Unit2 Travelling 重点语法：现在完成时（二）（两大题型，60题）精讲练-2024-2025学年八年级英语下册重难点讲练全攻略（牛津译林版）

2024-2025学年一线教师制作同步精品系列资料，已编校！ 2024-2025学年一线教师制作同步精品系列资料，已编校！ Unit2 Travelling 重点语法：现在完成时（二）（两大题型，60题）精讲练 目录 语法知识精讲 1 语法知识精练 2 题型一：含since/for的现在完成时 2 题型二：have been to/have gone to区别 11 语法知识精讲 一、现在完成时的时间状语 already(用于肯定句), yet(用于否定句和疑问句), since+一点时间, for+一段时间, never, ever, three times(其它表示频率的词, once, twice等) before, recently, in the past/last few years, so far, this month, today, now 知识点：since 和for用法区别 (1)since的用法①since 后面加点时间，如since nearly three years ago或since2008. ②since引导时间状语从句时，后面的时间状语从句动词用一般过去时. (2) for的用法：for后加一段时间。 since/for 可以通过ago进行同义句转换。 二、特殊句型 ①It is/has been two years since I graduated from the university. 自从我毕业以来已经两年了。 ②This is the best film that I have ever seen.= I have never seen a better film before. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 ③This is the first time that I have seen the pandas. 这是我第一次看到大熊猫。 语法知识精练 题型一：含since/for的现在完成时 1．（23-24八年级下·江苏南京·期中）Uncle Li can speak English very well because he ________ England for 5 years. A．has been in B．has been to C．has gone to D．has arrived in 【答案】A 【详解】句意：李叔叔英语说得很好因为他在英国待了5年。 考查现在完成时。has been in待在某地；has been to曾经去过某地（已经回来）；has gone to去了某地还未回来；has arrived in已经到达。根据“for 5 years”可知，设空处应用延续性动词，has been in符合题意。故选A。 2．（23-24八年级下·江苏徐州·期中）—I’m sorry to keep you waiting so long. —Never mind. I ________ here for only a few minutes. A．got B．have been C．have arrived D．have come 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——很抱歉让你等了这么久。——没关系。我只在这里待了几分钟。 考查现在完成时。根据“for only a few minutes”可知，此处应用现在完成时，其谓语动词构成为has/have done；for only a few minutes表示一段时间，动词要用延续性动词，come和arrive是非延续性动词，应用be来代替，be的过去分词形式为been。故选B。 3．（23-24八年级下·江苏无锡·阶段练习）It ________ over ten days since he ________ his hometown. A．is; has been away from B．has been; left C．has been; has been away from D．was; left 【答案】B 【详解】句意：自从他离开家乡已经有十天多了。 考查时态和动词延续性的辨析。left离开，非延续性动词；has been away from从……离开，延续性动词。根据“since he…his hometown”可知，第一空的时态为现在完成时，主语是it，所以结构为：has+过去分词；从句中动词应该用非延续动词，结合句意可知，时态为一般过去时，所以用left“离开”，作谓语。故选B。 4．（23-24八年级下·江苏南通·阶段练习）My uncle ________ a beautiful lady in 2010. He and his wife ________ for 13 years. A．got married with; have been married B．married; have been married C．married to; have got married D．got married to; have got married 【答案】B 【详解】句意：我叔叔在2010年娶了一位漂亮的女士。他和他的妻子已经结婚13年了。 考查延续性动词和时态。get married to sb.与……结婚；marry sb.与……结婚；be married已婚；第一空，根据“in 2010”可知，此句用一般过去时，指的是结婚，瞬间动作，故用got married to或married；第二空，根据“for 13 years”可知，此句用现在完成时，表示已经结婚13年，因此用可以延续的have been married表示。故选B。 5．（23-24八年级下·江苏南通·阶段练习）—Is everyone here, Jonathan? —No, Sir. Millie is absent. She ________ for two days. A．has been ill B．has fallen ill C．was ill D．fell ill 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——大家都到了吗，乔纳森？——不，先生。米莉缺席了。她已经病了两天了。 考查延续性动词和时态。根据“for two days”可知，她已经病了两天了，时态为现在完成时，排除C和D，又因fall ill为非延续性，不可与“for+时间段”连用，排除B。故选A。 6．（23-24八年级下·江苏南通·阶段练习）—He looks much taller now. How long is it since he ________ this school? —He ________ for three years and is studying in New York. A．has left; has left B．left; has been away C．leaves; has left D．left; has left 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——他现在看起来高多了。他离开这所学校多久了？——他已经离开三年了，正在纽约学习。 考查动词时态。根据“How long is it since he...this school?”可知，设空处动作发生在过去，第一空应用过去式left；根据“...for three years”可知，本句时态为现在完成时，且动词应用延续性动词，所以第二空填写has been away。故选B。 7．（23-24八年级下·江苏南通·阶段练习）—Have you been in Haimen for a long time?   —Yes, ________ the end of 2007. A．at B．since C．for D．in 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——你来海门很久了吗？——是的，从2007年底开始。 考查介词辨析。at后跟具体时刻；since自从；for后跟一段时间；in后跟某年某月某季节等。根据“Have you been”可知，句子是现在完成时，且空后是时间点，所以应用since，故选B。 8．（23-24八年级下·江苏南京·阶段练习）—Mom tells me the shopping mall nearby hasn’t ________ yet. —You must be kidding. It has ________ for two weeks. A．opened; been open B．been open; been open C．been opened; opened D．opened; opened 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——妈妈告诉我附近的购物中心还没开业。——你在开玩笑吧。它已经开业有两个星期了。 考查现在完成时。open开业，动词；be open开着的。第一空，根据“hasn’t…yet”可知，此处是指购物中心还没有开门营业，强调动作，主语mall与动词open是主谓关系，不用被动，用现在完成时，open的过去分词为opened，排除B和C；第二空，根据“for two weeks”可知，时态为现在完成时，谓语动词需要用延续性动词，而动词open为非延续性动词，排除D；be open表示状态，可以与段时间连用，所以此处应为has been open。故选A。 9．（23-24八年级下·江苏南京·阶段练习）Which of the following is Right? A．He has been married Jane for ten years. B．He has got married since 2020. C．He married to Jane in 2020. D．Has he got married to Jane? 【答案】D 【详解】句意：以下哪个是正确的？ 考查动词marry的用法。marry“嫁”为及物动词，其后可接宾语，不用to连用，故选项C错误，应改成He married Jane in 2020；be/get married to sb.表示“与某人结婚”，故选项A应改成He has been married to Jane for ten years；get married to sb.表示动作，是非延续性动词，在现在完成时中，不能与一段时间连用。be married用于表示已婚状态，在现在完成时中可与表示一段时间的状语连用，故选项B应改成He has been married since 2020。故选D。 10．（23-24八年级下·江苏南京·阶段练习）Which of the following is right? A．He’s borrowed the book for two weeks. B．He has caught a cold for a week. C．He has joined the club since last week. D．I haven’t seen him for years. 【答案】D 【详解】句意：以下哪项是正确的？ 考查延续性动词与非延续性动词的用法。根据题干可知，borrowed，caught a cold中caught和joined均为非延续性动词，且句子为肯定句，故不可与“for+时间段”或“since+时间点”连用，排除A、B和C，因I haven’t seen him for years.为否定句，非延续性动词在否定句中可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。故选D。 11．（23-24八年级下·江苏泰州·阶段练习）Mr. Li _______ his hometown to live with his son in the city for over ten years. A．left B．was away from C．has left D．has been away from 【答案】D 【详解】句意：李先生离开家乡和儿子在城里生活了十多年。 考查时态以及延续性动词的用法。for+一段时间 ，要与现在完成时连用，排除A和B选项。且动词要用延续性动词，leave是短暂性动词，be away from是延续性动词，故选D。 12．（23-24八年级下·江苏南通·阶段练习）Mike has been ill ________ a long time. He has been in hospital ________ October. A．since; for B．since; since C．for; for D．for; since 【答案】D 【详解】句意：Mike已经生病很长一段时间了。他从十月以来就在住院。 考查现在完成时。since自从；for后接一段时间。根据“has been ill”可知a long time表示一段时间，其前应用介词for；October是时间点，其前应用since。故选D。 13．（23-24八年级下·江苏常州·阶段练习）It ________ three years since the dog ________. A．has been; died B．is; has been dead C．is; dead D．was, died 【答案】A 【详解】句意：狗死了有三年了。 考查动词时态。has been现在完成时；died死，过去式；is是，一般现在时；has been dead现在完成时的被动语态；dead死去的，形容词；was是，过去式。分析句子结构，结合此处“since”，可知主句第一空应该用现在完成时；第二空引导一个过去时的句子，第二个空填die的过去式，故选A。 14．（23-24八年级下·江苏无锡·阶段练习）The woman with a boy ________ for twenty years. A．has been married B．have been married C．has married D．married 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——那个带着一个男孩的女人结婚二十年了。 考查时态、延续性动词以及主谓一致。根据“for twenty years”可知句子用现在完成时，且此处应和延续性动词连用，此处用be married表示状态；with连接的成分作主语时，遵循就远原则，根据“The woman”可知助动词用has。故选A。 15．（23-24八年级下·江苏常州·期中）—I bought this dictionary two weeks ago. —You mean you ________ it for only half a month. A．have bought B．have kept C．have had D．have taken 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——我两周前买了这本字典。——你是说你只买了半个月。 考查现在完成时。根据题干中“for only half a month”可知答句用现在完成时，且谓语动词要用延续性动词；再由“I bought this dictionary two weeks ago.”可知此处要用buy的延续性动词have表示“拥有”；现在完成时的结构是have done，have的过去分词是had。故选C。 16．（23-24八年级下·江苏盐城·阶段练习）She ________ her hometown for many years. Nearly no one knows her now. A．left B．has been away from C．has left D．had left 【答案】B 【详解】句意：她离开家乡已经很多年了。现在几乎没有人认识她了。 考查现在完成时。根据“for many years”可知，本句是现在完成时，leave是短暂性动词，和一段时间连用，应用延续性动词，be away from符合。故选B。 17．（23-24八年级下·江苏无锡·期中）—How long have you lived here?    —________ the end of last year. A．When B．Since C．For D．Before 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——你在这里住了多久了？——自去年年底以来。 考查从属连词词义辨析。When当……时；Since自……以来；For因为；Before在……以前。根据问句中“have ... lived”为现在完成时态及空后“the end of last year”为一个时间点可知，此处应用since。故选B。 18．（23-24八年级下·江苏南通·期中）—Hello, may I speak to Wang Li? —Sorry, she is not at home. She ________ for nearly a week. A．left B．has left C．has been away D．went away 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——你好，我可以和王丽说话吗？——对不起，她不在家。她已经离开近一个星期了。 考查现在完成时和延续性动词。根据“for nearly a week”可知，设空处应用现在完成时态，排除A和D；且动词应用延续性动词，left“离开”为短暂性动词，排除B。故选C。 19．（23-24八年级下·江苏无锡·阶段练习）—How long ________ you ________ this book? —For about one week. I ________ it from the library last Tuesday. A．have; borrowed; borrowed B．have; kept; borrowed C．did; keep; have borrowed D．will; keep; have borrowed 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——你有这本书多久了？——大约一周。上周二我从图书馆买的。 考查时态以及延续性动词和非延续性动词。根据“How long...”可知此处和时间段连用，和延续性动词连用，故排除A；根据“last Tuesday”可知第二个句子用一般过去时，动词用过去式，排除CD。故选B。 20．（23-24八年级下·江苏南京·阶段练习）—Where is your father? —He went to Australia for a meeting and he ________ Sydney for two weeks. A．has been in B．went to C．has been to D．has gone to 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——你父亲在哪里？——他去澳大利亚开会了而且他在悉尼待两个星期了。 考查时态。has been in待在某地（常和时间段连用）；went to一般过去时；has been to去过某地（已回）；has gone to去了某地（未回）。根据句意和时间状语“for two weeks”可知时态是现在完成时态，只有has been in能和时间段连用。故选A。 21．（23-24八年级下·江苏扬州·阶段练习）—________ did your uncle leave his hometown? —Twenty years ago. He has been away ________ the end of 2009. A．When; since B．How long; since C．When; at D．How long; at 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——你叔叔是什么时候离开家乡的？——二十年前。他从2009年的年底就已经离开了。 考查特殊疑问句和现在完成时。When什么时候；How long多长时间；since自从；at在。根据答句“Twenty years ago.”可知其对应的疑问句应以when来提问，排除选项B和D；“He has been away...the end of 2009.”为现在完成时，此空应是since，后接时间状语。故选A。 22．（23-24八年级下·江苏常州·阶段练习）Last week I ________ a new bicycle. I ________ it for eight days. A．have bought, bought B．bought, have bought C．bought, bought D．bought, have had 【答案】D 【详解】句意：上周我买了一辆新自行车。我已经买了八天了。 考查动词时态。第一空根据“Last week”可知应用一般过去时，排除A选项；第二空和一段时间连用，应用现在完成时，buy“买”，是短暂性动词，和时间段连用，应用延续性动词have，故选D。 23．（23-24八年级下·江苏无锡·阶段练习）—Mom, I want to watch Super Sketch Show（《喜剧大赛》）tonight. —Oh, dear, it ________ for a few minutes. Come on! A．has begun B．will begin C．has been on D．will be on 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——妈妈，我今晚想看《喜剧大赛》。——哦，天哪，它已经开始了几分钟了。快点！ 考查延续性动词和时态。begin开始，短暂性动词；be on在上演，延续性动词。根据“for a few minutes”可知，时态为现在完成时，且与一段时间连用时应用延续性动词。故选C。 24．（23-24八年级下·江苏南京·阶段练习）— Are you a basketball player in your class? — Yes. I ________ the team last year. I ________ in the team for one year. A．have joined, have been B．joined, was C．joined, have been D．have joined, was 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——你是你们班的篮球运动员吗？——是的。我去年加入了这个队。我在队里已经一年了。 考查动词时态。根据“last year”可知，时态是一般过去时，第一空应为动词过去式joined。根据“for one year”可知，第二句是现在完成时，且与一段时间连用，第二空应为延续性动词，结构是have/has done。故选C。 25．（23-24八年级下·江苏徐州·期中）How time flies! It has been ten years since I ________ him in Xuzhou. A．meet B．met C．have met D．will meet 【答案】B 【详解】句意：时间过得真快！自从我在徐州见到他以来，已经有十年了。 考查动词时态。根据英语语法，since前的主句为现在完成时，since后的从句用一般过去时，故选B。 26．（23-24八年级下·江苏南京·期中）—Where would you like to go for the weekend? —I hear that Happy Valley ________ for several years. So we can go there. A．opened B．has been opened C．has opened D．has been open 【答案】D 【详解】句意：——你周末想去哪里？——我听说欢乐谷开了好几年了。所以我们可以去那里。 考查动词的时态。根据“for several years”可知，此处是现在完成时，句中谓语动词必须是延续性动词，若是非延续性动词，要改为延续性动词或表状态的词，open为非延续性动词，所以此处的“开张”应用表示状态的“be+形容词：be open”，所以此处应为has been open。故选D。 27．（23-24八年级下·江苏无锡·期中）—Let’s turn on the TV and watch the football match. —It’s too late. It _______ for an hour. And the result was 1-0. A．has finished B．has begun C．has been on D．has been over 【答案】D 【详解】句意：——让我们打开电视看足球比赛吧。——太晚了，它都结束一个小时了，结果是1比0。 考查现在完成时。has finished结束了，现在完成时；has begun开始了；has been on一直在进行；has been over已经结束了。句中for an hour表示一段时间，finish和begin都是瞬间性动词，不能和一段时间连用，故排除A和B。根据“It’s too late.”以及后面“And the result was 1-0.”可知，比赛已经结束了。故选D。 28．（23-24八年级下·江苏盐城·阶段练习）It has been two months _______ my family moved to Lianyungang. A．for B．since C．because D．so 【答案】B 【详解】句意：自从我家搬到连云港已经两个月了。 考查连词辨析。for因为，为了，后面加原因；since自从，后面加时间；because因为，后面加原因；so所以，后面加结果。根据“has been”可知，这里是现在完成时，指自从我家搬到连云港已经两个月了。结构是：It has been+一段时间+since“自……以来已有多长时间了”。故选B。 29．（23-24八年级下·江苏无锡·期中）It’s said that one and a half hours ________ since the film ________. A．has passed; has begun B．has passed; began C．have passed; began D．have passed; has begun 【答案】B 【详解】句意：据说电影开始已经一个半小时了。 考查时态。根据“since the film...”可知，此处为since引导的时间状语从句，主句为现在完成时，从句为一般过去时。第一个空的时态为现在完成时，其结构为have/has+done，主语“one and a half hours”指“一个半小时”，时间作为整体作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，所以用has passed；第二个空的时态为一般过去时，begin的过去式是began。故选B。 30．（23-24八年级下·江苏常州·阶段练习）He ________ in Shanghai, but he ________ the village life since he came here. A．used to live; has got used to B．used to living; has been used to C．was used to live; has got used to D．used to live; has been used to 【答案】D 【详解】句意：他过去住在上海，但是他自从来到这就已经习惯了乡村的生活。 考查动词短语辨析以及延续性动词的用法。used to do sth过去常常做某事；be/get used to doing sth习惯做某事；be used to do sth被用来做某事。根据but可判断，前半句介绍过去的事情，第一空填used to live。后半句表示习惯做的事情，since+一般过去时的从句，主句用现在完成时，且动词要用延续性动词，be used to doing sth是延续性动词，故选D。 题型二：have been to/have gone to区别 31．（23-24八年级下·江苏常州·阶段练习）—Where’s Mr. Zhang? I haven’t seen him for several days. —He ________ Canada. He ________ there for a week. A．has gone to; has been B．has gone to; has been in C．has been to; has been to D．has been to; has been 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——张先生在哪里？我已经好几天没见过他了。——他去了加拿大。他在那儿待一周。 考查现在完成时。have been to表示“去过某地，现在回来了”；have been in表示“待在某地”；have gone to表示“去了某地”。根据“Where’s Mr. Zhang? I haven’t seen him for several days.”可知，张先生去了加拿大，先排除CD；根据空格后“there”可知，地点副词前不加介词。故选A。 32．（23-24八年级下·江苏无锡·期中）________ of the students are from Wuxi, but only a few ________ Yuantouzhu. A．Hundreds; have been to B．Two hundred; have been to C．Two hundreds; have gone to D．Hundreds; have gone to 【答案】B 【详解】句意：其中200名学生来自无锡，但只有少数人去过鼋头渚。 考查hundred和现在完成时。have been to去过（人已回来）；have gone to去了（人未回来）。根据第一个空空后的“of the students”并结合选项可知，此处指这群学生中的200人来自无锡，hundred前有数字，不需要加s；根据“only a few…Yuantouzhu”的句意可知，此处指去过鼋头渚。故选B。 33．（23-24八年级下·江苏无锡·期中）Uncle Li can speak English very well because he ________ England for 5 years. A．has gone to B．has been to C．has come to D．has been in 【答案】D 【详解】句意：李叔叔英语说得很好，因为他在英国待了5年。 考查现在完成时。has gone to去了某地还未回来；has been to曾经去过某地（已经回来）；has come to已经来到；has been in待在某地。根据“for 5 years”可知，设空处应用延续性动词表达。故选D。 34．（23-24八年级下·江苏淮安·期中）That singer ________ the USA three times. She is popular there too. A．has been to B．has been in C．has gone to D．is going to 【答案】A 【详解】句意：那个歌手已经去过美国三次了。她在那也受欢迎。 考查短语辨析。has been to+地点，去某地已经回来；has been in+地点，在某地待了一段时间；has gone to+地点，去某地未归；is going to+地点，打算去某地。根据“three times”可知那个歌手已经去过美国三次，已经回来，故选A。 35．（23-24八年级下·江苏扬州·期中）—When did Andy go to Yangzhou? —He ________ the city for two days. A．went to B．has gone to C．has been to D．has been in 【答案】D 【详解】句意：——安迪什么时候去扬州的？——他在扬州已经两天了。 考查现在完成时。根据“for two days”可知，时态为现在完成时，排除A；has gone to“去了某地（未回）”与has been to“去过某地（已回）”不能与时间段连用，has been in“待在某地”表示状态，可以跟一段时间，故选D。 36．（23-24八年级下·江苏常州·期中）— I haven’t seen your English teacher. Where is she? — It’s said that she ________ England for further study. A．has gone in B．has been to C．has gone to D．has come to 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——我没有看到你的英语老师。她在哪？——据说她去英国深造了。 考查短语辨析。have gone in无此说法；have been to去过（已回）；have gone to去了（未回）；has come to已来到。根据“I haven’t seen your English teacher. Where is she?”可知，英语老师去了英国，还没有回来，应用has gone to 。故选C。 37．（23-24八年级下·江苏南通·开学考试）—I’m sorry to have kept you waiting so long. —Never mind. I _________ here for only a few minutes. A．have been B．have been to C．have arrived D．have been in 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——很抱歉让你等了这么久。——没关系。我在这里才几分钟。 考查现在完成时。根据“for only a few minutes”可知，时态是现在完成时，与一段时间连用，应用延续性动词，arrive是非延续性动词，故排除C；here是副词，其前不加介词，排除B、D。故选A。 38．（23-24八年级下·江苏扬州·阶段练习）—Where is your father, Jack? —He ________ to New York on business. He ________ the airport at five in the morning. A．has gone; has left for B．has been; has left to C．has gone; left for D．has been; left to 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——Jack，你爸爸在哪里？——他已经去纽约出差了。他早上5点钟的时候去了机场。 考查时态。has gone (to)去了；has been (to)到过；left for动身去……；left to留给……。结合问句“Where is your father, Jack?”，可知其答句“He...to New York on business.”应是表示他不在这里，已经去了纽约出差，此空是has gone，排除选项B和D；“He...the airport at five in the morning.”叙述的是过去的事情，时态为一般过去时，此空应是left for，表示去了机场。故选C。 39．（23-24八年级下·江苏扬州·阶段练习）— What’s the best park in the city? — Of course, the East Lake Park. I ________ there last week, and I ________ there many times. A．went; have been B．have gone; have been C．have been; have gone D．went; have gone 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——这个城市最好的公园是什么？——当然是东湖公园。我上周去过那里，我去过那里很多次。 考查谓语动词时态。根据“last week”可知应用一般过去时，谓语动词需用过去式；根据“many times”可知应用现在完成时，have been there表示“去过那里”，人已经回来，符合题意。故选A。 40．（23-24八年级下·江苏盐城·期末）—Where’s Mr. Green now? I haven’t seen him for a few days. —He ________ to Shanghai for a meeting. A．goes B．is going C．has been D．has gone 【答案】D 【详解】句意：——格林先生现在在哪里？我有几天没见到他了。——他已经去上海开会了。 考查现在完成时。goes去，一般现在时；is going将要去，一般将来时；has been去过某地已经返回，现在完成时；has gone已经去了某地还没回来，现在完成时。根据“I haven’t seen him for a few days.我有几天没见到他了”可知，他已经去了上海还没有回来。故选D。 41．（23-24八年级上·江苏南通·期末）Mr. Green likes travelling and he ________ lots of places of interest all over the world. A．has gone to B．has been to C．has been in D．has been 【答案】B 【详解】句意：格林先生喜欢旅游，他去过世界上许多名胜古迹。 考查现在完成时。have gone to去了（未回）；have been to去过（已回）；have been in在某地待一段时间。根据题干“lots of places of interest all over the world”可知，格林先生去过世界上许多名胜古迹，应用has been to。故选B。 42．（23-24八年级上·江苏泰州·期末）Fenghuang Square ________ for about two years, but I ________ there yet. A．has opened; haven’t gone B．has opened; haven’t been C．has been open; haven’t been D．has been open; haven’t gone 【答案】C 【详解】句意：凤凰广场已经开放两年了，但我还没有去过那里。 考查延续性动词与非延续性动词。for+一段时间，要与延续性动词一起搭配使用，open作为动词是非延续性动词，be open是延续性动词，所以第一空填has been open。have gone to去了某地（未回来）；have been to去过某地（已回来）。根据“but I … there yet”可知，此处表示还未去过那里，第二空应填haven’t been，故选C。 43．（23-24八年级下·江苏南京·期中）—Where is your father? I haven’t seen him for days. —He ________ Shanghai on business for a week and won’t be back until next week. A．has been in B．has been to C．has gone to D．went to 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——你父亲在哪里？我好几天没见到他了。——他去上海出差一个星期了，要到下星期才能回来。 考查时态。has been in待在某地；has been to去过，已经回来；has gone to去了，还未回来。根据“Shanghai on business for a week”可知他去上海，还未回来，此处和时间段连用要用延续性动词has been in。故选A。 44．（23-24八年级下·江苏南京·期中）—Have you seen Mr. Li these days? —No, he ________ Suzhou for a meeting. He’ll come back soon. A．has gone to B．has been to C．has gone in D．has been in 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——这些天你见到李老师了吗？——没有，他去苏州开会了。他很快就会回来。 考查动词短语。has gone to去了某地（还未回来）；has been to去过某地（已经回来了）；has been in在某地呆了多久。根据“He’ll come back soon.”可知，李老师去苏州开会还没回来，用has gone to。故选A。 45．（23-24八年级下·江苏无锡·期中）—Who is knocking on the door? —It ________ Mr. Smith because he ________ Sydney. A．can’t be; has gone to B．may not be; has been to C．mustn’t be; has gone to D．may be; went to 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——谁在敲门？ ——不可能是史密斯先生，因为他去了悉尼。 考查情态动词和现在完成时。can’t be不可能；may not be可能不；mustn’t be禁止，不允许，may be可能是；have been to曾去过某地现已返回；have gone to已经去了某地尚未返回；went to去，一般过去时。根据“because he ... Sydney.”可知，此处表示史密斯先生去了悉尼还未回来，因此不可能是他在敲门。故选A。 46．（23-24八年级下·江苏无锡·阶段练习）—Where is Mr. Smith?    —He ________ Guangzhou. He ________ there for a week. A．has gone to; has been in B．has gone to; has been C．has been to; has gone to D．has been in; has gone to 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——史密斯先生在哪里？——他去了广州。他在那里已经一个星期了。 考查时态。have gone to去了，还未回来；have been to去过，已经回来；have been in待在某地。根据“Where is Mr. Smith”以及“He...Guangzhou”可知，他去了广州，还未回来，故第一个空用has gone to，排除CD；根据“He...there for a week”可知，是指在那里已经一个星期了，空后是地点副词there，此处不加in，排除A。故选B。 47．（23-24八年级下·江苏盐城·阶段练习）He ________ Japan. Moreover, he ________ there for 10 hours. A．has gone to; has been B．has been to; has arrived C．has been to; has gone D．has gone to; has arrived 【答案】A 【详解】句意：他去了日本。此外，他已经在那里停留了10个小时。 考查动词短语。has gone to去了某地还未回来；has been to去过某地；has arrived到达，短暂性动词。根据“for 10 hours”可知第二空用延续性动词，排除B、C和D。第一空表示去了日本，用has gone to；第二空表示在那停留了十个小时，has been in“在某地待了多长时间”，there为地点副词，其前一般不加介词。故选A。 48．（23-24八年级下·江苏泰州·阶段练习）Simon’s father ________ to Paris last month. He ________ there three times. A．went, has gone B．has gone, has been C．went, has been D．has been, has gone 【答案】C 【详解】句意：西蒙的父亲上个月去巴黎了，他去过那里三次了。 考查时态。由last month可知，第一空是一般过去时，用过去式went。根据“He ... there three times.”可知，表示去过那里三次，应用现在完成时，has been“去过”，has gone“去了（未回）”，第二空用has been。故选C。 49．（23-24八年级下·江苏泰州·阶段练习）—Where is Tom? A friend of his wants to see him. —He ________ to New York on business. He ________ the airport at 5 in the morning. A．has gone; has left for B．has been; left for C．has gone; left for D．has been; has left for 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——汤姆在哪里？他的一个朋友想见他。——他去纽约出差了。他早上五点动身去机场。 考查时态。has been to去过某地，已经回来了；has gone to去了某地，没回来；has left for已经离开去，现在完成时；left for离开去，一般过去时。第一空，根据“Where is Tom?”可知，此处表示“去了某地，没回来”，所以填has gone to；第二空，根据“at 5 in the morning”可知，此句时态为一般过去时，所以填left for。故选C。 50．（23-24八年级下·江苏南通·阶段练习）—Where is your mother? —She _______ Shanghai on business for a week. She won’t come back _______ next week. A．has gone to; until B．has been in; until C．has been to; after D．has gone to; after 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——你妈妈在哪里？——她来上海出差已经一个星期了。她要到下周才能回来。 考查时态和连词辨析。have gone to去了，还未回来；have been in待在某地；have been to去过，已经回来；after在……之后；until直到。根据“for a week”可知此处与时间段连用，用have been in；根据“won’t come back...next week”可知是直到下周才回来，用not...until引导时间状语从句。故选B。 51．（23-24八年级下·江苏南通·阶段练习）—Why are the couple not at home today? —They ________ Xizang. That’s the place they dreamt of travelling to before. A．have gone to B．have been to C．have been in D．are going to 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——为什么这对夫妇今天不在家？——他们去了西藏。那是他们以前梦想着去的地方。 考查have gone to，have been to和have been in的区别。have gone to去了某地（去而未归）；have been to曾经去过某地（去已归来）；have been in待在某个地方（一直都在）；are going to将要，一般将来时。根据语境可知，询问这对夫妇不在家的原因，答语表示那是他们以前梦想着去的地方，可推测这对夫妇去了西藏，且为去而未归，have gone to“去了某地（去而未归）”符合语境。故选A。 52．（23-24八年级下·江苏无锡·阶段练习）—Where is your father? —He has gone to the UK and he ________ there for two weeks. A．has gone B．has been C．has gone to D．has been in 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——你父亲在哪里？——他去了英国，已经在那里待了两个星期了。 考查时态。have gone to去了某地，还未回来；have been in待在某地。根据“for two weeks”可知此处与时间段连用，用have been in，空后是地点副词，此处不加介词in。故选B。 53．（23-24八年级下·江苏宿迁·期中）—Where is Ms Zhou? I can’t find her in the office. —She ________ Yunnan. She will be back in three days. A．will go to B．has gone to C．has been to D．has went to 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——周女士在哪里？我在办公室找不到她。——她去了云南。三天后她就会回来。 考查动词短语的辨析及动词的时态。will go to意为“将去……”，后接表将来的时间；have/has gone to意为“到某地去”，说话时该人不在现场；have been to意为“曾经去过某地”，现在已不在那里了；has went to语法错误。根据“Where is Ms Zhou? I can’t find her in the office.”可知，周女士没在现场。故选B。 54．（23-24八年级下·江苏淮安·期中）— Helen has ________ to Nanjing for her holiday. She’ll be back in a week. — Nanjing is a great place to visit. I have ________ there twice. A．gone; been B．gone; gone C．been; been D．been; gone 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——Helen已经去南京度假。她将一周后回来。——南京是参观的好地方。我去过那儿两次。 考查have gone to与have been to的区别。have gone to表示去未回；have been to表示去已回，可以跟上次数。第一空，由于“She’ll be back in a week.”，所以是gone，第二空有twice，所以是been。故选A。 55．（23-24八年级下·江苏徐州·期中）—Hello! This is Daniel speaking. May I speak to Amy, please? —Sorry, but she ________ the city library. A．will go to B．was going to C．has gone to D．goes to 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——你好！我是丹尼尔。我可以和艾米说话吗？——对不起，她去市图书馆了。 考查现在完成时。will go to为一般将来时；was going to为过去将来时；has gone to为现在完成时；goes to为一般现在时。根据“May I speak to Amy, please?”以及答语“Sorry, but she…the city library.”可知，此处指Amy去图书馆了，还没有回来，表示过去发生的事情对现在造成的影响，应用现在完成时。故选C。 56．（23-24八年级下·江苏淮安·期中）—Look! That lady looks like our English teacher. —It ________ be her. She, as well as her parents, ________ Australia on holiday. A．mustn’t; have gone to B．may not; have been to C．can’t; has gone to D．can’t; has been to 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——看！那位女士看起来像我们的英语老师。——那不可能是她。她和她的父母已经去澳大利亚度假了。 考查情态动词和现在完成时的用法。结合选项可知第一空在推测那位女士是不是英语老师，表推测时，否定句中用can’t或may not，must用于肯定句中，排除A项；as well as 连接两个并列的主语时，谓语动词的人称与数要和前面的主语保持一致，前面的主语She为第三人称单数，排除B项；has gone to意为“去了某地”，现在人未回来，has been to意为“去过某地”，人已回来，既然第一空填can’t，表示不可能是她，证明人未回来，第二空填has gone to。故选C。 57．（23-24八年级下·江苏常州·期中）The new cinema in our city ______ for two months, but I ______ there. A．has opened; haven’t been B．has been open; haven’t gone C．has opened; haven’t gone D．has been open; haven’t been 【答案】D 【详解】句意：在我们城市的新电影院已经开业两个月了。但是我没去过。 考查现在完成时。根据时间状语“for two months” 可知谓语动词使用延续性动词，时态用现在完成时，open开始营业，非延续性动词，不能和一段时间连用。be open营业，延续性动词，所以第一个空格处填has been open；have gone to sp.已经去了某地，没有回来，说话人不在说话人地方；have been to sp.：去过某地，已经回来了，说话人在说话的地方，由语境可知此句说话人在说话的地方，用have been to sp.，there是地点副词，省略介词to。故选D。 58．（2023·江苏镇江·一模）My parents ________ Tianjing on business for a whole week. So I live with my uncle these days. A．have been to B．have gone to C．have been in D．have been away 【答案】C 【详解】句意：我父母在天津出差整整一周了。所以这些天我和我叔叔住在一起。 考查短语辨析。have been to曾去过某地；have gone to已经去了某地；have been in待在某地；have been away已经离开某地。根据“So I live with my uncle these days”可知，父母现在在天津出差，故排除选项A和D。根据“for a whole week”可知，此处表示一段时间，不能用瞬间动词，故排除B。故选C。 59．（23-24八年级下·江苏宿迁·期中）—Hello! Can I speak to Simon? —Sorry, he isn’t in right now. He ________ to the cinema with his aunt. A．has been B．has gone C．is going D．goes 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——你好！我能和西蒙说话吗？——对不起，他现在不在。他和他姑姑去看电影了。 考查现在完成时。has been to...去过某地；has gone to...去了某地。根据“Sorry, he isn’t in right now.”可知，此处强调过去发生的事情对现在造成的影响，用现在完成时，即：西蒙和他姑姑去看电影了，还没回来。故选B。 60．（23-24八年级下·江苏无锡·阶段练习）—Where is Tom? I can’t find him in the office. —He _______ Hong Kong on business. He’ll come back next week. A．has gone in B．has been in C．has gone to D．has been to 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——汤姆在哪儿？我在办公室没有找到他。——他到香港出差去了。他下周会回来。 考查短语辨析。has gone in错误搭配；has been in一直待在某地；has gone to已经去某地了，还没有回来；has been to曾经去过某地，但现在已经不在那里了。根据“He...Hong Kong on business. He’ll come back next week”可知，人还没有回来，故应用has gone to。故选C。 12 同步新课程，周周有练习，月月有重点！ 17 同步新课程，周周有练习，月月有重点！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$2024-2025学年一线教师制作同步精品系列资料，已编校！ 2024-2025学年一线教师制作同步精品系列资料，已编校！ Unit2 Travelling 重点语法：现在完成时（二）（两大题型，60题）精讲练 目录 语法知识精讲 1 语法知识精练 2 题型一：含since/for的现在完成时 2 题型二：have been to/have gone to区别 5 语法知识精讲 一、现在完成时的时间状语 already(用于肯定句), yet(用于否定句和疑问句), since+一点时间, for+一段时间, never, ever, three times(其它表示频率的词, once, twice等) before, recently, in the past/last few years, so far, this month, today, now 知识点：since 和for用法区别 (1)since的用法①since 后面加点时间，如since nearly three years ago或since2008. ②since引导时间状语从句时，后面的时间状语从句动词用一般过去时. (2) for的用法：for后加一段时间。 since/for 可以通过ago进行同义句转换。 二、特殊句型 ①It is/has been two years since I graduated from the university. 自从我毕业以来已经两年了。 ②This is the best film that I have ever seen.= I have never seen a better film before. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 ③This is the first time that I have seen the pandas. 这是我第一次看到大熊猫。 语法知识精练 题型一：含since/for的现在完成时 1．（23-24八年级下·江苏南京·期中）Uncle Li can speak English very well because he ________ England for 5 years. A．has been in B．has been to C．has gone to D．has arrived in 2．（23-24八年级下·江苏徐州·期中）—I’m sorry to keep you waiting so long. —Never mind. I ________ here for only a few minutes. A．got B．have been C．have arrived D．have come 3．（23-24八年级下·江苏无锡·阶段练习）It ________ over ten days since he ________ his hometown. A．is; has been away from B．has been; left C．has been; has been away from D．was; left 4．（23-24八年级下·江苏南通·阶段练习）My uncle ________ a beautiful lady in 2010. He and his wife ________ for 13 years. A．got married with; have been married B．married; have been married C．married to; have got married D．got married to; have got married 5．（23-24八年级下·江苏南通·阶段练习）—Is everyone here, Jonathan? —No, Sir. Millie is absent. She ________ for two days. A．has been ill B．has fallen ill C．was ill D．fell ill 6．（23-24八年级下·江苏南通·阶段练习）—He looks much taller now. How long is it since he ________ this school? —He ________ for three years and is studying in New York. A．has left; has left B．left; has been away C．leaves; has left D．left; has left 7．（23-24八年级下·江苏南通·阶段练习）—Have you been in Haimen for a long time?   —Yes, ________ the end of 2007. A．at B．since C．for D．in 8．（23-24八年级下·江苏南京·阶段练习）—Mom tells me the shopping mall nearby hasn’t ________ yet. —You must be kidding. It has ________ for two weeks. A．opened; been open B．been open; been open C．been opened; opened D．opened; opened 9．（23-24八年级下·江苏南京·阶段练习）Which of the following is Right? A．He has been married Jane for ten years. B．He has got married since 2020. C．He married to Jane in 2020. D．Has he got married to Jane? 10．（23-24八年级下·江苏南京·阶段练习）Which of the following is right? A．He’s borrowed the book for two weeks. B．He has caught a cold for a week. C．He has joined the club since last week. D．I haven’t seen him for years. 11．（23-24八年级下·江苏泰州·阶段练习）Mr. Li _______ his hometown to live with his son in the city for over ten years. A．left B．was away from C．has left D．has been away from 12．（23-24八年级下·江苏南通·阶段练习）Mike has been ill ________ a long time. He has been in hospital ________ October. A．since; for B．since; since C．for; for D．for; since 13．（23-24八年级下·江苏常州·阶段练习）It ________ three years since the dog ________. A．has been; died B．is; has been dead C．is; dead D．was, died 14．（23-24八年级下·江苏无锡·阶段练习）The woman with a boy ________ for twenty years. A．has been married B．have been married C．has married D．married 15．（23-24八年级下·江苏常州·期中）—I bought this dictionary two weeks ago. —You mean you ________ it for only half a month. A．have bought B．have kept C．have had D．have taken 16．（23-24八年级下·江苏盐城·阶段练习）She ________ her hometown for many years. Nearly no one knows her now. A．left B．has been away from C．has left D．had left 17．（23-24八年级下·江苏无锡·期中）—How long have you lived here?    —________ the end of last year. A．When B．Since C．For D．Before 18．（23-24八年级下·江苏南通·期中）—Hello, may I speak to Wang Li? —Sorry, she is not at home. She ________ for nearly a week. A．left B．has left C．has been away D．went away 19．（23-24八年级下·江苏无锡·阶段练习）—How long ________ you ________ this book? —For about one week. I ________ it from the library last Tuesday. A．have; borrowed; borrowed B．have; kept; borrowed C．did; keep; have borrowed D．will; keep; have borrowed 20．（23-24八年级下·江苏南京·阶段练习）—Where is your father? —He went to Australia for a meeting and he ________ Sydney for two weeks. A．has been in B．went to C．has been to D．has gone to 21．（23-24八年级下·江苏扬州·阶段练习）—________ did your uncle leave his hometown? —Twenty years ago. He has been away ________ the end of 2009. A．When; since B．How long; since C．When; at D．How long; at 22．（23-24八年级下·江苏常州·阶段练习）Last week I ________ a new bicycle. I ________ it for eight days. A．have bought, bought B．bought, have bought C．bought, bought D．bought, have had 23．（23-24八年级下·江苏无锡·阶段练习）—Mom, I want to watch Super Sketch Show（《喜剧大赛》）tonight. —Oh, dear, it ________ for a few minutes. Come on! A．has begun B．will begin C．has been on D．will be on 24．（23-24八年级下·江苏南京·阶段练习）— Are you a basketball player in your class? — Yes. I ________ the team last year. I ________ in the team for one year. A．have joined, have been B．joined, was C．joined, have been D．have joined, was 25．（23-24八年级下·江苏徐州·期中）How time flies! It has been ten years since I ________ him in Xuzhou. A．meet B．met C．have met D．will meet 26．（23-24八年级下·江苏南京·期中）—Where would you like to go for the weekend? —I hear that Happy Valley ________ for several years. So we can go there. A．opened B．has been opened C．has opened D．has been open 27．（23-24八年级下·江苏无锡·期中）—Let’s turn on the TV and watch the football match. —It’s too late. It _______ for an hour. And the result was 1-0. A．has finished B．has begun C．has been on D．has been over 28．（23-24八年级下·江苏盐城·阶段练习）It has been two months _______ my family moved to Lianyungang. A．for B．since C．because D．so 29．（23-24八年级下·江苏无锡·期中）It’s said that one and a half hours ________ since the film ________. A．has passed; has begun B．has passed; began C．have passed; began D．have passed; has begun 30．（23-24八年级下·江苏常州·阶段练习）He ________ in Shanghai, but he ________ the village life since he came here. A．used to live; has got used to B．used to living; has been used to C．was used to live; has got used to D．used to live; has been used to 题型二：have been to/have gone to区别 31．（23-24八年级下·江苏常州·阶段练习）—Where’s Mr. Zhang? I haven’t seen him for several days. —He ________ Canada. He ________ there for a week. A．has gone to; has been B．has gone to; has been in C．has been to; has been to D．has been to; has been 32．（23-24八年级下·江苏无锡·期中）________ of the students are from Wuxi, but only a few ________ Yuantouzhu. A．Hundreds; have been to B．Two hundred; have been to C．Two hundreds; have gone to D．Hundreds; have gone to 33．（23-24八年级下·江苏无锡·期中）Uncle Li can speak English very well because he ________ England for 5 years. A．has gone to B．has been to C．has come to D．has been in 34．（23-24八年级下·江苏淮安·期中）That singer ________ the USA three times. She is popular there too. A．has been to B．has been in C．has gone to D．is going to 35．（23-24八年级下·江苏扬州·期中）—When did Andy go to Yangzhou? —He ________ the city for two days. A．went to B．has gone to C．has been to D．has been in 36．（23-24八年级下·江苏常州·期中）— I haven’t seen your English teacher. Where is she? — It’s said that she ________ England for further study. A．has gone in B．has been to C．has gone to D．has come to 37．（23-24八年级下·江苏南通·开学考试）—I’m sorry to have kept you waiting so long. —Never mind. I _________ here for only a few minutes. A．have been B．have been to C．have arrived D．have been in 38．（23-24八年级下·江苏扬州·阶段练习）—Where is your father, Jack? —He ________ to New York on business. He ________ the airport at five in the morning. A．has gone; has left for B．has been; has left to C．has gone; left for D．has been; left to 39．（23-24八年级下·江苏扬州·阶段练习）— What’s the best park in the city? — Of course, the East Lake Park. I ________ there last week, and I ________ there many times. A．went; have been B．have gone; have been C．have been; have gone D．went; have gone 40．（23-24八年级下·江苏盐城·期末）—Where’s Mr. Green now? I haven’t seen him for a few days. —He ________ to Shanghai for a meeting. A．goes B．is going C．has been D．has gone 41．（23-24八年级上·江苏南通·期末）Mr. Green likes travelling and he ________ lots of places of interest all over the world. A．has gone to B．has been to C．has been in D．has been 42．（23-24八年级上·江苏泰州·期末）Fenghuang Square ________ for about two years, but I ________ there yet. A．has opened; haven’t gone B．has opened; haven’t been C．has been open; haven’t been D．has been open; haven’t gone 43．（23-24八年级下·江苏南京·期中）—Where is your father? I haven’t seen him for days. —He ________ Shanghai on business for a week and won’t be back until next week. A．has been in B．has been to C．has gone to D．went to 44．（23-24八年级下·江苏南京·期中）—Have you seen Mr. Li these days? —No, he ________ Suzhou for a meeting. He’ll come back soon. A．has gone to B．has been to C．has gone in D．has been in 45．（23-24八年级下·江苏无锡·期中）—Who is knocking on the door? —It ________ Mr. Smith because he ________ Sydney. A．can’t be; has gone to B．may not be; has been to C．mustn’t be; has gone to D．may be; went to 46．（23-24八年级下·江苏无锡·阶段练习）—Where is Mr. Smith?    —He ________ Guangzhou. He ________ there for a week. A．has gone to; has been in B．has gone to; has been C．has been to; has gone to D．has been in; has gone to 47．（23-24八年级下·江苏盐城·阶段练习）He ________ Japan. Moreover, he ________ there for 10 hours. A．has gone to; has been B．has been to; has arrived C．has been to; has gone D．has gone to; has arrived 48．（23-24八年级下·江苏泰州·阶段练习）Simon’s father ________ to Paris last month. He ________ there three times. A．went, has gone B．has gone, has been C．went, has been D．has been, has gone 49．（23-24八年级下·江苏泰州·阶段练习）—Where is Tom? A friend of his wants to see him. —He ________ to New York on business. He ________ the airport at 5 in the morning. A．has gone; has left for B．has been; left for C．has gone; left for D．has been; has left for 50．（23-24八年级下·江苏南通·阶段练习）—Where is your mother? —She _______ Shanghai on business for a week. She won’t come back _______ next week. A．has gone to; until B．has been in; until C．has been to; after D．has gone to; after 51．（23-24八年级下·江苏南通·阶段练习）—Why are the couple not at home today? —They ________ Xizang. That’s the place they dreamt of travelling to before. A．have gone to B．have been to C．have been in D．are going to 52．（23-24八年级下·江苏无锡·阶段练习）—Where is your father? —He has gone to the UK and he ________ there for two weeks. A．has gone B．has been C．has gone to D．has been in 53．（23-24八年级下·江苏宿迁·期中）—Where is Ms Zhou? I can’t find her in the office. —She ________ Yunnan. She will be back in three days. A．will go to B．has gone to C．has been to D．has went to 54．（23-24八年级下·江苏淮安·期中）— Helen has ________ to Nanjing for her holiday. She’ll be back in a week. — Nanjing is a great place to visit. I have ________ there twice. A．gone; been B．gone; gone C．been; been D．been; gone 55．（23-24八年级下·江苏徐州·期中）—Hello! This is Daniel speaking. May I speak to Amy, please? —Sorry, but she ________ the city library. A．will go to B．was going to C．has gone to D．goes to 56．（23-24八年级下·江苏淮安·期中）—Look! That lady looks like our English teacher. —It ________ be her. She, as well as her parents, ________ Australia on holiday. A．mustn’t; have gone to B．may not; have been to C．can’t; has gone to D．can’t; has been to 57．（23-24八年级下·江苏常州·期中）The new cinema in our city ______ for two months, but I ______ there. A．has opened; haven’t been B．has been open; haven’t gone C．has opened; haven’t gone D．has been open; haven’t been 58．（2023·江苏镇江·一模）My parents ________ Tianjing on business for a whole week. So I live with my uncle these days. A．have been to B．have gone to C．have been in D．have been away 59．（23-24八年级下·江苏宿迁·期中）—Hello! Can I speak to Simon? —Sorry, he isn’t in right now. He ________ to the cinema with his aunt. A．has been B．has gone C．is going D．goes 60．（23-24八年级下·江苏无锡·阶段练习）—Where is Tom? I can’t find him in the office. —He _______ Hong Kong on business. He’ll come back next week. A．has gone in B．has been in C．has gone to D．has been to 2 同步新课程，周周有练习，月月有重点！ 7 同步新课程，周周有练习，月月有重点！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$