专题14 阅读理解议论文 -2025年高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（上海专用）

专题14 阅读理解议论文 目录 题型综述 2 解题攻略 3 题型01 主旨大意题 3 题型02 细节理解题 5 题型03 推理判断题 6 题型04 词义猜测题 9 高考练场 11 · 题型简介 高考英语阅读理解议论文，通常围绕某一观点、现象或问题展开论述，作者通过摆事实、讲道理，运用逻辑推理来阐明自身看法，说服读者接受其观点。文章往往结构清晰，包含论点、论据与论证过程，选材涉及社会热点、教育理念、科技发展争议、文化现象剖析等诸多领域，旨在考查学生对复杂文本的理解、分析及批判性思维能力。 · 命题类型 · 主旨大意题：要求提炼文章核心论点，常以 “What's the main idea of the passage?” 这类问句出现，选项可能是对全文中心思想的精准概括，也可能是过于宽泛、片面的干扰表述。 · 细节理解题：针对文中论据、支撑性事例或特定关键信息设题，题目会明确指向文章某一处，如 “According to the passage, which of the following statements about... is true?”，考查学生捕捉精准细节的能力。 · 推理判断题：需依据文章现有论述、语气倾向推测隐含意义、作者态度，题干表述多为 “What can be inferred from the passage?”，答案并非原文直白呈现，要经适度推导。 · 词义猜测题：聚焦文中超纲词、熟词僻义或特定语境下有特殊含义的词汇，例如 “The underlined word ‘XXX’ in the paragraph most probably means...”，要求结合上下文破解词义谜团。 · 解题思路 · 读题预判：快速浏览题目与选项，圈出关键信息，像主旨题中的 “main idea”、细节题里的专有名词等，预判阅读重点，带着问题意识去读文章。 · 通读抓论点：首次通读，定位文章开头段，多数议论文在此点明主题、抛出论点；同时留意各段首句，它们常起承上启下、引出分论点的作用，梳理出全文论述脉络。 · 定位找论据：碰上细节、词义类题目，依据题目关键词，精准回文定位，在定位段落中细读上下文，借助因果、对比、举例等逻辑关系锁定答案，比如出现 “for example” 后的内容大概率是在解释前面论点，对理解词义、补充细节很关键。 · 推理重逻辑：面对推理题，紧扣文章已知观点、事实，杜绝过度臆想，分析作者用词褒贬、论证走向来判断态度倾向；梳理段落、句子间的逻辑链条，像因果推导、让步转折后的语义走向，让推理有理有据。 · 核查避陷阱：选完答案后，代入原文再次核查，看选项是否契合全文主旨、对应细节是否无误，警惕偷换概念、无中生有、以偏概全这类常见陷阱选项。 题型01 主旨大意题 · 关注文章的首尾段落：议论文的主旨通常出现在文章的开头或结尾。首段往往提出论点或问题，尾段则总结观点或得出结论。 · 抓住主题句和关键词：主题句是概括文章主旨的关键。在阅读过程中，要注意段落中的主题句以及文章中反复出现的关键词。 · 综合各段大意，归纳总结：如果文章没有明确的主题句，可以先概括每一段的大意，然后综合各段内容，归纳出文章的中心思想。 “Woman reading book, under a night sky, dreamy atmosphere,” I type into Deep Dream Generator’s Text 2 Dream feature. In less than a minute, an image is returned to me showing what I’ve described. Welcome to the world of AI image generation, where you can create what on the surface looks like top-rank artwork using just a few text prompts (提示). But closer examination shows oddities. The face of the woman in my image has very odd features, and appears to be holding multiple books. And, while there’s an initial thrill at seeing an image appear, there’s no creative satisfaction. AI image generation could influence everything from film to graphic novels and more. Children’s illustrators were quick to raise concerns about the technology. They say AI-generated art is the exact opposite of what art is believed to be. Fundamentally, art is all about translating something that you feel internally into something that exists externally. Whatever form it takes, true art is about the creative process much more than it’s about the final piece. And simply pressing a button to generate an image is not a creative process. Beyond creativity, there are deeper issues. To create images from prompts, AI generators rely on databases of already existing art and text. This could lead to the creation of images that are intentionally meant to imitate the style of other artists, without their agreement. There is an argument that AI generators work no differently to humans when it comes to being influenced by others’ work. However, a human artist is also adding emotion and nuance (细微差别) into the mix. AI doesn’t do the same — it can only copy. The increasing use of AI will also lead to a devaluing (贬低) of the work of artists. There’s already a negative prejudice towards the creative industry. People will begin to think that their “work” is as excellent as that created by someone who has spent a career making art. It’s nonsense, of course. You can use your mobile phone to take a nice picture of your daughter, but you are no match for professionals. 7．What is Paragraph 4 of the text mainly about? A．The styles of human artworks and AI ones. B．Human artists’ influence on AI generators. C．Different means used in human and AI art creation. D．The drawbacks of drawing from existing art and text. 8．Which of the following best summarizes the last paragraph? A．Art is the mirror of life. B．Rome is not built in a day. C．No man can do two things at once. D．Don’t judge a book by its cover. 题型02 细节理解题 · 抓论点、寻论据：阅读议论文时，要抓住作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。这些论点和论据是理解文章细节的关键，能够帮助考生快速定位到相关信息。 · 注重文章结构，理清文章脉络：把握文章的论证结构，如“提出问题—分析问题—解决问题”或“论点—论据—结论”，这样可以更好地理解作者的论证过程和细节信息。 · 利用寻读法：对于直接信息题，可以快速浏览文章，寻找与题目相关的关键词或信息点。对于间接信息题，则需要对原文信息进行同义转换或归纳概括。 Recently, I was walking with some parents when we came across a five-pound note lying on the ground. We stood around it for a moment, a bit awkwardly, until someone suggested putting it on a nearby bench. Then one of the parents remarked that we’d probably have behaved differently — that is, we would have just taken the money — had we been alone. This relates to a classic question in studies of human generosity: do we behave more selfishly when we aren’t being observed? The debate goes on across the psychological and biological sciences, as well as in popular culture, about whether kindness can exist in a competitive world. Yom Kippur is a Jewish (犹太人的) religious holiday when Jewish people fast and ask for forgiveness for the wrongs they’ve committed. One of the points of Yom Kippur is to behave better regardless of who is watching. There’s an evolutionary beauty to the teachings of Yom Kippur, which are the products of thousands of years of cultural changes and evolution. The Maasai people of Kenya practice osotua: relationships between people that operate based on need. When someone forms an osotua relationship with another, they enter into an unwritten contract to help their partner in times of need. And hunter-gatherer groups, which can represent the circumstances our species evolved in, have many similar examples. Cultural evolution helps to explain the existence and complexity of these systems. Cultural changes are far faster than biological evolution, allowing intelligent species like humans to develop behavioral adaptations for managing complex social environments. Osotua, or any other practice that helps to maintain good treatment of others in society, is the result of tens of thousands of years of cultural trial and error. The customs passed down over time are those that help us to develop as cultural groups. The study of those changes has helped us to understand how we successfully spread around the world as cooperative groups. Biological evolution has helped humans be more cooperative, but cultural changes have accelerated this process. Cultural evolution helps us to overcome our selfish natures. Try to understand rules before you ignore them — and next time you find a fiver on the ground, you might think about the awkward situation your discovery represents. 13．What made the parents feel a bit awkward? A．The difficulty sharing the money. B．The difficulty finding the owner of the money. C．The thought of putting the money on the bench. D．The thought of keeping the money for themselves. 15．How is biological evolution different from cultural evolution? A．It evolves much slower. B．It takes much less time. C．It is a more complex process. D．It makes humans more cooperative. 题型03 推理判断题 · 以事实为依据，进行逻辑推理：推理判断题要求考生根据文章中的事实信息，通过逻辑推理得出结论。要注意区分事实与观点，确保推理过程符合文章的逻辑关系。 · 体会文章语言特点，把握作者写作态度：理解作者的观点和态度是进行推理判断的基础。有时候作者的观点和态度并不是明确表达出来的，需要考生认真体察和分析。 · 关注文章中的隐含信息：推理判断题往往考查文章中隐含或深层的含义。考生需要关注文章中的修辞、语气、隐含意思等，挖掘出文章的深层含义。 Would you BET on the future of this man? He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning, and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives, he deter-mines to write a book. The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes, and the book was Don Quixote (《堂吉诃德》). And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days, while others go to seed long before? We’ve all known people who run out of steam before they reach life’s halfway mark. I’m not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We can’t all get there. I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years. Most of us, in fact, progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are everywhere. The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills. We learn to bear with the things we can’t change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love us——an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing. With high motivation and enthusiasm, we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life. However, we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos (自我), whether to loved ones, to fellow humans, to work, or to some moral concept. Many of us equate (视……等同于) “commitment” with such “caring” occupations as teaching and nursing. But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment. People who work toward such excellence whether they are driving a truck, or running a store———make the world better just by being the kind of people they are. They’ve learned life’s most valuable lesson. 1．The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that ________. A．loss of freedom stimulates one’s creativity B．age is not a barrier to achieving one’s goal C．misery inspires a man to fight against his fate D．disability cannot stop a man´s pursuit of success 2．What could be inferred from Paragraph 4? A．Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped. B．Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead. C．Opportunity favors those with a curious mind. D．Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind. 3．What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5? A．A tough man can tolerate suffering. B．A wise man can live without self-pity. C．A man should try to satisfy people around him. D．A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A．To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life. B．To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work. C．To state the importance of generating motivation for learning. D．To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career. 题型04 词义猜测题 · 利用上下文语境：通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测生词或短语的含义。上下文提供的语境线索是推断词义的关键。 · 注意词义的多义性和搭配：一个词可能有多个义项，要结合上下文选择最合适的词义。同时注意词与词之间的搭配习惯，如固定搭配、习惯用法等。 · 借助语法知识：根据句子结构和语法关系来判断词义。例如，通过句子成分、从句关系等来推断词义。 The mushrooming video screens in buses, taxis and apartment halls in cities like Shanghai are taking away our already rare resource: a place for a moment of peace. Taking a nap or reading a book on buses is less pleasant now, as the LCD screens broadcast news, entertainment and advertisements at unbearable volumes. You pay the bus fare simply to get a ride—undisturbed—but now you are exposed to this “added value”, whether you like it or not. If it’s a crowded bus, the noise is even more exasperating. More and more Chinese cities have joined Shanghai, regarded as the first to put video screens on buses, disturbing millions of passengers. .......... 29．What does the underlined word “exasperating” in Paragraph 2 mean? A．Entertaining. B．Encouraging. C．Disappointing. D．Annoying. First-year college students often are expected or required to live in dormitories. In the rest years, it’s usually up to those students to decide whether to live on or off campus. ........... At first glance, off-campus housing can appear less expensive. But the additional expenses outside of rent — like utilities, groceries, Internet access, cable and furniture — are often overlooked. To reduce off-campus costs, some students choose to overpack houses or apartments, sometimes with four or five people in a two-bedroom house. Unlike off-campus housing, the total cost of living on campus is typically all-inclusive, coveting rent, utilities, furniture, Wi-Fi and a meal plan. 19．What does the underlined word “overpack” in the last paragraph mean? A．Overlook. B．Overconsume. C．Overestimate. D．Overload. 题型01 主旨大意题 【来源】上海市格致中学2024-2025学年高三上学期阶段练习卷 As computers become more and more popular in China, Chinese people are increasingly depending on computer keyboards to input Chinese characters. But if they use the computer too much, they may end up forgetting the exact strokes (笔画) of each Chinese character when writing on paper. Experts suggest people, especially students, write by hand more. …….. Many educators think differently. Shi Liwei, the headmaster of a famous primary school in the capital said, “Chinese characters enjoy both practical value and artistic beauty. But those characters typed with computer keyboards only maintain their practical value. All the artistic beauty of the characters is lost. And handwriting contains the writer’s emotion. Through one’s handwriting, people can get to know one’s thinking and personality. Beautiful writing will give people a better first impression of them.” To encourage students to hand-write more, many primary schools in Beijing have made writing classes compulsory (必修的) and in universities, some professors are asking students to turn in their homework and essays written by hand. 24．Which of the following can best serve as the title of the passage? A．To Type or to Hand-write. B．How to Improve Handwriting. C．Practical Value and Artistic Beauty of Chinese Characters. D．Writing by Computer Will Replace Writing by Hand. 题型02 细节理解题 【来源】上海市建平中学2024-2025学年高三上学期9月月考英语试卷 JULY 19TH was a day for help- desk heroes. A routine software update by CrowdStrike, a cyber-security company, caused computer breakdown in offices, hospitals and airports worldwide. Most white-collar workers looked miserably at their screens and realised just how useless they are if they cannot log in. People in IT came to the rescue of helpless colleagues and stranded passengers. Their work that day was full of stress — but also full of meaning. If machines can add purpose to some jobs when they fail, what about when they work properly? This is not a meaningless question. Technologies tend to spread in less dramatic ways, task by task rather than role by role. Before machines replace individuals, they change the nature of the work they do. A recent paper, from Milena Nikolova and Femke Cnossen looked at the prevalence of robots in industrial settings and how that affected workers. Robots reduced the perceived meaningfulness of jobs across the board, regardless of age, gender, skills and the type of work. In theory, machines can free up time for more interesting tasks; in practice, they seem to have had the opposite effect. …….. 13．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the first and second paragraphs? A．Machines can sometimes add more purposes to jobs when they fail. B．Technologies typically spread across entire roles, replacing workers in one go. C．Potential demerits of introducing machines in the workplace have been recorded. D．A cyber-security company caused technological faults on purpose when testing the software. 14．What’s the conclusion of Ms Nikolova’s research in industrial settings? A．Workers feel more autonomous and in control when working with robots. B．Machines reduce the sense of purpose in human workers’ jobs in reality. C．Industrial robots replace human workers, eliminating their tasks and roles. D．Automation facilitates manual labor, increasing the variety of tasks. 题型03 推理判断题 【来源】上海市延安中学2024-2025学年高三上学期开学考试英语试题 Being single is a joyful defiance of convention Single people are often seen as living half a life. We’re just incomplete puzzles, desperately searching for the missing piece to make us whole. But what if the risk is not what we’ll miss out on if we don’t centre our lives around a romantic partner, but what we’ll miss out on if we do? For millions of people, being single is the key to living their best life. They are what Dr Bella DePaulo calls the “single at heart”, and when I first heard that term, I knew she was talking about me. After reading survey data from more than 20,000 people across 100 countries carefully, DePaulo found that — contrary to cultural assumptions that the unpartnered will die miserable and alone, surrounded by cats - those who embrace their single status actually grow happier as they age. The “single at heart” are thriving because of their solo status, not in spite of it. 17．What can be inferred about the societal perception of single people from the passage? A．Society has a neutral attitude towards and doesn’t discriminate against them. B．Society almost fully supports and understands the choices of single people. C．Society often views single people negatively and assumes they are incomplete. D．Society has no expectations and imposes no restrictions for single people. 18．What does the author imply by saying “Perhaps if single status was not viewed as something every unpartnered person wants to change, we would see greater equity for those doing life solo”? A．Current policies are fair to and have no huge impact on single people. B．Changing society’s prejudice could lead to better treatment of single people. C．Single people should try to change their status by striving for equal opportunities. D．Societal status should be considered by single people instead of by everyone. 题型04 词义猜测题 【来源】上海市格致中学2024-2025学年高三上学期阶段练习卷 ……… All the students interviewed say they usually use a computer. It’s faster and easier to correct if using a computer. And that’s why computers are being used more and more often to modern education. But when people are taking stock of computers increasingly, problems appear. ……… 22．What does the underlined expression “taking stock of” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Getting bored with. B．Thinking carefully about. C．Getting curious about. D．Becoming crazy about. A （2025年宝山一模） World Hunger Day is about celebrating solutions that keep people from suffering or dying due to lack of food. Read about some causes and also some of the efforts being made to stop this worldwide problem. Why, in a world where we technically produce enough food to feed everyone, do millions of people go to bed hungry each night? The statistics are tragic, and such a contradiction should have no place in our modern world. The UN's second sustainability goal, "Zero Hunger," is an ambitious plan to end hunger in the world by 2030. However, the global scale of the hunger staggers the imagination, and it's getting worse. According to World Vision, as many as 828 million people, or 10% of the global population, are suffering from food insecurity. What are the driving forces behind this stubborn blight (疫病) of hunger? Armed conflict is one. It forces people from their homes, ruins economies and turns millions of people into refugees who become reliant on aid, and luck, for their daily needs. Extreme weather events - like droughts, flooding, hurricanes and cyclones - also drive world hunger by destroying homes and making farmland unusable. Finally, around 30 percent of the world's food is lost or wasted annually. Food loss occurs when food is damaged or spoiled while moving through the supply chain. Food waste happens when individuals, supermarkets or restaurants buy more food than they need and throw away the excess (超过). World Hunger Day, which is today, isn't just about bad news. Founded in 2011 by The Hunger Project, World Hunger Day is also about celebrating solutions that will eliminate starvation. In Africa, The Hunger Project has been working to encourage more sustainable and efficient farming methods. For example, by diversifying their crops, farmers will have healthier soil. Furthermore, since farmers need access to safe, clean water, The Hunger Project teaches people how to monitor, maintain and repair water systems such as water pumps. The UN World Food Programme aids farmers by helping them connect to local economies, improve production methods and reduce crop losses. And, for women who are pregnant or nursing and for children, they provide special foods like nutrient-rich peanut paste. So what can you do to help root out world hunger? Aside from striving to reduce your food waste, keep educating yourself and others about the issue. Look for opportunities to feed the hungry in your own communities. There are some fantastic organizations such as SALT Collectiv, who regularly organize and coordinate events to help orphans and feed the hungry. Each step, each choice, each voice can help make hunger a thing of the past. 43. The word stagger in the third paragraph most probably means ______. A. shock B. improve C. restrict D. affect 44. The purpose of the passage is ______. A. to objectively analyze the reasons of starvation B. to seriously warn people of the starvation C. to encourage people to fight against hunger D. to think highly of the effort to try to get rid of hunger 45. What can we infer from the passage? A. Hunger will become a thing of the past. B. Starvation exists mainly in Africa. C. People who need food may get it around themselves. D. It is impossible to get rid of starvation in the world. 46. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. The Cause of Starvation B. The March toward Zero Hunger C. The Solution to Starvation D. The Consequence of Hunger B （2025年普陀区一模） Art has always occupied a special place in society. Many people consider artists to be the ultimate authorities on the nature and expression of beauty. For much of history, the practice of art was mysterious, and artists were viewed as being somewhat odd and often mad. Even the word most commonly associated with artists —inspiration —has its own magical qualities. Literally, "inspiration"is the breathing in of a spirit. Artists were thought of as people who were uniquely inspired to create. Of course, artists contributed to this mythology(神话). Many artists credited their talents to the presence of some supernatural power. "Whole movements of art have centered on the supposedly otherworldly nature of art. For example, the Romantic poets believed that art was a term thatmeant an ultimate expression of beauty and truth. The search for this ideal led them to explore both natural and supernatural themes in their works. Another persistent view of art regarded its divorce from logic. Reason and logic were the province of scientists and philosophers, whereas creativity and insight were the area of the artists. The two separate aspects of the mind were supposed to remain distinct. But in 1704, a major breakthrough occurred. Sir Isaac Newton, mathematician and physicist, published his study of light, Opticks. One of Newton's major discoveries was on the nature of color. Using a prism(棱镜), Newton found that white light is actually composed of all the colors of the rainbow. He even provided a scientific explanation for the presence of rainbows. The artistic community was shocked. A scientist had taken a beautiful and magical experience and reduced it to the simple refraction of beams of light through the prism of a raindrop. A scientist had ventured into their sacred territory. More than a hundred years later, John Keats, one of the most famous Romantic poets, accused Newton of reducing beauty by "unweaving the rainbow. "His colleague, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, famously remarked that the souls of five hundred Newtons would be needed to make one Shakespeare. And yet, from another perspective, Newton did not reduce the beauty of the rainbow;he enhanced it. In his search to uncover the secrets of the rainbow, Newton demonstrated the wonder, creativity, and inspiration of an artist. He also gave the world another opportunity to experience the sublime(绝妙). Newton's discovery paved the way for the development of the science of spectroscopy, a way of analyzing the chemical makeup of light. Now scientists can look at the stars and know their composition. The sense of wonder this ability creates is not much different from the wonder the poet or artist feels when staring at those same stars. 43. According to the passage, what was the common view of artists in history? A. Artists were considered logical and rational. B. Artists were seen as inspired and somewhat strange. C. Artists were primarily focused on scientific discovery. D. Artists were thought to be without any supernatural beliefs. 44. How did the Romantic poets react to Newton's discovery about light and color? A. They believed it added a new dimension to the appreciation of beauty. B. They credited Newton's insights to mystical influences. C. They were inspired to integrate more scientific themes in their poetry. D. They felt it faded the poetic beauty of natural phenomena. 45. Why does the author mention John Keats'and Samuel Taylor Coleridge's views on Isaac Newton? A. To emphasize the superior creativity of poets over scientists. B. To highlight the impact of scientific discoveries on artistic perception. C. To state that Shakespeare's knowledge of beauty was unmatched. D. To show that Romantic poets objected to scientific progress. 46. Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A. The Artistic Interpretation of Science B. The Contrast between Art and Logics C. The Interplay of Art and Science D. Isaac Newton's Influence on Arts C 【来源】上海市上海中学2024-2025学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题 The recent trust crisis has led many scientists to take up arms to defend their enterprise, but in their attempt to fight back against various forms of science denial, some scientists say things that just aren’t true - and you can’t build trust if the things you are saying are not trustworthy. One popular move is to insist that science is right - full stop - and that once we discover the truth about the world, we are done. Anyone who denies such truths is ignorant. Or, as Nobel Prize-winning physicist Steven Weinberg said, “Even though a scientific theory is in a sense a social consensus (共识), it is unlike any other sort of consensus in that it is culture-free and permanent.” Well, no. Science is a process of learning and discovery, and sometimes we learn that what we thought was right is wrong. Even a modest familiarity with the history of science offers many examples of matters that scientists thought they had resolved, only to discover that they needed to be reconsidered. Another popular move is to say scientific findings are true because scientists use “the scientific method”. But we can never actually agree on what that method is. Some will say it is empiricism: observation and description of the world. Others will say it is the experimental method: the use of experiment to test hypotheses (假设). Recently some prominent scientists claimed the scientific method was to avoid fooling oneself into thinking something is true that is not, and vice versa. Each of these commonly-held views has its merits, but if the claim is that any one of these is the scientific method, then they all fail. History and philosophy have shown that the idea of a singular scientific method is, well, unscientific. In fact, the methods of science have varied between disciplines and across time. Many scientific practices, particularly statistical tests of significance, have been developed with the idea of avoiding wishful thinking and self-deception, but that hardly constitutes “the scientific method”. Scientists have bitterly argued about which methods are the best, and, as we all know, bitter arguments rarely get resolved. In my view, the biggest mistake scientists make is to claim that this is all somehow simple and therefore to imply that anyone who doesn’t get it is dumb. Science is not simple, and neither is the natural world; therein lies the challenge of science communication. What we do is both hard and, often, hard to explain. Our efforts to understand and portray the natural world are just that: efforts. Because we’re human, we often fall flat. The good news is that when that happens, we pick ourselves up, brush ourselves off, and get back to work. Understanding the beautiful, complex world we live in, and using that knowledge to do useful things, is both its own reward and why taxpayers should be happy to fund research. Scientific theories are not perfect copies of reality, but we have good reason to believe that they capture significant elements of it. And experience reminds us that when we ignore reality, it sooner or later comes back to bite us. 1．The quote from Steven Weinberg is intended to ______. A．illustrate that scientific theories are free from cultural influences B．stress what was believed to be true may turn out to be false theories C．show even great scientists may be unfamiliar with the history of science D．serve as an example of the belief that science produces permanent truths 2．What can be learned from all the popular opinions on “the scientific method” mentioned in the passage? A．One way to make scientific discovery is doing experiments to observe and describe the world. B．Some hold the scientific method focuses on proving hypotheses correct through experiments. C．Some suggest employing the scientific method to avoid self-deception in scientific inquiry. D．The scientific method has evolved over time and varied across scientific disciplines. 3．The underlined phrase “fall flat” in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to ______. A．fail to achieve a goal B．lie on one’s back C．fall behind the times D．rise to challenges 4．Which of the following statements does the author probably agree with? A．It’s pointless to agree on a single scientific method as science is right in itself. B．Science can’t supply absolute truths about the real world, but it brings us closer. C．Reflection on the history of science may help scientists restore public trust in science. D．Making scientific theories easily understandable is the biggest challenge for scientists. D 【来源】上海市七宝中学2024-2025学年高三上学期月考英语试题 In the college-admissions wars, we parents are the true fighters. We’re pushing our kids to get good grades, take SAT preparatory courses and build resumes to they can get into the college of our first choice. I’ve twice been to the wars, and as I survey the battlefield, something different is happening. We see our kids’ college background as a prize demonstrating how well we’ve raised them. But we can’t acknowledge that our obsession is more about us than them. So we’ve come up with various justifications that turn out to be half-truths, prejudices or myths. It actually doesn’t matter much whether Aaron and Nicole go to Stanford. We have a full-blown prestige panic; we worry that there won’t be enough prizes to go around. Fearful parents urge their children to apply to more schools than ever. Underlying the hysteria (歇斯底里) is the belief that scarce elite degrees must be highly valuable. Their graduates must enjoy more success because they get a better education and develop better contacts. All that is plausible-- and mostly wrong. We haven’t found any convincing evidence that selectivity or prestige matters. Selective schools don’t systematically employ better instructional approaches than less selective schools, On two measures- professors’ feedback and the number of essay exams selective schools do slightly worse. By some studies, selective schools do enhance their graduates’ lifetime earnings. The gain is considered at 2-4% for every 100-point increase in a school’s average SAT scores. But even this advantage is probably a statistical fluke (偶然). A well-known study examined students who got into highly selective schools and then went elsewhere. They earned just as much as graduates from higher-status schools. Kids count more than their colleges. Getting into Yale may signify intelligence, talent and ambition. But it’s not the only indicator and its significance is declining. The reason: so many similar people go elsewhere. Getting into college is not life’s only competition. In the next competition--the job market and graduate school-the results may change. Old-boy networks are breaking down. Princeton economist Alan Krueger studied admissions to one top Ph.D．program. High scores on the GRE helped explain who got in; degrees of prestigious universities didn’t. So, parents, lighten up. The stakes (风险) have been vastly exaggerated. Up to a point, we can rationalize (合理化) our pushiness. America is a competitive society; our kids need to adjust to that. But too much pushiness can be destructive. The very ambition we impose on our children may get some into Harvard but may also set them up for disappointment. One study found that, other things being equal, graduates of highly selective schools experienced more job dissatisfaction. They may have been so conditioned to being on top that anything less disappoints. 9．Why does the author say that parents are the true fighters in the college-admissions wars? A．They have the final say in which university their children are to attend. B．They know best which universities are most suitable for their children. C．They care more about which college their children go to than the children themselves. D．They have to carry out intensive surveys of colleges before children make an application. 10．What does the author mean by “kids count more than their colleges” Line 1, para.4? A．Continuing education is more important to a person’s success. B．Kids’ actual abilities are more important than their college background. C．A person’s happiness should be valued more than their education. D．What kids learn at college cannot keep up with job market requirements. 11．What does Krueger’s study tell us? A．Getting into Ph.D．programs may be more competitive than getting into college. B．Graduates from prestigious universities do not care much about their GRE scores. C．Connections built in prestigious universities may be sustained long after graduation. D．Degrees of prestigious universities do not guarantee entry to graduate programs. 12．According to the passage, one possible result of pushing children into elite universities is that ________. A．they experience more job dissatisfaction after graduation B．they earn less than their peers from other institutions C．they turn out to be less competitive in the job market D．they overemphasize their qualifications in job application 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！5 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题14 阅读理解议论文 目录 题型综述 2 解题攻略 3 题型01 主旨大意题 3 题型02 细节理解题 5 题型03 推理判断题 6 题型04 词义猜测题 9 高考练场 11 · 题型简介 高考英语阅读理解议论文，通常围绕某一观点、现象或问题展开论述，作者通过摆事实、讲道理，运用逻辑推理来阐明自身看法，说服读者接受其观点。文章往往结构清晰，包含论点、论据与论证过程，选材涉及社会热点、教育理念、科技发展争议、文化现象剖析等诸多领域，旨在考查学生对复杂文本的理解、分析及批判性思维能力。 · 命题类型 · 主旨大意题：要求提炼文章核心论点，常以 “What's the main idea of the passage?” 这类问句出现，选项可能是对全文中心思想的精准概括，也可能是过于宽泛、片面的干扰表述。 · 细节理解题：针对文中论据、支撑性事例或特定关键信息设题，题目会明确指向文章某一处，如 “According to the passage, which of the following statements about... is true?”，考查学生捕捉精准细节的能力。 · 推理判断题：需依据文章现有论述、语气倾向推测隐含意义、作者态度，题干表述多为 “What can be inferred from the passage?”，答案并非原文直白呈现，要经适度推导。 · 词义猜测题：聚焦文中超纲词、熟词僻义或特定语境下有特殊含义的词汇，例如 “The underlined word ‘XXX’ in the paragraph most probably means...”，要求结合上下文破解词义谜团。 · 解题思路 · 读题预判：快速浏览题目与选项，圈出关键信息，像主旨题中的 “main idea”、细节题里的专有名词等，预判阅读重点，带着问题意识去读文章。 · 通读抓论点：首次通读，定位文章开头段，多数议论文在此点明主题、抛出论点；同时留意各段首句，它们常起承上启下、引出分论点的作用，梳理出全文论述脉络。 · 定位找论据：碰上细节、词义类题目，依据题目关键词，精准回文定位，在定位段落中细读上下文，借助因果、对比、举例等逻辑关系锁定答案，比如出现 “for example” 后的内容大概率是在解释前面论点，对理解词义、补充细节很关键。 · 推理重逻辑：面对推理题，紧扣文章已知观点、事实，杜绝过度臆想，分析作者用词褒贬、论证走向来判断态度倾向；梳理段落、句子间的逻辑链条，像因果推导、让步转折后的语义走向，让推理有理有据。 · 核查避陷阱：选完答案后，代入原文再次核查，看选项是否契合全文主旨、对应细节是否无误，警惕偷换概念、无中生有、以偏概全这类常见陷阱选项。 题型01 主旨大意题 · 关注文章的首尾段落：议论文的主旨通常出现在文章的开头或结尾。首段往往提出论点或问题，尾段则总结观点或得出结论。 · 抓住主题句和关键词：主题句是概括文章主旨的关键。在阅读过程中，要注意段落中的主题句以及文章中反复出现的关键词。 · 综合各段大意，归纳总结：如果文章没有明确的主题句，可以先概括每一段的大意，然后综合各段内容，归纳出文章的中心思想。 “Woman reading book, under a night sky, dreamy atmosphere,” I type into Deep Dream Generator’s Text 2 Dream feature. In less than a minute, an image is returned to me showing what I’ve described. Welcome to the world of AI image generation, where you can create what on the surface looks like top-rank artwork using just a few text prompts (提示). But closer examination shows oddities. The face of the woman in my image has very odd features, and appears to be holding multiple books. And, while there’s an initial thrill at seeing an image appear, there’s no creative satisfaction. AI image generation could influence everything from film to graphic novels and more. Children’s illustrators were quick to raise concerns about the technology. They say AI-generated art is the exact opposite of what art is believed to be. Fundamentally, art is all about translating something that you feel internally into something that exists externally. Whatever form it takes, true art is about the creative process much more than it’s about the final piece. And simply pressing a button to generate an image is not a creative process. Beyond creativity, there are deeper issues. To create images from prompts, AI generators rely on databases of already existing art and text. This could lead to the creation of images that are intentionally meant to imitate the style of other artists, without their agreement. There is an argument that AI generators work no differently to humans when it comes to being influenced by others’ work. However, a human artist is also adding emotion and nuance (细微差别) into the mix. AI doesn’t do the same — it can only copy. The increasing use of AI will also lead to a devaluing (贬低) of the work of artists. There’s already a negative prejudice towards the creative industry. People will begin to think that their “work” is as excellent as that created by someone who has spent a career making art. It’s nonsense, of course. You can use your mobile phone to take a nice picture of your daughter, but you are no match for professionals. 7．What is Paragraph 4 of the text mainly about? A．The styles of human artworks and AI ones. B．Human artists’ influence on AI generators. C．Different means used in human and AI art creation. D．The drawbacks of drawing from existing art and text. 8．Which of the following best summarizes the last paragraph? A．Art is the mirror of life. B．Rome is not built in a day. C．No man can do two things at once. D．Don’t judge a book by its cover. 【答案】 7．C 8．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。作者认为人工智能图像生成虽然便捷，但也有不少弊端，在文中从几个方面进行了阐述。 7．主旨大意题。根据第四段第二句到第四句“To create images from prompts, AI generators rely on databases of already existing art and text. This could lead to the creation of images that are intentionally meant to imitate the style of other artists, without their agreement. There is an argument that AI generators work no differently to humans when it comes to being influenced by others’ work.(为了根据提示创建图像，人工智能生成器依赖于已经存在的艺术和文本数据库。这可能会导致在未经其他艺术家同意的情况下，故意模仿其他艺术家的风格。有一种观点认为，人工智能生成器在受他人工作影响方面与人类没有什么不同。)”和最后两句“However, a human artist is also adding emotion and nuance (细微差别) into the mix. AI doesn’t do the same — it can only copy.(然而，人类艺术家也在混合中添加情感和细微差别。人工智能不会做同样的事情——它只能复制。)”可知，第四段主要是讲在人类和AI艺术创作中使用的不同手段。故选C。 8．主旨大意题。根据最后一段第一句“The increasing use of AI will also lead to a devaluing (贬低) of the work of artists.(越来越多地使用人工智能也将导致艺术家的作品贬值。)”可知，“冰冻三尺非一日之寒”最能总结最后一段。故选B。 题型02 细节理解题 · 抓论点、寻论据：阅读议论文时，要抓住作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。这些论点和论据是理解文章细节的关键，能够帮助考生快速定位到相关信息。 · 注重文章结构，理清文章脉络：把握文章的论证结构，如“提出问题—分析问题—解决问题”或“论点—论据—结论”，这样可以更好地理解作者的论证过程和细节信息。 · 利用寻读法：对于直接信息题，可以快速浏览文章，寻找与题目相关的关键词或信息点。对于间接信息题，则需要对原文信息进行同义转换或归纳概括。 Recently, I was walking with some parents when we came across a five-pound note lying on the ground. We stood around it for a moment, a bit awkwardly, until someone suggested putting it on a nearby bench. Then one of the parents remarked that we’d probably have behaved differently — that is, we would have just taken the money — had we been alone. This relates to a classic question in studies of human generosity: do we behave more selfishly when we aren’t being observed? The debate goes on across the psychological and biological sciences, as well as in popular culture, about whether kindness can exist in a competitive world. Yom Kippur is a Jewish (犹太人的) religious holiday when Jewish people fast and ask for forgiveness for the wrongs they’ve committed. One of the points of Yom Kippur is to behave better regardless of who is watching. There’s an evolutionary beauty to the teachings of Yom Kippur, which are the products of thousands of years of cultural changes and evolution. The Maasai people of Kenya practice osotua: relationships between people that operate based on need. When someone forms an osotua relationship with another, they enter into an unwritten contract to help their partner in times of need. And hunter-gatherer groups, which can represent the circumstances our species evolved in, have many similar examples. Cultural evolution helps to explain the existence and complexity of these systems. Cultural changes are far faster than biological evolution, allowing intelligent species like humans to develop behavioral adaptations for managing complex social environments. Osotua, or any other practice that helps to maintain good treatment of others in society, is the result of tens of thousands of years of cultural trial and error. The customs passed down over time are those that help us to develop as cultural groups. The study of those changes has helped us to understand how we successfully spread around the world as cooperative groups. Biological evolution has helped humans be more cooperative, but cultural changes have accelerated this process. Cultural evolution helps us to overcome our selfish natures. Try to understand rules before you ignore them — and next time you find a fiver on the ground, you might think about the awkward situation your discovery represents. 13．What made the parents feel a bit awkward? A．The difficulty sharing the money. B．The difficulty finding the owner of the money. C．The thought of putting the money on the bench. D．The thought of keeping the money for themselves. 15．How is biological evolution different from cultural evolution? A．It evolves much slower. B．It takes much less time. C．It is a more complex process. D．It makes humans more cooperative. 【答案】13．D 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了在这个充满竞争的世界里善行是存在的，不同的社会中存在不同的善行的事例，而善行的存在是千百年来的文化进化所致，它帮助我们克服自私的本性。 13．细节理解题。根据第一段中“We stood around it for a moment, a bit awkwardly, until someone suggested putting it on a nearby bench. Then one of the parents remarked that we’d probably have behaved differently — that is, we would have just taken the money — had we been alone. (我们围着它有点尴尬地站了一会儿，直到有人建议把它放在附近的长凳上。然后，其中一位家长说，如果我们单独在那里，我们的行为可能会有所不同——也就是说，我们会直接拿走钱)”可知，当看到地上的钱时，这些父母们实际上产生了自私的想法：将钱占为己有，这种想法使人感到有点尴尬。故选D项。 15．细节理解题。根据第五段中“Cultural changes are far faster than biological evolution, allowing intelligent species like humans to develop behavioral adaptations for managing complex social environments. (文化的变化比生物进化要快得多，这使得像人类这样有智力的物种能够发展出适应复杂社会环境的行为)”可知，生物进化与文化进化的不同之处在于它进行地慢得多。故选A项。 题型03 推理判断题 · 以事实为依据，进行逻辑推理：推理判断题要求考生根据文章中的事实信息，通过逻辑推理得出结论。要注意区分事实与观点，确保推理过程符合文章的逻辑关系。 · 体会文章语言特点，把握作者写作态度：理解作者的观点和态度是进行推理判断的基础。有时候作者的观点和态度并不是明确表达出来的，需要考生认真体察和分析。 · 关注文章中的隐含信息：推理判断题往往考查文章中隐含或深层的含义。考生需要关注文章中的修辞、语气、隐含意思等，挖掘出文章的深层含义。 Would you BET on the future of this man? He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning, and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives, he deter-mines to write a book. The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes, and the book was Don Quixote (《堂吉诃德》). And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days, while others go to seed long before? We’ve all known people who run out of steam before they reach life’s halfway mark. I’m not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We can’t all get there. I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years. Most of us, in fact, progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are everywhere. The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills. We learn to bear with the things we can’t change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love us——an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing. With high motivation and enthusiasm, we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life. However, we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos (自我), whether to loved ones, to fellow humans, to work, or to some moral concept. Many of us equate (视……等同于) “commitment” with such “caring” occupations as teaching and nursing. But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment. People who work toward such excellence whether they are driving a truck, or running a store———make the world better just by being the kind of people they are. They’ve learned life’s most valuable lesson. 1．The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that ________. A．loss of freedom stimulates one’s creativity B．age is not a barrier to achieving one’s goal C．misery inspires a man to fight against his fate D．disability cannot stop a man´s pursuit of success 2．What could be inferred from Paragraph 4? A．Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped. B．Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead. C．Opportunity favors those with a curious mind. D．Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind. 3．What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5? A．A tough man can tolerate suffering. B．A wise man can live without self-pity. C．A man should try to satisfy people around him. D．A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A．To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life. B．To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work. C．To state the importance of generating motivation for learning. D．To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章以名著《堂吉诃德》的作者Cervantes的事迹为例，讲述了想要成功，就要不断地学习，这样人生才有意义。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning, and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives, he deter-mines to write a book. (他今年53岁。他成年后的大部分时间都在与债务和不幸作着失败的斗争。一次战争受伤使他的左手失去了功能，他经常被关进监狱。不知出于什么动机，他决定写一本书。)”可知，Cervantes已经53岁，不再年轻，前半生一直生活在不幸中，但即便这样，他还是决定写一本书；根据第二段“The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. (事实证明，这本书350多年来一直受到全世界的欢迎。)”可知，他最终实现了目标，并取得了巨大成功。由此推知，文章用Cervantes的故事作为开始，是为了告诉读者年龄不是实现目标的障碍。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are everywhere. (没什么让我们惊讶的。我们失去了惊奇感。但是，如果我们愿意学习，机会无处不在。)”可知，从第4段可以推断出机会垂青于有好奇心的人。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段“We learn to bear with the things we can’t change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love us——an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing. (我们学会忍受我们无法改变的事情。我们学会避免自怜。我们知道，无论我们多么努力地取悦别人，有些人永远不会爱我们——这个想法一开始会让人烦恼，但最终会让人放松。)”可推知，作者是想告诉我们，要学会用恰当的方式来对待生活。故选D。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第六段“With high motivation and enthusiasm, we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life. However, we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos (自我), whether to loved ones, to fellow humans, to work, or to some moral concept. (有了高度的动力和热情，我们就能继续学习。然后我们就会知道在我们的生活中有意义是多么重要。然而，只有当我们对比我们的小我更重要的事情做出承诺时，我们才能获得意义，无论是对所爱的人，对人类同胞，对工作，还是对某些道德观念。)”可知，作者的目的是为了给人们指导人们如何过上有意义的成年生活。故选A。 题型04 词义猜测题 · 利用上下文语境：通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测生词或短语的含义。上下文提供的语境线索是推断词义的关键。 · 注意词义的多义性和搭配：一个词可能有多个义项，要结合上下文选择最合适的词义。同时注意词与词之间的搭配习惯，如固定搭配、习惯用法等。 · 借助语法知识：根据句子结构和语法关系来判断词义。例如，通过句子成分、从句关系等来推断词义。 The mushrooming video screens in buses, taxis and apartment halls in cities like Shanghai are taking away our already rare resource: a place for a moment of peace. Taking a nap or reading a book on buses is less pleasant now, as the LCD screens broadcast news, entertainment and advertisements at unbearable volumes. You pay the bus fare simply to get a ride—undisturbed—but now you are exposed to this “added value”, whether you like it or not. If it’s a crowded bus, the noise is even more exasperating. More and more Chinese cities have joined Shanghai, regarded as the first to put video screens on buses, disturbing millions of passengers. .......... 29．What does the underlined word “exasperating” in Paragraph 2 mean? A．Entertaining. B．Encouraging. C．Disappointing. D．Annoying. 【答案】29．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讨论了在公交车、出租车、公寓大厅里用视频屏幕播放内容这一现象，这夺走了人们寻找片刻安宁的机会。 29．词句猜测题。根据画线词前句“You pay the bus fare simply to get a ride—undisturbed—but now you are exposed to this ‘added value’, whether you like it or not.(你支付公交车费用只是为了乘车——不受干扰——但现在你暴露在这种‘附加值’中，无论你喜欢与否。)”可知，乘客 乘坐公交车是为了不受干扰地乘车，但视频屏幕播放内容会打扰乘客享受安宁，再结合画线词所在句中的“a crowded bus”和“the noise”可推知，在拥挤的公交车中，播放视频的噪音会更加让人生气。exasperating意为“惹人生气的”，与annoying意思最接近。故选D。 First-year college students often are expected or required to live in dormitories. In the rest years, it’s usually up to those students to decide whether to live on or off campus. ........... At first glance, off-campus housing can appear less expensive. But the additional expenses outside of rent — like utilities, groceries, Internet access, cable and furniture — are often overlooked. To reduce off-campus costs, some students choose to overpack houses or apartments, sometimes with four or five people in a two-bedroom house. Unlike off-campus housing, the total cost of living on campus is typically all-inclusive, coveting rent, utilities, furniture, Wi-Fi and a meal plan. 19．What does the underlined word “overpack” in the last paragraph mean? A．Overlook. B．Overconsume. C．Overestimate. D．Overload. 【答案】 19．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要介绍的是大学生选择校内外住宿的优劣，并提供了选择建议，分析了校内住宿对学习的益处和校外住宿的独立生活技能需求。 19．词义猜测题。根据划线单词前的“To reduce off-campus costs(为了减少校外居住的成本)”以及划线单词后的“sometimes with four or five people in a two-bedroom house(有时四五个人住在一套两居室的房子里。)”可知，为了降低成本，有些学生选择在两室的卧房里住进四五个人，说明房子里住的人太多，由此可推断，划线单词overpack的意思应与“塞满或者挤满”意思相近。故选D项。 题型01 主旨大意题 【来源】上海市格致中学2024-2025学年高三上学期阶段练习卷 As computers become more and more popular in China, Chinese people are increasingly depending on computer keyboards to input Chinese characters. But if they use the computer too much, they may end up forgetting the exact strokes (笔画) of each Chinese character when writing on paper. Experts suggest people, especially students, write by hand more. …….. Many educators think differently. Shi Liwei, the headmaster of a famous primary school in the capital said, “Chinese characters enjoy both practical value and artistic beauty. But those characters typed with computer keyboards only maintain their practical value. All the artistic beauty of the characters is lost. And handwriting contains the writer’s emotion. Through one’s handwriting, people can get to know one’s thinking and personality. Beautiful writing will give people a better first impression of them.” To encourage students to hand-write more, many primary schools in Beijing have made writing classes compulsory (必修的) and in universities, some professors are asking students to turn in their homework and essays written by hand. 24．Which of the following can best serve as the title of the passage? A．To Type or to Hand-write. B．How to Improve Handwriting. C．Practical Value and Artistic Beauty of Chinese Characters. D．Writing by Computer Will Replace Writing by Hand. 【答案】 24．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要围绕电脑的普及使手写减少，引发对手写价值的讨论。 24．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“As computers become more and more popular in China, Chinese people are increasingly depending on computer keyboards to input Chinese characters. But if they use the computer too much, they may end up forgetting the exact strokes (笔画) of each Chinese character when writing on paper. Experts suggest people, especially students, write by hand more.(随着电脑在中国越来越普及，中国人越来越依赖电脑键盘输入汉字。但是，如果他们使用电脑太多，他们可能会忘记在纸上写字时每个汉字的准确笔画。专家建议人们，尤其是学生，多用手写字。)”及最后两段可知，文章主要讨论了随着计算机在中国的普及，中国人越来越依赖电脑键盘输入汉字，但这可能导致他们忘记在纸上书写汉字的确切笔画。专家建议人们，尤其是学生，应该更多地手写。文章通过对比手写和打字的优缺点，探讨了手写汉字的重要性和价值。因此，“To Type or to Hand-write”可以作为文章的最佳标题，因为它准确地概括了文章的主要内容和讨论的主题。故选A。 题型02 细节理解题 【来源】上海市建平中学2024-2025学年高三上学期9月月考英语试卷 JULY 19TH was a day for help- desk heroes. A routine software update by CrowdStrike, a cyber-security company, caused computer breakdown in offices, hospitals and airports worldwide. Most white-collar workers looked miserably at their screens and realised just how useless they are if they cannot log in. People in IT came to the rescue of helpless colleagues and stranded passengers. Their work that day was full of stress — but also full of meaning. If machines can add purpose to some jobs when they fail, what about when they work properly? This is not a meaningless question. Technologies tend to spread in less dramatic ways, task by task rather than role by role. Before machines replace individuals, they change the nature of the work they do. A recent paper, from Milena Nikolova and Femke Cnossen looked at the prevalence of robots in industrial settings and how that affected workers. Robots reduced the perceived meaningfulness of jobs across the board, regardless of age, gender, skills and the type of work. In theory, machines can free up time for more interesting tasks; in practice, they seem to have had the opposite effect. …….. 13．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the first and second paragraphs? A．Machines can sometimes add more purposes to jobs when they fail. B．Technologies typically spread across entire roles, replacing workers in one go. C．Potential demerits of introducing machines in the workplace have been recorded. D．A cyber-security company caused technological faults on purpose when testing the software. 14．What’s the conclusion of Ms Nikolova’s research in industrial settings? A．Workers feel more autonomous and in control when working with robots. B．Machines reduce the sense of purpose in human workers’ jobs in reality. C．Industrial robots replace human workers, eliminating their tasks and roles. D．Automation facilitates manual labor, increasing the variety of tasks. 【答案】13．A 14．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕“机器和人工智能对工作质量和员工感受的影响”这一主题展开讨论，通过引用多个研究案例和分析，探讨了机器在出现故障和正常运转时对工作的影响，以及自动化和人工智能在不同行业中的应用对员工感受和工作质量的潜在影响。 13．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Most white - collar workers looked miserably at their screens and realised just how useless they are if they cannot log in. People in IT came to the rescue of helpless colleagues and stranded passengers. Their work that day was full of stress— but also full of meaning. (大多数白领悲惨地盯着他们的屏幕，意识到如果无法登录，他们的工作将变得毫无意义。信息技术部门的人员前来解救那些无助的同事和被困的乘客。他们那天的工作充满了压力，但也充满了意义。)”以及第二段“If machines can add purpose to some jobs when they fail, what about when they work properly? (如果机器在出现故障时能给某些工作增添意义，那么当它们正常运转时又会怎样呢？)”可知，有时候机器出现故障的时候，会给一些工作增添意义。故选A。 14．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“A recent paper, from Milena Nikolova and Femke Cnossen looked at the prevalence of robots in industrial settings and how that affected workers. Robots reduced the perceived meaningfulness of jobs across the board, regardless of age, gender, skills and the type of work. In theory, machines can free up time for more interesting tasks; in practice, they seem to have had the opposite effect.( Milena Nikolova和Femke Cnossen撰写的一篇近期论文研究了工业环境中机器人的普及程度以及这对工人的影响。机器人普遍降低了工作的意义感，无论年龄、性别、技能水平和工作类型如何。理论上，机器可以腾出时间让人去做更有趣的任务；但实际上，它们似乎产生了相反的效果。)”可知，Nikolova女士的研究表明，机器减少了人类工作者工作中的意义感。故选B。 题型03 推理判断题 【来源】上海市延安中学2024-2025学年高三上学期开学考试英语试题 Being single is a joyful defiance of convention Single people are often seen as living half a life. We’re just incomplete puzzles, desperately searching for the missing piece to make us whole. But what if the risk is not what we’ll miss out on if we don’t centre our lives around a romantic partner, but what we’ll miss out on if we do? For millions of people, being single is the key to living their best life. They are what Dr Bella DePaulo calls the “single at heart”, and when I first heard that term, I knew she was talking about me. After reading survey data from more than 20,000 people across 100 countries carefully, DePaulo found that — contrary to cultural assumptions that the unpartnered will die miserable and alone, surrounded by cats - those who embrace their single status actually grow happier as they age. The “single at heart” are thriving because of their solo status, not in spite of it. 17．What can be inferred about the societal perception of single people from the passage? A．Society has a neutral attitude towards and doesn’t discriminate against them. B．Society almost fully supports and understands the choices of single people. C．Society often views single people negatively and assumes they are incomplete. D．Society has no expectations and imposes no restrictions for single people. 18．What does the author imply by saying “Perhaps if single status was not viewed as something every unpartnered person wants to change, we would see greater equity for those doing life solo”? A．Current policies are fair to and have no huge impact on single people. B．Changing society’s prejudice could lead to better treatment of single people. C．Single people should try to change their status by striving for equal opportunities. D．Societal status should be considered by single people instead of by everyone. 【答案】17．C 18．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讨论了单身生活作为一种积极、独立且自由的选择，而非传统观念中所谓的“不完整”或“次等”的生活方式。 17．推理判断题。根据第一段“Single people are often seen as living half a life. We’re just incomplete puzzles, desperately searching for the missing piece to make us whole.(单身的人常常被认为过着一半的生活。我们只是不完整的拼图，拼命地寻找缺失的那块使我们完整。)”可知，社会经常消极地看待单身人士，认为他们是不完整的。故选C。 18．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Perhaps if single status was not viewed as something every unpartnered person wants to change, we would see greater equity for those doing life solo.(也许，如果单身状态不被视为每个单身人士都想改变的事情，我们就会看到那些独自生活的人获得更大的平等。)”可知，如果社会不再将单身状态视为需要改变的事情，那么选择单身生活的人将得到更公平的待遇，作者通过说这句话暗示了改变社会偏见可能会让单身人士得到更好的待遇。故选B。 题型04 词义猜测题 【来源】上海市格致中学2024-2025学年高三上学期阶段练习卷 ……… All the students interviewed say they usually use a computer. It’s faster and easier to correct if using a computer. And that’s why computers are being used more and more often to modern education. But when people are taking stock of computers increasingly, problems appear. ……… 22．What does the underlined expression “taking stock of” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Getting bored with. B．Thinking carefully about. C．Getting curious about. D．Becoming crazy about. 22．B 22．词句猜测题。结合选项和下文“problems appear (问题就出现了)”可推知，当人们开始仔细审视电脑时，就会发现问题。所以taking stock of表示与同义Thinking carefully about，意为“(对某情况)进行反思，作出评估”。故选B。 A （2025年宝山一模） World Hunger Day is about celebrating solutions that keep people from suffering or dying due to lack of food. Read about some causes and also some of the efforts being made to stop this worldwide problem. Why, in a world where we technically produce enough food to feed everyone, do millions of people go to bed hungry each night? The statistics are tragic, and such a contradiction should have no place in our modern world. The UN's second sustainability goal, "Zero Hunger," is an ambitious plan to end hunger in the world by 2030. However, the global scale of the hunger staggers the imagination, and it's getting worse. According to World Vision, as many as 828 million people, or 10% of the global population, are suffering from food insecurity. What are the driving forces behind this stubborn blight (疫病) of hunger? Armed conflict is one. It forces people from their homes, ruins economies and turns millions of people into refugees who become reliant on aid, and luck, for their daily needs. Extreme weather events - like droughts, flooding, hurricanes and cyclones - also drive world hunger by destroying homes and making farmland unusable. Finally, around 30 percent of the world's food is lost or wasted annually. Food loss occurs when food is damaged or spoiled while moving through the supply chain. Food waste happens when individuals, supermarkets or restaurants buy more food than they need and throw away the excess (超过). World Hunger Day, which is today, isn't just about bad news. Founded in 2011 by The Hunger Project, World Hunger Day is also about celebrating solutions that will eliminate starvation. In Africa, The Hunger Project has been working to encourage more sustainable and efficient farming methods. For example, by diversifying their crops, farmers will have healthier soil. Furthermore, since farmers need access to safe, clean water, The Hunger Project teaches people how to monitor, maintain and repair water systems such as water pumps. The UN World Food Programme aids farmers by helping them connect to local economies, improve production methods and reduce crop losses. And, for women who are pregnant or nursing and for children, they provide special foods like nutrient-rich peanut paste. So what can you do to help root out world hunger? Aside from striving to reduce your food waste, keep educating yourself and others about the issue. Look for opportunities to feed the hungry in your own communities. There are some fantastic organizations such as SALT Collectiv, who regularly organize and coordinate events to help orphans and feed the hungry. Each step, each choice, each voice can help make hunger a thing of the past. 43. The word stagger in the third paragraph most probably means ______. A. shock B. improve C. restrict D. affect 44. The purpose of the passage is ______. A. to objectively analyze the reasons of starvation B. to seriously warn people of the starvation C. to encourage people to fight against hunger D. to think highly of the effort to try to get rid of hunger 45. What can we infer from the passage? A. Hunger will become a thing of the past. B. Starvation exists mainly in Africa. C. People who need food may get it around themselves. D. It is impossible to get rid of starvation in the world. 46. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. The Cause of Starvation B. The March toward Zero Hunger C. The Solution to Starvation D. The Consequence of Hunger 【答案】 43. A 44. D 45. C 46. B 【导读】 本文围绕世界饥饿问题展开，首先指出在全球粮食产量理论上足够的情况下，仍有大量人口面临饥饿的矛盾现状，接着分析了导致饥饿的原因，如武装冲突、极端天气和食物浪费等。同时介绍了世界饥饿日及其所倡导的解决饥饿问题的措施，像非洲实施可持续农业方法、联合国世界粮食计划署提供援助等，最后呼吁人们行动起来，共同对抗饥饿。 【解析】 43. 词义猜测题：根据第三段 “The UN's second sustainability goal, 'Zero Hunger,' is an ambitious plan to end hunger in the world by 2030. However, the global scale of the hunger staggers the imagination, and it's getting worse.” 可知，联合国虽有消除饥饿的目标，但全球饥饿的规模与之形成反差且愈发严重，这种情况应是令人震惊的。“improve” 意为 “改善”；“restrict” 意为 “限制”；“affect” 意为 “影响”，均不符合此处语境。“shock” 有 “使震惊” 之意，符合语境，所以答案是 A。 44. 目的意图题：文章不仅分析了饥饿的原因，还强调了为解决饥饿问题所做的努力和解决方案。文章的基调是积极的，鼓励人们参与到抗击饥饿的行动中来，因此正确答案是D. to think highly of the effort to try to get rid of hunger（高度评价努力消除饥饿的努力）。 45. 推理判断题：根据最后一段 “Look for opportunities to feed the hungry in your own communities. There are some fantastic organizations such as SALT Collectiv, who regularly organize and coordinate events to help orphans and feed the hungry.” 可知，有组织在社区开展帮助饥饿人群的活动，由此可推断需要食物的人可能在自己周边获得食物，C 选项正确。A 选项 “饥饿将成为过去” 过于绝对，文中只是呼吁努力让饥饿成为过去，但未表明一定会实现；B 选项 “饥饿主要存在于非洲”，文中提到全球都有饥饿问题，并非主要在非洲；D 选项 “在世界上消除饥饿是不可能的” 与文章倡导的努力消除饥饿相悖。所以答案是 C。 46. 主旨大意题：文章围绕消除饥饿这一主题，既提到了饥饿问题及原因，也介绍了为实现 “零饥饿” 目标所做的努力和人们应采取的行动，“The March toward Zero Hunger”（迈向零饥饿）能很好地概括文章内容，B 选项正确。A 选项 “饥饿的原因” 和 C 选项 “饥饿的解决办法” 都只是文章部分内容；D 选项 “饥饿的后果” 文中未提及。所以答案是 B。 【重点词块】 sustainability goal 可持续发展目标 armed conflict 武装冲突 extreme weather events 极端天气事件 food insecurity 粮食不安全 supply chain 供应链 sustainable farming methods 可持续农业方法 diversify crops 使农作物多样化 root out 根除 strive to 努力做…… 【复杂句式】 1. “Why, in a world where we technically produce enough food to feed everyone, do millions of people go to bed hungry each night?” 分析：这是一个特殊疑问句，“in a world where we technically produce enough food to feed everyone” 是地点状语，其中 “where we technically produce enough food to feed everyone” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 “world”。句子主干是 “Why do millions of people go to bed hungry each night?”，正常语序为 “Millions of people go to bed hungry each night in a world where we technically produce enough food to feed everyone. Why?”，这里将 “in a world...” 提前，是为了强调这种矛盾的情境。 翻译：为什么在一个理论上我们生产的食物足以养活所有人的世界里，每天晚上仍有数百万人饿着肚子上床睡觉呢？ 2. “Armed conflict is one. It forces people from their homes, ruins economies and turns millions of people into refugees who become reliant on aid, and luck, for their daily needs.” 分析：前一句 “Armed conflict is one.” 是简单句，表明武装冲突是导致饥饿的一个原因。后一句是一个复合句，“It forces people from their homes, ruins economies and turns millions of people into refugees” 是并列的谓语结构，描述武装冲突带来的一系列后果，“who become reliant on aid, and luck, for their daily needs” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 “refugees”，说明难民对援助和运气的依赖。 翻译：武装冲突是（导致饥饿的原因）之一。它迫使人们背井离乡，破坏经济，并使数百万人沦为难民，这些难民依赖援助和运气来满足他们的日常需求。 3. “Finally, around 30 percent of the world's food is lost or wasted annually. Food loss occurs when food is damaged or spoiled while moving through the supply chain. Food waste happens when individuals, supermarkets or restaurants buy more food than they need and throw away the excess.” 分析：第一句是简单句，说明全球食物损失和浪费的比例。第二句是复合句，“when food is damaged or spoiled while moving through the supply chain” 是时间状语从句，描述食物损失发生的情况。第三句同样是复合句，“when individuals, supermarkets or restaurants buy more food than they need and throw away the excess” 是时间状语从句，阐述食物浪费发生的情形，其中 “than they need” 是比较状语从句。 翻译：最后，全球每年约有 30% 的食物损失或浪费。食物损失发生在食物在供应链流转过程中受损或变质的时候。当个人、超市或餐馆购买的食物超过他们的需求并扔掉多余的部分时，就会发生食物浪费。 4. “In Africa, The Hunger Project has been working to encourage more sustainable and efficient farming methods. For example, by diversifying their crops, farmers will have healthier soil. Furthermore, since farmers need access to safe, clean water, The Hunger Project teaches people how to monitor, maintain and repair water systems such as water pumps.” 分析：第一句是简单句，“has been working” 是现在完成进行时，表示从过去一直持续到现在的动作，说明 “饥饿项目” 一直在努力鼓励采用可持续和高效的农业方法。第二句是简单句，“by diversifying their crops” 是方式状语，表明通过多样化种植农作物来实现土壤更健康的方式。第三句是复合句，“since farmers need access to safe, clean water” 是原因状语从句，说明 “饥饿项目” 教人们如何监测、维护和修理水系统的原因。 翻译：在非洲，“饥饿项目” 一直在努力鼓励采用更可持续和高效的农业方法。例如，通过使农作物多样化，农民将拥有更健康的土壤。此外，由于农民需要获得安全、清洁的水，“饥饿项目” 教人们如何监测、维护和修理水泵等水系统。 B （2025年普陀区一模） Art has always occupied a special place in society. Many people consider artists to be the ultimate authorities on the nature and expression of beauty. For much of history, the practice of art was mysterious, and artists were viewed as being somewhat odd and often mad. Even the word most commonly associated with artists —inspiration —has its own magical qualities. Literally, "inspiration"is the breathing in of a spirit. Artists were thought of as people who were uniquely inspired to create. Of course, artists contributed to this mythology(神话). Many artists credited their talents to the presence of some supernatural power. "Whole movements of art have centered on the supposedly otherworldly nature of art. For example, the Romantic poets believed that art was a term thatmeant an ultimate expression of beauty and truth. The search for this ideal led them to explore both natural and supernatural themes in their works. Another persistent view of art regarded its divorce from logic. Reason and logic were the province of scientists and philosophers, whereas creativity and insight were the area of the artists. The two separate aspects of the mind were supposed to remain distinct. But in 1704, a major breakthrough occurred. Sir Isaac Newton, mathematician and physicist, published his study of light, Opticks. One of Newton's major discoveries was on the nature of color. Using a prism(棱镜), Newton found that white light is actually composed of all the colors of the rainbow. He even provided a scientific explanation for the presence of rainbows. The artistic community was shocked. A scientist had taken a beautiful and magical experience and reduced it to the simple refraction of beams of light through the prism of a raindrop. A scientist had ventured into their sacred territory. More than a hundred years later, John Keats, one of the most famous Romantic poets, accused Newton of reducing beauty by "unweaving the rainbow. "His colleague, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, famously remarked that the souls of five hundred Newtons would be needed to make one Shakespeare. And yet, from another perspective, Newton did not reduce the beauty of the rainbow;he enhanced it. In his search to uncover the secrets of the rainbow, Newton demonstrated the wonder, creativity, and inspiration of an artist. He also gave the world another opportunity to experience the sublime(绝妙). Newton's discovery paved the way for the development of the science of spectroscopy, a way of analyzing the chemical makeup of light. Now scientists can look at the stars and know their composition. The sense of wonder this ability creates is not much different from the wonder the poet or artist feels when staring at those same stars. 43. According to the passage, what was the common view of artists in history? A. Artists were considered logical and rational. B. Artists were seen as inspired and somewhat strange. C. Artists were primarily focused on scientific discovery. D. Artists were thought to be without any supernatural beliefs. 44. How did the Romantic poets react to Newton's discovery about light and color? A. They believed it added a new dimension to the appreciation of beauty. B. They credited Newton's insights to mystical influences. C. They were inspired to integrate more scientific themes in their poetry. D. They felt it faded the poetic beauty of natural phenomena. 45. Why does the author mention John Keats'and Samuel Taylor Coleridge's views on Isaac Newton? A. To emphasize the superior creativity of poets over scientists. B. To highlight the impact of scientific discoveries on artistic perception. C. To state that Shakespeare's knowledge of beauty was unmatched. D. To show that Romantic poets objected to scientific progress. 46. Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A. The Artistic Interpretation of Science B. The Contrast between Art and Logics C. The Interplay of Art and Science D. Isaac Newton's Influence on Arts 【答案】 43. B 44. D 45. B 46. C 【导读】本文探讨了艺术与科学的关系。在历史上，艺术家常被视为受灵感启发且有些古怪的人，艺术创作被认为具有神秘性，与逻辑分离。1704 年牛顿对光和颜色的发现震惊了艺术界，浪漫主义诗人认为牛顿此举破坏了自然现象的诗意美。但从另一角度看，牛顿的发现也展现了如艺术家般的创造力，且为科学发展奠定基础，引发人们对艺术与科学相互作用的思考。 【解析】 43. 细节理解题：根据第一段 “For much of history, the practice of art was mysterious, and artists were viewed as being somewhat odd and often mad. Even the word most commonly associated with artists — inspiration — has its own magical qualities. Artists were thought of as people who were uniquely inspired to create.” 可知，在历史上，艺术家被视为受灵感启发且有些古怪的人，B 选项正确。A 选项，文中提到艺术与逻辑分离，艺术家并非被认为是有逻辑和理性的；C 选项，艺术家主要关注的并非科学发现；D 选项，许多艺术家将自己的才能归功于超自然力量，并非没有超自然信仰。所以答案是 B。 44. 细节理解题：从最后一段 “More than a hundred years later, John Keats, one of the most famous Romantic poets, accused Newton of reducing beauty by "unweaving the rainbow."” 可知，浪漫主义诗人认为牛顿的发现减少了自然现象的诗意美，D 选项正确。A 选项与诗人观点相悖；B 选项，诗人并未将牛顿的见解归功于神秘影响；C 选项，文中未提及诗人因此在诗歌中融入更多科学主题。所以答案是 D。 45. 推理判断题：作者提及约翰・济慈和塞缪尔・泰勒・柯勒律治对牛顿的看法，是为了突出科学发现对艺术认知的影响，B 选项正确。A 选项，并非强调诗人创造力优于科学家；C 选项，提及莎士比亚不是重点，重点是体现科学对艺术认知的影响；D 选项，诗人并非反对科学进步，而是认为牛顿的发现影响了艺术对美的认知。所以答案是 B。 46. 主旨大意题：文章围绕艺术与科学展开，阐述了两者在历史认知中的不同以及牛顿的科学发现对艺术认知的影响，体现了艺术与科学的相互作用，C 选项 “艺术与科学的相互作用” 为最佳标题。A 选项 “科学的艺术解读” 片面；B 选项 “艺术与逻辑的对比” 只是其中一部分内容；D 选项 “艾萨克・牛顿对艺术的影响” 也过于片面。所以答案是 C。 【重点词快】 ultimate：adj. 最终的；根本的；最好的，最典型的 authority：n. 权威；权力；当局 inspiration：n. 灵感；鼓舞人心的人（或事物） mythology：n. 神话；神话学；虚构的故事 supernatural：adj. 超自然的；神奇的；不可思议的 divorce：n. /v. 离婚；分离，脱离 province：n. 领域；省份；职权 prism：n. 棱镜；棱柱体 refraction：n. 折射 venture：v. 冒险；敢于；冒昧地说 n. 冒险；风险项目 sacred：adj. 神圣的；宗教的；庄严的 enhance：v. 提高；增强；增进 sublime：adj. 绝妙的；宏伟的；令人赞叹的 spectroscopy：n. 光谱学；波谱学 【复杂句式】 1.“Literally, "inspiration" is the breathing in of a spirit. Artists were thought of as people who were uniquely inspired to create.” 分析：第一个句子是简单句，阐述 “inspiration” 字面含义。第二个句子中 “who were uniquely inspired to create” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 “people”，说明被认为是艺术家的这类人的特点。 翻译：从字面上看，“灵感” 就是一种精神的吸入。艺术家被认为是那些受到独特启发去创作的人。 2. “Whole movements of art have centered on the supposedly otherworldly nature of art. For example, the Romantic poets believed that art was a term that meant an ultimate expression of beauty and truth.” 分析：第一个句子为主谓宾结构，“centered on” 为谓语短语。第二个句子中 “that art was a term that meant an ultimate expression of beauty and truth” 为宾语从句，作 “believed” 的宾语，其中 “that meant an ultimate expression of beauty and truth” 又是定语从句，修饰 “term”。 翻译：整个艺术运动都围绕着艺术所谓的超凡脱俗的本质。例如，浪漫主义诗人认为艺术是一个意味着美与真的终极表达的术语。 3. “Using a prism (棱镜), Newton found that white light is actually composed of all the colors of the rainbow. He even provided a scientific explanation for the presence of rainbows.” 分析：第一个句子中 “Using a prism” 为现在分词短语作方式状语，“that white light is actually composed of all the colors of the rainbow” 为宾语从句，作 “found” 的宾语。第二个句子是简单句。 翻译：牛顿使用棱镜发现，白光实际上是由彩虹的所有颜色组成的。他甚至为彩虹的出现提供了科学解释。 4.“More than a hundred years later, John Keats, one of the most famous Romantic poets, accused Newton of reducing beauty by "unweaving the rainbow."” 分析：“More than a hundred years later” 为时间状语，“one of the most famous Romantic poets” 为插入语，对 “John Keats” 进行补充说明，“accused Newton of reducing beauty by "unweaving the rainbow"” 为句子的主干部分，其中 “by "unweaving the rainbow"” 为方式状语。 翻译：一百多年后，最著名的浪漫主义诗人之一约翰・济慈指责牛顿通过 “解开彩虹” 来减少美。 5. “In his search to uncover the secrets of the rainbow, Newton demonstrated the wonder, creativity, and inspiration of an artist. He also gave the world another opportunity to experience the sublime (绝妙).” 分析：第一个句子中 “In his search to uncover the secrets of the rainbow” 为介词短语作状语，表明牛顿在做某事的过程中，句子主干为 “Newton demonstrated the wonder, creativity, and inspiration of an artist”。第二个句子是简单句。 翻译：在探索彩虹秘密的过程中，牛顿展现了艺术家的惊奇感、创造力和灵感。他也给了世界另一个体验绝妙之处的机会。 C 【来源】上海市上海中学2024-2025学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题 The recent trust crisis has led many scientists to take up arms to defend their enterprise, but in their attempt to fight back against various forms of science denial, some scientists say things that just aren’t true - and you can’t build trust if the things you are saying are not trustworthy. One popular move is to insist that science is right - full stop - and that once we discover the truth about the world, we are done. Anyone who denies such truths is ignorant. Or, as Nobel Prize-winning physicist Steven Weinberg said, “Even though a scientific theory is in a sense a social consensus (共识), it is unlike any other sort of consensus in that it is culture-free and permanent.” Well, no. Science is a process of learning and discovery, and sometimes we learn that what we thought was right is wrong. Even a modest familiarity with the history of science offers many examples of matters that scientists thought they had resolved, only to discover that they needed to be reconsidered. Another popular move is to say scientific findings are true because scientists use “the scientific method”. But we can never actually agree on what that method is. Some will say it is empiricism: observation and description of the world. Others will say it is the experimental method: the use of experiment to test hypotheses (假设). Recently some prominent scientists claimed the scientific method was to avoid fooling oneself into thinking something is true that is not, and vice versa. Each of these commonly-held views has its merits, but if the claim is that any one of these is the scientific method, then they all fail. History and philosophy have shown that the idea of a singular scientific method is, well, unscientific. In fact, the methods of science have varied between disciplines and across time. Many scientific practices, particularly statistical tests of significance, have been developed with the idea of avoiding wishful thinking and self-deception, but that hardly constitutes “the scientific method”. Scientists have bitterly argued about which methods are the best, and, as we all know, bitter arguments rarely get resolved. In my view, the biggest mistake scientists make is to claim that this is all somehow simple and therefore to imply that anyone who doesn’t get it is dumb. Science is not simple, and neither is the natural world; therein lies the challenge of science communication. What we do is both hard and, often, hard to explain. Our efforts to understand and portray the natural world are just that: efforts. Because we’re human, we often fall flat. The good news is that when that happens, we pick ourselves up, brush ourselves off, and get back to work. Understanding the beautiful, complex world we live in, and using that knowledge to do useful things, is both its own reward and why taxpayers should be happy to fund research. Scientific theories are not perfect copies of reality, but we have good reason to believe that they capture significant elements of it. And experience reminds us that when we ignore reality, it sooner or later comes back to bite us. 1．The quote from Steven Weinberg is intended to ______. A．illustrate that scientific theories are free from cultural influences B．stress what was believed to be true may turn out to be false theories C．show even great scientists may be unfamiliar with the history of science D．serve as an example of the belief that science produces permanent truths 2．What can be learned from all the popular opinions on “the scientific method” mentioned in the passage? A．One way to make scientific discovery is doing experiments to observe and describe the world. B．Some hold the scientific method focuses on proving hypotheses correct through experiments. C．Some suggest employing the scientific method to avoid self-deception in scientific inquiry. D．The scientific method has evolved over time and varied across scientific disciplines. 3．The underlined phrase “fall flat” in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to ______. A．fail to achieve a goal B．lie on one’s back C．fall behind the times D．rise to challenges 4．Which of the following statements does the author probably agree with? A．It’s pointless to agree on a single scientific method as science is right in itself. B．Science can’t supply absolute truths about the real world, but it brings us closer. C．Reflection on the history of science may help scientists restore public trust in science. D．Making scientific theories easily understandable is the biggest challenge for scientists. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了在信任危机下科学家捍卫科学事业时存在的问题，包括忽视科学是一个不断学习与发现的过程，认为某种单一的科学方法更好，以及将科学简单化，同时指出科学不能提供关于现实世界的绝对真理，但它使我们更接近真理。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“One popular move is to insist that science is right - full stop - and that once we discover the truth about the world, we are done. Anyone who denies such truths is ignorant. Or, as Nobel Prize-winning physicist Steven Weinberg said, “Even though a scientific theory is in a sense a social consensus (共识), it is unlike any other sort of consensus in that it is culture-free and permanent.” (一种流行的做法是坚称科学是正确的——到此为止——一旦我们发现了世界的真相，我们就完成了任务。任何否认这些真理的人都是无知的。或者，正如诺贝尔奖得主物理学家Steven Weinberg所说，“尽管科学理论在某种意义上是一种社会共识，但它不同于任何其他类型的共识，因为它不受文化的影响，而且是永恒的。”)”可知，Steven Weinberg认为科学理论与文化无关，是永恒的，这支撑了前面提到的科学产生永恒真理的观点，是对其例证。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Recently some prominent scientists claimed the scientific method was to avoid fooling oneself into thinking something is true that is not, and vice versa. (最近，一些著名的科学家声称，科学的方法是避免欺骗自己，使自己误以为某事是真的，反之亦然。)”可知，一些人建议采用科学的方法来避免在科学研究中自我欺骗。A项“进行科学发现的一种方法是通过实验来观察和描述世界”与第三段中“Some will say it is empiricism: observation and description of the world. (有人会说这是经验主义：对世界的观察和描述。)”不符，观察和描述世界是经验主义的方法；B项“一些人认为科学方法的重点是通过实验证明假设是正确的”与第三段中“Others will say it is the experimental method: the use of experiment to test hypotheses (假设). (其他人会说这是实验方法：用实验来检验假设。)”不符，实验是用来检验假设的，假设有可能被证伪；D项“科学方法随着时间的推移而发展，在不同的科学学科中也有所不同”与第四段中“In fact, the methods of science have varied between disciplines and across time. (事实上，不同学科和不同时代的科学方法是不同的。)”不符，科学方法在不同时代不同不意味着它随着时间的推移而发展。故选C项。 3．词句猜测题。根据画线部分的上文“Science is not simple, and neither is the natural world; therein lies the challenge of science communication. What we do is both hard and, often, hard to explain. Our efforts to understand and portray the natural world are just that: efforts. Because we’re human (科学并不简单，自然界也不简单；这就是科学传播的挑战所在。我们所做的事情既困难又难以解释。我们理解和描绘自然界的努力仅仅是努力。因为我们是人类)”可知，科学和自然界都不简单，人类在理解和描绘自然界上面临挑战，存在局限性。由此可知，我们经常会失败，画线部分意思应该与fail to achieve a goal“目标达成失败”意思相近。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Science is a process of learning and discovery, and sometimes we learn that what we thought was right is wrong. (科学是一个学习和发现的过程，有时我们会发现我们认为正确的是错误的。)”、倒数第二段中“Science is not simple, and neither is the natural world; therein lies the challenge of science communication. What we do is both hard and, often, hard to explain. Our efforts to understand and portray the natural world are just that: efforts. (科学并不简单，自然界也不简单；这就是科学传播的挑战所在。我们所做的事情既困难又难以解释。我们理解和描绘自然世界的努力仅仅是努力。)”和最后一段中“Scientific theories are not perfect copies of reality, but we have good reason to believe that they capture significant elements of it. (科学理论并不是对现实的完美复制，但我们有充分的理由相信，它们捕捉到了现实的重要元素。)”可知，作者指出，人类在理解和描绘自然界上存在局限性，而且科学本身是学习和发现的过程，其中也会发生错误，但科学理论的确可以揭示现实的某些重要方面。由此可知，作者的观点可能是“科学不能提供关于现实世界的绝对真理，但它使我们更接近真理”。故选B项。 D 【来源】上海市七宝中学2024-2025学年高三上学期月考英语试题 In the college-admissions wars, we parents are the true fighters. We’re pushing our kids to get good grades, take SAT preparatory courses and build resumes to they can get into the college of our first choice. I’ve twice been to the wars, and as I survey the battlefield, something different is happening. We see our kids’ college background as a prize demonstrating how well we’ve raised them. But we can’t acknowledge that our obsession is more about us than them. So we’ve come up with various justifications that turn out to be half-truths, prejudices or myths. It actually doesn’t matter much whether Aaron and Nicole go to Stanford. We have a full-blown prestige panic; we worry that there won’t be enough prizes to go around. Fearful parents urge their children to apply to more schools than ever. Underlying the hysteria (歇斯底里) is the belief that scarce elite degrees must be highly valuable. Their graduates must enjoy more success because they get a better education and develop better contacts. All that is plausible-- and mostly wrong. We haven’t found any convincing evidence that selectivity or prestige matters. Selective schools don’t systematically employ better instructional approaches than less selective schools, On two measures- professors’ feedback and the number of essay exams selective schools do slightly worse. By some studies, selective schools do enhance their graduates’ lifetime earnings. The gain is considered at 2-4% for every 100-point increase in a school’s average SAT scores. But even this advantage is probably a statistical fluke (偶然). A well-known study examined students who got into highly selective schools and then went elsewhere. They earned just as much as graduates from higher-status schools. Kids count more than their colleges. Getting into Yale may signify intelligence, talent and ambition. But it’s not the only indicator and its significance is declining. The reason: so many similar people go elsewhere. Getting into college is not life’s only competition. In the next competition--the job market and graduate school-the results may change. Old-boy networks are breaking down. Princeton economist Alan Krueger studied admissions to one top Ph.D．program. High scores on the GRE helped explain who got in; degrees of prestigious universities didn’t. So, parents, lighten up. The stakes (风险) have been vastly exaggerated. Up to a point, we can rationalize (合理化) our pushiness. America is a competitive society; our kids need to adjust to that. But too much pushiness can be destructive. The very ambition we impose on our children may get some into Harvard but may also set them up for disappointment. One study found that, other things being equal, graduates of highly selective schools experienced more job dissatisfaction. They may have been so conditioned to being on top that anything less disappoints. 9．Why does the author say that parents are the true fighters in the college-admissions wars? A．They have the final say in which university their children are to attend. B．They know best which universities are most suitable for their children. C．They care more about which college their children go to than the children themselves. D．They have to carry out intensive surveys of colleges before children make an application. 10．What does the author mean by “kids count more than their colleges” Line 1, para.4? A．Continuing education is more important to a person’s success. B．Kids’ actual abilities are more important than their college background. C．A person’s happiness should be valued more than their education. D．What kids learn at college cannot keep up with job market requirements. 11．What does Krueger’s study tell us? A．Getting into Ph.D．programs may be more competitive than getting into college. B．Graduates from prestigious universities do not care much about their GRE scores. C．Connections built in prestigious universities may be sustained long after graduation. D．Degrees of prestigious universities do not guarantee entry to graduate programs. 12．According to the passage, one possible result of pushing children into elite universities is that ________. A．they experience more job dissatisfaction after graduation B．they earn less than their peers from other institutions C．they turn out to be less competitive in the job market D．they overemphasize their qualifications in job application 【答案】9．C 10．B 11．D 12．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要围绕大学录取战争中的家长行为、名校崇拜的现象及其背后的真相展开论述，对这一现象进行了深入的分析和批判，并给出了作者自己的建议和看法。 9．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“In the college-admissions wars, we parents are the true fighters. We’re pushing our kids to get good grades, take SAT preparatory courses and build resumes to they can get into the college of our first choice.(在大学录取这场战役中，我们家长才是真正的战士。我们催促孩子取得好成绩，参加SAT备考课程，并打造简历，以便他们能进入我们首选的大学。)”以及“We see our kids’ college background as a prize demonstrating how well we’ve raised them. But we can’t acknowledge that our obsession is more about us than them.(我们把孩子的大学背景视为一个奖品，证明我们把他们培养得有多好。但我们不愿承认，我们的痴迷更多是关于我们自己，而不是他们。)”可知，家长比孩子更关心他们上哪所大学，因此成为了这场“战争”中的真正战士。故选C。 10．推理判断题。根据该句下文“Getting into Yale may signify intelligence, talent and ambition. But it’s not the only indicator and its significance is declining. The reason: so many similar people go elsewhere. Getting into college is not life’s only competition. In the next competition — the job market and graduate school — the results may change.(进入耶鲁可能代表着智慧、才华和雄心壮志。但这并不是唯一的指标，而且其重要性正在下降。原因是，很多类似的人都去了其他学校。进入大学并不是人生中的唯一竞争。在接下来的竞争——就业市场和研究生院中——结果可能会发生变化。)”可知，进入好的大学确实很重要，但是步入社会后，实际能力可能更重要。故选B。 11．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Princeton economist Alan Krueger studied admissions to one top Ph.D. program. High scores on the GRE helped explain who got in; degrees of prestigious universities didn’t.(普林斯顿大学经济学家Alan Krueger研究了一个顶尖博士项目的录取情况。高分GRE成绩有助于解释谁能被录取；而名校学位则没有这种作用。)”可知，Krueger的研究发现，对于申请顶尖法学院的学生来说，本科学校的名气并没有像人们普遍认为的那样重要，即使本科是名校，也不能保证进入研究生项目。故选D。 12．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“The very ambition we impose on our children may get some into Harvard but may also set them up for disappointment. One study found that, other things being equal, graduates of highly selective schools experienced more job dissatisfaction. They may have been so conditioned to being on top that anything less disappoints.(我们对孩子强加的雄心可能会让他们中的一些人进入哈佛大学，但也可能让他们为失望埋下伏笔。一项研究发现，在其他条件相同的情况下，高度选择性学校的毕业生对工作的满意度更低。他们可能已经习惯了处于顶尖地位，因此任何低于这一标准的结果都会让他们感到失望。)”可知，家长对孩子进入名校的过度关注可能导致孩子没有真正准备好面对现实世界，从而可能在毕业后对工作和职业有更多的不满。故选A。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$