Unit 1 Honesty and responsibility 语法教案-2024-2025学年高中英语译林版（2020）选择性必修第四册

高二下选择性必修四Unit1 Honesty and responsibility语法教案 Teaching objectives 1.知识目标：学生能够掌握状语从句的基本含义 2.技能目标：学生能够掌握状语从句的基本运用 3.情感目标：学生能够更有信心学习英语 Key points, Difficult points 1.掌握状语从句的基本含义 2.掌握状语从句的基本含义 Teaching procedures： 状语从句复习 状语 状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的一种成分。其用法最广,名称最多，是英语中最大的一种句子成分：它可以表示时间、地点、方式、程度、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步或比较等。状语名称除了上述10种外，还有伴随状语、方面状语、对象状语、评注性状语等。对状语种类进行详细划分的目的是更好地理解句子意思。状语通常由副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词、形容词、名词、从句等充当。 Jennifer runs very fast.珍尼弗跑得很快。(副词作状语) I’ll be back in a while.我一会儿就回来。(介词短语作状语) He waited to see the result of the game. 他等着看比赛结果。(不定式短语作状语) Living in the country, they have few amusements.因为住在农村，他们没有什么娱乐活动。(现在分词短语作状语) Given more time and money, we would have done the work better.如果给予更多的时间和钱，我们会把工作做得更好。(过去分词短语作状语) She sat there, silent.她坐在那儿，一声不吭。(形容词作状语) Wait a moment. I’ll come.等一会儿，我就来。(名词作状语) It rained so hard that they had to put off the sports meeting.雨下得很大，他们不得不推迟运动会。(从句作状语) He was absent from the lecture yesterday because he was ill.昨天他缺席了讲座，是因为病了。(从句作状语) 特别提示 ①时间状语和地点状语修饰同一动词时，通常先说地点，再说时间。如： They held a meeting in the great hall yesterday afternoon.昨天下午他们在大厅里举行了一次会议。 ②如果修饰同一个动词的时间状语或地点状语不止一个，则一般按照“由小到大”的顺序排列。 He arrived here at about ten o'clock yesterday morning.他是昨天上午大约10点到达这儿的。 She lived in a small village in the north.她住在北方的一个小村庄里。 状语从句 在复合句中，作状语成分的从句叫做状语从句。它的主要语法作用是修饰主句谓语动词。般分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句、比较状语从句9种。状语从句由从属连词引导，有时候还可以用其他词组引导。 本单元语法主要复习各种状语从句的用法及特点，以下是九种状语从概览： 1. I found a wallet when I was walking in the street.我在大街上走的时候发现了一个钱包。(时间状语从句) 2. Make marks where you have questions.在你有问题的地方做标记。(地点状语从句) 3. He was absent from school because he was ill.因为病了，所以他没有去上学。(原因状语从句) 4. If you heat water, it will become vapour.如果你给水加热，它会变成水蒸气。(条件状语从句) 5. Will you please do the experiment as I am doing?请你像我这样做这个实验好吗? (方式状语从句) 6. Let's take the front seats in order that we may see more clearly.我们坐前排的座位，以便看得更清楚些。(目的状 语从句) 7. He made such an excellent speech that everyone admired him.他发表了一篇精彩的演讲，以至于每个人都赞赏他。(结果状语从句) 8. Although I tried hard many times, I couldn't get through the crowd.尽管我多次努力尝试，但仍不能穿过人群。(让步状语从句) 9. John speaks English better than Tom does.约翰英语说得比汤姆好。(比较状语从句) 一、时间状语从句 在复合句中作时间状语的从句，称为时间状语从句。位置相对灵活，可放在句首或句末。引导时间状语从句的连词常见的有when, while, as, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as, once, whenever等。词组the moment, the instant, the minute, the day, the week, the year, the first time, the last time, next time, any time, every time, each time, by the time, from the time等以及副词immediately, directly, instantly等也可以用作连词，引导时间状语从句。 1.when引导的时间状语从句 (1)when引导时间状语从句，意为“在……时；当……时”，表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生或先后发生。 When I was at school, I loved history.我上学时就喜欢历史。 Call me when you've finished.你完成后就给我打电话。 When the fire broke out, most of the residents were sleeping soundly.当火灾发生时，大部分居民正在酣睡。 (2)when引导的时间状语从句中，动词可以是延续的，也可以是非延续性的。 He lived with a foreign family when he was in England.他在英国时，曾与一个外国家庭住在一起。 I was playing computer games when he came in.他进来的时候，我正在玩电脑游戏。 I will go back to my hometown when I have time.有时间我要回家乡看看。 特别提示 1. when引导时间状语从句用法最多，它可以表示：①从句动作和主句动作同时持续发生；②主句动作在从句动作的过程中发生；③从句动作在主句动作的过程中发生；④从句动作先于主句动作；⑤从句动作后于主句动作。例如： ①When I lived there, I used to play near the seashore on Sundays.我住在那里的时候，星期天我常在海岸附近玩。(主句和从句同时、持续发生) ②When she was reading, she heard a knock on the door.她正在看书时，听到了敲门声。(主句动作在从句动作的过程中发生) ③It was raining when we arrived.我们到的时侯正在下雨。(从句动作在主句动作的过程中发生) ④When the film ended, the people went back.电影结束，人们便回去了。(从句动作先于主句动作。逻辑说明谁先谁后) ⑤The train had left when we got to the station.我们到达车站时，火车已经开走了。(从句动作后于主句动作。时态说明谁先谁后) 2.注意以下三个结构中when的用法和翻译： ①We were having a meeting when someone broke in.我们正在开会，这时有人突然闯入。(一个动作正在进行，另一动作突然发生。) ②They were about to go out when it began to rain.他们正要出去，天突然下起雨来。(一个动作就要发生，另一动作突然发生。) ③She had hardly/scarcely/just returned home when the phone rang.她刚刚回到家，电话铃就响了。(一个动作刚刚发生，另一动作突然发生。) 2. while弓|导的时间状语从句 while引导时间状语从句时，意为“与……同时，在……期间”，从句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词或表示状态的动词，不能是非延续性动词。但主句动作可以延续，也可以不延续。 The telephone rang while I was taking a bath.我在洗澡时电话响了。 She called to see me while I was out.我不在家时她打电话要来看我。 以上两句，表示主句动作在从句动作的过程中发生。此时，while和when用法相同，可以互换使用。此外，while也可表示两个延续性动作同时发生，含有对比意味。此时主从句的时态常常是相同的。如： While Mary was writing a letter, the children were playing outside.玛丽写信时，孩子们在外面玩耍。 While I played the piano, my elder sister did her homework.我弹钢琴时,姐姐做家庭作业。 3. as弓|导的时间状语从句 as引导时间状语从句，表示“正当；随着；一边……一边”等意思。as从句中的谓语动词可以是延续性的，也可以是非延续性的。 (1)表示某事刚刚发生，另一件事接着发生。可翻译为“刚……就……；一……就……”。 As the sun rose ,the fog disappeared.太阳一出来雾就消散了。 My cap was blown away as I sat down.我刚坐下帽子就被吹走了。 I saw him just as he got off the bus.他刚下公共汽车我就看见他了。 (2)表示某事正要/就要发生(实际上尚未发生)，另一件事发生了。可翻译为“刚要/正要……就……”。 The police picked him up as he was trying to leave the country.他正试图离开该国时，警方把他抓住了。 I caught him just as he was leaving the building.他正要离开大楼时被我撞见了。 As I was about to leave, I noticed a piece of paper on the floor.我正要离开时，注意到地板上有一张纸。 Just as he was about to attack her from behind, she suddenly turned around.正当他要从背后攻击她时，她突然转过身来。 特别提示 下面两句表达相同的意思： He was about to go out when the telephone rang. The telephone rang as he was about to go out. (3)表示主句的动作伴随着从句的动作而渐次发生。可翻译为“随着……” As he talked on, he got more and more excited.他越谈就越激动。 As you grow older, you'll know better and better about yourself.随着你长大，你会越来越了解自己。 Things are getting better and better as time goes on.随着时间的推移，情况越来越好。 (4)表示两个动作同时发生并进行，可翻译为“一边……一边……”。 He shook his head as he read.他边看书边摇头。 They talked as they walked along the river.他们沿着河边走边谈。 He hurried home, looking behind as he went.他匆忙回家，一边走一边回头望。 4. before引导的时间状语从句 before引导时间状语从句，意为“在……之前”，表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前。 (1)一般情况下，before表示“在……之前”，但在翻译时，可灵活处理，可译为“还未……就……”“不到……就……”“……才……”“趁……”“还没来得及……”等。 I must finish this e-mail before I go home.我必须在回家前写完这封电子邮件 All the birds flew away before I started to fire.我还没开始开枪，鸟儿就全飞走了。 We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land.我们航行了四天四夜才看到陆地。 Please write it down before you forget it.趁你现在没忘，把它记录下来。 Before I could get in a word, he had measured me.我还没来得及插话，他就给我量好了尺寸。 The train had arrived at the destination before I knew it.不知不觉，火车就到达了目的地。(在我知道之前，事情已发生，言外之意：不知不觉中发生) (2)“It will be +一段时间+ before...”表示“一段时间之后才……”。 It will be half a year before I come back.字面：在我回来之前，时间将有半年。意为“我半年之后才会回来”。 It was long before they met again.字面：在他们再次见面之前，时间是很长的。意为“过了好久他们才再次见面” It won't be long before you regret for what you've done.字面：在你后悔你的所作所为之前,时间不会长了。意为“不久你就会为你的所作所为后悔的”。 以上三句，it指“时间”，before表示“在……之前”，结合时态和肯定否定，就很容易理解句子的含义了。万变不离其宗，无论怎么翻译，before依然具有“在……之前”的本来意义。 5. after引导的时间状语从句 after引导时间状语从句，意为“在……之后”，表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后。 Can I travel after I finish my job?工作结束后我能去旅行吗？ After he won the amateur championship, he turned professional.他获得业余赛冠军后就转为职业运动员了。 I got in touch with him immediately after I received the little.我收到信后立即与他取得了联系。 主句是将来时，after从句经常使用现在完成时，强调将来已完成的动作，也可使用一般现在时。例如： Please tell her I'll come after I have done (= do ) some shopping.请告诉她我买些东西就来。 I'll call you after I've spoken (=speak) to them.我和他们谈完话以后就给你打电话。 After I've had (= have) a good rest, I'll tell you everything.我先好好休息，之后再告诉你一切。 特别提示 在before和after之前有“时间段”状语修饰时要准确理解和翻译。例如： He left three days before you arrived.他在你到达的三天前就离开了。 The plane crashed three hours after it took off.飞机在起飞三小时后坠毁了。 以上两句，three days修饰before，说明“在三天之前”，不是“之前的三天内”；three hours修饰after, 说明“在....三小时之后”，不是“之后的三小时内” 6. since引导的时间状语从句 (1 )since引导时间状语从句，意为“自....以来”，主句常用现在完成时或现在完成进行时，而从句多用一般过去时。为了强调，可以在since之前加ever。 Great changes have taken place since you left this city.自从你离开这座城市后，这里发生了巨大的变化。 I have returned home twice since I settled down in the USA.自从我定居美国以来我回过两次家。 They have been living very happily ever since they got married.自结婚以来他们一直过着幸福的生活。 (2 )since引导的从句中，若谓语动词是延续性动词，应理解为该动作或状态终止之后的时间。 It has been a year ever since I worked here.我不在这里工作已经一年了。 It is two years since she was a college student.她大学毕业两年了。 (3)It is...since...和It has been...since...都正确，但前者更常见。 It is/has been a few years since we last met.自上次见面以来我们已有好几年没见面了。 It is/has been a long time since Mary was ill.玛丽病好了很长时间了。 7. until/till引导的时间状语从句 until/till引导时间状语从句，意为“直到....时，表示主句的动作持续到这个时间之前为止。意味着:到了这个时间 后，主句的动作立刻“转态”。即:原来肯定的动作立刻停止，原来否定的动作立刻发生。一般而言，当主句的谓语动词是延续性动词时，用肯定形式；当主句的谓语动词是非延续性动词时，用否定形式。not...until...意为“直到……才……”。有时until可以用before替换。 I'll wait until/till the concert is over.我将一直等到音乐会结束。 I didn't know anything about it until you told me.直到你告诉我我才知道有关这件事的情况。 Until the boss returns, nothing can be done.老板回来之前什么也不能做。 特别提示 (1)如果主句是延续性动词而且是否定，那么，意思是“没有做到……就结束”。如： He didn't wait until I returned.他没有等到我回来。(不能理解为：一直到我回来他才开始等) (2)not until位于句首时，主句用部分倒装。如： She didn't feel happy until she saw the present. Not until she saw the present did she feel happy.直到看到礼物她才感到高兴。 (3)如果是强调句，要把not until...一起强调。如: He didn't know the importance of health until he got seriously ill. It was not until he got seriously ill that he knew the importance of health.直到他生了重病，他才知道健康的重要性。 8. as soon as引导的时间状语从句 as soon as引导时间状语从句，意为“一……就……”，表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作马上就发生。 I'll let you know as soon as I get the exact message.我一得到确切的消息就告诉你。 As soon as we heard the good news, we jumped with joy.一听到这个好消息，我们高兴地跳了起来。 The students were quiet as soon as the teacher came in.老师一进来，学生们就安静了下来。 9. once引导的时间状语从句 once引导时间状语从句，意为“一旦，一……就……” She’s planning to return to work once the children start school.她正在计划孩子们一入学就恢复上班。 Once you make a promise, you must keep it.你一许下诺言,就必须遵守它。 Once you talk to him, you'll know he is a learned man.你一跟他交谈，就会了解他是个博学的人。 10.词组或副词引导的时间状语从句 词组the moment, the instant, the minute, the day, the week, the year, the first time, the last time, next time, any time, every time, each time, by the time, from the time等以及副词immediately，directly, instantly等也可以用作连词，引导时 间状语从句。 The machine starts the moment the button is pressed.按钮一按，机器便启动。 The instant he met her, he fell in love with her.他一遇到她就爱上了她。 I recognized you the minute I saw you.我一见你就认出了你。 He called on me the day he arrived.他到达的那一天就拜访了我。 We were there the week it snowed so heavily.雪下得很大的那一周我们在那里。 The first time I climbed onto the wall, I felt nervous.我第一次爬到墙上去时，感到胆怯。 Next time you come, you will see the scientist.你下次来时就会见到那位科学家。 You may come back any time you want to.你想回来随时可以回来。 Each time he traveled by boat, the tourist got seasick.这位旅客每次坐船旅行时都晕船。 The last time she saw James, he was lying in bed.她最后一次看到詹姆斯时，他躺在床上。 The truck will have arrived by the time you have all the things packed up.等到你把一切东西都打包好时，卡车就来了。 You must show the gentleman in immediately he comes.这位先生一来，你务必立即领他进来。 There was a dead silence directly he appeared.他一出现，便鸦雀无声。 It began to rain instantly we arrived home.我们一到家，天就开始下起雨来。 二、地点状语从句 在复合句中作地点状语的从句，称为地点状语从句。引导地点状语从句的连词主要有where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere等。地点状语从句可置于句首或句末。 We live where the road crosses the river.我们住在街道与河流交叉的地方。 You can't camp wherever you like these days.如今你可不能随便在哪儿宿营。 You can go anywhere you like.你可以去你想去的任何地方。 He wore his leather jacket everywhere he went.他去任何地方都穿着皮夹克。 Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成。(在有意志的地方，就有成功之路) 特别提示 引导地点状语从句的连词相对较少。为了更好地理解地点状语从句，我们可以把它转化为定语从句，用at the place where或at any place where替换这些连词便可。 Just stay where you are and don't move. (地点状语从句) Just stay at the place where you are and don t move. (定语从句)待在你现在待的地方别动。 Put the money wherever we can see it. (地点状语从句) Put the money at any place where we can see it.(定语从句)把钱放在任何我们能看见的地方 三、原因状语从句 在复合句中作原因状语的从句，称为原因状语从句。原因状语从句可置于句首，也可置于句末。引导原因状语从句的连词可分为两类：单个连词和连词词组。前者主要有because，as, since等;后者主要有now that, for the reason that, in that, seeing that, considering that等。 1. because引导的原因状语从句 because是表因果关系语气最强的连词，表示最直接的原因，用来回答why的提问。所表示的原因是全句的主要信息。because之前可以加only, merely, just以及not，还可以用于It is...that...强调句结构，成为被强调的成分。 Because they have strong players, they win the game.因为他们有强大的球员，所以他们赢得了比赛。 He was punished only because he broke the law.他就是因为违反法律才受到惩罚的。 It was because I wanted to see my uncle that I went to town yesterday.正是因为想去看叔叔我昨天才进城的。 2. since引导的原因状语从句 since引导的原因状语从句，通常表示人们已知的事实，只是为主句提供一种理由，不是主句发生的直接原因。故常译为“既然……”，通常放在句首，不可用于强调句结构。 Since everyone makes mistakes, you shouldn’t always criticize him.既然每个人都会犯错误，你就不应老是批评他。 Since she can't answer this question，you’d better ask someone else.既然她不会回答这个问题，你最好去问其他人。 Since everyone is here, let’s begin our meeting.既然大家都来了，咱们开会吧。 3. as引导的原因状语从句 as与since用法差不多，语气最弱，常用于日常用语。表示的理由往往是明显的或已知的，as从句多置于主句之前，也不可用于强调句结构。 As he was in a hurry, he left his bag home.由于他太匆忙，他把包落在家里了。 As it was a public holiday, all the shops were shut.由于这是一个公共假日，所有的商店都关门了。 Mother didn't hear us come in as she was asleep.妈妈没听见我们进来，因为她睡着了。 特别提示 for也表示“原因”，但跟上述三个从属连词不同，它是一个并列连词，连接并列句。它有时可用来作附加说明，for引导的句子应放于另一句子之后。 We should be more careful, for it is already dark.天已黑了，我们应更小心些。 Let's stay at home, for it's raining hard outside.我们待在家里吧，外面正下着大雨。 He must have taken good care of the students, for he is loved by them.他一定把学生照顾得很好，因为他们都喜欢他。 4.短语引导的原因状语从句 (1 )now that和seeing that的用法 now that与seeing that主要用于口语中，表示微弱的原因，主从句的因果关系不明显，常译为“既然”。that有时可以省略。 Now ( that ) you understand, I don’t need to explain again.既然你明白，我没有必要再解释一遍。 Seeing ( that ) the weather was not fine, we stayed at home.由于天气不好，我们就待在家里了。 (2 )in that的用法 in that表示原因主要用于书面语。介词in表示“存在于”，跟that组合成为连词词组，意为“在于某种事实；原因在于”，往往提供一种有事实依据的原因。 This experiment is worth trusting in that it is based on scientific facts.这个实验值得信赖，因为它是建立在科学事实基础之上的。 I like the city, but I prefer the country in that there's fresher air.我喜欢这座城市，但我更喜欢乡村，因为那里有更清新的空气。 (3)for the reason that由于某种原因；considering that 考虑到……鉴于…… We aren't going for the simple reason that we can't afford it.我们不去只是因为我们负担不起。 Considering (that) he has only just started, he knows quite a lot about it.鉴于他才刚刚开始，关于它他懂的已经不少了。 注: seeing that和considering that两个连词词组，是由现在分词借用而来。“看到……；考虑到……”，都暗示“原因”。 5.在形容词后，that引导的原因状语从句 在be happy that... be surprised that... 等结构中，that从句被认为是原因状语从句。 I am happy that you have come to our party.我很高兴你来参加我们的聚会。 I am very delighted that you can come.你能来，我很高兴。 I am glad that my son has passed the driving test.我很高兴我儿子通过了驾照考试。 I am sorry that your granny is ill.你奶奶病了，我很难过。 四、目的状语从句 在复合句中作目的状语的从句，称为目的状语从句。常用来引导目的状语从句的连词或词组有：so, so that, in order that, for fear that, in case, for the purpose that, lest等。 目的状语从句可置于句首或句末，从句中常用情态动词can, could, may, might, would, should等。 1. in order that, so that引导的目的状语从句 Go early in order that you may get a good seat.早些去，以便你可以坐到好位置。 I hurried through my work in order that I could watch TV.为了能看电视，我匆匆忙忙地做完工作。 I'll speak slowly so that you can understand me.我会说得慢些，以便你能明白我的意思。 She worked hard so that everything would be ready in time.她努力工作，为的是一切能够及时就绪。 特别提示 在so that和in order that引导的状语从句中，其主语与主句的主语相同时，可将状语从句简化为不定式作目的状语。如果主语不一致，转化时则须在不定式前加for sb.作为其逻辑主语。上面其中两个例句可以分别改为： I hurried through my work in order to/so as to watch TV. I'll speak slowly in order for you/so as for you to understand me. 2. for fear that, in case, lest引导的目的状语从句 for fear that表示目的时，意为“唯恐，以防”，in case意为“目的是，以防"，lest意为“以防”。lest从句一般要用虚拟语气，即谓语动词为“should +动词原形”; for fear that和in case从句可用虚拟语气，即谓语动词为“should +动词原形"，也可用陈述语气。 He worked hard for fear that he might be fired by the boss.他拼命地干活唯恐被老板解雇。 The boy hid himself behind the door for fear that his father should see him.那个男孩藏在门后，唯恐他父亲看见他。 I'll stay around in case you need me.我就待在这儿，以防你用得着我。 Take your raincoat in case it should rain.带上你的雨衣，以防下雨。 I got up early lest I should miss the train.我早起以免错过火车。 We talked in a low voice lest we should wake the baby up.我们小声说话以免吵醒婴儿。 五、结果状语从句 在复合句中作结果状语的从句，称为结果状语从句：结果状语从句一般置于句末，常用来引导结果状语从句 连词或词组有: so,that, so that, such...that...等 1. so that与so...that...引导的结果状语从句 so that与so...that...引导结果状语从句，意思分别是“所以和“如此……以至于……”。 (1)so that引导的结果状语从句 so that既可引导目的状语从句，也可引导结果状语从句，千万不可混淆。在引导目的状语从向时，从句中往往含有一些像can, could, may, might, would, should等的情态动词；而引导结果状语从句时，类似的情态动词则很少出现，因为“结果”已成事实，已经做到。that有时可以省略。 We arrived early in the morning, so ( that ) we caught the early train.我们早上到得很早，所以赶上了早班火车。 It was dark, so ( that )we could see nothing in front of us. 天很黑，所以我们看不见前面的任何东西。 (2)so...that...引导的结果状语从句 s..tat...引导的结果状语从句，主要用于下列结构: ①so+形容词1副词+that从句 ②so+many/few+可数名词复数+that从句 ③so + much/little +不可数名词+ that从句 ④so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数+that从句 The text was so boring that I gave up reading it halfway.这篇课文真没趣，我读到一半便放弃了。 He drove so carelessly that he almost lost his life.他开车太粗心了，差点丧了命。 He made so many mistakes that he failed the exam once again.他出了这么多错，考试又没及格。 He got so little pay that his family had to live on welfare money.他工资很少，他的家人不得不靠救济金生活。 Mike is so good a student that every teacher likes him.迈克是这么好的一个学生，以至于每个老师都喜欢他。 2. such...that..引导的结果状语从句 such...that..引导的结果状语从句，主要用于下列结构： ①such + a/an (+形容词)+可数名词单数+ that从句 ②such (+形容词)+可数名词复数+ that从句 ③such (+形容词)+不可数名词+ that从句 It was such a terrible day that none of us would find an excuse for going out to play.天气太糟了，我们没有任何理由出去玩了。 They are such good children that we all love them.这些孩子如此好，我们都喜欢他们。 This was such fine music that it was worth listening to twice.这音乐太好了，值得听两遍。 特别提示 为了强调形容词或副词，可以把so/such部分置于句首，主句用倒装语序。如： So lovely is Lucy that we all like to play with her.露西很可爱，我们都喜欢和她玩。 Such a lovely girl is Lucy that we all like to play with her.露西是一个可爱的女孩，我们都喜欢和她玩。 3. that引导的结果状语从句 主句不含so或such，that本身有时也可引导结果状语从句。 The problem is of great importance that it cannot be neglected.这个问题很重要，不容忽视。 Lisa is aggressive that all of her classmates dislike her.莉萨很爱攻击别人，结果她所有的同学都不喜欢她。 4. so...that...引导的结果状语从句，有时在保持意思不变的情况下，可以改为不定式。 The boy is so young that he can't join the army. →The boy is too young to join the army.这个男孩太小，不能参军。 The boy is so tall that he can touch the ceiling. →The boy is tall enough to touch the ceiling.这个男孩足够高，能够到天花板。 The book is so easy that I can read it. →The book is easy enough for me to read.这本书很容易，我能够读懂。 六、条件状语从句 在复合句中作条件状语的从句，称为条件状语从句。 条件状语从句可置于句首，也可置于句末，有时还可置于主语和谓语之间。引导条件状语从句的连词或词组有if, unless, as long as, in case, on condition that, supposing( that), providing ( that) , provided (that), given ( that)等。 1. if引导的条件状语从句 if是引导条件状语从句最常用的连词，表示主动作发生的条件。 If you see him, give him this note.你要是见到他，就把这张便条给他。 You can come with us if you want to.如果你愿意，你可以跟我们一起来。 If you ask our teacher for help, she will help you.如果你请我们的老师帮忙，她会帮你的。 特别提示 ①主句可以是祈使句，如第一个例句。主句可以用情态动词表示许可，如第二个例句。主句还可以用will表 示将来或推测意义，如第三个例句。 ②在条件状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时，一般过去时代替过去将来时。如：If the weather is terrible next week, we'll put off the summer camp.如果下周天气不好，我们就推迟夏令营活动。 Father told me if I worked hard, he would buy me a special gift.爸爸告诉我，如果我努力学习，他将会给我买一件特殊的礼物。 ③条件状语从句，分为真实条件句和非真实条件句。 让从句可以表示不可实现的条件或不可能存在的条件，是一种虚报的条件或假设。此时从向多用一般过去时或过去完成时，主句谓语动词也要相应发生变化，这就是所谓的“虚拟语气”。如： If I were you, I would invite her to the party.如果我是你，我会邀请她参加聚会。 He would have arrived much earlier if he had not been caught in the traffic.如果没有堵车，他早就到了。 ④在if之前加only,表示必要条件，意为“只有……才”。 Children are admitted only if they are accompanied by an adult.儿童必须有成年人陪同方可入场。 2. unless引导的条件状语从句 unless意为“除非，若不”，跟if意思相反。 I won't go to the party unless I'm invited.除非我被邀请，否则我不会去参加聚会的。 I always sleep with the window open unless it 's really cold.我总是开着窗户睡觉，除非天气非常冷。 Unless you work harder, you will not pass the examination.如果你不更努力学习，你就不会通过考试。 Unless I' m mistaken, she was back at work yesterday.如果我没记错的话，她昨天回来上班了 3.as long as引导的条件状语从句，意为“只要……”。也表示必要条件。 We'll go as long as the weather is good.只要天气好我们就去。 As long as you are in good health, nothing else matters.只要你身体健康，其他任何事都无关紧要。 4. on condition that引导的条件状语从句 on condition that引导的条件状语从句，是正式用语。表示主句事件发生的前提条件或唯一条件，相当于only if，意为“……条件下”。 John will go on condition that Mary is invited too.约翰愿意去，条件是玛丽也得到邀请。 They agreed to lend us the car on condition that (= only if) we returned it before the weekend.他们同意借车给我们，条 件是周末以前归还。 I allow you to go out on condition that you come back before dark.我允许你出去，条件是你在天黑之前回来。 5. supposing/providing/provided/given (that) 引导的条件状语从句 supposing/providing provided/given (hat)可以引导条件从句，表示一种假设条件，意为“如果”。 Supposing (that )you are wrong, what will you do then?假设你错了，那你会怎么办? We'll buy everything you produce, providing/provided (that) the price is right. 倘若价格合适，我们将采购你们生产的人 部产品。 Given that you promise not to tell anyone else,I'll explain the secret to you.只要你保证不告诉任何人，我就把这个秘密诉你。 6. in case在英式英语中表示目的，在美式英语中可表条件，意为“如果，万一”。如： In case the house burns down，we 'll get the insurance money.万一房子烧毁了，我们会得到保险金。 Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot.带上帽子吧，万一太阳很晒呢。 七、让步状语从句 在复合句中作让步状语的从句，称为让步状语从句让步状语从句可置于句首，也可置于句末，有时可置于句中。引导让步状语从句的连词或词组有:although, though, even if, even though, as, whether...or..., while, when, wh-word + ever, no matter+ wh-word等。 1. though/although的用法 although和though用法相同，作“虽然，尽管”讲，都表示让步，一般情况下可互换使用，只是although语气较重，大多置于句首。though和although引导让步状语从句时，为了加强转折意义，主句可以用yet或still引出，但不可用but。though引导的从句可以把表语、状语、部分谓语动词提到主语之前。此外，though可以当副词用，而although不可以。 They are generous though they are poor.他们很穷，但他们很慷慨。 Though/Although she works very hard, ( yet ) she makes very slow progress.尽管她工作很努力，但还是进步非常缓慢。 Young though she is , she has traveled to many countries.她尽管年轻，但已到过很多国家。(表语提前) I've a bit of a headache. It's nothing much, though.我有一点头痛，不过并不厉害。(though用作副词) 2. even though/even if引导的让步状语从句 这两个连词表示语气更强的让步，意为“即使；即便”even though强调对“既成事实"的让步，even if强调对作设意义”的让步。 Even though learning is slow and painful, the result wonderful.尽管学习是缓慢而痛苦的，可结果是美好的。 Even though/Even if you say so, I do not believe it.即使你这么说，我也不相信。 Even though he is poor, she loves him. (=He is poor, but she still loves him.)尽管他很穷，但她还是爱他。(既成事实 Even if he is poor, she loves him. (= He may be poor, but she still loves him. )即使他很穷，但她还是爱他。(假设意义 3. as引导的让步状语从句 as也可以引导让步状语从句，但必须调整语序，即把表语、状语、部分谓语动词提到主语之前，as的这种用法与though 倒装时的用法完全相同。此外，作表语的名词如有冠词，则要省去。 Famous singer as she is, she still needs to improve.尽管已是著名歌手，她仍需要努力。(作表语的名词置于句首时，要省略冠词) Much as I like it, I won't buy it.虽然我很喜欢它，但我不会买。 Try as he might, he could not find a job.不管他怎样努力，他还是找不到工作。 4. whether...or...引导的让步状语从句 whether...or...表示“不论是否……”“不管是……还是……”之意。该连词词组引导的让步状语从句，说明正反两个方面的可能性都不会影响主句的倾向或结果。 All the nations should be equal, whether they are strong or weak.所有国家，无论强弱，都应该平等。 I'll have to attend your wedding ceremony whether I'm free or not.不管我忙不忙，都得参加你们的婚礼。 You've got to go to school, whether you like it or not.不管你喜欢不喜欢，你都得上学。 Whether or not we re successful, we can be sure that we have tried our best.不管成功与否，我们确实已尽了最大努力。 特别提示 whether...or...既可以引导让步状语从句，也可以引导名词性从句。比较： Whether he is dead or alive , she will continue to live.不管他是死是活，她都将继续活下去。(让步状语从句) Whether he is dead or alive doesn't matter to her.他是死是活对她来说无关紧要。( 名词性从句) Whether you believe me or not, I will stick to my opinion.不管你信不信我，我都会坚持我的意见。(让步状语从句) Whether you believe me or not makes no difference to me.你是否相信我对我来说没什么区别。(名词性从句) 5. while引导的让步状语从句 while引导的让步状语从句般要位于句首,表示虽然；尽管”。语气比though/although弱。 While I am willing to help,I do not have much time available.尽管我愿意帮忙,但是我没有多少时间。 In a word, while the prospects are bright, the road has twists and turns.总之，前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。 While I admit that there are problems, I don't agree that they can not be solved.虽然我承认存在问题，但我不认为这些问题无法解决。 6. when引导的让步状语从句 when也可以引导让步状语从句，表示“虽然，可是”，语气同while。when引导的让步状语从句般位于主句后。 She claimed to be 18, when I knew she was only16.她自称是18岁，可是我知道她才16岁。 The boy was restless when he should have listened to them carefully.那男孩本来应当专心听他们讲话,但他却坐立不安。 7. wh-word + ever和no matter + wh- word引导的让步状语从句 在英语中，wh-word + ever这类词既可用作疑问词，也可引导名词性从句，还可引导让步状语从句。这类词在引导让步状语从句时，常可换成“no matter + wh-word" Whatever ( No matter what ) happened, I would believe in you.不管发生了什么，我都相信你。 Whenever (No matter when )you come, you are welcome.不管你什么时候来，都欢迎你。 Whoever (No matter who ) you are, you must obey the rules.不管你是谁，你都得遵守规定。 I'll wait for you however (no matter how)late it is.不管多么晚我都会等着你。 特别提示 “no matter+wh-word”结构只能引导让步状语从句，而“wh-word+ever"结构还可以引导名词性从句。 (1)“no matter + wh-word" 结构引导让步状语从句： No matter how well you know Paris, it is easy to get lost.不管你对巴黎多么熟悉，都很容易迷路。 No matter what your age is, you can lose weight by following this program.不论年龄多大，你都可以按这套方案来减肥。 Recently, I feel tired no matter what I do.最近我无论做什么都感到疲劳。 Don't open the door, no matter who calls.无论谁来，都不要开门。 No matter how hard he may try, he will not succeed.不管他怎么努力去干，他都不会成功。 (2) whatever, whoever, whichever既可以引导让步状语 从句，还可以引导名词性从句。注意区别： Whatever happens, the insurance company will pay for it.无论发生什么，这家保险公司都会赔偿的。(whatever引导让步状语从句= no matter what) You may choose whatever you like.你可以选你喜欢的任何东西。(whatever引导名词性从句= anything that) 八、方式状语从句 在复合句中作方式状语的从句，称为方式状语从句。方式状语从句一般位于句末，通常由as, as if, as though, the way引导。 1. as引导的方式状语从句 as引导方式状语从句时，表示“按照；正如；像”之意，说明主句动作发生的方式。 I'll behave toward them as I would like to be treated.我会以希望别人对待我的方式来对待他们。 在美式英语中，like可以用作连词，等于as You should do it like/as I do.你应按我做的那样去做。 Do you make bread like/as you make cakes?你做面包的方法是不是和你做蛋糕的方法一样？ 2. as if/as though引导的方式状语从句 两者的意义和用法相同，意为“仿佛；好像”。引出的状语从句可以使用陈述语气，也可使用虚拟语气。无论哪种语气，从句所表示的意思基本都是非真实的。 She travels around the world as if money is no object.她环游世界，好像钱不是问题。 I can remember our wedding as if it were yesterday.我们的婚礼我记忆犹新，就像发生在昨天一样。 He behaved as if nothing had happened.他表现得若无其事。 There was a huge bang as if someone had exploded a rocket outside.突然一声巨响，仿佛有人在外面引爆了火箭似的。 They feel shame and guilt as though it is their fault.他们觉得羞愧和内疚，就好像这是他们的错。 在美式英语中，like可以用作连词，等于as if/as though。 He looked very excited, like he had won the lottery.他看上去很兴奋，好像中了彩票似的。 特别提示 ①一般认为，在感官系动词look, seem, appear, sound, feel, smell, taste之后，as if/as though/like引导的是表语从句，而不是方式状语从句。例如： It seems as though he has a conflict with his friend.他看起来好像与朋友发生了冲突。 He looks as if he were a foreigner.他看上去像是一个外国人。 It appears as if she were junior to me by several years, but in fact, she is three years older than me.看上去她好像比我小好几岁,但是事实上她比我大三岁。 ②根据从句的时态形式，判断是陈述语气还是虚拟语气。 The boss speaks aloud as if he is angry.老板大声说着话像是生气了。(他可能真的生气了) The boss speaks aloud as if he were angry.老板大声地说话就像生气了似的。(他并没有生气) 3. the way引导的方式状语从句 the way可以用作连词，引导方式状语从句，相当于as。 She doesn't speak the way he does.她说话的方式与他不同。 I shall do the work the way my father did.我将像我父亲那样做这项工作。 九、比较状语从句 在复合句中作比较状语的从句，称为比较状语从句。比较状语从句一般位于句末，常用as,than等连接词引导“the+比较级...， the +比较级...”结构也可引导比较状语从句。 1. as...as...结构 第一个as是副词，用在主句中，表示“像……一样的”。由此，第二个as引出比较状语从句。否定时，用not as...as...或not so...as...均可。 He speaks English as well as you do.他英语说得和你一样好。 His handwriting is not as/so good as yours is.他的书法不如你的好。 There are as many people in our town as ( there are)in your town.我们镇的人口和你们镇的一样多。 2.比较级+ than...结构 主句中含有形容词或副词的比较级，然后由连词than引出比较状语从句。表示“主句比从句更怎样”。 She's smarter than her brother.她比她哥哥聪明。 She works harder than he does.她工作比他努力。 He was more successful than we had expected.他比我们想象的要成功得多。 He comes to the club less often than he used to.他来俱乐部不如原来频繁了。 特别提示 (1)记住以下表达和区别: ①He is as wise as his brother.他和他哥哥样聪明 ②He is not as wise as his brother.他不如他哥哥聪明 ③He is not so wise as his brother.他不如他哥哥聪明 ④He is wiser than his brother.他比他哥哥聪明。 ⑤He is not wiser than his brother.他不比他哥哥聪明。(最多一样聪明) ⑥He is not any wiser than his brother.他和他哥哥一样都不聪明。 ⑦He is no wiser than his brother.他和他哥哥一样都不聪明。 (2)一般而言，比较状语从句应该省略与主句重复的成分。但由于省略的原因，可能造成误解。比较以下两句： He loves me more than you.他爱我胜过爱你。 He loves me more than you do.他比你更爱我。 句1，实际在than从句中省略了he loves。等于说：He loves me more than he loves you. 句2，实际等于说：He loves me more than you love me." (3)“比较”的概念范围非常广泛，远非我们上面的例句所能概括。它可以发生在两个人或事物之间，比较同一个事项(如表语)。例如：汤姆和约翰比较谁聪明。 Tom is as clever as John.汤姆和约翰一样聪明。 Tom is not so clever as John.汤姆不如约翰聪明。 Tom is more clever than John.汤姆比约翰聪明。 比较还可以发生在同一个人或同一个事物身上，去比较两个不同的事项。这样的比较叫做“择比”，它仍然是比较的一种。例如：汤姆自身两种品质的比较。 Tom is as clever as hard-working.汤姆既聪明又勤奋。 Tom is not so clever as hard-working.汤姆与其说聪明，不如说勤奋。 Tom is more clever than hard-working.汤姆与其说勤奋，不如说聪明。 3.递进关系的比较状语从句 递进关系的比较状语从句，常用结构为“the+比较级..., the +比较级...” The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you will make.你越小心，出的错就越少。 The sooner you come back, the better it will be.你回来得越早越好。 十、状语从句的省略 为了使句子简练，状语从句经常省略成分。在某些状语从句中，当其主语跟主句的主语一致或者主语是it，而且含有be动词时，可以把主语(一般是代词充当)以及be动词一起省略。这个规则必须满足3个条件: (1)限于某些状语从句； (2)主、从句的主语必须一致，或者从句中的主语是it; (3)含有be动词，可以是系动词be，可以是进行时态的be，也可以是被动语态的be。如： Mary often helped her classmates when ( she was) free. (was是系动词) While ( you were ) walking the dog, you were careless. ( were是进行时的助动词) John won't come to your party unless (he is) invited. (is是被动语态的助动词) 1.时间状语从句的省略 When ( she was ) very young, she began to learn to play the violin. 她很小的时候，就开始学习拉小提琴。 Tom likes to listen to music while ( he is ) reading.汤姆喜欢读书时听音乐。 2.条件状语从句的省略 If ( he is ) given more time, he will do the work better.如果给他更多的时间，他会把这份工作做得更好。 Unless (you are) here, you can't find this kind of plants.除非你在这里，其他地方你找不到这种植物。 此外，常见的条件句省略形式有: if necessary, if possible, if true, if so,if not,if any, if anything, if anyone, if ever, if at all, if not better than等。 If (it is) possible, I'll come to help.如果可能的话，我会来帮忙的。 If (it is) true, this will cause us a lot of trouble.如果是真的,这会给我们带来很多麻烦。 There are few people nowadays, if(there are) any, who remember him.现在能记得他的人即使有也很少了。 Jim plays football as well as, if not better than, Mike.吉姆踢足球如果不是比迈克踢得更好，至少也是一样好。 3.让步状语从句的省略 Though ( he is )a young man, he has made several inventions.虽然还是个年轻人，但他已经有好几项发明了 He is a good man, though sometimes ( he is ) rather dull.他是个好人，尽管有时相当无聊。 Even if (I am ) invited to, I won't go to such a bad lecture.即使邀请我去，我也不会参加如此糟糕的讲座。 4.比较状语从句的省略 由than或as引导的比较状语从句，在意义明确的情况下，可以省略than或as后面的相应部分。 I know you better than (I know ) him.我对你比对他了解得更清楚。 I know you better than he (knows you) .我比他更了解你。 She has finished the work earlier than ( she was ) expected.她这项工作比预料的提前完成。 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$