Singer’s theory, what happens first if you see a snake and feel afraid? A. You get the feeling of fear. B. You get the feeling of calm. C. Your heart beats fast. D. Your heart beats slowly. 4. The following sentence can best be put at the end of ________. They think this shows that fun or playful activities help to reduce negative feelings. A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Passage 15（2023-24·深圳福田区期末） One of my favorite inventions in recent years is face unlocking. Without needing to lift my fingers and type in the numbers, I can get straight into my phone with just a look. Now there is a new technology designed to replace the password called the “passkey”! Passkeys turn your phone into something a bit like a wallet, which you can use to store membership cards to all of your apps and services. When you need to log in to a website, you’ll just have to tap a button on your phone and your passkey wallet will let you in without any worry. And how does it keep this wallet safe? By using the same “biometric (生物统计)” check your phone uses — a face scan or a fingerprint that cannot easily be forged. Passkeys won’t just save us from having to remember passwords but, perhaps logging in with a passkey will actually be much safer than typing a password. This is because it uses a technology called “public key” cryptography (密码) which is one of the building blocks of the Internet — and is how computers have securely communicated with other computers for so many years. To put it simply, it works a bit like a key, instead of a password. With a password, the website has to keep a database (数据库) of everyone’s passwords to check against when you log in. But with a passkey, when you create your account on a website, it will effectively create a new lock and key. The website will keep the lock, ★ . I think it’s a really clever idea, and that passkeys are going to make our digital lives even safer. So, next time you’re complaining that you can’t remember your password, don’t worry too much. It won’t always be like this! 36. The writer explains how the passkeys work by ________. A. giving examples B. listing numbers C. raising questions D. comparing similar things 37. The underlined word “forged” in paragraph 3 means ________. A. copied B. printed C. canceled D. recorded 38. The passkeys are much safer than passwords because of ________. A. biometric check B. cryptography technology C. blocks of Internet D. secure communication 39. Which of the following can be put in ★ ? A. but your phone is safer B. so you won’t forget the key C. or it will remember the key D. and only your phone will have the key 40. The passage is written to ________. A. show passkeys are safer than passwords B. introduce science development C. report the invention of face unlocking D. describe digital lives 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 1 / 21 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$