08高中英语阅读理解能力提升人与自然之自然生态类-备战2025年高考

08高中英语阅读理解能力提升人与自然之自然生态类 目录 最新考情分析 解题技巧 典例解读 高考再现 最新考情分析 话题范围 生态系统与生物多样性：如介绍某个特定生态系统的特点、功能及面临的威胁，像热带雨林、湿地生态系统等；或者聚焦于某种珍稀动植物，讲述其生存现状、习性以及保护意义，如大熊猫、朱鹮等。例如 2024 年新课标Ⅰ卷D篇就围绕数字生物多样性记录展开123。 环境保护与可持续发展：常涉及环境污染问题，如空气污染、水污染、土壤污染的成因、危害及解决措施；也会探讨可持续发展理念在实际生活中的应用，如可再生能源的开发利用、绿色出行等。 人与自然的关系：分析人类活动对自然环境的影响，如过度开发、砍伐森林、城市化进程等对生态平衡的破坏；或者讲述人类如何与自然和谐共处的案例，强调尊重自然、保护自然的重要性。 体裁特点 说明文：占比较大，通常用于介绍自然生态领域的科学知识、研究成果、生态现象等。比如介绍某种新发现的生物物种、生态系统的演变过程等，语言较为客观、严谨，会使用一些专业术语。 议论文：作者会针对自然生态问题发表自己的观点和看法，如对某项环保政策的评价、对人类破坏自然行为的批判等，往往具有较强的逻辑性和说服力，需要学生理解作者的论证思路和立场。 记叙文：可能会讲述与自然生态相关的故事，如某人参与环保活动的经历、保护野生动物的感人故事等，通过具体事例传递人与自然的情感纽带和环保意义，这类文章情感性较强。 题型分布 细节理解题：是最常见的题型之一。要求学生从文章中直接获取与自然生态相关的具体信息，如某个物种的特征、某种环境问题的表现等。例如 2024 年新课标 Ⅰ 卷 D 篇中的题目 “What do we know about the records of species collected now?”23。 主旨大意题：考查学生对文章整体内容的概括和理解能力，需要学生总结出文章关于自然生态主题的核心观点或主要内容，如文章主要是在介绍某种生态现象还是在呼吁人们保护自然等。 推理判断题：要求学生根据文章中的信息进行合理推断，如推断某种生态问题可能带来的后果、未来的发展趋势等，对学生的逻辑思维和综合理解能力要求较高。 词义猜测题：可能会出现一些与自然生态相关的专业词汇或生词，让学生根据上下文猜测其含义，这些词汇通常与生态环境、动植物、环保措施等有关。 观点态度题：考查学生对作者或文中人物对自然生态问题的态度，如支持、反对、中立等，需要学生从文章的字里行间捕捉相关信息，体会作者的情感倾向。 难度趋势 词汇难度：随着对自然生态话题的深入探讨，文章中出现的专业词汇和学术词汇逐渐增多，如 biodiversity（生物多样性）、ecosystem（生态系统）等，对学生的词汇量和词汇理解能力提出了更高要求。 文章长度：有逐渐变长的趋势，内容更加丰富和复杂，包含更多的细节和信息，要求学生具备更强的阅读速度和信息筛选能力。 逻辑复杂度：文章的逻辑结构更加复杂，不再局限于简单的因果、并列关系，可能会出现多重逻辑嵌套，如在分析生态问题时，会涉及到历史、社会、经济等多方面因素的相互作用，需要学生有较强的逻辑分析能力。 命题趋势 与现实生活联系紧密：题目会越来越多地结合当下热点生态问题，如全球气候变化、生物多样性锐减等，引导学生关注现实，培养环保意识和社会责任感。 跨学科融合：可能会与地理、生物等学科知识相结合，考查学生的综合素养和跨学科思维能力，例如在介绍生态系统时，可能会涉及到地理环境对生物分布的影响等知识。 注重思维品质考查：更加注重对学生批判性思维和创新思维的考查，如要求学生对某种环保方案进行评价、提出自己的环保建议等，鼓励学生积极思考和解决实际问题。 解题技巧 巧用阅读技巧，把握文章结构 扫读抓关键信息：快速扫视文章，重点关注开头、结尾、每段首句和关键词等。这些地方往往包含文章的主旨大意、段落主题和重要观点。如看到 “However”“Therefore” 等词，要格外留意其后的内容，通常是作者观点或重要结论。 精读理清逻辑关系：对于文章中的重点段落和关键语句，要进行精读。分析句子结构，理解长难句的含义，理清句子之间、段落之间的逻辑关系，如因果、对比、转折等关系。 标注重要内容：阅读过程中，将与题目相关的信息、文中的关键论点、数据、事例等进行标注，便于后续答题时快速定位和查找。 分析题目类型，精准定位答题 细节理解题 定位原文：根据题干中的关键词，如人名、地名、时间、数字等，在文中快速定位到相关段落或句子。 对比选项：将选项与原文内容进行仔细对比，注意选项中的细微差别，如偷换概念、扩大或缩小范围等。 主旨大意题 综合归纳：结合文章的标题、首尾段以及各段的主题句，总结出文章的中心思想。 排除干扰：排除那些只涉及文章部分内容或过于片面的选项，选择能概括文章整体内容的选项。 推理判断题 合理推断：依据文章中的事实和线索进行合理推断，不能主观臆断。答案一般不会在文中直接给出，需要考生根据已知信息进行深层次的理解。 注意作者态度：通过文章的措辞、语气等判断作者的态度和观点，如支持、反对、中立等，从而推断出作者的写作意图或文章的隐含意义。 词义猜测题 利用上下文：根据生词所在的上下文语境，通过句子之间的逻辑关系、同义词、反义词、举例等线索来猜测词义。 分析构词法：根据单词的词根、词缀等构词知识来推测词义。如 “un-”“dis-” 等前缀通常表示否定，“-less” 后缀也有否定含义。 增加阅读量，提高阅读速度和理解能力 广泛阅读：除了教材中的文章外，要多读一些英文报纸、杂志、科普书籍等，如《国家地理》《BBC 自然历史杂志》等，拓宽知识面，熟悉自然生态类文章的语言风格和常见话题。 限时训练：在平时练习时，给自己设定时间限制，模拟考试环境，逐渐提高阅读速度和答题效率。做完题目后，认真分析答案，总结答题技巧和规律，找出自己的薄弱环节，有针对性地进行改进。 典例解读 （一） （24-25高二上·北京西城·期末）A pair of papers, published in the scientific journal Nature, touts (标榜) the potential of new AI weather forecasting approaches — systems that could produce faster and more accurate results than traditional models. They are part of a new wave of AI models sweeping the meteorology (气象学) community worldwide. Conventional forecasts rely on a system known as numerical weather prediction. It’s a kind of mathematical model that uses complex equations (方程式) to predict the way weather systems change over time and space. These equations describe the actual physics behind the movement of air and water in the atmosphere and the oceans. Because there’s so much math and physics involved, numerical weather models require extremely high levels of computational power. That makes them expensive and time-consuming to run. It also limits the fine-scale processes that these models can accurately capture. Scientists have come up with various ways to get around these difficulties in traditional models. One strategy is a method known as parameterization — that’s when scientists replace the actual physical equations in a model with a simplified program that generally captures the process without forcing the model to represent the actual physics. But artificial intelligence could replace these workarounds, enthusiasts argue, with potentially faster and more accurate results. AI models don’t have to represent actual physics in the form of mathematical equations. Instead, they take in large amounts of historical weather data and learn to recognize patterns. They then use these patterns to make predictions when presented with new data on present-day weather conditions. In principle, the much faster computational speed could provide immense benefits. But some experts note that the changing climate may pose a unique challenge for developing AI weather models. AI systems rely on historical weather data to teach them how to produce accurate forecasts. But certain kinds of weather events, such as heat waves and hurricanes, are growing more intense as the planet warms — and in some cases, they’re becoming so extreme that there are few examples at all in the historical record. That could make it difficult for AI weather models to accurately simulate (模拟) events that are record-breaking or have never been seen before. Accurately forecasting extreme weather events is one of the most crucial functions for weather models, enabling decision-makers to issue public safety announcements or facilitate evacuations (疏散) with enough time to protect high-risk populations. But if AI models are presented with weather conditions that are entirely foreign to them, it may be hard to predict how they’ll react. The authors of the 2021 Royal Society paper point out that when it comes to capturing extremes with limited data, AI systems have produced mixed results — some have performed well while others not that satisfactorily. Hybrid models that include both AI components and numerical model components may run into fewer difficulties with record-breaking events, Russ Schumacher, Colorado’s state climatologist, suggested. He noted that numerical models and AI models may end up with different strengths, and human experience will remain valuable for communicating information about the weather. 1．What does the underlined expression “these workarounds” in Paragraph 4 refer to? A．High costs. B．Various methods. C．Weather systems. D．Inaccurate results. 2．What is Paragraph 5 mainly about? A．The advantages of artificial intelligence. B．The application of mathematical equations. C．The fast collection of historical weather data. D．The working principles of AI weather models. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Decision-makers find AI forecasts more reliable. B．AI models will eventually replace numerical ones. C．Lack of relevant weather data challenges AI systems. D．AI weather models help to prevent extreme climate events. 4．What’s the main purpose of the passage? A．To raise global climate change awareness. B．To stress the importance of the historical record. C．To compare the strengths of weather prediction methods. D．To suggest a way to improve weather prediction accuracy. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种新的人工智能天气预报方法，这种方法可能比传统模型产生更快、更准确的结果。 1．词句猜测题。根据文章第三段“Scientists have come up with various ways to get around these difficulties in traditional models.(科学家们想出了各种方法来克服传统模型中的这些困难。)”可知，划线词所在的句子意思是：但人工智能可以取代这些变通方法，爱好者们认为，这可能带来更快、更准确的结果，由此可知，“these workarounds”所指代的内容就是上文中的“various ways”。故选B。 2．主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“AI models don’t have to represent actual physics in the form of mathematical equations. Instead, they take in large amounts of historical weather data and learn to recognize patterns. They then use these patterns to make predictions when presented with new data on present-day weather conditions.(人工智能模型无需以数学方程的形式来表征实际的物理过程。相反，它们通过输入大量的历史天气数据，学习识别其中的模式。然后，当接收到关于当前天气条件的新数据时，它们会利用这些模式来进行预测。)”可知，第五段主要讲的是人工智能天气模型的工作原理。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第三段“AI systems rely on historical weather data to teach them how to produce accurate forecasts. But certain kinds of weather events, such as heat waves and hurricanes, are growing more intense as the planet warms — and in some cases, they’re becoming so extreme that there are few examples at all in the historical record. That could make it difficult for AI weather models to accurately simulate (模拟) events that are record-breaking or have never been seen before.(人工智能系统依靠历史天气数据来教会它们如何做出准确的预测。但是，随着地球变暖，某些类型的天气事件，如热浪和飓风，正在变得越来越强烈——在某些情况下，它们变得如此极端，以至于在历史记录中几乎没有例子。这可能会使人工智能天气模型难以准确模拟破纪录或前所未有的事件。)”可知，人工智能系统依靠历史天气数据做出准确的预测，由此可推知，缺乏相关天气数据会对人工智能系统构成挑战。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“A pair of papers, published in the scientific journal Nature, touts (标榜) the potential of new AI weather forecasting approaches — systems that could produce faster and more accurate results than traditional models.(发表在科学杂志《自然》上的两篇论文宣扬了新的人工智能天气预报方法的潜力——这种方法可能比传统模型产生更快、更准确的结果。)”可知，文章的主要目的是建议一种提高天气预报准确性的方法。故选D。 （二） （23-24高一下·重庆·期末）Have you ever noticed that the stars sometimes appear brighter in December, January and February? There’s a link between cold air and the night lights. “Part of it is that it tends to be drier in the winter,” said Diane Tumshek, an astronomer at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Even though it’s invisible, moisture (湿度) can change the way light moves through the air. And in the summer, moisture can make stars appear more dull. Air temperature is also what puts the twinkle twinkle in the little stars. “Even on very clear nights, some of the atmosphere is cooler, and some of the atmosphere is warmer,” said Tumshek, who also works with the Allegheny Observatory. And when the light from a star passes through those bubbles of varying temperatures, “it bends and shifts the light, so that we are seeing stars appear to dance or twinkle,” she said. For star lovers in the United States, there’s another factor that comes into play for bright winter stars, although this is a matter of coincidence (巧合). During Earth’s journey around the sun, “there are just simply more bright stars visible from the Northern Hemisphere in the winter sky,” Tumshek said. If you really want to see a shiny star, just try to find a burning ball of gas called Sirius near the horizon (地平线). At 8.6 light-years away, Sirius is relatively close to Earth and the brightest star visible in the night sky. It is also large — nearly twice as big as our sun and 20 times as bright. So this winter, when the world turns cold and it seems like we should be spending more time indoors, consider asking an adult to go exploring outside. With a warm coat and a clear sky, any night can be turned into a treasure hunt. All you have to do is look up. 5．What does the underlined word “dull” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Not exciting. B．Not shiny. C．Not serious. D．Not smart. 6．How does air temperature influence the brightness of stars? A．By making the stars dance and twinkle in the sky. B．By putting the twinkle twinkle in them. C．By varying the direction of the light from them. D．By changing the bubbles around them. 7．What do we know about Sirius? A．It is 20 times as bright as the sun. B．It can be found at any night. C．It is a burning and shiny ball. D．It is closer to Earth than other stars. 8．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To suggest stargazing in winter. B．To call on people to focus on stars. C．To present new research results about stars. D．To explain why stars are more visible in winter. 【答案】5．B 6．C 7．A 8．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要解释了为什么冬天的星星看起来更亮，原因是冬季较干燥，湿度较低，空气中的温度差异使得星光扭曲和闪烁，使得星星看起来更加明亮。此外，由于地球围绕太阳运行的巧合，冬天从北半球看到的明亮星星更多。因此，冬天是一个观测星星的好时机。 5．词义猜测题。根据第一段中“Have you ever noticed that the stars sometimes appear brighter in December, January and February? There’s a link between cold air and the night lights.(你有没有注意到星星有时在十二月、一月和二月显得更亮？冷空气和夜灯之间有联系。)”以及划线词前面的句子“Even though it’s invisible, moisture (湿度) can change the way light moves through the air. And in the summer, …(尽管它是看不见的，但水分可以改变光在空气中的传播方式。在夏天……，)” 可知，尽管湿度是不可见的，但它可以改变光在空气中的传播方式。在夏天，湿度可以使星星看起来更暗淡。由此可推知，dull意为“不发光的，暗淡的”，与B选项“Not shiny.(不发光的)”为同义词。故选B。 6．细节理解题。根据第二段中“And when the light from a star passes through those bubbles of varying temperatures, “it bends and shifts the light, so that we are seeing stars appear to dance or twinkle,” she said.(当星星发出的光穿过这些温度不同的气泡时，“它会弯曲并改变光线，因此我们看到的恒星似乎在跳舞或闪烁，”她说。)”可知，空气温度会弯曲并移动星星的光线，因此我们看到星星在天空中闪烁。由此可推知，空气温度通过改变来自星星的光线的方向来影响星星的亮度。故选C。 7．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“If you really want to see a shiny star, just try to find a burning ball of gas called Sirius near the horizon (地平线). At 8.6 light-years away, Sirius is relatively close to Earth and the brightest star visible in the night sky. It is also large — nearly twice as big as our sun and 20 times as bright.(如果你真的想看到一颗闪亮的恒星，只要试着在地平线附近找到一个燃烧的气团，叫做天狼星。天狼星距离地球8.6光年，相对较近，是夜空中可见的最亮的恒星。它也很大——几乎是太阳的两倍大，亮度是太阳的20倍。)”可知，天狼星非常大——几乎是我们太阳的两倍大，亮度是太阳的20倍。故选A。 8．推理判断题。根据第一段“Have you ever noticed that the stars sometimes appear brighter in December, January and February? There’s a link between cold air and the night lights. “Part of it is that it tends to be drier in the winter,(你有没有注意到星星有时在十二月、一月和二月显得更亮？冷空气和夜灯之间有联系。“部分原因是它在冬天往往更干燥，)”以及通读全文可知，文章主要解释了为什么冬天的星星看起来更亮，原因是冬季较干燥，湿度较低，空气中的温度差异使得星光扭曲和闪烁，使得星星看起来更加明亮。因此，作者写这篇文章的目的是为了解释为什么星星在冬天更明显。故选D。 （三） （24-25高二上·甘肃白银·阶段练习）Humidity (湿度) in the air comes from water evaporating (蒸发) off rivers, plants, fallen rain and other sources of water on Earth’s surface. That’s why wet places, such as this New Guinea rainforest, are more humid than dry deserts. Humidity is a measure of the amount of water in the air. The more water in the air, the higher the humidity. This airborne moisture comes from water evaporating off oceans, lakes, rivers, and so on. Winds can then move the water in the air around. Water evaporates more easily in warm places. That’s why it tends to be more humid in the tropics than the Arctic. But some hot places, such as deserts, are not humid because there is little water there to evaporate, so humidity there is very low. Weather reports often describe humidity in terms of “relative humidity”. This is a measure of how much water vapor (水蒸气) is in the air compared with how much vapor the air could hold at a given temperature. For instance, a relative humidity of 50 percent means the air is holding half the moisture it could hold at its current temperature. Here’s where it can get tricky. Warmer air can hold more water vapor than cooler air. That means there may be more water vapor in the air on a warm day with a relative humidity of 50 percent than a cold day with a relative humidity of even 55 percent. When air at any temperature reaches a relative humidity of 100 percent, it cannot hold any more water vapor. This vapor then condenses (液化) into water drops. Those drops can settle on the ground in the form of dew or rain. In the air, they can create fog or clouds. In high humidity, it is harder for sweat to evaporate off skin - making it more difficult to cool the body through sweating. 9．What plays a key role in making New Guinea rainforest more humid than dry deserts? A．Winds. B．Sunlight. C．Temperature. D．Sources of water. 10．What percent of water vapor in the air is most likely to result in clouds? A．45%. B．50%. C．55%. D．100%. 11．What does a person most probably experience if living in high humidity? A．Feeling hot. B．Rainy weather. C．Becoming weak. D．Difficulty in sweating. 12．Which is the best title for the text? A．Ice, water and vapor in the air B．What is humidity in the air? C．How does water on Earth turn into vapor? D．Relative humidity in the weather report 【答案】9．D 10．D 11．A 12．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍空气湿度及影响空气湿度的诸多因素如气温、风力等，并解释什么叫相对湿度。 9．细节理解题。根据第一段“Humidity (湿度) in the air comes from water evaporating (蒸发) off rivers, plants, fallen rain and other sources of water on Earth’s surface. That’s why wet places, such as this New Guinea rainforest, are more humid than dry deserts. (空气中的湿度来自河流、植物、降雨和地球表面其他水源的蒸发。这就是为什么潮湿的地方，比如新几内亚雨林，比干燥的沙漠更潮湿。)”可知，水资源丰富的地方，湿度相对较大，因此新几内亚雨林的湿度大于沙漠。故选D项。 10．细节理解题。根据第五段中“When air at any temperature reaches a relative humidity of 100 percent, it cannot hold any more water vapor. This vapor then condenses (液化) into water drops. Those drops can settle on the ground in the form of dew or rain. In the air, they can create fog or clouds. (当空气在任何温度下的相对湿度达到100%时，它就不能再容纳水蒸气了。然后水蒸气凝结成水滴。这些水滴会以露水或雨的形式落在地面上。在空气中，它们可以形成雾或云。)”可知，当相对湿度达到100%时，空气中的水蒸气会液化，形成云雾。故选D项。 11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“In high humidity, it is harder for sweat to evaporate off skin - making it more difficult to cool the body through sweating. (在高湿度的环境中，汗水很难从皮肤上蒸发掉，这就使得通过出汗来冷却身体变得更加困难。)”可知，在湿度大的地方，体表的汗液难以蒸发，人们难以通过排汗的方式保持凉爽。因此，在湿度大的地方生活的人容易感觉闷热。故选A项。 12．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段“Humidity (湿度) in the air comes from water evaporating (蒸发) off rivers, plants, fallen rain and other sources of water on Earth’s surface. (空气中的湿度来自河流、植物、降雨和地球表面其他水源的蒸发。)”可知，本文主要介绍空气湿度及影响空气湿度的诸多因素。B项“空气中的湿度是什么？”符合主题，适合做标题，故选B项。 （四） （2024·福建宁德·二模）Earlier this year extremely cold Arctic air and severe winter weather swept southward into much of the US. Tens of millions of people were affected by dangerously cold temperatures. These severe cold events occur when the polar jet stream-the familiar jet stream of winter that runs along the boundary between Arctic and more temperate air-dips deeply southward, bringing the cold Arctic air to regions that don’t often experience it. After Earth just experienced its hottest year on record, it may seem surprising to set so many cold records. But does this cold snap (寒流) contradict human-caused global warming? Absolutely and surely, it does not. No single weather event can prove or disprove global warming. Many studies have shown that the number of extreme cold events is clearly decreasing with global warming, as predicted and understood from physical reasoning. Whether global warming may, contrary to expectations, be playing some supporting role in the intensity of these events is an open question. Some research suggests it does. There is evidence suggesting that Arctic changes connected with global warming have increased the likelihood of such vortex disruptions (涡旋破坏). The effects of the strengthened high latitude (纬度) warming known as Arctic amplification on regional snow cover and sea ice may build up the weather patterns that, in turn, result in a stretched polar vortex. More recently, we have shown that while the number of these severe cold events is clearly decreasing-as expected with global warming-it does not appear that their intensity is correspondingly decreasing, despite the rapid warming in their Arctic source regions. So, while the world can expect fewer of these severe cold events in the future, many regions need to remain prepared for exceptional cold when it does occur. A better understanding of the pathways of influence between Arctic surface conditions, the stratospheric (平流层) polar vortex and mid-latitude winter weather would improve our ability to predict these events and their severity. 13．Which question is still up in the air? A．What is the polar jet stream. B．Whether cold contradicts global warming. C．Whether globe warming worsens extreme cold. D．What may have led to this polar vortex being stretched. 14．What can we know about the weather from the text? A．The strength of cold is not reducing. B．The strength of heat is not decreasing. C．The threat of global warming is disappearing. D．The number of severe cold events is increasing. 15．What is suggested in the text? A．Being ready for the unusual cold. B．Recording the hottest years in Arctic. C．Paying a visit to the USA and Arctic. D．Learning high-latitude winter weather. 16．Which column of a newspaper is the text probably taken from? A．Culture and History. B．Science and Nature. C．The Making of a Nation. D．Health and Education News. 【答案】13．C 14．A 15．A 16．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了尽管地球刚经历了有记录以来最热的一年，但美国今年早些时候仍遭遇了极端寒冷天气，这并不与全球变暖相矛盾；同时文章指出全球变暖背景下极端寒冷事件的数量在减少，但其强度是否受影响尚不确定，且未来虽可预期此类事件将减少，但仍需为可能出现的极端寒冷天气做好准备。 13．推理判断题。根据第三段的“Many studies have shown that the number of extreme cold events is clearly decreasing with global warming, as predicted and understood from physical reasoning. Whether global warming may, contrary to expectations, be playing some supporting role in the intensity of these events is an open question. (许多研究表明，正如预测和物理推理所理解的那样，随着全球变暖，极端寒冷事件的数量明显减少。与预期相反，全球变暖是否在这些事件的强度中发挥了某种辅助作用，这是一个悬而未决的问题。)”可知，全球变暖是否会与预期相反，对这些事件的强度起到一定的辅助作用，这还是一个未解之谜。即全球变暖是否加剧了严重寒冷事件还是个悬而未决的问题。故选C。 14．细节理解题。根据第五段“More recently, we have shown that while the number of these severe cold events is clearly decreasing-as expected with global warming-it does not appear that their intensity is correspondingly decreasing, despite the rapid warming in their Arctic source regions.(最近，我们已经表明，虽然这些严重寒冷事件的数量明显减少——正如全球变暖所预期的那样——但它们的强度似乎并没有相应减少，尽管它们的北极源头地区正在迅速变暖。)”可知，虽然这些严重寒冷事件的数量明显减少，但它们的强度似乎并没有相应减少。故选A。 15．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“So, while the world can expect fewer of these severe cold events in the future, many regions need to remain prepared for exceptional cold when it does occur. (因此，尽管世界预计未来这种严重寒冷事件的次数会减少，但许多地区需要为异常寒冷的发生做好准备。)”可知，尽管世界预计未来这种严重寒冷事件的次数会减少，但许多地区需要为异常寒冷的发生做好准备。故选A。 16．推理判断题。通读全文，本文主要讲述了尽管地球刚经历了有记录以来最热的一年，但美国今年早些时候仍遭遇了极端寒冷天气，这并不与全球变暖相矛盾；同时文章指出全球变暖背景下极端寒冷事件的数量在减少，但其强度是否受影响尚不确定，且未来虽可预期此类事件将减少，但仍需为可能出现的极端寒冷天气做好准备。由此推断，本文最可能出现在报纸的“科学与自然”版块。故选B。 真题再现 （一） （2024·天津·高考真题）Research sometimes proves, with data, what we more or less already know（e. g. Exercise is good for you, and polluted air isn’t）. Still, sometimes our assumptions are incorrect, and scientific findings surprise researchers, along with the rest of us. A recent example is the phenomenon of disappearing lakes in parts of the frozen treeless Arctic（北极的） region. You might think these lakes would be expanding, not disappearing. As climate change warms the region — melting（融化）surface snow and ice as well as the permafrost（永冻层）— there should be more surface water, forming larger lakes and even new ones. Recently, however, scientists have observed not just shrinking（缩小的） lakes but lakes that have completely gone away. Many scientists shared the commonsense expectation that as permafrost melted, lakes would at first expand with meltwater flowing into them. Eventually, researchers made a prediction that progressive warming during the 21st and 22nd centuries would dry out the Arctic, and lakes would begin to shrink. But now it looks as if Arctic lakes are disappearing a century sooner than predicted. A case in point is that some large, age-old lakes shrank dramatically in what appears to have been a matter of months. Scientists have labeled this phenomenon “disastrous lake loss” What caused this? The frozen solid ground actually contains bits of rock, mineral and organic matter, leaving spaces in between. And because these spaces are filled with solid ice, liquid water cannot readily get inside, but it can when the permafrost melts, allowing more water to get through. Soon after that, around 192 lakes in northwestern Alaska are gone from sight. Why did scientists miss this? One probable reason is that most climate models assume that the melting of permafrost is driven only by warming air. New evidence suggests, however, that rainfall — particularly increasing autumn rain — is now contributing significantly to permafrost loss. The rainfall carries heat into the ground. Yet none of the existing models includes such processes. That is a good example of why — no matter how complex our models are or may one day be — we need direct observation of the natural world. 17．What does Paragraph 1 mainly tell us? A．General knowledge can at times turn out to be true. B．Commonsense assumptions can sometimes prove wrong. C．Research findings should be built on popular assumptions. D．Scientific research is inspired by an unknown phenomenon. 18．Contrary to the general expectation, climate change has caused ________. A．a rapid rise of water surface B．the permafrost to melt faster C．many Arctic lakes to grow larger D．the disappearance of many Arctic lakes 19．The disastrous climatic impacts on the Arctic region have been ________. A．proved with emerging lakes B．underestimated by scientists C．well predicted by researchers D．shown elsewhere in the world 20．Why is the frozen Arctic ground hard for water to get through? A．Because of the solid ice within it. B．Because of its unique composition. C．Because it is far away from the waters. D．Because snow rarely melts on frozen ground. 21．What lesson can we learn from the passage? A．Direct observation is a must for scientific research. B．Scientific research is guaranteed by sufficient lab facilities. C．New evidence should be found to back up research findings. D．Scientific predictions should be mostly based on research models. 【答案】17．B 18．D 19．B 20．A 21．A 【导语】本文是篇说明文。文章通过对在冰冻无树的北极地区部分湖泊消失的现象这一实例的分析，表明了直接观察自然世界对科学研究是必要的。 17．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Research sometimes proves, with data, what we more or less already know.(研究有时会用数据证明我们或多或少已经知道的事情。)”和“Still, sometimes our assumptions are incorrect, and scientific findings surprise researchers, along with the rest of us.(尽管如此，有时我们的假设是不正确的，科学发现让研究人员和我们其他人感到惊讶。)”可知，该段表明有时一些常识性的假设可能被证明是错误的。故选B。 18．细节理解题。根据第二段“You might think these lakes would be expanding, not disappearing.(你可能会认为这些湖泊会扩大，而不是消失。)”和“Recently, however, scientists have observed not just shrinking（缩小的） lakes but lakes that have completely gone away.(然而，最近科学家们不仅观察到湖泊在萎缩，而且还观察到湖泊已经完全消失。)”可知，与人们的普遍预期相反，气候变化已经引起了许多北极湖泊的消失。故选D。 19．细节理解题。根据第三段“But now it looks as if Arctic lakes are disappearing a century sooner than predicted.(但现在看来，北极湖泊的消失似乎比预测的要早一个世纪。)”可知，对比之前科学家的预测，一些北极湖泊似乎消失得要快很多，可见灾难性的气候对北极地区的影响一直被科学家低估了。故选B。 20．细节理解题。根据第四段“And because these spaces are filled with solid ice, liquid water cannot readily get inside,(因为这些空间充满了固体冰，液态水不容易进入，)”可知，因为冻土层中的空间里充满了坚实的冰，导致液体水无法进入。故选A。 21．推理判断题。根据最后一段“That is a good example of why — no matter how complex our models are or may one day be — we need direct observation of the natural world.(这是一个很好的例子——说明为什么不管我们的例子有多复杂，或者有一天可能会复杂——我们都需要直接观察自然世界。)”可知，文章通过对在冰冻无树的北极地区部分湖泊消失的现象这一实例的分析，让我们学到了直接观察自然世界对科学研究是必要的。故选A。 （二） （2019·浙江·高考真题）California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素). The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent. Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源). But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development. The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪). Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season. 22．What is the second paragraph mainly about? A．The seriousness of big-tree loss in California. B．The increasing variety of California big trees. C．The distribution of big trees in California forests. D．The influence of farming on big trees in California. 23．Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees? A．Ecological studies of forests. B．Banning woodcutting. C．Limiting housing development. D．Fire control measures. 24．What is a major cause of the water shortage according to McIntyre? A．Inadequate snowmelt. B．A longer dry season. C．A warmer climate. D．Dampness of the air. 25．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．California’s Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone? B．Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon C．Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests? D．Patrick McIntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California 【答案】22．A 23．D 24．C 25．A 【分析】这是一篇说明文。根据一项研究显示，自20世纪30年代以来，加州已经损失了一半的大树，而气候变化似乎是其主要因素。 22．主旨大意题。第二段中，作者用具体数据说明了大树损失在各个地区的严重程度，没有任何地区幸免或不受影响，故选A。 23．推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源).可知，对野火的控制使得加利福尼亚的森林里挤满了小树，与大树争夺资源，也就是对野火的控制是善意的，但对大树产生了不利的影响。故选D。 24．细节理解题。根据最后一段the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.可知，造成加州水资源短缺的最大因素是温度升高，这导致树木向空气中流失更多的水分，以及更早的融雪，这减少了旱季对树木的供水量。故选C。 25．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，自20世纪30年代以来，加州已经损失了一半的大树，文章分析了引起该现象的几个主要因素。全文围绕“加州森林的大树都去哪儿了”话题展开，故选项A。 （三） （2014·湖北·高考真题）London’s newest skyscraper (摩天大楼)is called the Shard and it cost about 430 million pounds to build. At a height of almost 310 metres, it is the tallest building in Europe. The Shard has completely changed the appearance of London. However, not everyone thinks that it is a change for the better. The Shard was designed by the famous Italian architect Renzo Piano. When he began designing the Shard for London, Piano wanted a very tall building that looked like a spire (尖顶)• He wanted the glass surfaces to reflect the sky and the city. The sides of the building aren’t regular. So the building has an unusual shape. It looks like a very thin，sharp piece of broken glass. And that is how the building got the name: the Shard. Piano says that the spire shape of the Shard is part of a great London tradition. The shape reminds him of the spires of the churches of London or the tall masts (桅杆）of the ships that were once on the river Thames. The Shard has 87 floors. At the top, there is an observatory. At the moment the building is empty, but eventually there will be a five-star hotel. There will also be top quality restaurants, apartments and offices. Before building work began, a lot of people didn’t want the Shard though the plans were approved. Now they are still unhappy about the Shard. Some critics say that such a tall skyscraper might be good in a city like New York, but not in London. They say that the best thing about the Shard is its spire shape. But that is the only thing. There is no decoration, only flat surfaces. The Egyptians did that 4,500 years ago. They also think the Shard is too big for London. It destroys the beauty of the city. Other critics don’t like what the Shard seems to represent. They say that the Shard shows how London is becoming more unequal. Only very rich people can afford to buy the expensive private apartments and stay in the hotel. But the people who live near the Shard are among the poorest in London. So the Shard seems a symbol of the division in society between the very rich and the poor. The Shard now dominates the London skyline. It is not certain, however, that ordinary London citizens will ever accept it as a valuable addition to the city. 26．London’s newest skyscraper is called the Shard because of ._____ A．its cost B．its size C．its shape D．its height 27．When he designed the Shard, Piano wanted it to _____ A．change London’s skyline B．inherit London’s tradition C．imitate the Egyptian style D．attract potential visitors 28．The critics who refer to social division think the Shard_______ . A．is only preferred by the rich B．is intended for wealthy people C．is far away from the poor area D．is popular only with Londoners 29．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．The Shard: Cheers and Claps B．The Shard: Work of a Great Architect C．The Shard: New Symbol of London? D．The Shard: A Change for the Better? 【答案】26．C 27．B 28．B 29．D 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了伦敦新建了欧洲最高的被称之为“the Shard”的摩天大楼，成为了伦敦的新标志，然而对此却有不同的观点，尤其是对新的摩天大楼代表的阶层更是有络绎不绝的批评之声。 26．细节理解题。根据文章第二段The sides of the building aren’t regular. So the building has an unusual shape. It looks like a very thin，sharp piece of broken glass. And that is how the building got the name: the Shard.可知, 这座建筑的侧面不规则。所以这座建筑有一个不寻常的形状。它看起来像一块非常薄、锋利的碎玻璃。这就是这座建筑得名的原因。所以正是因为它的外形新的摩天大楼才被称作为“the Shard”。故选C项。 27．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Piano says that the spire shape of the Shard is part of a great London tradition ”可知Piano说，Shard的尖顶形状是伦敦伟大传统的一部分。所以当Piano设计Shard时，Piano希望它能继承伦敦的传统，故选B项。 28．细节理解。根据文章第五段“Only very rich people can afford to buy the expensive private apartments and stay in the hotel. …So the Shard seems a symbol of the division in society between the very rich and the poor.”可知批评者认为它只是代表了有钱的富人，也成为了穷人与富人的区分和界限，所以提到社会分化的批评家认为Shard是为富人设计的。故B正确。 29．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段However, not everyone thinks that it is a change for the better 可知文章是在探究与阐述对新的摩天大楼所带来的变化究竟是怎样的，故利用这样的话题作为标题很鲜明直接，所以短文的最佳标题为“碎片大厦：更好的改变？”故D正确。 （四） （2020·海南·高考真题）Rainforests are home to a rich variety of medicinal plants, food, birds and animals. Can you believe that a single bush（灌木丛）in the Amazon may have more species of ants than the whole of Britain! About 480 varieties of trees may be found in just one hectare of rainforest. Rainforests are the lungs of the planet-storing vast quantities of carbon dioxide and producing a significant amount of the world's oxygen. Rainforests have their own perfect system for ensuring their own survival; the tall trees make a canopy（树冠层）of branches and leaves which protect themselves, smaller plants, and the forest animals from heavy rain, intense dry heat from the sun and strong winds. Amazingly, the trees grow in such a way that their leaves and branches, although close together, never actually touch those of another tree. Scientists think this is the plants' way to prevent the spread of any tree diseases and make life more difficult for leaf-eating insects like caterpillars. To survive in the forest, animals must climb, jump or fly across the gaps. The ground floor of the forest is not all tangled leaves and bushes, like in films, but is actually fairly clear. It is where dead leaves turn into food for the trees and other forest life. They are not called rainforests for nothing! Rainforests can generate 75%of their own rain. At least 80 inches of rain a year is normal-and in some areas there may be as much as 430 inches of rain annually. This is real rain-your umbrella may protect you in a shower, but it won't keep you dry if there is a full rainstorm. In just two hours, streams can rise ten to twenty feet. The humidity（湿气）of large rainforests contributes to the formation of rainclouds that may travel to other countries in need of rain. 30．What can we learn about rainforests from the first paragraph? A．They produce oxygen. B．They cover a vast area. C．They are well managed. D．They are rich in wildlife. 31．Which of the following contributes most to the survival of rainforests? A．Heavy rains B．Big trees. C．Small plants. D．Forest animals. 32．Why do the leaves and branches of different trees avoid touching each other? A．For more sunlight. B．For more growing space. C．For self-protection. D．For the detection of insects. 33．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Life-Giving Rainforests B．The Law of the Jungle C．Animals in the Amazon D．Weather in Rainforests 【答案】30．D 31．B 32．C 33．A 【分析】本文是说明文。热带雨林被称为“世界上最大的药房”，因为超过25%的现代药物是由其植物提炼。热带雨林也享有“地球之肺”的美誉，因其植物的光合作用净化地球空气的能力尤为强大。仅亚马逊热带雨林产生的氧气就占全球氧气总量的1/3。 30．细节理解题。根据第一段Rainforests are home to a rich variety of medicinal plants, food, birds and animals.得知，热带雨林蕴藏了丰富多彩的药用植物、食物以及鸟禽猛兽。可知，热带雨林有丰富的野生动物，故选D。 31．细节理解题。根据第二段Rainforests have their own perfect system for ensuring their own survival; the tall trees make a canopy（树冠层）of branches and leaves which protect themselves, smaller plants, and the forest animals from heavy rain, intense dry heat from            the sun and strong winds.得知，热带雨林有自己完美的生存体系，高大的树木有枝干，树叶的树冠层保护树木本身、小植物、动物们免受大雨和太阳强风带来的干燥热浪的伤害。可知，大树有助于热带雨林生存，故选B。 32．推理判断题。根据第三段Scientists think this is the plants' way to prevent the spread of any tree diseases and make life more difficult for leaf-eating insects like caterpillars.得知，科学家们认为这是植物阻止任何树木疾病扩散和让比如毛毛虫这种食用树叶的昆虫难以生存。可以判断出不同树木的树叶和树枝避免彼此触碰是为了自我保护，故选C。 33．主旨大意题。本文首先讲述了热带雨林蕴藏了丰富多彩的药用植物、食物以及鸟禽猛兽。其次，热带雨林就是地球的肺——它吸纳了大量的二氧化碳，并制造了全球氧气的很大部分。然后，雨林可以自我形成所需降雨的75%，而庞大的热带雨林湿气则可以形成雨云，这些雨云则可以飘往那些缺雨水的国家。可以判断出本文最佳标题是“给予生命的热带雨林”，故选A。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 08高中英语阅读理解能力提升人与自然之自然生态类 目录 最新考情分析 解题技巧 典例解读 高考再现 最新考情分析 话题范围 生态系统与生物多样性：如介绍某个特定生态系统的特点、功能及面临的威胁，像热带雨林、湿地生态系统等；或者聚焦于某种珍稀动植物，讲述其生存现状、习性以及保护意义，如大熊猫、朱鹮等。例如 2024 年新课标Ⅰ卷D篇就围绕数字生物多样性记录展开123。 环境保护与可持续发展：常涉及环境污染问题，如空气污染、水污染、土壤污染的成因、危害及解决措施；也会探讨可持续发展理念在实际生活中的应用，如可再生能源的开发利用、绿色出行等。 人与自然的关系：分析人类活动对自然环境的影响，如过度开发、砍伐森林、城市化进程等对生态平衡的破坏；或者讲述人类如何与自然和谐共处的案例，强调尊重自然、保护自然的重要性。 体裁特点 说明文：占比较大，通常用于介绍自然生态领域的科学知识、研究成果、生态现象等。比如介绍某种新发现的生物物种、生态系统的演变过程等，语言较为客观、严谨，会使用一些专业术语。 议论文：作者会针对自然生态问题发表自己的观点和看法，如对某项环保政策的评价、对人类破坏自然行为的批判等，往往具有较强的逻辑性和说服力，需要学生理解作者的论证思路和立场。 记叙文：可能会讲述与自然生态相关的故事，如某人参与环保活动的经历、保护野生动物的感人故事等，通过具体事例传递人与自然的情感纽带和环保意义，这类文章情感性较强。 题型分布 细节理解题：是最常见的题型之一。要求学生从文章中直接获取与自然生态相关的具体信息，如某个物种的特征、某种环境问题的表现等。例如 2024 年新课标 Ⅰ 卷 D 篇中的题目 “What do we know about the records of species collected now?”23。 主旨大意题：考查学生对文章整体内容的概括和理解能力，需要学生总结出文章关于自然生态主题的核心观点或主要内容，如文章主要是在介绍某种生态现象还是在呼吁人们保护自然等。 推理判断题：要求学生根据文章中的信息进行合理推断，如推断某种生态问题可能带来的后果、未来的发展趋势等，对学生的逻辑思维和综合理解能力要求较高。 词义猜测题：可能会出现一些与自然生态相关的专业词汇或生词，让学生根据上下文猜测其含义，这些词汇通常与生态环境、动植物、环保措施等有关。 观点态度题：考查学生对作者或文中人物对自然生态问题的态度，如支持、反对、中立等，需要学生从文章的字里行间捕捉相关信息，体会作者的情感倾向。 难度趋势 词汇难度：随着对自然生态话题的深入探讨，文章中出现的专业词汇和学术词汇逐渐增多，如 biodiversity（生物多样性）、ecosystem（生态系统）等，对学生的词汇量和词汇理解能力提出了更高要求。 文章长度：有逐渐变长的趋势，内容更加丰富和复杂，包含更多的细节和信息，要求学生具备更强的阅读速度和信息筛选能力。 逻辑复杂度：文章的逻辑结构更加复杂，不再局限于简单的因果、并列关系，可能会出现多重逻辑嵌套，如在分析生态问题时，会涉及到历史、社会、经济等多方面因素的相互作用，需要学生有较强的逻辑分析能力。 命题趋势 与现实生活联系紧密：题目会越来越多地结合当下热点生态问题，如全球气候变化、生物多样性锐减等，引导学生关注现实，培养环保意识和社会责任感。 跨学科融合：可能会与地理、生物等学科知识相结合，考查学生的综合素养和跨学科思维能力，例如在介绍生态系统时，可能会涉及到地理环境对生物分布的影响等知识。 注重思维品质考查：更加注重对学生批判性思维和创新思维的考查，如要求学生对某种环保方案进行评价、提出自己的环保建议等，鼓励学生积极思考和解决实际问题。 解题技巧 巧用阅读技巧，把握文章结构 扫读抓关键信息：快速扫视文章，重点关注开头、结尾、每段首句和关键词等。这些地方往往包含文章的主旨大意、段落主题和重要观点。如看到 “However”“Therefore” 等词，要格外留意其后的内容，通常是作者观点或重要结论。 精读理清逻辑关系：对于文章中的重点段落和关键语句，要进行精读。分析句子结构，理解长难句的含义，理清句子之间、段落之间的逻辑关系，如因果、对比、转折等关系。 标注重要内容：阅读过程中，将与题目相关的信息、文中的关键论点、数据、事例等进行标注，便于后续答题时快速定位和查找。 分析题目类型，精准定位答题 细节理解题 定位原文：根据题干中的关键词，如人名、地名、时间、数字等，在文中快速定位到相关段落或句子。 对比选项：将选项与原文内容进行仔细对比，注意选项中的细微差别，如偷换概念、扩大或缩小范围等。 主旨大意题 综合归纳：结合文章的标题、首尾段以及各段的主题句，总结出文章的中心思想。 排除干扰：排除那些只涉及文章部分内容或过于片面的选项，选择能概括文章整体内容的选项。 推理判断题 合理推断：依据文章中的事实和线索进行合理推断，不能主观臆断。答案一般不会在文中直接给出，需要考生根据已知信息进行深层次的理解。 注意作者态度：通过文章的措辞、语气等判断作者的态度和观点，如支持、反对、中立等，从而推断出作者的写作意图或文章的隐含意义。 词义猜测题 利用上下文：根据生词所在的上下文语境，通过句子之间的逻辑关系、同义词、反义词、举例等线索来猜测词义。 分析构词法：根据单词的词根、词缀等构词知识来推测词义。如 “un-”“dis-” 等前缀通常表示否定，“-less” 后缀也有否定含义。 增加阅读量，提高阅读速度和理解能力 广泛阅读：除了教材中的文章外，要多读一些英文报纸、杂志、科普书籍等，如《国家地理》《BBC 自然历史杂志》等，拓宽知识面，熟悉自然生态类文章的语言风格和常见话题。 限时训练：在平时练习时，给自己设定时间限制，模拟考试环境，逐渐提高阅读速度和答题效率。做完题目后，认真分析答案，总结答题技巧和规律，找出自己的薄弱环节，有针对性地进行改进。 典例解读 （一） （24-25高二上·北京西城·期末）A pair of papers, published in the scientific journal Nature, touts (标榜) the potential of new AI weather forecasting approaches — systems that could produce faster and more accurate results than traditional models. They are part of a new wave of AI models sweeping the meteorology (气象学) community worldwide. Conventional forecasts rely on a system known as numerical weather prediction. It’s a kind of mathematical model that uses complex equations (方程式) to predict the way weather systems change over time and space. These equations describe the actual physics behind the movement of air and water in the atmosphere and the oceans. Because there’s so much math and physics involved, numerical weather models require extremely high levels of computational power. That makes them expensive and time-consuming to run. It also limits the fine-scale processes that these models can accurately capture. Scientists have come up with various ways to get around these difficulties in traditional models. One strategy is a method known as parameterization — that’s when scientists replace the actual physical equations in a model with a simplified program that generally captures the process without forcing the model to represent the actual physics. But artificial intelligence could replace these workarounds, enthusiasts argue, with potentially faster and more accurate results. AI models don’t have to represent actual physics in the form of mathematical equations. Instead, they take in large amounts of historical weather data and learn to recognize patterns. They then use these patterns to make predictions when presented with new data on present-day weather conditions. In principle, the much faster computational speed could provide immense benefits. But some experts note that the changing climate may pose a unique challenge for developing AI weather models. AI systems rely on historical weather data to teach them how to produce accurate forecasts. But certain kinds of weather events, such as heat waves and hurricanes, are growing more intense as the planet warms — and in some cases, they’re becoming so extreme that there are few examples at all in the historical record. That could make it difficult for AI weather models to accurately simulate (模拟) events that are record-breaking or have never been seen before. Accurately forecasting extreme weather events is one of the most crucial functions for weather models, enabling decision-makers to issue public safety announcements or facilitate evacuations (疏散) with enough time to protect high-risk populations. But if AI models are presented with weather conditions that are entirely foreign to them, it may be hard to predict how they’ll react. The authors of the 2021 Royal Society paper point out that when it comes to capturing extremes with limited data, AI systems have produced mixed results — some have performed well while others not that satisfactorily. Hybrid models that include both AI components and numerical model components may run into fewer difficulties with record-breaking events, Russ Schumacher, Colorado’s state climatologist, suggested. He noted that numerical models and AI models may end up with different strengths, and human experience will remain valuable for communicating information about the weather. 1．What does the underlined expression “these workarounds” in Paragraph 4 refer to? A．High costs. B．Various methods. C．Weather systems. D．Inaccurate results. 2．What is Paragraph 5 mainly about? A．The advantages of artificial intelligence. B．The application of mathematical equations. C．The fast collection of historical weather data. D．The working principles of AI weather models. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Decision-makers find AI forecasts more reliable. B．AI models will eventually replace numerical ones. C．Lack of relevant weather data challenges AI systems. D．AI weather models help to prevent extreme climate events. 4．What’s the main purpose of the passage? A．To raise global climate change awareness. B．To stress the importance of the historical record. C．To compare the strengths of weather prediction methods. D．To suggest a way to improve weather prediction accuracy. （二） （23-24高一下·重庆·期末）Have you ever noticed that the stars sometimes appear brighter in December, January and February? There’s a link between cold air and the night lights. “Part of it is that it tends to be drier in the winter,” said Diane Tumshek, an astronomer at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Even though it’s invisible, moisture (湿度) can change the way light moves through the air. And in the summer, moisture can make stars appear more dull. Air temperature is also what puts the twinkle twinkle in the little stars. “Even on very clear nights, some of the atmosphere is cooler, and some of the atmosphere is warmer,” said Tumshek, who also works with the Allegheny Observatory. And when the light from a star passes through those bubbles of varying temperatures, “it bends and shifts the light, so that we are seeing stars appear to dance or twinkle,” she said. For star lovers in the United States, there’s another factor that comes into play for bright winter stars, although this is a matter of coincidence (巧合). During Earth’s journey around the sun, “there are just simply more bright stars visible from the Northern Hemisphere in the winter sky,” Tumshek said. If you really want to see a shiny star, just try to find a burning ball of gas called Sirius near the horizon (地平线). At 8.6 light-years away, Sirius is relatively close to Earth and the brightest star visible in the night sky. It is also large — nearly twice as big as our sun and 20 times as bright. So this winter, when the world turns cold and it seems like we should be spending more time indoors, consider asking an adult to go exploring outside. With a warm coat and a clear sky, any night can be turned into a treasure hunt. All you have to do is look up. 5．What does the underlined word “dull” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Not exciting. B．Not shiny. C．Not serious. D．Not smart. 6．How does air temperature influence the brightness of stars? A．By making the stars dance and twinkle in the sky. B．By putting the twinkle twinkle in them. C．By varying the direction of the light from them. D．By changing the bubbles around them. 7．What do we know about Sirius? A．It is 20 times as bright as the sun. B．It can be found at any night. C．It is a burning and shiny ball. D．It is closer to Earth than other stars. 8．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To suggest stargazing in winter. B．To call on people to focus on stars. C．To present new research results about stars. D．To explain why stars are more visible in winter. （三） （24-25高二上·甘肃白银·阶段练习）Humidity (湿度) in the air comes from water evaporating (蒸发) off rivers, plants, fallen rain and other sources of water on Earth’s surface. That’s why wet places, such as this New Guinea rainforest, are more humid than dry deserts. Humidity is a measure of the amount of water in the air. The more water in the air, the higher the humidity. This airborne moisture comes from water evaporating off oceans, lakes, rivers, and so on. Winds can then move the water in the air around. Water evaporates more easily in warm places. That’s why it tends to be more humid in the tropics than the Arctic. But some hot places, such as deserts, are not humid because there is little water there to evaporate, so humidity there is very low. Weather reports often describe humidity in terms of “relative humidity”. This is a measure of how much water vapor (水蒸气) is in the air compared with how much vapor the air could hold at a given temperature. For instance, a relative humidity of 50 percent means the air is holding half the moisture it could hold at its current temperature. Here’s where it can get tricky. Warmer air can hold more water vapor than cooler air. That means there may be more water vapor in the air on a warm day with a relative humidity of 50 percent than a cold day with a relative humidity of even 55 percent. When air at any temperature reaches a relative humidity of 100 percent, it cannot hold any more water vapor. This vapor then condenses (液化) into water drops. Those drops can settle on the ground in the form of dew or rain. In the air, they can create fog or clouds. In high humidity, it is harder for sweat to evaporate off skin - making it more difficult to cool the body through sweating. 9．What plays a key role in making New Guinea rainforest more humid than dry deserts? A．Winds. B．Sunlight. C．Temperature. D．Sources of water. 10．What percent of water vapor in the air is most likely to result in clouds? A．45%. B．50%. C．55%. D．100%. 11．What does a person most probably experience if living in high humidity? A．Feeling hot. B．Rainy weather. C．Becoming weak. D．Difficulty in sweating. 12．Which is the best title for the text? A．Ice, water and vapor in the air B．What is humidity in the air? C．How does water on Earth turn into vapor? D．Relative humidity in the weather report （四） （2024·福建宁德·二模）Earlier this year extremely cold Arctic air and severe winter weather swept southward into much of the US. Tens of millions of people were affected by dangerously cold temperatures. These severe cold events occur when the polar jet stream-the familiar jet stream of winter that runs along the boundary between Arctic and more temperate air-dips deeply southward, bringing the cold Arctic air to regions that don’t often experience it. After Earth just experienced its hottest year on record, it may seem surprising to set so many cold records. But does this cold snap (寒流) contradict human-caused global warming? Absolutely and surely, it does not. No single weather event can prove or disprove global warming. Many studies have shown that the number of extreme cold events is clearly decreasing with global warming, as predicted and understood from physical reasoning. Whether global warming may, contrary to expectations, be playing some supporting role in the intensity of these events is an open question. Some research suggests it does. There is evidence suggesting that Arctic changes connected with global warming have increased the likelihood of such vortex disruptions (涡旋破坏). The effects of the strengthened high latitude (纬度) warming known as Arctic amplification on regional snow cover and sea ice may build up the weather patterns that, in turn, result in a stretched polar vortex. More recently, we have shown that while the number of these severe cold events is clearly decreasing-as expected with global warming-it does not appear that their intensity is correspondingly decreasing, despite the rapid warming in their Arctic source regions. So, while the world can expect fewer of these severe cold events in the future, many regions need to remain prepared for exceptional cold when it does occur. A better understanding of the pathways of influence between Arctic surface conditions, the stratospheric (平流层) polar vortex and mid-latitude winter weather would improve our ability to predict these events and their severity. 13．Which question is still up in the air? A．What is the polar jet stream. B．Whether cold contradicts global warming. C．Whether globe warming worsens extreme cold. D．What may have led to this polar vortex being stretched. 14．What can we know about the weather from the text? A．The strength of cold is not reducing. B．The strength of heat is not decreasing. C．The threat of global warming is disappearing. D．The number of severe cold events is increasing. 15．What is suggested in the text? A．Being ready for the unusual cold. B．Recording the hottest years in Arctic. C．Paying a visit to the USA and Arctic. D．Learning high-latitude winter weather. 16．Which column of a newspaper is the text probably taken from? A．Culture and History. B．Science and Nature. C．The Making of a Nation. D．Health and Education News. 真题再现 （一） （2024·天津·高考真题）Research sometimes proves, with data, what we more or less already know（e. g. Exercise is good for you, and polluted air isn’t）. Still, sometimes our assumptions are incorrect, and scientific findings surprise researchers, along with the rest of us. A recent example is the phenomenon of disappearing lakes in parts of the frozen treeless Arctic（北极的） region. You might think these lakes would be expanding, not disappearing. As climate change warms the region — melting（融化）surface snow and ice as well as the permafrost（永冻层）— there should be more surface water, forming larger lakes and even new ones. Recently, however, scientists have observed not just shrinking（缩小的） lakes but lakes that have completely gone away. Many scientists shared the commonsense expectation that as permafrost melted, lakes would at first expand with meltwater flowing into them. Eventually, researchers made a prediction that progressive warming during the 21st and 22nd centuries would dry out the Arctic, and lakes would begin to shrink. But now it looks as if Arctic lakes are disappearing a century sooner than predicted. A case in point is that some large, age-old lakes shrank dramatically in what appears to have been a matter of months. Scientists have labeled this phenomenon “disastrous lake loss” What caused this? The frozen solid ground actually contains bits of rock, mineral and organic matter, leaving spaces in between. And because these spaces are filled with solid ice, liquid water cannot readily get inside, but it can when the permafrost melts, allowing more water to get through. Soon after that, around 192 lakes in northwestern Alaska are gone from sight. Why did scientists miss this? One probable reason is that most climate models assume that the melting of permafrost is driven only by warming air. New evidence suggests, however, that rainfall — particularly increasing autumn rain — is now contributing significantly to permafrost loss. The rainfall carries heat into the ground. Yet none of the existing models includes such processes. That is a good example of why — no matter how complex our models are or may one day be — we need direct observation of the natural world. 17．What does Paragraph 1 mainly tell us? A．General knowledge can at times turn out to be true. B．Commonsense assumptions can sometimes prove wrong. C．Research findings should be built on popular assumptions. D．Scientific research is inspired by an unknown phenomenon. 18．Contrary to the general expectation, climate change has caused ________. A．a rapid rise of water surface B．the permafrost to melt faster C．many Arctic lakes to grow larger D．the disappearance of many Arctic lakes 19．The disastrous climatic impacts on the Arctic region have been ________. A．proved with emerging lakes B．underestimated by scientists C．well predicted by researchers D．shown elsewhere in the world 20．Why is the frozen Arctic ground hard for water to get through? A．Because of the solid ice within it. B．Because of its unique composition. C．Because it is far away from the waters. D．Because snow rarely melts on frozen ground. 21．What lesson can we learn from the passage? A．Direct observation is a must for scientific research. B．Scientific research is guaranteed by sufficient lab facilities. C．New evidence should be found to back up research findings. D．Scientific predictions should be mostly based on research models. （二） （2019·浙江·高考真题）California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素). The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent. Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源). But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development. The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪). Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season. 22．What is the second paragraph mainly about? A．The seriousness of big-tree loss in California. B．The increasing variety of California big trees. C．The distribution of big trees in California forests. D．The influence of farming on big trees in California. 23．Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees? A．Ecological studies of forests. B．Banning woodcutting. C．Limiting housing development. D．Fire control measures. 24．What is a major cause of the water shortage according to McIntyre? A．Inadequate snowmelt. B．A longer dry season. C．A warmer climate. D．Dampness of the air. 25．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．California’s Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone? B．Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon C．Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests? D．Patrick McIntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California （三） （2014·湖北·高考真题）London’s newest skyscraper (摩天大楼)is called the Shard and it cost about 430 million pounds to build. At a height of almost 310 metres, it is the tallest building in Europe. The Shard has completely changed the appearance of London. However, not everyone thinks that it is a change for the better. The Shard was designed by the famous Italian architect Renzo Piano. When he began designing the Shard for London, Piano wanted a very tall building that looked like a spire (尖顶)• He wanted the glass surfaces to reflect the sky and the city. The sides of the building aren’t regular. So the building has an unusual shape. It looks like a very thin，sharp piece of broken glass. And that is how the building got the name: the Shard. Piano says that the spire shape of the Shard is part of a great London tradition. The shape reminds him of the spires of the churches of London or the tall masts (桅杆）of the ships that were once on the river Thames. The Shard has 87 floors. At the top, there is an observatory. At the moment the building is empty, but eventually there will be a five-star hotel. There will also be top quality restaurants, apartments and offices. Before building work began, a lot of people didn’t want the Shard though the plans were approved. Now they are still unhappy about the Shard. Some critics say that such a tall skyscraper might be good in a city like New York, but not in London. They say that the best thing about the Shard is its spire shape. But that is the only thing. There is no decoration, only flat surfaces. The Egyptians did that 4,500 years ago. They also think the Shard is too big for London. It destroys the beauty of the city. Other critics don’t like what the Shard seems to represent. They say that the Shard shows how London is becoming more unequal. Only very rich people can afford to buy the expensive private apartments and stay in the hotel. But the people who live near the Shard are among the poorest in London. So the Shard seems a symbol of the division in society between the very rich and the poor. The Shard now dominates the London skyline. It is not certain, however, that ordinary London citizens will ever accept it as a valuable addition to the city. 26．London’s newest skyscraper is called the Shard because of ._____ A．its cost B．its size C．its shape D．its height 27．When he designed the Shard, Piano wanted it to _____ A．change London’s skyline B．inherit London’s tradition C．imitate the Egyptian style D．attract potential visitors 28．The critics who refer to social division think the Shard_______ . A．is only preferred by the rich B．is intended for wealthy people C．is far away from the poor area D．is popular only with Londoners 29．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．The Shard: Cheers and Claps B．The Shard: Work of a Great Architect C．The Shard: New Symbol of London? D．The Shard: A Change for the Better? （四） （2020·海南·高考真题）Rainforests are home to a rich variety of medicinal plants, food, birds and animals. Can you believe that a single bush（灌木丛）in the Amazon may have more species of ants than the whole of Britain! About 480 varieties of trees may be found in just one hectare of rainforest. Rainforests are the lungs of the planet-storing vast quantities of carbon dioxide and producing a significant amount of the world's oxygen. Rainforests have their own perfect system for ensuring their own survival; the tall trees make a canopy（树冠层）of branches and leaves which protect themselves, smaller plants, and the forest animals from heavy rain, intense dry heat from the sun and strong winds. Amazingly, the trees grow in such a way that their leaves and branches, although close together, never actually touch those of another tree. Scientists think this is the plants' way to prevent the spread of any tree diseases and make life more difficult for leaf-eating insects like caterpillars. To survive in the forest, animals must climb, jump or fly across the gaps. The ground floor of the forest is not all tangled leaves and bushes, like in films, but is actually fairly clear. It is where dead leaves turn into food for the trees and other forest life. They are not called rainforests for nothing! Rainforests can generate 75%of their own rain. At least 80 inches of rain a year is normal-and in some areas there may be as much as 430 inches of rain annually. This is real rain-your umbrella may protect you in a shower, but it won't keep you dry if there is a full rainstorm. In just two hours, streams can rise ten to twenty feet. The humidity（湿气）of large rainforests contributes to the formation of rainclouds that may travel to other countries in need of rain. 30．What can we learn about rainforests from the first paragraph? A．They produce oxygen. B．They cover a vast area. C．They are well managed. D．They are rich in wildlife. 31．Which of the following contributes most to the survival of rainforests? A．Heavy rains B．Big trees. C．Small plants. D．Forest animals. 32．Why do the leaves and branches of different trees avoid touching each other? A．For more sunlight. B．For more growing space. C．For self-protection. D．For the detection of insects. 33．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Life-Giving Rainforests B．The Law of the Jungle C．Animals in the Amazon D．Weather in Rainforests 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$