焦点 04 阅读之说明文-备战2025年中考英语新课标（核心素养）一轮复习之题型特训（江苏宿迁）

焦点04 阅读之说明文 备战2025年中考英语新课标（核心素养）一轮复习之题型特训 【基础题】 A Technology has brought ancient poets “back to life”. At the World Robot Conference in late August in Beijing, there were two robots that looked like the Chinese poets Li Bai and Du Fu. They are called bionic (仿生的) robots, made by EXROBOTS from Liaoning, China. The robot’s skin is usually made of silicone (硅胶). It is very soft, and you can even see veins (血管) under it. Another human-like robot also interested people recently. It was created by US company Apptronik. Named Apollo, it has around 30 muscles (肌肉). For now, the robot can only make simple movements. The robot’s head has cameras and sensors (传感器) inside. They can help it map out a 360-degree view of its environment. They also help the robot keep balance when walking on unstable (不稳定的) surfaces. Nowadays, bionic human-like robots mostly work with humans, such as by being tour guides or helping visitors at front desks. This could be because people are comfortable living and working with machines that look and act like them. As more human-like robots come out, safety will be the key, according to the Robot Report. When a 70-kilogram robot breaks down and falls, humans nearby may get hurt. 1．What does the underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 mean? A．Ancient poets really came back from life. B．The robots looked and acted like real ancient poets. C．People can go back in time to see ancient poets. D．The robots can create better poems than poets. 2．What does the skin of the robots made by EXROBOTS show? A．How human-like their robots are. B．What the robot’s skin is made from. C．How soft the robot’s skin is. D．How different it is from other robots. 3．In which situation can bionic robots help you now? A．When you want someone to repair your car. B．When you want someone to travel with you. C．When you don’t want to do housework. D．When you want to carry out scientific research. 4．What is the best title for this text? A．Falling in Love with Human-like Robots B．The Advantages of Human-like Robots C．An Introduction of Human-like Robots D．How to Control a Human-like Robot B ①The seahorse is a small fish with a curly tail. Its size is from as small as a peanut (花生) to as large as a tennis shoe. Seahorses come in many colors, and some even have the ability to change colors to match the environment where they make their homes. ②________ They are the slowest swimmers among fish. Their only way to push themselves forward is by using a tiny fin on their back. Seahorses often hold onto plants with their tails for a faster trip! ③The seahorses’ biggest danger comes from humans. Seahorses feed on tiny fish and plankton (浮游生物), but chemical (化学品) pollution from human activities harms their food. And human-caused climate change has led to warmer ocean temperatures, which put stress on seahorses’ bodies by influencing their breathing and appetite (食欲). What’s more, because seahorses are poor swimmers, they have trouble running away to a safe area when their usual living place is polluted. ④However, these bad things are far less terrible than the seahorse trade. Over 20 million seahorses are caught and killed each year for use in traditional Chinese medicine. On top of this, hundreds of thousands of wild seahorses are sold to private aquarium (水族馆) owners every year. ⑤As it continues, seahorses could disappear by around 2050. But there is still time to save them. Protecting seahorses means never buying them for home aquariums or taking medicine made with them. The whole world needs to protect oceans by cutting down on sea pollution. 1．How does the writer introduce the topic of the passage? A．By showing some choices. B．By giving some basic information. C．By explaining the meaning. D．By comparing two products. 2．Which is the best sentence to fill in “________” in Paragraph 2? A．Seahorses like sleeping late. B．Seahorses have good hearing. C．Seahorses swim very poorly. D．Seahorses eat a lot at a time. 3．Which two paragraphs mainly tell us the reasons why seahorses are in danger? A．Paragraph 1 and Paragraph 2. B．Paragraph 2 and Paragraph 3. C．Paragraph 3 and Paragraph 4. D．Paragraph 4 and Paragraph 5. 4．What’s the main purpose of this passage? A．To explain to people why seahorses are valuable. B．To tell people where the seahorse likes to stay. C．To show people that the seahorse is a small fish. D．To ask people to take action to protect seahorses. C Cai Lun invented paper around 2,000 years ago in China. It is an important invention. Before the invention of paper, people had to remember lots of information or write it on stone, wood, leaves, etc. Today everyone in the world uses paper. With paper, we can make books and print newspapers. Sharing information is a lot easier with the help of paper. People use paper every day. Students do homework and keep a diary on paper. Paper is a great invention. Alan Turing was born in London, England, in 1912. He attended Cambridge University from 1931 to 1934. Turing was a mathematician (数学家) and a computer scientist. Many people called Turing the father of computer science. He created the first design (设计) for a modern computer. Turing wanted to know if a machine could think for itself and trick someone into believing they were having a conversation with another person. This became known as the Turing test. In the test, a human talked to two other people through a computer. One was a machine, and the other was a person. This idea is still used today. 1．People can do the following things with paper EXCEPT ________. A．sharing information B．printing newspapers C．having the Turning test D．making books 2．Many people considered Alan Turing to be ________. A．the inventor of paper B．the father of modern education C．the inventor of paper D．the father of computer science 3．In order to have the test, Turing needed ________ A．three people, one computer and a machine B．two people, one computer and a machine C．two people, two computers and a machine D．one person, one computer and a machine 4．From the passage, we know Cai Lun’s invention and Turning idea are ________. A．hard to accept B．not used any more C．unknown to people D．still used today 【提升题】 A The Taklamakan Desert, known as the “Sea of Death”, is the biggest desert in China and the second largest moving desert in the world. It covers 337,600 square kilometers and now has a 3,046-kilometer-long sand-blocking belt (防沙带) around it. The belt is the longest in the world and is completed by planting desert poplar trees and red willows in Yutian County. The project of building the sand-blocking belt faces many problems. As we all know, the desert is very large. It covers 76% of Xinjiang’s desert area, and its sand dunes (沙丘) are very tall, some reaching as high as 300 meters. So more time, money, and effort are required. The dry climate add more challenges. There is only 50 millimeters of rain in the desert each year, and over 2,500 millimeters of water are lost through evaporation (蒸发). Because there is not enough water, plants are hard to grow. Another problem is that the Taklamakan Desert is one of the most active areas for sandstorms in China. Even with these problems, finishing this sand-blocking belt is a big success. Experts say it is a great achievement in human history, and people’s hard work pays off. The sand-blocking belt protects oases (areas with water and plants) from sandstorms, improves the local environment, and supports farming. It also shows China’s strong skills in managing large environmental projects. A local farmer said he was happy about the project and hoped it would continue to help fight desertification—the process of becoming a desert. In the coming years, Xinjiang will continue to expand the sand-blocking belt to bring 23, 400 square kilometers of desert land back to life by 2030. 1．How long is the sand-blocking belt around the Taklamakan Desert? A．337,600 km. B．3,046 km. C．300 km. D．2,500 km. 2．Which of the following is NOT a difficulty the project faces? A．The sand dunes in the desert get higher every day. B．The desert is so large that more efforts are needed. C．The desert is not wet enough for growing plants. D．The desert is one of the most active areas for sandstorms. 3．What does the underlined word “expand” mean in Paragraph 4? expand /ɪk spænd/ v. A．To talk more about something. B．To become greater in size, number. C．To have more business to make money. D．To become greater in importance. 4．What’s the purpose in writing this passage? A．To discuss the problems in the Taklamakan Desert. B．To invite people to pay a visit to the Taklamakan Desert. C．To introduce the achievement in fighting desertification. D．To help more people in Xinjiang live much better than before. B Your teacher asks you to collect your classmates’ opinions about their favorite school lunches. After asking everyone, you have collected a lot of data (数据) or information and aren’t sure how to organize it. Creating a chart (图表) can be a great way to organize and share your data. Bar chart A bar chart has a horizontal axis (横轴) and a vertical axis (竖轴). It has a title that explains what it shows, and different bars are used to show different amount (量). The vertical axis expresses the amount and the horizontal axis suggests the kinds of data. Pie chart A pie chart helps organize and show data as a percent of a whole. True to the name, it looks a bit like a pie and uses a circle to show the whole. The different pieces of the pie are different sizes depending on how much of the whole pie they show. Each piece is labeled to show what it means. Line chart Line charts are used to show changes to numbers over time. They show what we call continuous data. The different data points are then joined up with straight lines, so we can look at the trend it shows. Flow chart A flow chart shows the different steps in something using boxes and arrows (箭头). It can often have many different directions and different ways. Flow charts can be great for explaining a huge process by breaking it down into different steps. 1．Why do we create a chart according to the passage? A．To collect data. B．To organize and share data. C．To ask the teacher for help. D．To ask everyone’s favorite lunch. 2．Which of the following is a bar chart? A． B． C． D． 3．If we want to show foreigners how tea is produced, which chart is the best choice? A．Bar chart. B．Pie chart. C．Line chart. D．Flow chart. 4．In which kind of book can you probably read this passage? A．A history book. B．A novel. C．A magazine. D．A cookbook. C Some salty deserts are covered with patterns in six-sided shapes, and the ground looks like honeycombs(蜂窝).The six-sided shapes are always 1 to 2 metres across. For years, scientists have tried to find out the causes of the shapes. The deserts are not as dry as they look. They have groundwater. A new study says this could help explain the mystery. Lucas Goehring, an expert in physics at Nottingham Trent University in England, led the study. He and his team came up with an explanation for the six-sided shapes. According to Goehring, below the desert surface is a layer (层) of salty water.You can reach it by digging with your hands. In the hot summer months, the water steams (蒸发). This leaves only salt behind. Some of the salt goes into the next layer of water. This layer of water then becomes thicker and saltier than the one below it. Then the saltier water goes down and the fresher water goes up. The process repeats itself to form what scientists call a convection roll (对流圈)which normally has a round shape. There are so many of the convection rolls and they press against each other to form the six-sided shapes. Scientists say they did their work out of curiosity (好奇心). “Nature presents us with a fascinating mystery,” said Jana Lasser, another expert who helped with the study. “It makes us want to solve it.” 1．What is the mystery most probably caused by according to the new study? A．The movement of sand. B．The strong sunlight in summer. C．The changing weather in the deserts. D．The movement of underground water. 2．Which of the following pictures shows a convection roll? A． B． C． D． 3．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Nature is full of mysteries. B．Curiosity leads to new discoveries. C．We should protect the environment. D．Everyone has the ability to solve problems. 4．Why did the author write the text? A．To introduce a new study. B．To put forward some suggestions. C．To call for people to visit deserts. D．To share some personal experiences. 【拔高题】 A Rainbows are created by light shining through water or clear objects. In nature, rainbows usually appear where rain and sunlight meet. Rainbows are beautiful tricks of light. Science, though, has unlocked their mysteries. Where and When Rainbows Appear Notice the weather the next time you see a rainbow. There will be rain or mist (薄雾) in front of you, and the Sun will be shining from behind you. The rainbow will appear in the rain or mist. Water in the air and direct light are the two things needed to see a rainbow in nature. A rainbow won’t appear if the sky is too cloudy. The best time to see a rainbow is usually in the morning or late afternoon. That’s when the Sun is in the best place to create one. If you’re lucky, you might see a double or even a triple rainbow. You can sometimes see rainbows in the mist of a waterfall, too. A fountain (喷泉) can create a small rainbow, and a sprinkler (洒水器) on a sunny day may put on a colorful show. Rainbows can even form under a bright moon. These special rainbows are called moonbows. To a viewer, a rainbow looks like a half circle. However, a rainbow actually forms a full circle. From the ground, most times we can only see a rainbow’s top half. Sometimes though, lucky airline pilots may see a rainbow’s complete circle from the sky. How Rainbows Form René Descartes was a French scientist. He was born over four hundred years ago. He was attracted by rainbows and wanted to learn more about them. He used sunlight and a big ball filled with water to do experiments. Descartes discovered that to see a rainbow, the viewer must be looking at the light from the right angle(角度). To understand rainbows, it helps to understand how light travels. Light moves at different speeds through different mediums (介质). Think of running on land. Then imagine running in knee-deep water. You move slower through water. In the same way, light moves faster through air than through water. This happens because water is thicker than air. When light enters water, it slows and changes its original path (路线). This process makes objects, such as a pencil sitting in a glass of water seem to bend(弯曲). We can see rainbows in nature when direct light meets drops of rain. Sunlight refracts (折射) as it enters each drop. The light then reflects, or bounces, off the inside of each drop, like light off a mirror. The light refracts again as it exits the drop. Light refracts and reflects in millions of water droplets in the sky at the same time. This process makes all the colors of a rainbow. 1．Which sentence below can best explain the underlined sentence “Rainbows are beautiful tricks of light” in Paragraph 1? A．Rainbows are tricks made by many scientists. B．Someone lied to us about the truth of rainbows. C．Rainbows are made by some unknown magic tricks D．The light plays tricks on people’s eyes and makes rainbows. 2．In which of the following situations, a rainbow CAN’T form? A．Over a sprinkler on a very cloudy day. B．On a misty morning. C．Over a fountain under a bright moon. D．In the mist of a waterfall. 3．Which could be the best picture for the underlined sentence in Paragraph 6? A． B． C． D． 4．Which statement below is TRUE according to the article? A．A rainbow can be a complete circle as well as a half circle. B．You need to stand at a right angle to see a rainbow. C．Light can actually make a pencil bend in water. D．Light moves faster in thicker mediums like water. B ①“Hey, want to do something great with old soft drink cans?” “Sure, let’s use them to go to the moon!” ②I know that sounds crazy. After all, you can’t build an Apollo rocket from old soda cans. However, if you recycle enough cans, you can save as much energy as there is inside a real Apollo rocket. Enough power to reach the Moon! ③Soft drink cans are made of aluminum (铝). Making this metal requires a lot of energy. Aluminum begins as bauxite ore (铝土矿). The ore must be extracted (采掘), crushed (粉碎), and smelted (炼取). Producing soft drink cans needs about 1% of all the electricity used in the USA．Americans use more than 100 billion soft drink cans every year! ④Can we do better? Yes, we can, by recycling. While it takes lots of energy to produce new aluminum, it takes very little energy to turn old aluminum into new products: The metal is simply shredded (撕碎), melted (融化) and recast (再铸) into blocks (大块). By recycling, we can produce 20 soft drink cans using the same energy it would take to make just 1 new can. ⑤Nationwide (在全国), about 100, 000 cans get recycled every minute. To be exact, in 90 minutes, the energy saved by recycling is: E gained by recycling-2000,000 joules (焦耳, 能量单位)*9000,000cans=18 trillion. ⑥That’s a lot of energy. What can we do with that much energy? Can we reach the moon? It does sound crazy. But do you know how much energy do we need to send a rocket to the moon? 15.7 trillion. ⑦Now, compare two values for energy. See? The energy saved by recycling old soft drink cans is more than enough energy to send a rocket to the Moon. And we didn’t even need a whole year of nationwide recycling—just 90 minutes of recycling did it! ⑧Isn’t it a fascinating way to think about recycling? Yet each time you save an empty soft drink can, it’s almost like you’re helping to send a racket. 1．The writer leads into the topic by ________. A．listing some numbers B．asking a question C．offering an answer D．making a conversation 2．Paragraph④mainly tells us ________. A．it is difficult to make soda cans from old aluminum B．it is easy to make soda cans from old aluminum C．to make soda cans from old aluminum, we need much more energy D．to make soda cans from old aluminum, we can save much energy 3．When comparing the two values for energy, which of the following is right? A．Energy saved by recycling＞Energy needed to send a rocket. B．Energy saved by recycling＜Energy needed to send a rocket. C．Energy saved by recycling≥Energy needed to send a rocket. D．Energy saved by recycling=Energy needed to send a rocket. 4．Which of the following might be the best title for the passage? A．Save energy from cans B．Make soda cans from ore C．Build a rocket to the moon D．Drink soda in the moon C According to Ken Croswell, the Sun and the Moon are different. We often think that the Sun rules the day and the Moon rules the night. That’s kind of right, but not totally. The Sun shines all the time. It shines during the day when we see it, and even at night when we don’t. As the Earth turns, sometimes we face the Sun. That’s when we get day. When the Earth’s spin (自转) turns us away from the Sun and we are in the Earth’s shadow, we get night. When people on the opposite side of the Earth face the Sun, those people have day while we have night. The Moon is a different story. Unlike the Sun, it doesn’t make its own light. Moonlight is actually the Sun’s light reflecting (反射) the Moon back to us. The Sun lights up only the side of the Moon that faces the Sun. At Full Moon, the Moon is on the opposite side of the Earth from the Sun. Then the side of the Moon facing the Earth is all lit up. During Full Moon, the Moon rises around sunset, shines all night, and sets around sunrise. Since the moonlight is so bright, you can sometimes see it during the day, too. A few days before Full Moon, if you look east in the afternoon, you may see the Moon in the sky. After Full Moon, you may find it if you look west in the morning. The Moon is most difficult to see at New Moon, when its orbit (轨道) puts it between the Earth and the Sun Then, the side of the Moon facing the Earth is dark and we can’t see the Moon at all. 1．What can we know about the Sun? A．The Sun rules the Moon. B．The Sun shines during both day and night. C．The Sun lights up all the sides of the Moon. D．The Sun shines everywhere at the same time. 2．Which of the following in the dictionary best explains the underlined word “shadow” in Paragraph 3? ①the shape of the Earth        ②the force from the Sun ③the dark area on the Earth        ④the opposite side of the Sun A．① B．② C．③ D．④ 3．Which following picture shows us New Moon? A． B． C． D． 4．This passage is most probably from _______ . A．an advertisement B．a weather report C．a science magazine D．a story book 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 焦点04 阅读之说明文 备战2025年中考英语新课标（核心素养）一轮复习之题型特训 【基础题】 A Technology has brought ancient poets “back to life”. At the World Robot Conference in late August in Beijing, there were two robots that looked like the Chinese poets Li Bai and Du Fu. They are called bionic (仿生的) robots, made by EXROBOTS from Liaoning, China. The robot’s skin is usually made of silicone (硅胶). It is very soft, and you can even see veins (血管) under it. Another human-like robot also interested people recently. It was created by US company Apptronik. Named Apollo, it has around 30 muscles (肌肉). For now, the robot can only make simple movements. The robot’s head has cameras and sensors (传感器) inside. They can help it map out a 360-degree view of its environment. They also help the robot keep balance when walking on unstable (不稳定的) surfaces. Nowadays, bionic human-like robots mostly work with humans, such as by being tour guides or helping visitors at front desks. This could be because people are comfortable living and working with machines that look and act like them. As more human-like robots come out, safety will be the key, according to the Robot Report. When a 70-kilogram robot breaks down and falls, humans nearby may get hurt. 1．What does the underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 mean? A．Ancient poets really came back from life. B．The robots looked and acted like real ancient poets. C．People can go back in time to see ancient poets. D．The robots can create better poems than poets. 2．What does the skin of the robots made by EXROBOTS show? A．How human-like their robots are. B．What the robot’s skin is made from. C．How soft the robot’s skin is. D．How different it is from other robots. 3．In which situation can bionic robots help you now? A．When you want someone to repair your car. B．When you want someone to travel with you. C．When you don’t want to do housework. D．When you want to carry out scientific research. 4．What is the best title for this text? A．Falling in Love with Human-like Robots B．The Advantages of Human-like Robots C．An Introduction of Human-like Robots D．How to Control a Human-like Robot 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4．C 【难度】0.85 【知识点】科学技术、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲了仿生机器人的特点及用途，以及它的不足之处。 1．词句猜测题。根据“At the World Robot Conference in late August in Beijing, there were two robots that looked like the Chinese poets Li Bai and Du Fu.”可知，这两个机器人惟妙惟肖的，故“带古代诗人回到现实生活”是指机器人看起来像真的古代人。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据“It is very soft, and you can even see veins (血管) under it.”可知，机器人的皮肤很柔软，像真人一样，故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据“Nowadays, bionic human-like robots mostly work with humans, such as by being tour guides or helping visitors at front desks.”可知，当你想要某人和你一起旅行时，仿生机器人就可以帮助你，做你的向导。故选B。 4．最佳标题题。文章介绍了仿生机器人的特点及用途，以及它的不足之处。因此，最合适的标题是 “仿生机器人的介绍”(An Introduction of Human-like Robots)。故选C。 B ①The seahorse is a small fish with a curly tail. Its size is from as small as a peanut (花生) to as large as a tennis shoe. Seahorses come in many colors, and some even have the ability to change colors to match the environment where they make their homes. ②________ They are the slowest swimmers among fish. Their only way to push themselves forward is by using a tiny fin on their back. Seahorses often hold onto plants with their tails for a faster trip! ③The seahorses’ biggest danger comes from humans. Seahorses feed on tiny fish and plankton (浮游生物), but chemical (化学品) pollution from human activities harms their food. And human-caused climate change has led to warmer ocean temperatures, which put stress on seahorses’ bodies by influencing their breathing and appetite (食欲). What’s more, because seahorses are poor swimmers, they have trouble running away to a safe area when their usual living place is polluted. ④However, these bad things are far less terrible than the seahorse trade. Over 20 million seahorses are caught and killed each year for use in traditional Chinese medicine. On top of this, hundreds of thousands of wild seahorses are sold to private aquarium (水族馆) owners every year. ⑤As it continues, seahorses could disappear by around 2050. But there is still time to save them. Protecting seahorses means never buying them for home aquariums or taking medicine made with them. The whole world needs to protect oceans by cutting down on sea pollution. 1．How does the writer introduce the topic of the passage? A．By showing some choices. B．By giving some basic information. C．By explaining the meaning. D．By comparing two products. 2．Which is the best sentence to fill in “________” in Paragraph 2? A．Seahorses like sleeping late. B．Seahorses have good hearing. C．Seahorses swim very poorly. D．Seahorses eat a lot at a time. 3．Which two paragraphs mainly tell us the reasons why seahorses are in danger? A．Paragraph 1 and Paragraph 2. B．Paragraph 2 and Paragraph 3. C．Paragraph 3 and Paragraph 4. D．Paragraph 4 and Paragraph 5. 4．What’s the main purpose of this passage? A．To explain to people why seahorses are valuable. B．To tell people where the seahorse likes to stay. C．To show people that the seahorse is a small fish. D．To ask people to take action to protect seahorses. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．D 【难度】0.85 【知识点】常见动物、科普知识、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了海马这一生物，其面临的各种威胁，以及人类可以采取的保护措施。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The seahorse is a small fish with a curly tail. Its size is from as small as a peanut (花生) to as large as a tennis shoe. Seahorses come in many colors, and some even have the ability to change colors to match the environment where they make their homes.”可知，作者通过介绍海马的一些基本信息来引出文章的主题。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“They are the slowest swimmers among fish. Their only way to push themselves forward is by using a tiny fin on their back. Seahorses often hold onto plants with their tails for a faster trip!”可知，本段主要介绍了海马游得慢的特点，C项“海马游得很差”符合本段内容，适合放在空白处。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The seahorses’ biggest danger comes from humans.”以及第四段“However, these bad things are far less terrible than the seahorse trade.”可知，第三段和第四段主要介绍了海马面临危险的原因。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“But there is still time to save them. Protecting seahorses means never buying them for home aquariums or taking medicine made with them. The whole world needs to protect oceans by cutting down on sea pollution.”可知，文章主要目的是呼吁人们采取行动保护海马。故选D。 C Cai Lun invented paper around 2,000 years ago in China. It is an important invention. Before the invention of paper, people had to remember lots of information or write it on stone, wood, leaves, etc. Today everyone in the world uses paper. With paper, we can make books and print newspapers. Sharing information is a lot easier with the help of paper. People use paper every day. Students do homework and keep a diary on paper. Paper is a great invention. Alan Turing was born in London, England, in 1912. He attended Cambridge University from 1931 to 1934. Turing was a mathematician (数学家) and a computer scientist. Many people called Turing the father of computer science. He created the first design (设计) for a modern computer. Turing wanted to know if a machine could think for itself and trick someone into believing they were having a conversation with another person. This became known as the Turing test. In the test, a human talked to two other people through a computer. One was a machine, and the other was a person. This idea is still used today. 1．People can do the following things with paper EXCEPT ________. A．sharing information B．printing newspapers C．having the Turning test D．making books 2．Many people considered Alan Turing to be ________. A．the inventor of paper B．the father of modern education C．the inventor of paper D．the father of computer science 3．In order to have the test, Turing needed ________ A．three people, one computer and a machine B．two people, one computer and a machine C．two people, two computers and a machine D．one person, one computer and a machine 4．From the passage, we know Cai Lun’s invention and Turning idea are ________. A．hard to accept B．not used any more C．unknown to people D．still used today 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．D 【难度】0.85 【知识点】发明与创造、说明文 【导语】本文主要介绍了蔡伦发明纸以及图灵和他的图灵测试的相关信息。 1．细节理解题。根据“With paper, we can make books and print newspapers. Sharing information is a lot easier with the help of paper.”可知，有了纸的帮助，可以写书和印刷报纸，共享信息变得容易多了，没有提到“进行图灵测试”。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据“Many people called Turing the father of computer science.”可知，许多人称图灵为计算机科学之父。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据“In the test, a human talked to two other people through a computer. One was a machine, and the other was a person. This idea is still used today.”可知，为了进行测试，图灵需要两个人，一台电脑和一台机器。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据“Today everyone in the world uses paper.”和“This idea is still used today.”可知，蔡伦的发明和图灵的思想至今仍在使用。故选D。 【提升题】 A The Taklamakan Desert, known as the “Sea of Death”, is the biggest desert in China and the second largest moving desert in the world. It covers 337,600 square kilometers and now has a 3,046-kilometer-long sand-blocking belt (防沙带) around it. The belt is the longest in the world and is completed by planting desert poplar trees and red willows in Yutian County. The project of building the sand-blocking belt faces many problems. As we all know, the desert is very large. It covers 76% of Xinjiang’s desert area, and its sand dunes (沙丘) are very tall, some reaching as high as 300 meters. So more time, money, and effort are required. The dry climate add more challenges. There is only 50 millimeters of rain in the desert each year, and over 2,500 millimeters of water are lost through evaporation (蒸发). Because there is not enough water, plants are hard to grow. Another problem is that the Taklamakan Desert is one of the most active areas for sandstorms in China. Even with these problems, finishing this sand-blocking belt is a big success. Experts say it is a great achievement in human history, and people’s hard work pays off. The sand-blocking belt protects oases (areas with water and plants) from sandstorms, improves the local environment, and supports farming. It also shows China’s strong skills in managing large environmental projects. A local farmer said he was happy about the project and hoped it would continue to help fight desertification—the process of becoming a desert. In the coming years, Xinjiang will continue to expand the sand-blocking belt to bring 23, 400 square kilometers of desert land back to life by 2030. 1．How long is the sand-blocking belt around the Taklamakan Desert? A．337,600 km. B．3,046 km. C．300 km. D．2,500 km. 2．Which of the following is NOT a difficulty the project faces? A．The sand dunes in the desert get higher every day. B．The desert is so large that more efforts are needed. C．The desert is not wet enough for growing plants. D．The desert is one of the most active areas for sandstorms. 3．What does the underlined word “expand” mean in Paragraph 4? expand /ɪk spænd/ v. A．To talk more about something. B．To become greater in size, number. C．To have more business to make money. D．To become greater in importance. 4．What’s the purpose in writing this passage? A．To discuss the problems in the Taklamakan Desert. B．To invite people to pay a visit to the Taklamakan Desert. C．To introduce the achievement in fighting desertification. D．To help more people in Xinjiang live much better than before. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4．C 【难度】0.65 【知识点】科普知识、环境保护、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，文章详细介绍了塔克拉玛干沙漠的基本情况，阐述了其建设防沙带面临的诸多问题，最后还提到了防沙带建成后的意义和未来继续扩大防沙带的计划。 1．细节理解题。根据“It covers 337,600 square kilometers and now has a 3,046-kilometer-long sand-blocking belt (防沙带) around it.”可知，塔克拉玛干沙漠有一条长3,046公里的防沙带环绕其周围。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据“So more time, money, and effort are required…there is not enough water…the Taklamakan Desert is one of the most active areas for sandstorms in China”可知，建设防沙带的项目面临着许多问题，需要更多的时间、金钱和努力，由于缺水，植物很难生长，塔克拉玛干沙漠是中国沙尘暴最活跃的地区之一，A选项没有提及。故选A。 3．词句猜测题。根据“XinJiang will continue to expand the sand-blocking belt to bring 23.400 square kilometers of desert land back to life by 2030.”可知，新疆的目标是到2030年将23,400平方公里的沙漠土地恢复生机，故“expand”指增加，扩大面积。故选B。 4．推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章先是介绍了塔克拉玛干沙漠的相关情况以及其防沙带的情况，接着阐述了建设防沙带面临的问题，然后说明了建成防沙带的意义，最后提到新疆将继续扩大防沙带的计划。整体来看，文章主要是在介绍塔克拉玛干沙漠防沙带建设这一防治荒漠化方面的成就相关情况，所以写作目的是介绍防治荒漠化方面取得的成就。故选C。 B Your teacher asks you to collect your classmates’ opinions about their favorite school lunches. After asking everyone, you have collected a lot of data (数据) or information and aren’t sure how to organize it. Creating a chart (图表) can be a great way to organize and share your data. Bar chart A bar chart has a horizontal axis (横轴) and a vertical axis (竖轴). It has a title that explains what it shows, and different bars are used to show different amount (量). The vertical axis expresses the amount and the horizontal axis suggests the kinds of data. Pie chart A pie chart helps organize and show data as a percent of a whole. True to the name, it looks a bit like a pie and uses a circle to show the whole. The different pieces of the pie are different sizes depending on how much of the whole pie they show. Each piece is labeled to show what it means. Line chart Line charts are used to show changes to numbers over time. They show what we call continuous data. The different data points are then joined up with straight lines, so we can look at the trend it shows. Flow chart A flow chart shows the different steps in something using boxes and arrows (箭头). It can often have many different directions and different ways. Flow charts can be great for explaining a huge process by breaking it down into different steps. 1．Why do we create a chart according to the passage? A．To collect data. B．To organize and share data. C．To ask the teacher for help. D．To ask everyone’s favorite lunch. 2．Which of the following is a bar chart? A． B． C． D． 3．If we want to show foreigners how tea is produced, which chart is the best choice? A．Bar chart. B．Pie chart. C．Line chart. D．Flow chart. 4．In which kind of book can you probably read this passage? A．A history book. B．A novel. C．A magazine. D．A cookbook. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 4．C 【难度】0.65 【知识点】科普知识、数字与数据、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了图表的作用，以及柱状图、饼状图、折线图和流程图这四种常见图表的特点。 1．细节理解题。根据“Creating a chart can be a great way to organize and share your data.”可知，创建图表是为了整理和分享数据，B选项正确。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据“A bar chart has a horizontal axis and a vertical axis…The vertical axis expresses the amount and the horizontal axis suggests the kinds of data.”可知，柱状图有横轴和纵轴，纵轴表示数量，横轴表示数据种类。选项B是柱状图，有横轴和纵轴且通过不同长度的柱子展示数据，故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据“A flow chart shows the different steps in something using boxes and arrows. It can often have many different directions and different ways. Flow charts can be great for explaining a huge process by breaking it down into different steps.”可知，如果想要展示茶叶是如何生产的，即展示生产过程，流程图是最佳选择，D选项正确。故选D。 4．推理判断题。文章主要介绍了图表相关知识，这类内容最有可能出现在杂志上，C选项正确。故选C。 C Some salty deserts are covered with patterns in six-sided shapes, and the ground looks like honeycombs(蜂窝).The six-sided shapes are always 1 to 2 metres across. For years, scientists have tried to find out the causes of the shapes. The deserts are not as dry as they look. They have groundwater. A new study says this could help explain the mystery. Lucas Goehring, an expert in physics at Nottingham Trent University in England, led the study. He and his team came up with an explanation for the six-sided shapes. According to Goehring, below the desert surface is a layer (层) of salty water.You can reach it by digging with your hands. In the hot summer months, the water steams (蒸发). This leaves only salt behind. Some of the salt goes into the next layer of water. This layer of water then becomes thicker and saltier than the one below it. Then the saltier water goes down and the fresher water goes up. The process repeats itself to form what scientists call a convection roll (对流圈)which normally has a round shape. There are so many of the convection rolls and they press against each other to form the six-sided shapes. Scientists say they did their work out of curiosity (好奇心). “Nature presents us with a fascinating mystery,” said Jana Lasser, another expert who helped with the study. “It makes us want to solve it.” 1．What is the mystery most probably caused by according to the new study? A．The movement of sand. B．The strong sunlight in summer. C．The changing weather in the deserts. D．The movement of underground water. 2．Which of the following pictures shows a convection roll? A． B． C． D． 3．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Nature is full of mysteries. B．Curiosity leads to new discoveries. C．We should protect the environment. D．Everyone has the ability to solve problems. 4．Why did the author write the text? A．To introduce a new study. B．To put forward some suggestions. C．To call for people to visit deserts. D．To share some personal experiences. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 4．A 【难度】0.65 【知识点】科普知识、说明文 【导语】本文主要介绍了一项新的研究并解释了沙漠中六边形图案的成因。 1．细节理解题。根据“The deserts are not as dry as they look. They have groundwater. A new study says this could help explain the mystery.”可知，沙漠并不像看上去那么干燥。他们有地下水。一项新的研究表明，这可能有助于解释这个谜团。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据“The process repeats itself to form what scientists call a convection roll (对流圈)which normally has a round shape.”可知，这个过程不断重复，形成了科学家所谓的对流卷，通常呈圆形。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据“Scientists say they did their work out of curiosity (好奇心). “Nature presents us with a fascinating mystery,”可知，科学家们是出于好奇进行研究的，这表明好奇心促使了新发现，故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据“For years, scientists have tried to find out the causes of the shapes.”可知，本文主要介绍了一项新的研究并解释了沙漠中六边形图案的成因，故选A。 【拔高题】 A Rainbows are created by light shining through water or clear objects. In nature, rainbows usually appear where rain and sunlight meet. Rainbows are beautiful tricks of light. Science, though, has unlocked their mysteries. Where and When Rainbows Appear Notice the weather the next time you see a rainbow. There will be rain or mist (薄雾) in front of you, and the Sun will be shining from behind you. The rainbow will appear in the rain or mist. Water in the air and direct light are the two things needed to see a rainbow in nature. A rainbow won’t appear if the sky is too cloudy. The best time to see a rainbow is usually in the morning or late afternoon. That’s when the Sun is in the best place to create one. If you’re lucky, you might see a double or even a triple rainbow. You can sometimes see rainbows in the mist of a waterfall, too. A fountain (喷泉) can create a small rainbow, and a sprinkler (洒水器) on a sunny day may put on a colorful show. Rainbows can even form under a bright moon. These special rainbows are called moonbows. To a viewer, a rainbow looks like a half circle. However, a rainbow actually forms a full circle. From the ground, most times we can only see a rainbow’s top half. Sometimes though, lucky airline pilots may see a rainbow’s complete circle from the sky. How Rainbows Form René Descartes was a French scientist. He was born over four hundred years ago. He was attracted by rainbows and wanted to learn more about them. He used sunlight and a big ball filled with water to do experiments. Descartes discovered that to see a rainbow, the viewer must be looking at the light from the right angle(角度). To understand rainbows, it helps to understand how light travels. Light moves at different speeds through different mediums (介质). Think of running on land. Then imagine running in knee-deep water. You move slower through water. In the same way, light moves faster through air than through water. This happens because water is thicker than air. When light enters water, it slows and changes its original path (路线). This process makes objects, such as a pencil sitting in a glass of water seem to bend(弯曲). We can see rainbows in nature when direct light meets drops of rain. Sunlight refracts (折射) as it enters each drop. The light then reflects, or bounces, off the inside of each drop, like light off a mirror. The light refracts again as it exits the drop. Light refracts and reflects in millions of water droplets in the sky at the same time. This process makes all the colors of a rainbow. 1．Which sentence below can best explain the underlined sentence “Rainbows are beautiful tricks of light” in Paragraph 1? A．Rainbows are tricks made by many scientists. B．Someone lied to us about the truth of rainbows. C．Rainbows are made by some unknown magic tricks D．The light plays tricks on people’s eyes and makes rainbows. 2．In which of the following situations, a rainbow CAN’T form? A．Over a sprinkler on a very cloudy day. B．On a misty morning. C．Over a fountain under a bright moon. D．In the mist of a waterfall. 3．Which could be the best picture for the underlined sentence in Paragraph 6? A． B． C． D． 4．Which statement below is TRUE according to the article? A．A rainbow can be a complete circle as well as a half circle. B．You need to stand at a right angle to see a rainbow. C．Light can actually make a pencil bend in water. D．Light moves faster in thicker mediums like water. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．D 4．B 【难度】0.4 【知识点】科普知识、说明文 【导语】本文主要解释了彩虹是如何形成的，以及什么条件下可以看到彩虹。 1．推理判断题。根据“Rainbows are beautiful trick so flight”可知，“彩虹是光的美丽把戏”，这句话的意思是光通过折射、反射等作用让我们看到彩虹，就好像在跟我们的眼睛玩把戏一样。因此D选项“光对人的眼睛玩把戏，从而形成彩虹”是最能解释这句话的。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据“A fountain ( 喷泉) can create a small rainbow, and a sprinkler (洒水器) on a sunny day may put on a colorful show.”及“A rainbow won’t appear if the sky is too cloudy.”可知，洒水器在晴朗的天气时可以形成彩虹，在多云的天气时不能形成彩虹。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据“When light enters water, it slows and changes its original path. This process makes objects, such as a pencil sitting in a glass of water seem to bend.”可知，当光进入水中时，它的速度会减慢，并且会改变其原本的传播路径。这一过程使得诸如放在水杯里的铅笔之类的物体看起来好像发生了弯曲。选项D，此图是关于光在空气和水中折射的原理，光从空气进入水中，发生折射。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据“Descartes discovered that to see a rainbow, the viewer must be looking at the light from the right angle”可知，观看者要在正确的角度看彩虹。选项A“您需要站在正确的角度才能看到彩虹。”表述符合。故选B。 B ①“Hey, want to do something great with old soft drink cans?” “Sure, let’s use them to go to the moon!” ②I know that sounds crazy. After all, you can’t build an Apollo rocket from old soda cans. However, if you recycle enough cans, you can save as much energy as there is inside a real Apollo rocket. Enough power to reach the Moon! ③Soft drink cans are made of aluminum (铝). Making this metal requires a lot of energy. Aluminum begins as bauxite ore (铝土矿). The ore must be extracted (采掘), crushed (粉碎), and smelted (炼取). Producing soft drink cans needs about 1% of all the electricity used in the USA．Americans use more than 100 billion soft drink cans every year! ④Can we do better? Yes, we can, by recycling. While it takes lots of energy to produce new aluminum, it takes very little energy to turn old aluminum into new products: The metal is simply shredded (撕碎), melted (融化) and recast (再铸) into blocks (大块). By recycling, we can produce 20 soft drink cans using the same energy it would take to make just 1 new can. ⑤Nationwide (在全国), about 100, 000 cans get recycled every minute. To be exact, in 90 minutes, the energy saved by recycling is: E gained by recycling-2000,000 joules (焦耳, 能量单位)*9000,000cans=18 trillion. ⑥That’s a lot of energy. What can we do with that much energy? Can we reach the moon? It does sound crazy. But do you know how much energy do we need to send a rocket to the moon? 15.7 trillion. ⑦Now, compare two values for energy. See? The energy saved by recycling old soft drink cans is more than enough energy to send a rocket to the Moon. And we didn’t even need a whole year of nationwide recycling—just 90 minutes of recycling did it! ⑧Isn’t it a fascinating way to think about recycling? Yet each time you save an empty soft drink can, it’s almost like you’re helping to send a racket. 1．The writer leads into the topic by ________. A．listing some numbers B．asking a question C．offering an answer D．making a conversation 2．Paragraph④mainly tells us ________. A．it is difficult to make soda cans from old aluminum B．it is easy to make soda cans from old aluminum C．to make soda cans from old aluminum, we need much more energy D．to make soda cans from old aluminum, we can save much energy 3．When comparing the two values for energy, which of the following is right? A．Energy saved by recycling＞Energy needed to send a rocket. B．Energy saved by recycling＜Energy needed to send a rocket. C．Energy saved by recycling≥Energy needed to send a rocket. D．Energy saved by recycling=Energy needed to send a rocket. 4．Which of the following might be the best title for the passage? A．Save energy from cans B．Make soda cans from ore C．Build a rocket to the moon D．Drink soda in the moon 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．A 4．A 【难度】0.4 【知识点】环境保护、说明文 【分析】本文介绍了回收利用废弃的饮料罐等物品能够为人们的日常生活提供能源，从而保护环境。 1．细节理解题。根据“‘Hey, want to do something great with old soft drink cans?’ ‘Sure, let’s use them to go to the moon!’”可知，这是一个对话。因此作者是通过对话来引入主题。故选D。 2．主旨大意题。根据“Can we do better? Yes, we can, by recycling...we can produce 20 soft drink cans using the same energy it would take to make just 1 new can.”可知，第四段主要讲述通过回收铝制品可以节省大量的能源，从而说明用旧铝制品制作新的苏打罐能节省大量能源。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据“the energy saved by recycling is: E gained by recycling-2000,000 joules ( 焦耳 , 能量单位)*9000,000cans=18 trillion.”和“It does sound crazy. But do you know how much energy do we need to send a rocket to the moon? 15.7 trillion.”可知，回收利用节省的能量比发射火箭所需的能量要大。故选A。 4．最佳标题题。本文介绍了回收利用废弃的饮料罐等物品能够为人们的日常生活提供能源，从而保护环境，A项符合标题要求。故选A。 C According to Ken Croswell, the Sun and the Moon are different. We often think that the Sun rules the day and the Moon rules the night. That’s kind of right, but not totally. The Sun shines all the time. It shines during the day when we see it, and even at night when we don’t. As the Earth turns, sometimes we face the Sun. That’s when we get day. When the Earth’s spin (自转) turns us away from the Sun and we are in the Earth’s shadow, we get night. When people on the opposite side of the Earth face the Sun, those people have day while we have night. The Moon is a different story. Unlike the Sun, it doesn’t make its own light. Moonlight is actually the Sun’s light reflecting (反射) the Moon back to us. The Sun lights up only the side of the Moon that faces the Sun. At Full Moon, the Moon is on the opposite side of the Earth from the Sun. Then the side of the Moon facing the Earth is all lit up. During Full Moon, the Moon rises around sunset, shines all night, and sets around sunrise. Since the moonlight is so bright, you can sometimes see it during the day, too. A few days before Full Moon, if you look east in the afternoon, you may see the Moon in the sky. After Full Moon, you may find it if you look west in the morning. The Moon is most difficult to see at New Moon, when its orbit (轨道) puts it between the Earth and the Sun Then, the side of the Moon facing the Earth is dark and we can’t see the Moon at all. 1．What can we know about the Sun? A．The Sun rules the Moon. B．The Sun shines during both day and night. C．The Sun lights up all the sides of the Moon. D．The Sun shines everywhere at the same time. 2．Which of the following in the dictionary best explains the underlined word “shadow” in Paragraph 3? ①the shape of the Earth        ②the force from the Sun ③the dark area on the Earth        ④the opposite side of the Sun A．① B．② C．③ D．④ 3．Which following picture shows us New Moon? A． B． C． D． 4．This passage is most probably from _______ . A．an advertisement B．a weather report C．a science magazine D．a story book 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．C 【难度】0.4 【知识点】天体与宇宙、科普知识、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要解释和阐述了太阳、月亮以及它们如何影响地球上的日夜变化。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“The Sun shines all the time. It shines during the day when we see it, and even at night when we don’t.”可知，太阳白天黑夜都照耀着。故选B。 2．词义猜测题。根据第三段“When the Earth’s spin turns us away from the Sun and we are in the Earth’s shadow, we get night.”可知，当地球自转使我们远离太阳时，天就变黑了，据此可以推断，划线单词“shadow”指的是地球上的黑暗区域。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The Moon is most difficult to see at New Moon, when its orbit puts it between the Earth and the Sun Then, the side of the Moon facing the Earth is dark and we can’t see the Moon at all.”可知，在新月时，当月球的轨道位于地球和太阳之间时，是最难看到月亮的；然后，月球面向地球的那一面是黑暗的，我们根本看不到月球，结合图片，选项A符合题意。故选A。 4．推理判断题。综合全文可知，本文主要科普了一些关于太阳、月球和地球之间的知识，据此可以推断，本文很可能出自一本科学杂志。故选C。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$