07高中英语阅读理解能力提升人与自然之环境类-备战2025年高考

07高中英语阅读理解能力提升人与自然之环境类 目录 最新考情分析 解题技巧 典例解读 高考再现 最新考情分析 选材方面 主题多元：常涉及生态保护、环境污染、可持续发展、生物多样性等核心主题，如 2024 年新课标Ⅰ卷D篇探讨了数字生物多样性记录存在的偏见问题。 体裁多样：以说明文和议论文为主，如介绍某种环保技术、阐述环境问题的成因及解决办法等；也会有记叙文，通过讲述个人或群体的环保经历来传达环保理念。 紧跟热点：选材会紧密结合当下全球环境热点问题，如气候变化、塑料污染、可再生能源开发利用等。 命题方面 细节理解题：注重考查学生对文章中具体信息的捕捉和理解能力，如特定环保措施的内容、环境问题的具体表现等，通常需要在文中找到对应的语句进行作答。 主旨大意题：要求学生能够概括文章的中心思想，理解作者的主要观点和写作意图，可能会以 “What's the main idea of the passage?”“The author's purpose in writing this passage is to...” 等形式提问。 推理判断题：需要学生根据文章中的信息进行合理的推理和判断，如对未来环境变化的预测、某种环保行为可能产生的影响等，题干常为 “What can we infer from the passage?”“It can be concluded that...” 等。 词义猜测题：会选取文中的一些关键词或短语，让学生根据上下文猜测其含义，考查学生对语境的理解和词汇的灵活运用能力。 观点态度题：要求学生理解作者或文中人物对环境问题的态度，通常会涉及到对形容词、副词和语气词的理解，如 “positive”“negative”“neutral”“concerned” 等。 能力要求方面 语言能力：学生需要具备扎实的词汇和语法基础，能够理解文中的长难句和复杂的语言结构，准确把握文章的含义。 信息提取能力：能够快速浏览文章，抓住关键信息，如文章的标题、开头、结尾以及每段的首句等，同时要学会在文中定位与题目相关的信息。 逻辑思维能力：理解文章的逻辑结构，如因果关系、对比关系、递进关系等，以便更好地回答推理判断题和主旨大意题。 文化意识：了解不同文化背景下的环境保护观念和实践，拓宽视野，增强对跨文化环保话题的理解。 难度和篇幅方面 难度适中：整体难度会控制在高中生可以理解的范围内，避免过于专业的术语，但会包含一些常见的科普词汇和表达。 篇幅稳定：文章篇幅一般在 300 到 500 词左右，但也可能会因具体题型和试卷结构而有所变化。 解题技巧 主旨大意题 这类题目通常会问文章的主要内容或标题。如果是问主要内容，可以总结各段大意来确定。如果是问标题，选择能够全面概括文章主题且具有吸引力的选项。 例如，文章主要讲述了森林砍伐对生态系统的破坏以及一些保护森林的措施，主旨大意可能是 “Deforestation's Impact on Ecosystem and Conservation Measures”（森林砍伐对生态系统的影响和保护措施）。 细节理解题 根据题干中的关键词，如人名、地名、时间、环境问题名称等，回到原文定位相关句子进行作答。要注意题干中的限定词，如 “not”（不）、“except”（除了）等。 例如，题干为 “Which of the following is NOT a cause of air pollution mentioned in the article?”（以下哪一项不是文章中提到的空气污染的原因？）你需要仔细在文章中查找有关空气污染原因的内容，并排除正确选项，选出不符合原文的选项。 推理判断题 要基于文章内容进行合理的推理。不能脱离原文，同时要注意推理的程度不能过度。 例如，文章提到某个地区的河流污染严重，鱼类大量死亡，你可以推理出该地区的生态平衡受到了破坏，但不能推理出这个地区的人马上就会全部生病，因为这属于过度推理。 观点态度题 关注作者在文章中使用的带有感情色彩的词汇，以此来判断作者的态度。态度可能是积极支持、消极反对、客观中立等。 比如，作者在描述可再生能源的应用时使用了很多正面的词汇，如 “promising”（有前途的）、“beneficial”（有益的），那么作者对可再生能源的应用可能是持支持态度的。 典例解读 （一） （23-24高三上·湖南邵阳·期末）A recent study has found that using wood for construction instead of concrete (混凝土) and steel can reduce emissions (排放). But Tim Searchinger at Princeton University says many of these studies are based on the false foundation that harvesting wood is carbon neutral (碳中和). “Only a small percentage of the wood gets into a timber (木料) product, and a part of that gets into a timber product that can replace concrete and steel in a building,” he says. Efficiencies vary in different countries, but large amounts of a harvested tree are left to be divided into parts, used in short-lived products like paper or burned for energy, all of which generate emissions. In a report for the World Resources Institute, Searchinger and his colleagues have modelled (塑造) how using more wood for construction would affect emissions between 2010 and 2050, accounting for the emissions from harvesting the wood. They considered various types of forests and parts of wood going towards construction. They also factored in the emissions savings from replacing concrete and steel. Under some circumstances, the researchers found significant emissions reductions. But each case required what they considered an unrealistically high portion (份额) of the wood going towards construction, as well as rapid growth only seen in warmer places, like Brazil. In general, they found a large increase in global demand for wood would probably lead to rising emissions for decades. Accounting for emissions in this way, the researchers reported in a related paper that increasing forest harvests between 2010 and 2050 would add emissions equal to roughly 10 percent of total annual emissions. Ali Amiri at Aalto University in Finland says the report’s conclusions about emissions from rising demand are probably correct, but the story is different for wood we already harvest. “Boosting the efficiency of current harvests and using more wood for longer lived purposes than paper would cut emissions,” he says. “We cannot just say we should stop using wood.” 1．What is wrong with previous researches according to Searchinger? A．They got wrong statistics. B．They used an incorrect concept. C．They included too many factors. D．They were applied in limited countries. 2．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．The process of the new research. B．The background of the new study. C．The challenge of the new research. D．The achievements of the new study. 3．Which is CORRECT according to the passage? A．Using concrete and steel can reduce emissions. B．All of timber product can can take the place of the concrete amd steel. C．Only small part of wood can get into timber. D．We all should use wood to build our houses. 4．What is Ali Amiri’s attitude toward the new result? A．Favorable. B．Doubtful. C．Critical. D．Objective. （二） （24-25高三上·广东深圳·期末）Technology with roots going back to the Bronze Age may offer a fast and inexpensive solution to help achieve the United Nations climate goal of net zero emissions by 2050. The technology involves arranging heat-absorbing firebricks in an insulated (隔热的) container, where they store heat generated by solar or wind power for later use and maintain it at the high temperatures required for industrial processes. When needed, the heat can be released by passing air through channels in the layers of the bricks, thus allowing steel, glass, and paper factories to run on renewable energy even when wind and sunlight are unavailable. The bricks are made from the same materials as the insulating bricks used thousands of years ago. Today, about 17% of all carbon dioxide emissions (排放) worldwide come from burning fossil fuels to produce heat for industrial processes. Generating industrial heat from renewable sources could all but remove these emissions. “By storing energy in the form closest to its end use, you reduce inefficiencies in energy transition,” said the researchers. “It’s said in our field that’ if you want hot showers, store hot water’; so this study can be summarized as ‘if you need heat for industry, store it in firebricks.’” The researchers examined the impact of using firebricks to store industrial process heat in149 countries by using computer models to assess costs, land requirements, health impacts, and emissions in two situations for an assumed future where those countries in 2050 are using renewables for all energy purposes. In one situation, firebricks provide 90% of industrial process heat. In the other, there’s zero adoption of firebricks or other heat energy storage for industrial processes. The researchers found firebricks enable a faster and lower-cost transition to renewables. Specifically, the situation with firebricks could cut capital costs by $1.27 trillion across the 149 countries relative to the situation with no firebrick storage, while reducing demand for energy from the electricity supply. “What excites us is that the substantial benefit at low cost from multiple angles, from helping to reduce air pollution related deaths to easing global transition to clean renewables,” researchers commented. 5．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about concerning the firebrick? A．Its key composition. B．Its potential limitations. C．Its working principle. D．Its historical background. 6．What can we learn about the firebrick in paragraph 3? A．It increases the use of fossil fuels. B．It helps to generate industrial heat. C．It contributes to energy sustainability. D．It stores energy in the form of hot water. 7．How did the researchers arrive at their conclusion in paragraph 4? A．By making a comparison. B．By presenting a phenomenon. C．By analyzing cause and effect. D．By building a computer model. 8．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Firebricks Are the Future of Industrial Technology B．The Solar Power Helps Achieve Net Zero Emissions C．Renewable Energy Dominates Industrial Production D．Bronze Age Technology Could Aid Clean Energy Shift （三） （2025·全国·模拟预测）Alan Lovell, the chairman of the Environment Agency, said road run-off from tyres (轮胎) — water containing pollution that runs off the roads — had a significant negative influence on the UK’s waterways. This kind of water from towns, cities and transport, including microplastics from tyres, contributes to nearly 20 per cent of the pollution problem in England’s rivers, according to a report from the Environmental Audit Committee. The heavier a car, the greater the amount of microplastic released from tyre wear and the average weight of an oil car was 150kg lighter than an electric car. “People are worried about the tyre now, and electric vehicles (EVs), interestingly, are worse for that because of their weight,” he said. “There’s a lot of work to be done and we need to take appropriate action there. Finding a solution to vehicle pollution requires discussions with car producers on the materials that go into tyres. It’s about going back to the root cause.” Some experts say that the influence of EVs will reduce as battery technology improvements mean cars steadily get lighter and that the growing popularity of SUVs is canceling out the difference between oil and electric cars. Anna Krainska, one of the experts, said, “Focusing just on tyre pollution ignores that electric vehicles are far better than petrol cars when it comes to air pollution. Switching from traditional oil cars to EVs instantly removes all poisonous tailpipe pollution such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), and carbon a monoxide (CO). While EVs may pollute lightly more from tyres, the increase is offset through lower pollution from the tailpipe.” The Government launched a plan to tackle pollution from water companies. The plan includes possible two-year prison sentences for water company owners found to be preventing investigations, and a ban on bonuses at companies that fail to meet environmental, consumer and regulatory standards. The plan is the first step to reform the sector. 9．Why is the report from the Environmental Audit Committee mentioned? A．To introduce a new study. B．To support Lovell’s point. C．To advocate green activities. D．To criticize plastic pollution. 10．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．The microplastic problem. B．EV’s development. C．Tyre material. D．Road run-off. 11．Which aspect of electric cars is mainly discussed in paragraph 3? A．Their serious tyre pollution. B．Their future improvements. C．Their difference from oil cars. D．Their environmental impacts. 12．What does the author imply on controlling pollution in the last paragraph? A．The Government should take immediate action. B．Official regulations should be reconsidered. C．The process is more challenging than predicted. D．Water companies should take on responsibilities. （四） （23-24高二下·湖北·阶段练习）In the rich countries of the West, the electric vehicle revolution is well occurring. Climate-conscious consumers drive Teslas or Polestars for reasons of morality (道德) and fashion. Poorer countries are also experiencing a wave of electrified trend. In Bangladesh, electric three-wheeler taxis, known as tuk-tuks, are rapidly replacing gas-powered ones on the streets. Such electric vehicles are climate friendly, cost effective, and help reduce air pollution. Yet a glance under the hood (引擎盖) of these vehicles shows a poisonous secret: each tuk-tuk runs on five massive lead-acid batteries (铅酸电池), containing almost 300 pounds of lead (铅) in total. Every year and a half or so, when those batteries need to be replaced and recycled, about 60 pounds of lead leaks into the environment. Battery recycling, often at small-scale unregulated factories, is a highly profitable (高利润的) but deadly business. Lead is dangerous, and any exposure to it is harmful to human health. Lead that has entered the environment hurts people on an unexpected scale. The numerous ways lead enters air, water, soil, and homes across the developing world and the enormous damage it does to human health, wealth, and welfare cause one of the biggest environmental problems in the world yet receives little attention. The World Bank estimates that lead kills 5.5 million people per year, making it a bigger global killer than AIDS, malaria, diabetes, and road traffic deaths combined. On top of the shocking deaths, the social burden of lead poisoning is heavy, as is its contribution to global inequality — our research on the cognitive (认知的) effects of lead poisoning suggests that it may explain about one-fifth of the educational achievement gap between rich and poor countries. But unlike many challenges faced by developing countries, lead poisoning is a problem that can be resolved through financial investment (财政投入). Better monitoring, research, and rules can help protect children all over the world from the unpleasant effects of lead poisoning and reduce the massive global costs it brings. 13．How does the author describe the lead problem in paragraph 2? A．By listing some numbers. B．By analyzing hidden causes. C．By making an interesting comparison. D．By explaining its working principle. 14．What can we learn about lead’s harm from the text? A．Lead enters poor countries in one way. B．Lead leaking has been avoided in all the countries. C．Lead will definitely not harm anymore. D．Lead poisoning may make poor societies poorer. 15．What can be done to solve lead poisoning in developing countries? A．Fixing these used batteries. B．Reducing the cost of recycling lead. C．Ignoring the illegal use of lead. D．Putting certain effort and money. 16．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．The Impacts of Lead Poisoning on Man. B．The Global Lead Poisoning Problem. C．The Ways to Solve Lead Problem. D．The Benefits of Using Electric Vehicles. 真题再现 （一） （2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·高考真题）When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making. After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine. The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge. He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water. Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse — like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China. “Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.” 17．What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs? A．He was fond of traveling. B．He enjoyed being alone. C．He had an inquiring mind. D．He longed to be a doctor. 18．Why did John put the sludge into the tanks? A．To feed the animals. B．To build an ecosystem. C．To protect the plants. D．To test the eco-machine. 19．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou? A．To review John’s research plans. B．To show an application of John’s idea. C．To compare John’s different jobs. D．To erase doubts about John’s invention. 20．What is the basis for John’s work? A．Nature can repair itself. B．Organisms need water to survive. C．Life on Earth is diverse. D．Most tiny creatures live in groups. （二） （2024·浙江·高考真题）On September 7, 1991, the costliest hailstorm (雹暴) in Canadian history hit Calgary’s southern suburbs. As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2 million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones. But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project flights — worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding. Norman Stienwand, who farms in that area, has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years. “Basically, the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary-Edmonton urban area from hail,” Mr. Stienwand says, “but they’re increasing drought risk as far east as Saskatchewan.” The Alberta hail project is managed by Terry Krauss, a cloud physicist who works for Weather Modification Inc. of Fargo, North Dakota. “We affect only a very small percentage of the total moisture in the air, so we cannot be causing drought.” Dr. Krauss says. “In fact, we may be helping increase the moisture downwind by creating wetter ground.” One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind? No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.” Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “It would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice, doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety. 21．What does the project aim to do? A．Conserve moisture in the soil. B．Forecast disastrous hailstorms. C．Prevent the formation of hailstones. D．Investigate chemical use in farming. 22．Who are opposed to the project? A．Managers of insurance companies. B．Farmers in east-central Alberta. C．Provincial government officials. D．Residents of Calgary and Edmonton. 23．Why does Dr. Doswell mention the tornadoes he saw in 1999? A．To compare different kinds of seeding methods. B．To illustrate the development of big hailstorms. C．To show the link between storms and moisture. D．To indicate a possible danger of cloud seeding. 24．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Scientific studies have proved Stienwand right. B．Cloud-seeding companies will continue to exist. C．The doubt about cloud seeding has disappeared. D．Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada. （三） （2021·全国乙卷·高考真题）You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products. At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source (来源) of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear. In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate (说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped (倾倒) from a truck all at once. Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint. 25．What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for? A．Beautifying the city he lives in. B．Introducing eco-friendly products. C．Drawing public attention to plastic waste. D．Reducing garbage on the beach. 26．Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3? A．To show the difficulty of their recycling. B．To explain why they are useful. C．To voice his views on modern art. D．To find a substitute for them. 27．What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers? A．Calming. B．Disturbing. C．Refreshing. D．Challenging. 28．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．Artists’ Opinions on Plastic Safety B．Media Interest in Contemporary Art C．Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies D．Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures （四） （2022·浙江·高考真题）All around the world, there are small changes taking place. At the side of roads, behind school playgrounds and on all kinds of unloved pieces of land across towns and cities, tiny forests barely the size of tennis courts are appearing, making a great place for both wildlife and local people who may not normally have easy access to nature. This is the Tiny Forest movement, which aims to prove that the best things in life really do come in small packages. Tiny forests were first pioneered as a concept in the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a Japanese botanist. As he went on to share his concept with others, the idea soon took off in India and other countries before eventually reaching Europe, where it became popular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands. So how does it work? Louise Hartley, who is leading the Tiny Forest project in the UK, explains that the process begins by identifying areas in which a tiny forest could have the biggest influence. “We focus on urban areas where access to nature is often not that easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance to try to break the growing disconnect between people and nature.” In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the trees are planted much closer together and without chemicals or fertilisers (肥料). There are usually around 30 different kinds of all-native tree species (物种). This variety, coupled with the fact that tiny forests grow up to ten times faster than standard forests, means they attract a rich abundance of wildlife. It’s also thought that these places could help reduce the risk of flooding, remove carbon from the atmosphere and fight climate change, as well as improving the mental health of those living locally. 29．What do we know about the Tiny Forest movement? A．It has achieved notable success. B．It is led by a number of schools. C．It began in Europe in the 1970s. D．It will spread to the countryside. 30．What is the purpose of the project led by Hartley in the UK? A．To promote eco-tourism. B．To improve forestry research. C．To popularise gardening. D．To get people close to nature. 31．What is special about the trees in a Tiny Forest? A．They are small in size. B．They are thickly planted. C．They are foreign species. D．They are heavily fertilised. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 07高中英语阅读理解能力提升人与自然之环境类 目录 最新考情分析 解题技巧 典例解读 高考再现 最新考情分析 选材方面 主题多元：常涉及生态保护、环境污染、可持续发展、生物多样性等核心主题，如 2024 年新课标Ⅰ卷D篇探讨了数字生物多样性记录存在的偏见问题。 体裁多样：以说明文和议论文为主，如介绍某种环保技术、阐述环境问题的成因及解决办法等；也会有记叙文，通过讲述个人或群体的环保经历来传达环保理念。 紧跟热点：选材会紧密结合当下全球环境热点问题，如气候变化、塑料污染、可再生能源开发利用等。 命题方面 细节理解题：注重考查学生对文章中具体信息的捕捉和理解能力，如特定环保措施的内容、环境问题的具体表现等，通常需要在文中找到对应的语句进行作答。 主旨大意题：要求学生能够概括文章的中心思想，理解作者的主要观点和写作意图，可能会以 “What's the main idea of the passage?”“The author's purpose in writing this passage is to...” 等形式提问。 推理判断题：需要学生根据文章中的信息进行合理的推理和判断，如对未来环境变化的预测、某种环保行为可能产生的影响等，题干常为 “What can we infer from the passage?”“It can be concluded that...” 等。 词义猜测题：会选取文中的一些关键词或短语，让学生根据上下文猜测其含义，考查学生对语境的理解和词汇的灵活运用能力。 观点态度题：要求学生理解作者或文中人物对环境问题的态度，通常会涉及到对形容词、副词和语气词的理解，如 “positive”“negative”“neutral”“concerned” 等。 能力要求方面 语言能力：学生需要具备扎实的词汇和语法基础，能够理解文中的长难句和复杂的语言结构，准确把握文章的含义。 信息提取能力：能够快速浏览文章，抓住关键信息，如文章的标题、开头、结尾以及每段的首句等，同时要学会在文中定位与题目相关的信息。 逻辑思维能力：理解文章的逻辑结构，如因果关系、对比关系、递进关系等，以便更好地回答推理判断题和主旨大意题。 文化意识：了解不同文化背景下的环境保护观念和实践，拓宽视野，增强对跨文化环保话题的理解。 难度和篇幅方面 难度适中：整体难度会控制在高中生可以理解的范围内，避免过于专业的术语，但会包含一些常见的科普词汇和表达。 篇幅稳定：文章篇幅一般在 300 到 500 词左右，但也可能会因具体题型和试卷结构而有所变化。 解题技巧 主旨大意题 这类题目通常会问文章的主要内容或标题。如果是问主要内容，可以总结各段大意来确定。如果是问标题，选择能够全面概括文章主题且具有吸引力的选项。 例如，文章主要讲述了森林砍伐对生态系统的破坏以及一些保护森林的措施，主旨大意可能是 “Deforestation's Impact on Ecosystem and Conservation Measures”（森林砍伐对生态系统的影响和保护措施）。 细节理解题 根据题干中的关键词，如人名、地名、时间、环境问题名称等，回到原文定位相关句子进行作答。要注意题干中的限定词，如 “not”（不）、“except”（除了）等。 例如，题干为 “Which of the following is NOT a cause of air pollution mentioned in the article?”（以下哪一项不是文章中提到的空气污染的原因？）你需要仔细在文章中查找有关空气污染原因的内容，并排除正确选项，选出不符合原文的选项。 推理判断题 要基于文章内容进行合理的推理。不能脱离原文，同时要注意推理的程度不能过度。 例如，文章提到某个地区的河流污染严重，鱼类大量死亡，你可以推理出该地区的生态平衡受到了破坏，但不能推理出这个地区的人马上就会全部生病，因为这属于过度推理。 观点态度题 关注作者在文章中使用的带有感情色彩的词汇，以此来判断作者的态度。态度可能是积极支持、消极反对、客观中立等。 比如，作者在描述可再生能源的应用时使用了很多正面的词汇，如 “promising”（有前途的）、“beneficial”（有益的），那么作者对可再生能源的应用可能是持支持态度的。 典例解读 （一） （23-24高三上·湖南邵阳·期末）A recent study has found that using wood for construction instead of concrete (混凝土) and steel can reduce emissions (排放). But Tim Searchinger at Princeton University says many of these studies are based on the false foundation that harvesting wood is carbon neutral (碳中和). “Only a small percentage of the wood gets into a timber (木料) product, and a part of that gets into a timber product that can replace concrete and steel in a building,” he says. Efficiencies vary in different countries, but large amounts of a harvested tree are left to be divided into parts, used in short-lived products like paper or burned for energy, all of which generate emissions. In a report for the World Resources Institute, Searchinger and his colleagues have modelled (塑造) how using more wood for construction would affect emissions between 2010 and 2050, accounting for the emissions from harvesting the wood. They considered various types of forests and parts of wood going towards construction. They also factored in the emissions savings from replacing concrete and steel. Under some circumstances, the researchers found significant emissions reductions. But each case required what they considered an unrealistically high portion (份额) of the wood going towards construction, as well as rapid growth only seen in warmer places, like Brazil. In general, they found a large increase in global demand for wood would probably lead to rising emissions for decades. Accounting for emissions in this way, the researchers reported in a related paper that increasing forest harvests between 2010 and 2050 would add emissions equal to roughly 10 percent of total annual emissions. Ali Amiri at Aalto University in Finland says the report’s conclusions about emissions from rising demand are probably correct, but the story is different for wood we already harvest. “Boosting the efficiency of current harvests and using more wood for longer lived purposes than paper would cut emissions,” he says. “We cannot just say we should stop using wood.” 1．What is wrong with previous researches according to Searchinger? A．They got wrong statistics. B．They used an incorrect concept. C．They included too many factors. D．They were applied in limited countries. 2．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．The process of the new research. B．The background of the new study. C．The challenge of the new research. D．The achievements of the new study. 3．Which is CORRECT according to the passage? A．Using concrete and steel can reduce emissions. B．All of timber product can can take the place of the concrete amd steel. C．Only small part of wood can get into timber. D．We all should use wood to build our houses. 4．What is Ali Amiri’s attitude toward the new result? A．Favorable. B．Doubtful. C．Critical. D．Objective. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。新的研究表明，用木材建造的建筑可能并不像想象中的那么环保。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“But Tim Searchinger at Princeton University says many of these studies are based on the false foundation that harvesting wood is carbon neutral (碳中和). (但普林斯顿大学的Tim Searchinger表示，许多研究都是基于一个错误的基础，即砍伐木材是碳中和的)”可知，Searchinger认为以前的研究都基于一个错误的概念。故选B项。 2．主旨大意题。根据第二段“In a report for the World Resources Institute, Searchinger and his colleagues have modelled(塑造) how using more wood for construction would affect emissions between 2010 and 2050, accounting for the emissions from harvesting the wood. They considered various types of forests and parts of wood going towards construction. They also factored in the emissions savings from replacing concrete and steel. (在世界资源研究所(World Resources Institute)的一份报告中，Searchinger和他的同事们模拟了在2010年至2050年期间，使用更多的木材用于建筑将如何影响排放，其中包括砍伐木材产生的排放。他们考虑了各种类型的森林和用于建筑的部分木材。他们还考虑了更换混凝土和钢材所节省的排放。)”可知，第二段主要介绍新研究的过程。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据第一段的“Only a small percentage of the wood gets into a timber (木料) product, and a part of that gets into a timber product that can replace concrete and steel in a building (只有一小部分木材被制成木制品，其中的一部分被制成可以取代建筑中的混凝土和钢材的木制品)”可知，只有一小部分木头能进入木材。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Ali Amiri at Aalto University in Finland says the report’s conclusions about emissions from rising demand are probably correct, but the story is different for wood we already harvest. “Boosting the efficiency of current harvests and using more wood for longer lived purposes than paper would cut emissions,” he says. “We cannot just say we should stop using wood.””(芬兰阿尔托大学的阿里·阿米里表示，报告中关于需求增长导致的排放的结论可能是正确的，但对于我们已经收获的木材来说，情况就不同了。他说：“提高当前收成的效率，并将更多的木材用于比纸张寿命更长的目的，将减少排放。”。“我们不能只是说我们应该停止使用木材。”)”可知，Ali Amiri对此研究结果有一定的肯定性，但是他又表示我们不能说我们就应该停止使用木材。故他对此研究结果从正反两方面都进行了说明，其态度是客观公正的。故选D项。 （二） （24-25高三上·广东深圳·期末）Technology with roots going back to the Bronze Age may offer a fast and inexpensive solution to help achieve the United Nations climate goal of net zero emissions by 2050. The technology involves arranging heat-absorbing firebricks in an insulated (隔热的) container, where they store heat generated by solar or wind power for later use and maintain it at the high temperatures required for industrial processes. When needed, the heat can be released by passing air through channels in the layers of the bricks, thus allowing steel, glass, and paper factories to run on renewable energy even when wind and sunlight are unavailable. The bricks are made from the same materials as the insulating bricks used thousands of years ago. Today, about 17% of all carbon dioxide emissions (排放) worldwide come from burning fossil fuels to produce heat for industrial processes. Generating industrial heat from renewable sources could all but remove these emissions. “By storing energy in the form closest to its end use, you reduce inefficiencies in energy transition,” said the researchers. “It’s said in our field that’ if you want hot showers, store hot water’; so this study can be summarized as ‘if you need heat for industry, store it in firebricks.’” The researchers examined the impact of using firebricks to store industrial process heat in149 countries by using computer models to assess costs, land requirements, health impacts, and emissions in two situations for an assumed future where those countries in 2050 are using renewables for all energy purposes. In one situation, firebricks provide 90% of industrial process heat. In the other, there’s zero adoption of firebricks or other heat energy storage for industrial processes. The researchers found firebricks enable a faster and lower-cost transition to renewables. Specifically, the situation with firebricks could cut capital costs by $1.27 trillion across the 149 countries relative to the situation with no firebrick storage, while reducing demand for energy from the electricity supply. “What excites us is that the substantial benefit at low cost from multiple angles, from helping to reduce air pollution related deaths to easing global transition to clean renewables,” researchers commented. 5．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about concerning the firebrick? A．Its key composition. B．Its potential limitations. C．Its working principle. D．Its historical background. 6．What can we learn about the firebrick in paragraph 3? A．It increases the use of fossil fuels. B．It helps to generate industrial heat. C．It contributes to energy sustainability. D．It stores energy in the form of hot water. 7．How did the researchers arrive at their conclusion in paragraph 4? A．By making a comparison. B．By presenting a phenomenon. C．By analyzing cause and effect. D．By building a computer model. 8．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Firebricks Are the Future of Industrial Technology B．The Solar Power Helps Achieve Net Zero Emissions C．Renewable Energy Dominates Industrial Production D．Bronze Age Technology Could Aid Clean Energy Shift 【答案】5．C 6．C 7．A 8．D 【导语】本文是说明文。文章通过介绍一种利用火砖储存热能的技术，详细阐述了其工作原理、潜在应用以及对实现联合国2050年净零排放气候目标的可能贡献。 5．主旨大意题。根据第二段“The technology involves arranging heat-absorbing firebricks in an insulated (隔热的) container, where they store heat generated by solar or wind power for later use and maintain it at the high temperatures required for industrial processes. When needed, the heat can be released by passing air through channels in the layers of the bricks, thus allowing steel, glass, and paper factories to run on renewable energy even when wind and sunlight are unavailable. The bricks are made from the same materials as the insulating bricks used thousands of years ago.(这项技术包括将吸热耐火砖放置在一个隔热容器中，在容器中储存太阳能或风能产生的热量供以后使用，并将其保持在工业过程所需的高温下。当需要时，热量可以通过砖块层中的通道通过空气释放出来，这样即使在没有风和阳光的情况下，钢铁、玻璃和造纸厂也可以使用可再生能源。这些砖的材料与几千年前使用的隔热砖相同)”可知，本段主要讲述了防火砖的工作原理。故选C项。 6．细节理解题。根据第三段“Today, about 17% of all carbon dioxide emissions (排放) worldwide come from burning fossil fuels to produce heat for industrial processes. Generating industrial heat from renewable sources could all but remove these emissions. “By storing energy in the form closest to its end use, you reduce inefficiencies in energy transition,” said the researchers. “It’s said in our field that’ if you want hot showers, store hot water’; so this study can be summarized as ‘if you need heat for industry, store it in firebricks.’”(今天，全世界大约17%的二氧化碳排放来自燃烧化石燃料为工业生产过程供热。利用可再生能源生产工业热几乎可以消除这些排放。研究人员说：“通过以最接近其最终用途的形式储存能量，你可以减少能源转换的低效率。”“在我们的领域里，有人说‘如果你想洗热水澡，就储存热水’；因此，这项研究可以总结为‘如果你需要工业供热，那就把它储存在耐火砖里。’”)”可知，本段提及防火砖能减少能量转换的低效情况，也能减少碳排放，可知其有助于能源可持续性发展。故选C项。   7．推理判断题。根据第四段“The researchers examined the impact of using firebricks to store industrial process heat in149 countries by using computer models to assess costs, land requirements, health impacts, and emissions in two situations for an assumed future where those countries in 2050 are using renewables for all energy purposes. In one situation, firebricks provide 90% of industrial process heat. In the other, there’s zero adoption of firebricks or other heat energy storage for industrial processes. The researchers found firebricks enable a faster and lower-cost transition to renewables. Specifically, the situation with firebricks could cut capital costs by $1.27 trillion across the 149 countries relative to the situation with no firebrick storage, while reducing demand for energy from the electricity supply.(研究人员对149个国家使用耐火砖储存工业过程热量的影响进行了研究，他们使用计算机模型评估了成本、土地需求、健康影响和两种情况下的排放，假设这些国家在2050年所有能源目的都使用可再生能源。在一种情况下，耐火砖提供了90%的工业过程热量。另一方面，在工业过程中没有采用耐火砖或其他热能储存。研究人员发现耐火砖可以更快、更低成本地过渡到可再生能源。具体来说，与没有耐火砖储能相比，使用耐火砖储能可以在149个国家削减1.27万亿美元的资本成本，同时减少对电力供应的能源需求)”可知，研究人员通过计算有耐火砖和没用耐火砖之间的结果来得出结论，所以是通过比较。故选A项。 8．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Technology with roots going back to the Bronze Age may offer a fast and inexpensive solution to help achieve the United Nations climate goal of net zero emissions by 2050.(可以追溯到青铜器时代的技术可能会提供一种快速而廉价的解决方案，帮助实现联合国2050年净零排放的气候目标)”以及纵观全文可知，文章主要围绕一种复古的技术“防火砖”如何帮助清洁能源发展这一主题展开，强调了这一技术对能源转型的重要作用，所以D项“青铜时代的技术有助于清洁能源的转变”是本文最好的标题。故选D项。 （三） （2025·全国·模拟预测）Alan Lovell, the chairman of the Environment Agency, said road run-off from tyres (轮胎) — water containing pollution that runs off the roads — had a significant negative influence on the UK’s waterways. This kind of water from towns, cities and transport, including microplastics from tyres, contributes to nearly 20 per cent of the pollution problem in England’s rivers, according to a report from the Environmental Audit Committee. The heavier a car, the greater the amount of microplastic released from tyre wear and the average weight of an oil car was 150kg lighter than an electric car. “People are worried about the tyre now, and electric vehicles (EVs), interestingly, are worse for that because of their weight,” he said. “There’s a lot of work to be done and we need to take appropriate action there. Finding a solution to vehicle pollution requires discussions with car producers on the materials that go into tyres. It’s about going back to the root cause.” Some experts say that the influence of EVs will reduce as battery technology improvements mean cars steadily get lighter and that the growing popularity of SUVs is canceling out the difference between oil and electric cars. Anna Krainska, one of the experts, said, “Focusing just on tyre pollution ignores that electric vehicles are far better than petrol cars when it comes to air pollution. Switching from traditional oil cars to EVs instantly removes all poisonous tailpipe pollution such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), and carbon a monoxide (CO). While EVs may pollute lightly more from tyres, the increase is offset through lower pollution from the tailpipe.” The Government launched a plan to tackle pollution from water companies. The plan includes possible two-year prison sentences for water company owners found to be preventing investigations, and a ban on bonuses at companies that fail to meet environmental, consumer and regulatory standards. The plan is the first step to reform the sector. 9．Why is the report from the Environmental Audit Committee mentioned? A．To introduce a new study. B．To support Lovell’s point. C．To advocate green activities. D．To criticize plastic pollution. 10．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．The microplastic problem. B．EV’s development. C．Tyre material. D．Road run-off. 11．Which aspect of electric cars is mainly discussed in paragraph 3? A．Their serious tyre pollution. B．Their future improvements. C．Their difference from oil cars. D．Their environmental impacts. 12．What does the author imply on controlling pollution in the last paragraph? A．The Government should take immediate action. B．Official regulations should be reconsidered. C．The process is more challenging than predicted. D．Water companies should take on responsibilities. 【答案】9．B 10．A 11．D 12．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了轮胎排放的废气对英国水道的影响及应对措施。 9．推理判断题。由文章第一段“Alan Lovell, the chairman of the Environment Agency, said road run-off from tyres (轮胎) — water containing pollution that runs off the roads — had a significant negative influence on the UK’s waterways. This kind of water from towns, cities and transport, including microplastics from tyres, contributes to nearly 20 per cent of the pollution problem in England’s rivers, according to a report from the Environmental Audit Committee. (英国环境署主席艾伦•洛弗尔表示，轮胎排放的废气（含有污染物的水）对英国的水路产生了重大的负面影响。环境审计委员会的一份报告显示，来自城镇、城市和交通的这种水，包括轮胎产生的微塑料，占英格兰河流污染问题的近20%)”可推知，环境审计委员会的一份报告支持了Lovell的观点，即轮胎带来的道路径流对英国的水道有显著的负面影响。故选B。 10．词句猜测题。由文章第二段中“The heavier a car, the greater the amount of microplastic released from tyre wear and the average weight of an oil car was 150kg lighter than an electric car. “People are worried about the tyre now, and electric vehicles (EVs), interestingly, are worse for that because of their weight,” he said. (汽车越重，轮胎磨损释放出的微塑料就越多，燃油汽车的平均重量比电动汽车轻150公斤。他说：“人们现在担心轮胎的问题，有趣的是，电动汽车（EVs）由于其重量而更糟糕。”)”可知，that指代前文提到的轮胎带来的微塑料问题，与选项A“The microplastic problem. (微塑料问题)”。故选A。 11．主旨大意题。通读第三段，尤其是由第三段中“Focusing just on tyre pollution ignores that electric vehicles are far better than petrol cars when it comes to air pollution. (仅仅关注轮胎污染忽略了电动汽车在空气污染方面远远优于汽油车)”可知，本段主要讨论的是电动汽车对环境的影响，特别是与汽油车相比在空气污染方面的优势。故选D。 12．推理判断题。由文章最后一段中“The Government launched a plan to tackle pollution from water companies. The plan includes possible two-year prison sentences for water company owners found to be preventing investigations, and a ban on bonuses at companies that fail to meet environmental, consumer and regulatory standards. The plan is the first step to reform the sector. (政府启动了一项计划来处理自来水公司造成的污染。该计划包括可能对妨碍调查的水务公司所有者判处两年监禁，并禁止未能达到环境、消费者和监管标准的公司发放奖金。该计划是该行业改革的第一步)”可推知，作者在最后一段中对控制污染的暗示是水务公司应该承担责任。故选D。 （四） （23-24高二下·湖北·阶段练习）In the rich countries of the West, the electric vehicle revolution is well occurring. Climate-conscious consumers drive Teslas or Polestars for reasons of morality (道德) and fashion. Poorer countries are also experiencing a wave of electrified trend. In Bangladesh, electric three-wheeler taxis, known as tuk-tuks, are rapidly replacing gas-powered ones on the streets. Such electric vehicles are climate friendly, cost effective, and help reduce air pollution. Yet a glance under the hood (引擎盖) of these vehicles shows a poisonous secret: each tuk-tuk runs on five massive lead-acid batteries (铅酸电池), containing almost 300 pounds of lead (铅) in total. Every year and a half or so, when those batteries need to be replaced and recycled, about 60 pounds of lead leaks into the environment. Battery recycling, often at small-scale unregulated factories, is a highly profitable (高利润的) but deadly business. Lead is dangerous, and any exposure to it is harmful to human health. Lead that has entered the environment hurts people on an unexpected scale. The numerous ways lead enters air, water, soil, and homes across the developing world and the enormous damage it does to human health, wealth, and welfare cause one of the biggest environmental problems in the world yet receives little attention. The World Bank estimates that lead kills 5.5 million people per year, making it a bigger global killer than AIDS, malaria, diabetes, and road traffic deaths combined. On top of the shocking deaths, the social burden of lead poisoning is heavy, as is its contribution to global inequality — our research on the cognitive (认知的) effects of lead poisoning suggests that it may explain about one-fifth of the educational achievement gap between rich and poor countries. But unlike many challenges faced by developing countries, lead poisoning is a problem that can be resolved through financial investment (财政投入). Better monitoring, research, and rules can help protect children all over the world from the unpleasant effects of lead poisoning and reduce the massive global costs it brings. 13．How does the author describe the lead problem in paragraph 2? A．By listing some numbers. B．By analyzing hidden causes. C．By making an interesting comparison. D．By explaining its working principle. 14．What can we learn about lead’s harm from the text? A．Lead enters poor countries in one way. B．Lead leaking has been avoided in all the countries. C．Lead will definitely not harm anymore. D．Lead poisoning may make poor societies poorer. 15．What can be done to solve lead poisoning in developing countries? A．Fixing these used batteries. B．Reducing the cost of recycling lead. C．Ignoring the illegal use of lead. D．Putting certain effort and money. 16．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．The Impacts of Lead Poisoning on Man. B．The Global Lead Poisoning Problem. C．The Ways to Solve Lead Problem. D．The Benefits of Using Electric Vehicles. 【答案】13．A 14．D 15．D 16．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，文章主要阐述了目前全球都在发展环保节能的电动汽车，但是铅酸电池中的铅是危险的，任何接触都对人体健康，铅中毒给人类健康、财富和福利造成的巨大损害，不仅造成死亡还带来极大的社会负担。 13．推理判断题。第二段中“Yet a glance under the hood (引擎盖) of these vehicles reveals a poisonous secret: each tuk-tuk runs on five massive lead-acid batteries, containing almost 300 pounds of lead in total. Every year and a half or so, when those batteries need to be replaced and recycled, about 60 pounds of lead leak into the environment. Battery recycling, often at small-scale unregulated factories, is a highly profitable but deadly business.( 然而，只要看一眼这些车辆的引擎盖，就会发现一个有毒的秘密：每辆嘟嘟车都是由五块巨大的铅酸电池驱动的，总共含有近300磅的铅。每一年半左右，当这些电池需要更换和回收时，大约有60磅的铅泄漏到环境中。电池回收通常在不受监管的小型工厂进行，这是一项高利润但致命的业务。)”作者通过用具体数字列出嘟嘟车铅酸电池中铅的量来说明目前所面临的铅污染问题；由此可知，作者通过列出令人信服的数字来说明目前的铅问题。故选A。 14．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The numerous ways lead enters air, water, soil, and homes across the developing world — and the enormous damage it does to human health, wealth, and welfare — causes one of the biggest environmental crises in the world yet receives little attention.(在发展中国家，铅以多种方式进入空气、水、土壤和家庭——以及它对人类健康、财富和福利造成的巨大损害——造成了世界上最大的环境危机之一，但却很少受到关注。)”以及第四段中“On top of the shocking deaths, the social burden of lead poisoning is extraordinary, as is its contribution to global inequality — our research on the cognitive effects of lead poisoning suggests that it may explain about one-fifth of the educational achievement gap between rich and poor countries.(除了令人震惊的死亡之外，铅中毒的社会负担是巨大的，就像它对全球不平等的贡献一样——我们对铅中毒的认知影响的研究表明，它可以解释富国和穷国之间教育成就差距的五分之一。)”可知，在发展中国家，铅以多种方式进入空气、水、土壤和家庭，对人类健康、财富和福利造成的巨大损害，不仅造成死亡还带来极大的社会负担，使贫穷的社会更贫穷。故选D。 15．推理判断题。根据最后一段“But unlike many challenges faced by developing countries, lead poisoning is a problem that is fixable with some attention and a relatively modest financial investment. Better monitoring, research, and rules can help protect children all over the world from the dreadful effects of lead poisoning and reduce the massive global costs it brings.(但是，与发展中国家面临的许多挑战不同，铅中毒是一个可以通过一些关注和相对适度的财政投资来解决的问题。更好的监测、研究和规则可以帮助保护世界各地的儿童免受铅中毒的可怕影响，并减少其带来的巨大全球成本。)”可知，发展中国家可以通过一些关注和相对适度的财政投资，进行更好的监测、研究以及制定规则来解决铅污染和铅中毒问题；由此可知，发展中国家可以通过投入一定的努力和金钱解决铅中毒问题。故选D。 16．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“In the rich countries of the West, the electric vehicle revolution is well underway. Climate-conscious consumers drive Teslas or Polestars for reasons of morality and fashion. Poorer countries are also experiencing a wave of electrified trend.(在西方富裕国家，电动汽车革命正在如火如荼地进行。有气候意识的消费者出于道德和时尚的原因驾驶特斯拉或北极星。较贫穷的国家也正在经历一波电气化趋势。)”以及第二段“Yet a glance under the hood (引擎盖) of these vehicles reveals a poisonous secret: each tuk-tuk runs on five massive lead-acid batteries, containing almost 300 pounds of lead in total. Every year and a half or so, when those batteries need to be replaced and recycled, about 60 pounds of lead leak into the environment. Battery recycling, often at small-scale unregulated factories, is a highly profitable but deadly business.(然而，只要看一眼这些车辆的引擎盖，就会发现一个有毒的秘密：每辆嘟嘟车都是由五块巨大的铅酸电池驱动的，总共含有近300磅的铅。每一年半左右，当这些电池需要更换和回收时，大约有60磅的铅泄漏到环境中。电池回收通常在不受监管的小型工厂进行，这是一项高利润但致命的业务。)”可知，全球都在发展电动汽车，经历电气化，但是铅酸电池中的铅是危险的；下文主要阐述了铅中毒给社会和健康带来的极大危害；由此可知，文章主要讲述目前发展电动汽车带来的铅污染问题、世界上铅中毒的严峻形势及其给社会和健康带来的极大危害；B选项“The Global Lead Poisoning Problem (全球铅中毒问题)”能够概括文章主旨，适合作为最佳标题。故选B。 真题再现 （一） （2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·高考真题）When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making. After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine. The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge. He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water. Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse — like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China. “Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.” 17．What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs? A．He was fond of traveling. B．He enjoyed being alone. C．He had an inquiring mind. D．He longed to be a doctor. 18．Why did John put the sludge into the tanks? A．To feed the animals. B．To build an ecosystem. C．To protect the plants. D．To test the eco-machine. 19．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou? A．To review John’s research plans. B．To show an application of John’s idea. C．To compare John’s different jobs. D．To erase doubts about John’s invention. 20．What is the basis for John’s work? A．Nature can repair itself. B．Organisms need water to survive. C．Life on Earth is diverse. D．Most tiny creatures live in groups. 【答案】17．C 18．D 19．B 20．A 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了John Todd从小就很爱思考且好学，他建造了一个生态机器，利用自然可以自我修复的原理来净化污水。 17．细节理解题。根据第一段“When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making. (当约翰·托德还是个孩子的时候，他喜欢探索房子周围的树林，观察大自然是如何解决问题的。例如，一条肮脏的小溪流经植物和微小生物居住的岩石后，往往会变得清澈。长大后，约翰开始思考这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的混乱)”以及第二段“After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? (在大学学习了农业、医学和渔业之后，约翰又回到了观察自然和提出问题的生活中。为什么某些植物能捕获有害细菌？哪些鱼类会食用致癌化学物质？)”可知，约翰聪颖好学、好奇心很强。故选C。 18．细节理解题。根据第三段“After a few weeks, John added the sludge. (几个星期后，约翰把污泥加了进去)”以及倒数第三段“He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water. (他对结果感到惊讶。生态机器里的动植物把污泥当成了食物，开始吃了起来！几周之内，它就被消化了，只剩下纯净水)”可知，约翰把污泥放进罐子里是为了测试生态机器。故选D。 19．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse — like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China. (这些年来，约翰承担了许多重大工作。他开发了一个类似温室的设施，可以处理来自南伯灵顿1600户家庭的污水。他还设计了一种生态机器来清洁中国东南部城市福州的运河水)”可推知，作者提到福州的目的是展示约翰想法的应用。故选B。 20．推理判断题。根据最后一段“You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair. (你把生物体放在新的关系中，观察会发生什么。然后让这些新系统自行发展自我修复的方式)”可知，约翰工作的基础是自然可以自我修复。故选A。 （二） （2024·浙江·高考真题）On September 7, 1991, the costliest hailstorm (雹暴) in Canadian history hit Calgary’s southern suburbs. As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2 million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones. But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project flights — worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding. Norman Stienwand, who farms in that area, has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years. “Basically, the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary-Edmonton urban area from hail,” Mr. Stienwand says, “but they’re increasing drought risk as far east as Saskatchewan.” The Alberta hail project is managed by Terry Krauss, a cloud physicist who works for Weather Modification Inc. of Fargo, North Dakota. “We affect only a very small percentage of the total moisture in the air, so we cannot be causing drought.” Dr. Krauss says. “In fact, we may be helping increase the moisture downwind by creating wetter ground.” One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind? No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.” Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “It would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice, doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety. 21．What does the project aim to do? A．Conserve moisture in the soil. B．Forecast disastrous hailstorms. C．Prevent the formation of hailstones. D．Investigate chemical use in farming. 22．Who are opposed to the project? A．Managers of insurance companies. B．Farmers in east-central Alberta. C．Provincial government officials. D．Residents of Calgary and Edmonton. 23．Why does Dr. Doswell mention the tornadoes he saw in 1999? A．To compare different kinds of seeding methods. B．To illustrate the development of big hailstorms. C．To show the link between storms and moisture. D．To indicate a possible danger of cloud seeding. 24．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Scientific studies have proved Stienwand right. B．Cloud-seeding companies will continue to exist. C．The doubt about cloud seeding has disappeared. D．Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada. 【答案】21．C 22．B 23．D 24．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了1991年9月7日，加拿大历史上损失最大的冰雹袭击了卡尔加里的南郊。因此，自1996年以来，一组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200万美元。飞机在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下。但是，在艾伯塔省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷走。 21．细节理解题。根据第一段中“As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2 million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones.(因此，自1996年以来，一组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200万美元。飞机在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下)”可知，这个项目的目标是防止冰雹的形成。故选C。 22．细节理解题。根据第一段中“But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project flights — worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding.(但是，在艾伯塔省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷走)”可知，艾伯塔省中东部的农民反对这个项目。故选B。 23．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind? No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.”(查克·多斯韦尔是一位刚刚从俄克拉何马大学退休的研究科学家，他对人工降雨的安全性持怀疑态度。“1999年，我在堪萨斯州亲眼目睹了由种子风暴细胞形成的重大龙卷风，”多斯韦尔博士说。“人工降雨会制造致命风暴还是减少顺风处的水分？当然，没有人真正知道，但是播种还在继续。”)”可推知，多斯韦尔博士提到他在1999年看到的龙卷风是为了提示人工降雨可能带来的危险。故选D。 24．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “It would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice, doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety.(考虑到质疑的程度，斯廷旺德建议，“停止人工降雨是明智的。”在实践中，怀疑产生了相反的效果。由于缺乏有关其影响的科学证据，没有人成功地赢得了对人工降雨公司的诉讼。因此，私人气候工程可以在相对合法的安全条件下进行)”可推知，从最后一段我们能推断出人工降雨公司将继续存在。故选B。 （三） （2021·全国乙卷·高考真题）You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products. At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source (来源) of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear. In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate (说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped (倾倒) from a truck all at once. Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint. 25．What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for? A．Beautifying the city he lives in. B．Introducing eco-friendly products. C．Drawing public attention to plastic waste. D．Reducing garbage on the beach. 26．Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3? A．To show the difficulty of their recycling. B．To explain why they are useful. C．To voice his views on modern art. D．To find a substitute for them. 27．What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers? A．Calming. B．Disturbing. C．Refreshing. D．Challenging. 28．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．Artists’ Opinions on Plastic Safety B．Media Interest in Contemporary Art C．Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies D．Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures 【答案】25．C 26．A 27．B 28．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了艺术家Benjamin Von Wong使用海洋中的塑料垃圾制作了一个巨型雕塑，极其震撼，引发人们对塑料污染的反思。 25．推理判断题。根据第一段“He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.(他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系)”可知，Von Wong用塑料垃圾制作雕塑，是想让人们重新审视与一次性塑料制品的关系，引起公众对塑料垃圾的关注。故选C项。 26．推理判断题。根据第三段“Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source (来源) of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. (全球只有9%的塑料垃圾被回收。塑料吸管绝不是最大的塑料污染源，但它们最近却受到了抨击，因为大多数人不需要吸管喝饮料，而且由于它们体积小、重量轻，无法回收利用)”可知，塑料吸管体积小、重量轻，无法回收利用。由此推知，作者在第三段讨论塑料吸管是为了展示它们回收的难度。故选A项。 27．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“In a piece form 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate (说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped (倾倒) from a truck all at once.(在2018年的一个作品中，Von Wong想要说明一个具体的统计数字：每60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。这项名为“一卡车塑料”的作品，Von Wong和一群志愿者收集了一万多块塑料，然后把它们绑在一起，让它们看起来像是同时从卡车上倾倒下来的)”可知，这个作品以创新的方式让人们了解到塑料垃圾以很快的速度和很大的量倾入海洋，刷新了观众对海洋塑料污染的认知。由此推知，这个作品会让观众对塑料垃圾进入海洋造成污染这件事感到不安。故选B项。 28．主旨大意题。根据第一段“But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.(但一根塑料吸管或一个塑料杯真的有什么区别吗？艺术家Benjamin Von Wong想让你知道，它确实如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系)”及下文陈述可知，艺术家Benjamin Von Wong通过使用海洋塑料垃圾制作巨型雕塑的方法，引发人们对塑料污染的反思。由此可知，“海洋塑料变成雕塑”可以作文章标题。故选D项。 （四） （2022·浙江·高考真题）All around the world, there are small changes taking place. At the side of roads, behind school playgrounds and on all kinds of unloved pieces of land across towns and cities, tiny forests barely the size of tennis courts are appearing, making a great place for both wildlife and local people who may not normally have easy access to nature. This is the Tiny Forest movement, which aims to prove that the best things in life really do come in small packages. Tiny forests were first pioneered as a concept in the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a Japanese botanist. As he went on to share his concept with others, the idea soon took off in India and other countries before eventually reaching Europe, where it became popular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands. So how does it work? Louise Hartley, who is leading the Tiny Forest project in the UK, explains that the process begins by identifying areas in which a tiny forest could have the biggest influence. “We focus on urban areas where access to nature is often not that easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance to try to break the growing disconnect between people and nature.” In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the trees are planted much closer together and without chemicals or fertilisers (肥料). There are usually around 30 different kinds of all-native tree species (物种). This variety, coupled with the fact that tiny forests grow up to ten times faster than standard forests, means they attract a rich abundance of wildlife. It’s also thought that these places could help reduce the risk of flooding, remove carbon from the atmosphere and fight climate change, as well as improving the mental health of those living locally. 29．What do we know about the Tiny Forest movement? A．It has achieved notable success. B．It is led by a number of schools. C．It began in Europe in the 1970s. D．It will spread to the countryside. 30．What is the purpose of the project led by Hartley in the UK? A．To promote eco-tourism. B．To improve forestry research. C．To popularise gardening. D．To get people close to nature. 31．What is special about the trees in a Tiny Forest? A．They are small in size. B．They are thickly planted. C．They are foreign species. D．They are heavily fertilised. 【答案】29．A 30．D 31．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是世界各地的“小森林”的兴起。 29．推理判断题。根据第二段的“As he went on to share his concept with others, the idea soon took off in India and other countries before eventually reaching Europe, where it became popular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.(随着他继续与他人分享他的概念，这个想法很快在印度和其他国家流行起来，最终传到了欧洲，在法国、比利时和荷兰等地流行起来。)”可知，“小森林”运动取得了显著的成功。故选A。 30．推理判断题。根据第三段的““We focus on urban areas where access to nature is often not that easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance to try to break the growing disconnect between people and nature.”(哈特利说:“我们关注的是城市地区，在那里接触自然往往不那么容易。我们认为这是一个尝试打破人与自然之间日益疏远的机会。”)”可知，Hartley在英国领导的这个项目的目的是让人们接近自然，故选D。 31．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the trees are planted much closer together and without chemicals or fertilisers (肥料).(在一个小森林里，必须有至少600棵树，树木种植得更紧密，没有化学品或化肥。)”可知，“小森林”里的树的特别之处在于它们种得很密。故选B。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$