06高中英语阅读理解能力提升人与社会之科学与技术类-备战2025年高考

06高中英语阅读理解能力提升人与社会之科学与技术类 目录 最新考情分析 解题技巧 典例解读 高考再现 最新考情分析 选材特点 话题广泛：涵盖了现代科技的各个领域，如人工智能、基因编辑、太空探索、新能源开发、生物医学技术、信息技术的发展与应用等，以及科学技术对社会、人类生活产生的影响，包括就业结构的变化、社交模式的改变、伦理道德问题等。 时效性强：常选取当下热门的科技话题和最新的研究成果，例如，关于 5G 技术的应用、量子计算的突破、新冠疫苗的研发等文章，让学生了解科技前沿动态的同时，考查其对新知识的理解和运用能力。 体裁多样：以说明文和议论文为主。说明文通常用于介绍某项科学技术的原理、发展历程、应用前景等；议论文则侧重于探讨科技发展带来的社会问题、伦理争议以及人们应如何应对等，如对于克隆技术的伦理讨论。 题型分布 细节理解题：是考查的重点题型之一，通常要求考生根据文章内容，直接获取或概括出与科学技术相关的具体信息，如新技术的特点、功能、应用范围、研发过程中的关键事件等。如在关于某种新型环保材料的文章中，会问到该材料的主要成分、优点及应用领域等。 主旨大意题：需要考生对文章的整体内容进行概括和总结，提炼出文章关于科学技术话题的核心观点或主要内容，一般出现在文章的开头、结尾或每段的首句，也可能需要综合全文进行归纳。比如，一篇关于人工智能对未来社会影响的文章，主旨大意题可能会问文章主要讨论了人工智能在哪些方面会改变社会结构和人们的生活方式。 推理判断题：要求考生在理解文章字面意思的基础上，根据文章中的线索和暗示，对科学技术的发展趋势、潜在影响、作者的态度和观点等进行合理的推断。例如，根据某篇关于基因编辑技术的文章，推断该技术可能面临的法律和伦理挑战。 词义猜测题：会针对文章中出现的与科学技术相关的生僻词汇、专业术语或具有特定语境含义的词汇进行考查，考生需要通过上下文的语境、句子结构以及构词法等知识来猜测词义。如在一篇介绍区块链技术的文章中，可能会让考生猜测 “去中心化”“哈希算法” 等词汇的含义。 能力要求 语言能力：要求考生具备扎实的词汇基础，能够理解和掌握与科学技术相关的专业词汇和短语；熟练运用语法知识，准确理解长难句的结构和含义，因为这类文章中常常会出现复杂的句子结构和较多的修饰成分。 信息处理能力：考生需要在有限的时间内快速阅读文章，准确提取关键信息，并能够对信息进行有效的整合、分析和归纳，以便回答各种类型的问题。同时，要能够辨别信息的真伪和重要性，排除干扰项。 思维能力：需要具备逻辑思维能力，能够理解文章的逻辑结构和论证思路，如因果关系、对比关系、分类列举等；还需要有批判性思维和创新思维能力，能够对文章中的观点和结论进行客观的评价和思考，提出自己的见解。 备考建议 积累词汇和短语：关注科技领域的常见词汇和短语，如 “artificial intelligence（人工智能）”“gene editing（基因编辑）”“renewable energy（可再生能源）” 等，可以通过阅读科技类文章、观看科普视频等方式进行积累，并结合语境理解其含义和用法。 加强阅读训练：选择适合自己水平的科技类阅读材料，如《科学美国人》《新科学家》等杂志上的文章，进行限时阅读训练，提高阅读速度和理解能力。在阅读过程中，要注意文章的结构、段落大意和关键信息，学会运用略读、扫读、精读等阅读技巧。 掌握解题技巧：熟悉各种题型的解题方法和技巧，如细节理解题要注意关键词的定位和替换；主旨大意题要关注文章的开头、结尾和高频词汇；推理判断题要依据文章中的线索和逻辑进行合理推断等。同时，要认真分析错题，总结解题经验和教训。 关注科技热点：了解当前科技领域的最新发展动态和热点话题，拓宽自己的知识面和视野，这不仅有助于提高阅读兴趣，还能在考试中更好地理解文章内容，增强答题的自信心。 解题技巧 细节理解题解题方法 认真研读题目，确定题目要求寻找的细节内容。然后回到原文，利用之前标记的重点和对文章结构的把握，快速定位到相关段落和句子。比如，题目问 “在基因治疗实验中，使用的主要载体是什么？” 可以迅速在文章中找到有关基因治疗实验部分，查找 “载体” 相关的内容。 注意选项与原文的细微差别。有些选项可能会改变原文的意思，如偷换概念、扩大或缩小范围等。例如，原文说 “某种新能源在部分城市的交通领域得到应用”，选项如果是 “这种新能源在全国交通领域广泛应用”，就是扩大了范围。 主旨大意题解题方法 寻找文章的主题句。主题句通常在文章的开头或结尾部分，但也可能在中间。例如，在开头部分可能有 “Recent years have witnessed a revolutionary development in artificial intelligence, which is changing our lives in various ways.” 这样概括文章主题的句子。 概括各段大意，然后综合起来提炼文章主旨。如果文章没有明显的主题句，就需要总结每一段讲了关于科学技术的什么内容，再归纳出共同的主题。比如，一段讲技术的研发过程，一段讲技术的应用场景，一段讲技术的社会影响，综合起来主旨可能是关于该技术的全面介绍及其对社会的多方面作用。 推理判断题解题方法 依据文章内容进行合理推理，不能脱离原文主观臆断。比如，从文章中提到 “某种新材料的强度比传统材料高很多，且成本逐渐降低” 可以推理出 “这种新材料未来可能会在更多的工业领域得到应用”。 注意推理的程度，不要过度推理。例如，文章只是说 “某项新技术在实验室取得了初步成功”，不能就此推理出 “这项新技术马上会在市场上大获成功并改变整个行业格局”。 词义猜测题解题方法 根据上下文线索猜测词义。如果文中出现一个生词 “nanotechnology”，后面可能会有解释，如 “Nanotechnology, which deals with the manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale”，从后面的解释可以猜出 “nanotechnology” 是关于在原子、分子和超分子尺度上操纵物质的技术。 利用构词法猜测，如前缀、后缀等。例如，“biotechnology” 中的 “bio - ” 表示 “生物的”，可以大致猜出这个词与生物和技术有关。 典例解读 （一） （2025·河南郑州·模拟预测）Clothing made from artificial materials, such as polyester (聚酯纤维), has many positive advantages. It is cheap to produce, lasts for a long time, and is comfortable to wear. However, the material has one major disadvantage. The tiny lint (纤维屑) from the material during each laundry cycle are big contributors to plastic pollution. Now, some scientists from Lithuania have found a way to recycle the waste into clean energy. The researchers began by collecting lint from dryers across KTU’s (Kaunas University of Technology) dormitories. They then used a technique called pyrolysis (高温分解) to transform the lint waste into useful energy. The process involves heating the lint without oxygen. This causes the microfibers to turn into burnable gases and ashes. The team, led by Dr. Samy Yousef, a senior researcher at KTU, published their findings in the journal Science of the Total Environment on March 25, 2021, showing that they were able to get three energy products — oil, gas, and charcoal — from the lint. More importantly, about 70 percent of the waste was turned into energy. Mathematical models done by the researchers indicate that 45 tons of microfibers — the amount generated by just one million people annually — could produce 13.8 tons of oil, 21.5 tons of gas, and 9.7 tons of charcoal, and result in an overall profit of about $12,0000. Dr. Yousef has even thought of a creative way to gather the household waste. The researcher says, “I believe that the collection system, similar to deposit-return for drink containers, could be developed based on our research. A household would bring the lintmicrofiber to a collection point and receive some kind of reward for it.” Though the technology is encouraging, it will take time to perfect and use on a large scale. While we cannot stop doing laundry, there are some easy ways to reduce our environmental impact. Washing those clothes less frequently, doing full loads, and line drying them all help reduce the pollution. 1．What does the underlined word “This” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．The lint. B．Oxygen. C．The process. D．Energy. 2．Why does the writer provide so many data in Paragraph 3? A．To urge immediate use of their findings. B．To show the potential of the technology. C．To prove the seriousness of lint waste. D．To present the flexibility of pyrolysis. 3．Why are “deposit-return for drink containers” mentioned in the passage? A．To explain a rule. B．To make a conclusion. C．To make a prediction. D．To clarify an approach. 4．What might be the best title for the passage? A．Eco-friendly Technology Transforms Lint into Energy. B．Scientists Have Reduced Plastic Pollution Sharply. C．Creative Ways to Produce Energy Need Perfection. D．Researchers Made New Discoveries about Lint. （二） （2024·山东青岛·一模）At a conference last week, I received an interesting piece of advice:  “Assume you are wrong.” The advice came from Brian Nosek, a fellow psychology professor. He wasn’t objecting to any particular claim I’d made — he was offering a strategy for pursuing better science, and for encouraging others to do the same. To understand the context for Nosek’s advice, we need to take a step back — to the nature of science itself. Despite what many of us learned in elementary school, there is no single scientific method. Just as scientific theories change, so do scientific methods. Assuming you are right might be a motivating force, sustaining the enormous effort that conducting scientific work requires. But it also makes it easy to interpret criticisms as personal attacks, and for scientific arguments to develop into personal battles. Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to be viewed as a helpful pointer, a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong — a goal that your critic probably shares. Nosek’s advice may sound pessimistic, but it’s not so foreign to science. Philosophers of science sometimes refer to the “pessimistic meta-induction (元归纳)” on the history of science: All of our past scientific theories have been wrong, so surely our current theories will turn out to be wrong, too. That doesn’t mean we haven’t made progress, but it does indicate that there is always room for improvement—ways to be less wrong. I like the advice because it builds in an awareness of our limitations and a readiness to accept the unknown (“there are things I do not know!”) along with a sense that we can do better (“there are things I do not know yet!”). It also builds in a sense of community — we’re all in the same boat when it comes to falling short of getting things right. Perhaps the focus on a shared goal — our goal as scientists and humans of being less wrong — can help make up for any harm in scientific motivation or communication. 5．Why did Nosek send the advice? A．To express opinions about my claims. B．To remind me to be open to criticism. C．To encourage me to take up science. D．To better my understanding of psychology. 6．How does assuming you are wrong help? A．It motivates scientists to make efforts. B．It addresses personal attacks and conflicts. C．It sets a constructive improvement goal. D．It contributes to a deeper insight into yourself. 7．What does the author think of science theories? A．Dynamic. B．Testable. C．Pioneering. D．Well-established. 8．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Accept the Unknown B．Aim to Be Less Wrong C．Get Engaged in Psychology D．Dig into the Nature of Science （三） （24-25高三上·河北沧州·阶段练习）Melbot V3 stands just two and a half feet tall. It can successfully complete its target tasks: to drive, dig, and deposit regolith — the bitty rock material that covers the moon’s surface — in a lunar simulant (模拟器) at the University of Central Florida in Orlando. The silver mini-robot was built by about 20 University of Rochester engineering majors who are members of the student organization UR Robotics. “Melbot V3 was a total team effort,” says Alex Saunders, an engineering major. The students began designing Melbot V3 last September for an annual spring competition called the Lunabotics Challenge, a university-based, yearlong event run and sponsored by NASA．Lunabotics is in its 15th year, and Rochester joined in 2022. The “V3” in Melbot’s name is a nod to the third year of competition for the team. “The first year was painful and just about learning to make a budget, keep to a schedule, put a robot together, and bring it down to Florida,” says Thomas Howard, an associate professor and a UR Robotics advisor. Students say that combining the lessons learned in their engineering classes with real-life engineering challenges is invaluable. “The most useful direct learning comes from Professor Howard’s robotics courses,” says Saunders, who was the team captain. “But the main takeaway is developing team skills and ways of approaching an engineering problem.” Hisashi Lonske, a mechanical engineering major, joined UR Robotics looking for a project that involved design and problem-solving. “While I was able to apply math and concepts I learned in class to the creation of the robot, the problem-solving and critical thinking elements are the core of the Lunabotics project. Most of all, it was the joy of being part of a team working with a common purpose. Even though the organization was divided into several teams to work on various parts of the robot, team members would frequently communicate to bounce ideas off each other. The experience of working together in a team setting to achieve a single goal is particularly important for us future engineers,” Lonske says. 9．What do we know about Melbot V3? A．It’s designed by NASA． B．It’s built by an individual. C．It worked in a moon-like environment. D．It focused on restoring houses. 10．What do Thomas Howard’s words indicate about the team? A．It has been spoken highly of by NASA． B．It has been rejected by NASA repeatedly. C．It found it less challenging to build Melbot V3. D．It didn’t win a prize in the competition in 2022. 11．What is Saunders’ attitude towards Thomas Howard? A．Appreciative. B．Unclear. C．Doubtful. D．Indifferent. 12．What do Saunders and Lonske both agree with? A．Creative ideas come from entertainments. B．Teamwork plays a key role in the project. C．Problem-solving skills are hard to improve. D．Team members should work independently. （四） （2025·江苏无锡·一模）Vaping (抽电子烟) damages young people’ s lungs as much as smoking, according to a research that has caused fresh debate over the health risks of e-cigarettes. The study compared vapers and smokers in an intense exercise test and found both groups less fit and much more out of breath than people who have neither habit. Dr. Azmy Faisal and colleagues at Manchester Metropolitan University asked 60 people in their 20s to have their lung capacity recorded. Twenty were non-smokers, 20 others had vaped for at least two years and the other 20 had smoked for at least two years. The test measured the maximum amount of physical exercise that someone could achieve, and found that the vapers had an average “peak exercise capacity”, which, at 186 watts, was similar to that of the smokers (182 watts) but much lower than that among the non-smokers (226 watts). In addition, the vapers and smokers were less able to take in oxygen — at 2.7 litres and 2.6 litres a minute respectively — than those who neither smoked nor vaped (3 litres). “The study adds to growing evidence that long-term use of vaping is detrimental and challenges the idea that vaping could be a healthier alternative to smoking”, said Faisal and his co-authors of the study. Medical researchers have also found evidence that vaping increases the risk of cancer, because it changes their DNA, and also that it may damage the brain and vital organs because e-cigarette aerosols (气溶胶) and liquids can contain traces of poisonous metals such as lead and uranium. Dr. Filippos Filippidis, Chairman of the ERS’s tobacco control committee, said, “Vapes are being sold cheaply and in a variety of flavours to appeal to young people.” Doctors and policymakers need to know about the risks of vaping and we should be doing all we can to help children and young people to avoid or quit vaping. 13．How is Faisal’s research conducted? A．By measuring oxygen intake in the blood. B．By recording exercise capacities at different ages. C．By comparing health conditions in different exercises. D．By analyzing lung capacities among different groups. 14．What does the underlined word “detrimental” in paragraph 6 probably mean? A．Harmful. B．Mysterious. C．Unimportant. D．Unpredictable. 15．What can be inferred from the text? A．Vaping will soon be completely banned. B．More people will start vaping in the future. C．Health risks of vaping haven’t been understood by all. D．Strict rules will be made to regulate the price of vaping products. 16．What might be discussed in the following paragraph? A．The history and development of vaping products. B．The comparison between different e-cigarette brands. C．Specific measures to help young people to quit vaping. D．Different opinions of young people who vape regularly. 真题再现 （一） （2022·北京·高考真题）Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor. For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.” As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. 17．Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________. A．sympathetic B．unconcerned C．doubtful D．excited 18．What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing? A．His dominance in physics. B．The competition in the field. C．His confidence in PyQuantum. D．The investment of tech companies. 19．What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Open. B．Cool. C．Useful. D．Resistant. 20．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor? B．Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology? C．Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being? D．Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype? （二） （2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·高考真题）When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making. After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine. The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge. He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water. Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse — like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China. “Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.” 21．What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs? A．He was fond of traveling. B．He enjoyed being alone. C．He had an inquiring mind. D．He longed to be a doctor. 22．Why did John put the sludge into the tanks? A．To feed the animals. B．To build an ecosystem. C．To protect the plants. D．To test the eco-machine. 23．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou? A．To review John’s research plans. B．To show an application of John’s idea. C．To compare John’s different jobs. D．To erase doubts about John’s invention. 24．What is the basis for John’s work? A．Nature can repair itself. B．Organisms need water to survive. C．Life on Earth is diverse. D．Most tiny creatures live in groups. （三） （2024·天津·高考真题）Research sometimes proves, with data, what we more or less already know（e. g. Exercise is good for you, and polluted air isn’t）. Still, sometimes our assumptions are incorrect, and scientific findings surprise researchers, along with the rest of us. A recent example is the phenomenon of disappearing lakes in parts of the frozen treeless Arctic（北极的） region. You might think these lakes would be expanding, not disappearing. As climate change warms the region — melting（融化）surface snow and ice as well as the permafrost（永冻层）— there should be more surface water, forming larger lakes and even new ones. Recently, however, scientists have observed not just shrinking（缩小的） lakes but lakes that have completely gone away. Many scientists shared the commonsense expectation that as permafrost melted, lakes would at first expand with meltwater flowing into them. Eventually, researchers made a prediction that progressive warming during the 21st and 22nd centuries would dry out the Arctic, and lakes would begin to shrink. But now it looks as if Arctic lakes are disappearing a century sooner than predicted. A case in point is that some large, age-old lakes shrank dramatically in what appears to have been a matter of months. Scientists have labeled this phenomenon “disastrous lake loss” What caused this? The frozen solid ground actually contains bits of rock, mineral and organic matter, leaving spaces in between. And because these spaces are filled with solid ice, liquid water cannot readily get inside, but it can when the permafrost melts, allowing more water to get through. Soon after that, around 192 lakes in northwestern Alaska are gone from sight. Why did scientists miss this? One probable reason is that most climate models assume that the melting of permafrost is driven only by warming air. New evidence suggests, however, that rainfall — particularly increasing autumn rain — is now contributing significantly to permafrost loss. The rainfall carries heat into the ground. Yet none of the existing models includes such processes. That is a good example of why — no matter how complex our models are or may one day be — we need direct observation of the natural world. 25．What does Paragraph 1 mainly tell us? A．General knowledge can at times turn out to be true. B．Commonsense assumptions can sometimes prove wrong. C．Research findings should be built on popular assumptions. D．Scientific research is inspired by an unknown phenomenon. 26．Contrary to the general expectation, climate change has caused ________. A．a rapid rise of water surface B．the permafrost to melt faster C．many Arctic lakes to grow larger D．the disappearance of many Arctic lakes 27．The disastrous climatic impacts on the Arctic region have been ________. A．proved with emerging lakes B．underestimated by scientists C．well predicted by researchers D．shown elsewhere in the world 28．Why is the frozen Arctic ground hard for water to get through? A．Because of the solid ice within it. B．Because of its unique composition. C．Because it is far away from the waters. D．Because snow rarely melts on frozen ground. 29．What lesson can we learn from the passage? A．Direct observation is a must for scientific research. B．Scientific research is guaranteed by sufficient lab facilities. C．New evidence should be found to back up research findings. D．Scientific predictions should be mostly based on research models. （四） （2024·北京·高考真题）Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong. Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways. 30．What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code? A．Living conditions were the drive. B．Unwritten rules were the target. C．Social tradition was the basis. D．Honesty was the key. 31．What can we learn from this passage? A．Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies. B．Basic human needs lead to universal norms. C．Language capacity is limited by self-control. D．Written laws have great influence on virtues. 32．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B．The Values of Self-discipline C．Brains: Walls Against Chaos D．The Roots of Morality （五） （2024·全国甲卷·高考真题）Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help,  scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed. Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like. Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it! 33．What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph? A．It's a survival skill. B．It's taught by mother cats. C．It's hard to interpret. D．It's getting louder with age. 34．How does a pet cat assess different situations? A．By listening for sounds. B．By touching familiar objects. C．By checking on smells. D．By communicating with other cats. 35．Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3? A．Perform appropriately. B．Move faster. C．Act strangely. D．Do better. 36．What is a suitable title for the text? A．Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B．Understanding Your Cat's Behavior C．Have Fun with Your Cat D．How to Keep Your Cat Healthy （六） （2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·高考真题）We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 37．What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1? A．It guarantees the variety of food. B．It requires day-to-day care. C．It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D．It relies on farmer’s markets. 38．What information does the convenient app offer? A．Real-time weather changes. B．Current condition of the plants. C．Chemical pollutants in the soil. D．Availability of pre-seeded pods. 39．What can be concluded about BMF employees? A．They have a great passion for sports. B．They are devoted to community service. C．They are fond of sharing daily experiences. D．They have a strong environmental awareness. 40．What does the text mainly talk about? A．BMF’s major strengths. B．BMF’s general management. C．BMF’s global influence. D．BMF’s technical standards. 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 06高中英语阅读理解能力提升人与社会之科学与技术类 目录 最新考情分析 解题技巧 典例解读 高考再现 最新考情分析 选材特点 话题广泛：涵盖了现代科技的各个领域，如人工智能、基因编辑、太空探索、新能源开发、生物医学技术、信息技术的发展与应用等，以及科学技术对社会、人类生活产生的影响，包括就业结构的变化、社交模式的改变、伦理道德问题等。 时效性强：常选取当下热门的科技话题和最新的研究成果，例如，关于 5G 技术的应用、量子计算的突破、新冠疫苗的研发等文章，让学生了解科技前沿动态的同时，考查其对新知识的理解和运用能力。 体裁多样：以说明文和议论文为主。说明文通常用于介绍某项科学技术的原理、发展历程、应用前景等；议论文则侧重于探讨科技发展带来的社会问题、伦理争议以及人们应如何应对等，如对于克隆技术的伦理讨论。 题型分布 细节理解题：是考查的重点题型之一，通常要求考生根据文章内容，直接获取或概括出与科学技术相关的具体信息，如新技术的特点、功能、应用范围、研发过程中的关键事件等。如在关于某种新型环保材料的文章中，会问到该材料的主要成分、优点及应用领域等。 主旨大意题：需要考生对文章的整体内容进行概括和总结，提炼出文章关于科学技术话题的核心观点或主要内容，一般出现在文章的开头、结尾或每段的首句，也可能需要综合全文进行归纳。比如，一篇关于人工智能对未来社会影响的文章，主旨大意题可能会问文章主要讨论了人工智能在哪些方面会改变社会结构和人们的生活方式。 推理判断题：要求考生在理解文章字面意思的基础上，根据文章中的线索和暗示，对科学技术的发展趋势、潜在影响、作者的态度和观点等进行合理的推断。例如，根据某篇关于基因编辑技术的文章，推断该技术可能面临的法律和伦理挑战。 词义猜测题：会针对文章中出现的与科学技术相关的生僻词汇、专业术语或具有特定语境含义的词汇进行考查，考生需要通过上下文的语境、句子结构以及构词法等知识来猜测词义。如在一篇介绍区块链技术的文章中，可能会让考生猜测 “去中心化”“哈希算法” 等词汇的含义。 能力要求 语言能力：要求考生具备扎实的词汇基础，能够理解和掌握与科学技术相关的专业词汇和短语；熟练运用语法知识，准确理解长难句的结构和含义，因为这类文章中常常会出现复杂的句子结构和较多的修饰成分。 信息处理能力：考生需要在有限的时间内快速阅读文章，准确提取关键信息，并能够对信息进行有效的整合、分析和归纳，以便回答各种类型的问题。同时，要能够辨别信息的真伪和重要性，排除干扰项。 思维能力：需要具备逻辑思维能力，能够理解文章的逻辑结构和论证思路，如因果关系、对比关系、分类列举等；还需要有批判性思维和创新思维能力，能够对文章中的观点和结论进行客观的评价和思考，提出自己的见解。 备考建议 积累词汇和短语：关注科技领域的常见词汇和短语，如 “artificial intelligence（人工智能）”“gene editing（基因编辑）”“renewable energy（可再生能源）” 等，可以通过阅读科技类文章、观看科普视频等方式进行积累，并结合语境理解其含义和用法。 加强阅读训练：选择适合自己水平的科技类阅读材料，如《科学美国人》《新科学家》等杂志上的文章，进行限时阅读训练，提高阅读速度和理解能力。在阅读过程中，要注意文章的结构、段落大意和关键信息，学会运用略读、扫读、精读等阅读技巧。 掌握解题技巧：熟悉各种题型的解题方法和技巧，如细节理解题要注意关键词的定位和替换；主旨大意题要关注文章的开头、结尾和高频词汇；推理判断题要依据文章中的线索和逻辑进行合理推断等。同时，要认真分析错题，总结解题经验和教训。 关注科技热点：了解当前科技领域的最新发展动态和热点话题，拓宽自己的知识面和视野，这不仅有助于提高阅读兴趣，还能在考试中更好地理解文章内容，增强答题的自信心。 解题技巧 细节理解题解题方法 认真研读题目，确定题目要求寻找的细节内容。然后回到原文，利用之前标记的重点和对文章结构的把握，快速定位到相关段落和句子。比如，题目问 “在基因治疗实验中，使用的主要载体是什么？” 可以迅速在文章中找到有关基因治疗实验部分，查找 “载体” 相关的内容。 注意选项与原文的细微差别。有些选项可能会改变原文的意思，如偷换概念、扩大或缩小范围等。例如，原文说 “某种新能源在部分城市的交通领域得到应用”，选项如果是 “这种新能源在全国交通领域广泛应用”，就是扩大了范围。 主旨大意题解题方法 寻找文章的主题句。主题句通常在文章的开头或结尾部分，但也可能在中间。例如，在开头部分可能有 “Recent years have witnessed a revolutionary development in artificial intelligence, which is changing our lives in various ways.” 这样概括文章主题的句子。 概括各段大意，然后综合起来提炼文章主旨。如果文章没有明显的主题句，就需要总结每一段讲了关于科学技术的什么内容，再归纳出共同的主题。比如，一段讲技术的研发过程，一段讲技术的应用场景，一段讲技术的社会影响，综合起来主旨可能是关于该技术的全面介绍及其对社会的多方面作用。 推理判断题解题方法 依据文章内容进行合理推理，不能脱离原文主观臆断。比如，从文章中提到 “某种新材料的强度比传统材料高很多，且成本逐渐降低” 可以推理出 “这种新材料未来可能会在更多的工业领域得到应用”。 注意推理的程度，不要过度推理。例如，文章只是说 “某项新技术在实验室取得了初步成功”，不能就此推理出 “这项新技术马上会在市场上大获成功并改变整个行业格局”。 词义猜测题解题方法 根据上下文线索猜测词义。如果文中出现一个生词 “nanotechnology”，后面可能会有解释，如 “Nanotechnology, which deals with the manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale”，从后面的解释可以猜出 “nanotechnology” 是关于在原子、分子和超分子尺度上操纵物质的技术。 利用构词法猜测，如前缀、后缀等。例如，“biotechnology” 中的 “bio - ” 表示 “生物的”，可以大致猜出这个词与生物和技术有关。 典例解读 （一） （2025·河南郑州·模拟预测）Clothing made from artificial materials, such as polyester (聚酯纤维), has many positive advantages. It is cheap to produce, lasts for a long time, and is comfortable to wear. However, the material has one major disadvantage. The tiny lint (纤维屑) from the material during each laundry cycle are big contributors to plastic pollution. Now, some scientists from Lithuania have found a way to recycle the waste into clean energy. The researchers began by collecting lint from dryers across KTU’s (Kaunas University of Technology) dormitories. They then used a technique called pyrolysis (高温分解) to transform the lint waste into useful energy. The process involves heating the lint without oxygen. This causes the microfibers to turn into burnable gases and ashes. The team, led by Dr. Samy Yousef, a senior researcher at KTU, published their findings in the journal Science of the Total Environment on March 25, 2021, showing that they were able to get three energy products — oil, gas, and charcoal — from the lint. More importantly, about 70 percent of the waste was turned into energy. Mathematical models done by the researchers indicate that 45 tons of microfibers — the amount generated by just one million people annually — could produce 13.8 tons of oil, 21.5 tons of gas, and 9.7 tons of charcoal, and result in an overall profit of about $12,0000. Dr. Yousef has even thought of a creative way to gather the household waste. The researcher says, “I believe that the collection system, similar to deposit-return for drink containers, could be developed based on our research. A household would bring the lintmicrofiber to a collection point and receive some kind of reward for it.” Though the technology is encouraging, it will take time to perfect and use on a large scale. While we cannot stop doing laundry, there are some easy ways to reduce our environmental impact. Washing those clothes less frequently, doing full loads, and line drying them all help reduce the pollution. 1．What does the underlined word “This” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．The lint. B．Oxygen. C．The process. D．Energy. 2．Why does the writer provide so many data in Paragraph 3? A．To urge immediate use of their findings. B．To show the potential of the technology. C．To prove the seriousness of lint waste. D．To present the flexibility of pyrolysis. 3．Why are “deposit-return for drink containers” mentioned in the passage? A．To explain a rule. B．To make a conclusion. C．To make a prediction. D．To clarify an approach. 4．What might be the best title for the passage? A．Eco-friendly Technology Transforms Lint into Energy. B．Scientists Have Reduced Plastic Pollution Sharply. C．Creative Ways to Produce Energy Need Perfection. D．Researchers Made New Discoveries about Lint. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家们利用高温分解技术将纤维屑回收利用转化为清洁能源的新成果。 1．词义猜测题。根据语法常识可知，指示代词“this”一般指代前文提及某事或某物，因此结合前文“The process involves heating the lint without oxygen.(这个过程涉及到了在没有氧气的情况下加热纤维。)”提及了“一个（加工）过程”，同时结合“This”所在句的内容“…causes the microfibers to turn into burnable gases and ashes(……导致微纤维变成可燃气体和灰烬)”可推知，应是这个过程中，微纤维发生了变化。由此推知，“This”指代前一句中的“The process”。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段内容“More importantly, about 70 percent of the waste was turned into energy. Mathematical models done by the researchers indicate that 45 tons of microfibers — the amount generated by just one million people annually — could produce 13.8 tons of oil, 21.5 tons of gas, and 9.7 tons of charcoal, and result in an overall profit of about $12,0000.(更重要的是，大约70%的废物被转化为能源。研究人员进行的数学模型表明，45吨微纤维（每年仅100万人产生的量）可以生产13.8吨石油、21.5吨天然气和9.7吨木炭，总利润约为12万美元。)”可知，这里提及的具体的数字都很大，说明该技术具有相当大的潜力。由此可推知，作者提供这些数据是为了展示高温分解技术的潜力。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。分析语境可知，“similar to deposit-return for drink containers(类似于饮料容器的押金退还)”是对“the collection system(收集系统)”，即前文“Dr. Yousef has even thought of a creative way to gather the household waste.(Yousef博士甚至想出了一种创造性的方法来收集家庭垃圾。)”提到的创造性方法的类比论证。结合常识可知，人们对于饮料容器押金退还的方法很熟悉，这样，就能够容易理解这种创造性收集家庭纤维垃圾的方法。由此可推知，文中提到“deposit-return for drink containers”是为了阐明一种方法。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章首段末尾句内容“Now, some scientists from Lithuania have found a way to recycle the waste into clean energy.(现在，立陶宛的一些科学家已经找到了一种将废物回收利用为清洁能源的方法。)”揭示了文章的核心内容，同时结合后文的详细阐述可知，本文主要介绍了科学家们利用高温分解技术将纤维屑回收利用转化为清洁能源的新成果。A项“Eco-friendly Technology Transforms Lint into Energy.(环保技术将纤维屑转化为能源。)”概括了文章的大意，是本文的最佳标题。故选A项。 （二） （2024·山东青岛·一模）At a conference last week, I received an interesting piece of advice:  “Assume you are wrong.” The advice came from Brian Nosek, a fellow psychology professor. He wasn’t objecting to any particular claim I’d made — he was offering a strategy for pursuing better science, and for encouraging others to do the same. To understand the context for Nosek’s advice, we need to take a step back — to the nature of science itself. Despite what many of us learned in elementary school, there is no single scientific method. Just as scientific theories change, so do scientific methods. Assuming you are right might be a motivating force, sustaining the enormous effort that conducting scientific work requires. But it also makes it easy to interpret criticisms as personal attacks, and for scientific arguments to develop into personal battles. Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to be viewed as a helpful pointer, a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong — a goal that your critic probably shares. Nosek’s advice may sound pessimistic, but it’s not so foreign to science. Philosophers of science sometimes refer to the “pessimistic meta-induction (元归纳)” on the history of science: All of our past scientific theories have been wrong, so surely our current theories will turn out to be wrong, too. That doesn’t mean we haven’t made progress, but it does indicate that there is always room for improvement—ways to be less wrong. I like the advice because it builds in an awareness of our limitations and a readiness to accept the unknown (“there are things I do not know!”) along with a sense that we can do better (“there are things I do not know yet!”). It also builds in a sense of community — we’re all in the same boat when it comes to falling short of getting things right. Perhaps the focus on a shared goal — our goal as scientists and humans of being less wrong — can help make up for any harm in scientific motivation or communication. 5．Why did Nosek send the advice? A．To express opinions about my claims. B．To remind me to be open to criticism. C．To encourage me to take up science. D．To better my understanding of psychology. 6．How does assuming you are wrong help? A．It motivates scientists to make efforts. B．It addresses personal attacks and conflicts. C．It sets a constructive improvement goal. D．It contributes to a deeper insight into yourself. 7．What does the author think of science theories? A．Dynamic. B．Testable. C．Pioneering. D．Well-established. 8．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Accept the Unknown B．Aim to Be Less Wrong C．Get Engaged in Psychology D．Dig into the Nature of Science 【答案】5．B 6．C 7．A 8．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲述了作者对在科学研究中“假设你是错的”这条建议的看法，并肯定了它所带来的好处。 5．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“He wasn’t objecting to any particular claim I’d made—he was offering a strategy for pursuing better science, and for encouraging others to do the same.(他并没有反对我的任何特定主张——他提出了一个追求更好科学的策略，并鼓励其他人也这样做。)”和第三段中的“Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to be viewed as a helpful pointer, a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong—a goal that your critic probably shares.(相反，从你错了的假设开始，批评更容易被视为一个有用的提示，一个如何减少错误的建设性建议——这是你的批评者可能也有的同样目标)”可知，Nosek提出的这条建议是一个追求更好科学的策略，从假设自己错了开始，就会更容易接受批评，让自己减少错误，由此可推测出，Nosek提出这条建议是为了提醒作者对批评持开放态度。故选B。 6．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to be viewed as a helpful pointer, a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong—a goal that your critic probably shares.(相反，从你错了的假设开始，批评更容易被视为一个有用的提示，一个如何减少错误的建设性建议——这是你的批评者可能也有的同样目标)”可知，假设你错了可以帮助你获得如何减少错误的建设性建议，而减少错误或许是你和你的批评者的共同目标，由此可推测出，假设你错了可以帮助设立一个建设性的改进目标。故选C。 7．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Just as scientific theories change, so do scientific methods.(正如科学理论在变化，科学方法也在变化)”可知，作者认为科学理论是变化的、动态的。故选A。 8．标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其是第一段第一句“At a conference last week, I received an interesting piece of advice: ‘Assume you are wrong.’(在上周的一次会议上，我收到了一条有趣的建议：‘假设你错了。’)”和最后一段最后一句“Perhaps the focus on a shared goal—our goal as scientists and humans of being less wrong—can help make up for any harm in scientific motivation or communication.(也许关注一个共同的目标——我们作为科学家和人类的目标是减少错误——可以帮助弥补科学动机或沟通中的任何伤害)”可知，本文主要讨论了在科学研究中“假设你是错的”这个方法，它有助于让所有人关注减少错误这一共同目标，从而让科学取得进步，由此可推测出，B项“力求减少错误”最适合作本文标题。故选B。 （三） （24-25高三上·河北沧州·阶段练习）Melbot V3 stands just two and a half feet tall. It can successfully complete its target tasks: to drive, dig, and deposit regolith — the bitty rock material that covers the moon’s surface — in a lunar simulant (模拟器) at the University of Central Florida in Orlando. The silver mini-robot was built by about 20 University of Rochester engineering majors who are members of the student organization UR Robotics. “Melbot V3 was a total team effort,” says Alex Saunders, an engineering major. The students began designing Melbot V3 last September for an annual spring competition called the Lunabotics Challenge, a university-based, yearlong event run and sponsored by NASA．Lunabotics is in its 15th year, and Rochester joined in 2022. The “V3” in Melbot’s name is a nod to the third year of competition for the team. “The first year was painful and just about learning to make a budget, keep to a schedule, put a robot together, and bring it down to Florida,” says Thomas Howard, an associate professor and a UR Robotics advisor. Students say that combining the lessons learned in their engineering classes with real-life engineering challenges is invaluable. “The most useful direct learning comes from Professor Howard’s robotics courses,” says Saunders, who was the team captain. “But the main takeaway is developing team skills and ways of approaching an engineering problem.” Hisashi Lonske, a mechanical engineering major, joined UR Robotics looking for a project that involved design and problem-solving. “While I was able to apply math and concepts I learned in class to the creation of the robot, the problem-solving and critical thinking elements are the core of the Lunabotics project. Most of all, it was the joy of being part of a team working with a common purpose. Even though the organization was divided into several teams to work on various parts of the robot, team members would frequently communicate to bounce ideas off each other. The experience of working together in a team setting to achieve a single goal is particularly important for us future engineers,” Lonske says. 9．What do we know about Melbot V3? A．It’s designed by NASA． B．It’s built by an individual. C．It worked in a moon-like environment. D．It focused on restoring houses. 10．What do Thomas Howard’s words indicate about the team? A．It has been spoken highly of by NASA． B．It has been rejected by NASA repeatedly. C．It found it less challenging to build Melbot V3. D．It didn’t win a prize in the competition in 2022. 11．What is Saunders’ attitude towards Thomas Howard? A．Appreciative. B．Unclear. C．Doubtful. D．Indifferent. 12．What do Saunders and Lonske both agree with? A．Creative ideas come from entertainments. B．Teamwork plays a key role in the project. C．Problem-solving skills are hard to improve. D．Team members should work independently. 【答案】9．C 10．D 11．A 12．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了罗切斯特大学的学生团队UR Robotics设计并制造的迷你机器人Melbot V3参加Lunabotics挑战赛的经历，以及学生们从这个项目中获得的宝贵经验和团队合作的重要性。 9．细节理解题。根据第一段“It can successfully complete its target tasks: to drive, dig, and deposit regolith — the bitty rock material that covers the moon’s surface — in a lunar simulant (模拟器) at the University of Central Florida in Orlando.(它可以在位于奥兰多的中佛罗里达大学的月球模拟器中成功完成其目标任务：驾驶、挖掘和沉积风化层——覆盖月球表面的微小岩石物质。)”可知，Melbot V3是在一个模拟月球环境中工作的。故选C。 10．推理判断题。根据第二段“The first year was painful and just about learning to make a budget, keep to a schedule, put a robot together, and bring it down to Florida.(第一年很痛苦，主要是学习如何制定预算、遵守时间表、组装机器人，然后把它带到佛罗里达。)”可推知，该团队在2022年第一次参加比赛时并没有获奖，只是学习了一些基本的技能。故选D。 11．推理判断题。根据第三段“The most useful direct learning comes from Professor Howard’s robotics courses.(最直接、最有用的学习来自Howard教授的机器人课程。)”可推知，Saunders对Thomas Howard是感激的。故选A。 12．细节理解题。根据第三段“But the main takeaway is developing team skills and ways of approaching an engineering problem.(但最重要的是培养团队技能和解决工程问题的方法。)”和第四段“The experience of working together in a team setting to achieve a single goal is particularly important for us future engineers.(对我们未来的工程师来说，在团队环境中共同努力实现一个目标的经验特别重要。)”可知，Saunders和Lonske都认为团队合作在这个项目中起着关键作用。故选B。 （四） （2025·江苏无锡·一模）Vaping (抽电子烟) damages young people’ s lungs as much as smoking, according to a research that has caused fresh debate over the health risks of e-cigarettes. The study compared vapers and smokers in an intense exercise test and found both groups less fit and much more out of breath than people who have neither habit. Dr. Azmy Faisal and colleagues at Manchester Metropolitan University asked 60 people in their 20s to have their lung capacity recorded. Twenty were non-smokers, 20 others had vaped for at least two years and the other 20 had smoked for at least two years. The test measured the maximum amount of physical exercise that someone could achieve, and found that the vapers had an average “peak exercise capacity”, which, at 186 watts, was similar to that of the smokers (182 watts) but much lower than that among the non-smokers (226 watts). In addition, the vapers and smokers were less able to take in oxygen — at 2.7 litres and 2.6 litres a minute respectively — than those who neither smoked nor vaped (3 litres). “The study adds to growing evidence that long-term use of vaping is detrimental and challenges the idea that vaping could be a healthier alternative to smoking”, said Faisal and his co-authors of the study. Medical researchers have also found evidence that vaping increases the risk of cancer, because it changes their DNA, and also that it may damage the brain and vital organs because e-cigarette aerosols (气溶胶) and liquids can contain traces of poisonous metals such as lead and uranium. Dr. Filippos Filippidis, Chairman of the ERS’s tobacco control committee, said, “Vapes are being sold cheaply and in a variety of flavours to appeal to young people.” Doctors and policymakers need to know about the risks of vaping and we should be doing all we can to help children and young people to avoid or quit vaping. 13．How is Faisal’s research conducted? A．By measuring oxygen intake in the blood. B．By recording exercise capacities at different ages. C．By comparing health conditions in different exercises. D．By analyzing lung capacities among different groups. 14．What does the underlined word “detrimental” in paragraph 6 probably mean? A．Harmful. B．Mysterious. C．Unimportant. D．Unpredictable. 15．What can be inferred from the text? A．Vaping will soon be completely banned. B．More people will start vaping in the future. C．Health risks of vaping haven’t been understood by all. D．Strict rules will be made to regulate the price of vaping products. 16．What might be discussed in the following paragraph? A．The history and development of vaping products. B．The comparison between different e-cigarette brands. C．Specific measures to help young people to quit vaping. D．Different opinions of young people who vape regularly. 【答案】13．D 14．A 15．C 16．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了一项研究表明，抽电子烟对年轻人肺部的损害程度与吸烟相当，引发了人们对电子烟健康风险的新一轮争论。 13．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Dr. Azmy Faisal and colleagues at Manchester Metropolitan University asked 60 people in their 20s to have their lung capacity recorded. (曼彻斯特城市大学的Azmy Faisal博士和他的同事让60名20多岁的人记录他们的肺活量。)”和第四段“The test measured the maximum amount of physical exercise that someone could achieve, and found that the vapers had an average “peak exercise capacity”, which, at 186 watts, was similar to that of the smokers (182 watts) but much lower than that among the non-smokers (226 watts). (该测试测量了某人所能达到的最大运动量，并发现抽电子烟的人的平均“最大运动能力”为186瓦，与吸烟者(182瓦)相似，但远低于非吸烟者(226瓦)。)”可知，Faisal的研究是通过分析不同人群的肺活量来进行的。故选D项。 14．词句猜测题。根据画线词所在句“‘The study adds to growing evidence that long-term use of vaping is detrimental and challenges the idea that vaping could be a healthier alternative to smoking’, said Faisal and his co-authors of the study. (Faisal和他的研究合著者说:‘这项研究为长期使用电子烟……这一日益增多的证据增添了内容，并挑战了电子烟可能是吸烟更健康替代品这一观点。’)”可知，Faisal和他的研究合著者的研究挑战了电子烟可能是吸烟更健康替代品这一观点即长期用电子烟是不健康的，由此画线词所在句提到的是研究为“电子烟有害”增添了证据。故画线词意思是“有害的”与A选项“Harmful.(有害的)”为同义词。故选A项。 15．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Doctors and policymakers need to know about the risks of vaping and we should be doing all we can to help children and young people to avoid or quit vaping. (医生和决策者需要了解电子烟的风险，我们应该尽我们所能帮助儿童和年轻人避免或戒除电子烟。)”可推知，不是所有人都了解电子烟的健康风险。故选C项。 16．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Doctors and policymakers need to know about the risks of vaping and we should be doing all we can to help children and young people to avoid or quit vaping. (医生和决策者需要了解电子烟的风险，我们应该尽我们所能帮助儿童和年轻人避免或戒除电子烟。)”可知，最后一段强调了医生和决策者需要了解电子烟的风险，并帮助年轻人避免或戒除电子烟，由此可推知，接下来可能会讨论帮助年轻人戒除电子烟的具体措施。故选C项。 真题再现 （一） （2022·北京·高考真题）Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor. For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.” As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. 17．Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________. A．sympathetic B．unconcerned C．doubtful D．excited 18．What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing? A．His dominance in physics. B．The competition in the field. C．His confidence in PyQuantum. D．The investment of tech companies. 19．What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Open. B．Cool. C．Useful. D．Resistant. 20．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor? B．Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology? C．Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being? D．Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype? 【答案】17．A 18．C 19．A 20．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。 17．推理判断题。根据第三自然段“As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. （随着量子计算吸引了更多的关注和资金，研究人员可能会误导投资者、记者、公众，最糟糕的是，他们自己的工作潜力。约翰逊警告说，如果研究人员不能兑现承诺，兴奋可能会让位于怀疑、失望和愤怒）”根据最后一段“ But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.”（但我相信泰勒，就像我相信约翰逊一样）可知，关于约翰逊的担忧，作者是支持的。A. sympathetic同情的，赞同的；B. unconcerned不关心的；C. doubtful怀疑的；D. excited激动的。故选A。 18．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”（ 他说，这家公司比其他任何公司都“在很大程度上”接近于制造出“有用的”量子计算机，它“解决了一个有影响力的问题，否则我们无法解决这个问题”。他补充说:“人们自然会不相信我的观点，但我已经花了很多时间来定量地比较我们与他人的做法）”可知，泰勒对量子计算的乐观来源于他对PyQuantum的信心。故选C。 19．词义猜测题。根据第三自然段“But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.”（ 但约翰逊表明，量子计算的某些方面使得它特别 prone被炒作，可能是因为“量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西。”）”可知，本句中含有一个原因状语从句，因为““量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西”，所以它特别容易被炒作。故prone意为“易于……的”。A. Open.开放的；易受损害的；B. Cool. 酷的；C. Useful. 有用的；D. Resistant. 有抵抗力的。故选A。 20．主旨大意题。根据第二自然段“Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction. This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson.”（ 现在，大型科技公司和许多小型公司都在量子计算领域进行了投资。据《商业周刊》报道，量子机器可以帮助我们“治愈癌症，甚至采取措施将气候变化转向相反的方向。这种炒作让约翰逊感到恼火。”）”以及最后一段“Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers.（PyQuantum真的能像泰勒所说的那样“以巨大的优势”领先所有竞争对手吗？我不知道。我当然不会建议我的朋友或其他人投资量子计算机。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任约翰逊一样。）”可知，本文主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。所以短文的最佳标题为“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”。故选D。 （二） （2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·高考真题）When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making. After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine. The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge. He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water. Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse — like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China. “Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.” 21．What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs? A．He was fond of traveling. B．He enjoyed being alone. C．He had an inquiring mind. D．He longed to be a doctor. 22．Why did John put the sludge into the tanks? A．To feed the animals. B．To build an ecosystem. C．To protect the plants. D．To test the eco-machine. 23．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou? A．To review John’s research plans. B．To show an application of John’s idea. C．To compare John’s different jobs. D．To erase doubts about John’s invention. 24．What is the basis for John’s work? A．Nature can repair itself. B．Organisms need water to survive. C．Life on Earth is diverse. D．Most tiny creatures live in groups. 【答案】21．C 22．D 23．B 24．A 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了John Todd从小就很爱思考且好学，他建造了一个生态机器，利用自然可以自我修复的原理来净化污水。 21．细节理解题。根据第一段“When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making. (当约翰·托德还是个孩子的时候，他喜欢探索房子周围的树林，观察大自然是如何解决问题的。例如，一条肮脏的小溪流经植物和微小生物居住的岩石后，往往会变得清澈。长大后，约翰开始思考这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的混乱)”以及第二段“After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? (在大学学习了农业、医学和渔业之后，约翰又回到了观察自然和提出问题的生活中。为什么某些植物能捕获有害细菌？哪些鱼类会食用致癌化学物质？)”可知，约翰聪颖好学、好奇心很强。故选C。 22．细节理解题。根据第三段“After a few weeks, John added the sludge. (几个星期后，约翰把污泥加了进去)”以及倒数第三段“He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water. (他对结果感到惊讶。生态机器里的动植物把污泥当成了食物，开始吃了起来！几周之内，它就被消化了，只剩下纯净水)”可知，约翰把污泥放进罐子里是为了测试生态机器。故选D。 23．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse — like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China. (这些年来，约翰承担了许多重大工作。他开发了一个类似温室的设施，可以处理来自南伯灵顿1600户家庭的污水。他还设计了一种生态机器来清洁中国东南部城市福州的运河水)”可推知，作者提到福州的目的是展示约翰想法的应用。故选B。 24．推理判断题。根据最后一段“You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair. (你把生物体放在新的关系中，观察会发生什么。然后让这些新系统自行发展自我修复的方式)”可知，约翰工作的基础是自然可以自我修复。故选A。 （三） （2024·天津·高考真题）Research sometimes proves, with data, what we more or less already know（e. g. Exercise is good for you, and polluted air isn’t）. Still, sometimes our assumptions are incorrect, and scientific findings surprise researchers, along with the rest of us. A recent example is the phenomenon of disappearing lakes in parts of the frozen treeless Arctic（北极的） region. You might think these lakes would be expanding, not disappearing. As climate change warms the region — melting（融化）surface snow and ice as well as the permafrost（永冻层）— there should be more surface water, forming larger lakes and even new ones. Recently, however, scientists have observed not just shrinking（缩小的） lakes but lakes that have completely gone away. Many scientists shared the commonsense expectation that as permafrost melted, lakes would at first expand with meltwater flowing into them. Eventually, researchers made a prediction that progressive warming during the 21st and 22nd centuries would dry out the Arctic, and lakes would begin to shrink. But now it looks as if Arctic lakes are disappearing a century sooner than predicted. A case in point is that some large, age-old lakes shrank dramatically in what appears to have been a matter of months. Scientists have labeled this phenomenon “disastrous lake loss” What caused this? The frozen solid ground actually contains bits of rock, mineral and organic matter, leaving spaces in between. And because these spaces are filled with solid ice, liquid water cannot readily get inside, but it can when the permafrost melts, allowing more water to get through. Soon after that, around 192 lakes in northwestern Alaska are gone from sight. Why did scientists miss this? One probable reason is that most climate models assume that the melting of permafrost is driven only by warming air. New evidence suggests, however, that rainfall — particularly increasing autumn rain — is now contributing significantly to permafrost loss. The rainfall carries heat into the ground. Yet none of the existing models includes such processes. That is a good example of why — no matter how complex our models are or may one day be — we need direct observation of the natural world. 25．What does Paragraph 1 mainly tell us? A．General knowledge can at times turn out to be true. B．Commonsense assumptions can sometimes prove wrong. C．Research findings should be built on popular assumptions. D．Scientific research is inspired by an unknown phenomenon. 26．Contrary to the general expectation, climate change has caused ________. A．a rapid rise of water surface B．the permafrost to melt faster C．many Arctic lakes to grow larger D．the disappearance of many Arctic lakes 27．The disastrous climatic impacts on the Arctic region have been ________. A．proved with emerging lakes B．underestimated by scientists C．well predicted by researchers D．shown elsewhere in the world 28．Why is the frozen Arctic ground hard for water to get through? A．Because of the solid ice within it. B．Because of its unique composition. C．Because it is far away from the waters. D．Because snow rarely melts on frozen ground. 29．What lesson can we learn from the passage? A．Direct observation is a must for scientific research. B．Scientific research is guaranteed by sufficient lab facilities. C．New evidence should be found to back up research findings. D．Scientific predictions should be mostly based on research models. 【答案】25．B 26．D 27．B 28．A 29．A 【导语】本文是篇说明文。文章通过对在冰冻无树的北极地区部分湖泊消失的现象这一实例的分析，表明了直接观察自然世界对科学研究是必要的。 25．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Research sometimes proves, with data, what we more or less already know.(研究有时会用数据证明我们或多或少已经知道的事情。)”和“Still, sometimes our assumptions are incorrect, and scientific findings surprise researchers, along with the rest of us.(尽管如此，有时我们的假设是不正确的，科学发现让研究人员和我们其他人感到惊讶。)”可知，该段表明有时一些常识性的假设可能被证明是错误的。故选B。 26．细节理解题。根据第二段“You might think these lakes would be expanding, not disappearing.(你可能会认为这些湖泊会扩大，而不是消失。)”和“Recently, however, scientists have observed not just shrinking（缩小的） lakes but lakes that have completely gone away.(然而，最近科学家们不仅观察到湖泊在萎缩，而且还观察到湖泊已经完全消失。)”可知，与人们的普遍预期相反，气候变化已经引起了许多北极湖泊的消失。故选D。 27．细节理解题。根据第三段“But now it looks as if Arctic lakes are disappearing a century sooner than predicted.(但现在看来，北极湖泊的消失似乎比预测的要早一个世纪。)”可知，对比之前科学家的预测，一些北极湖泊似乎消失得要快很多，可见灾难性的气候对北极地区的影响一直被科学家低估了。故选B。 28．细节理解题。根据第四段“And because these spaces are filled with solid ice, liquid water cannot readily get inside,(因为这些空间充满了固体冰，液态水不容易进入，)”可知，因为冻土层中的空间里充满了坚实的冰，导致液体水无法进入。故选A。 29．推理判断题。根据最后一段“That is a good example of why — no matter how complex our models are or may one day be — we need direct observation of the natural world.(这是一个很好的例子——说明为什么不管我们的例子有多复杂，或者有一天可能会复杂——我们都需要直接观察自然世界。)”可知，文章通过对在冰冻无树的北极地区部分湖泊消失的现象这一实例的分析，让我们学到了直接观察自然世界对科学研究是必要的。故选A。 （四） （2024·北京·高考真题）Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong. Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways. 30．What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code? A．Living conditions were the drive. B．Unwritten rules were the target. C．Social tradition was the basis. D．Honesty was the key. 31．What can we learn from this passage? A．Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies. B．Basic human needs lead to universal norms. C．Language capacity is limited by self-control. D．Written laws have great influence on virtues. 32．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B．The Values of Self-discipline C．Brains: Walls Against Chaos D．The Roots of Morality 【答案】30．C 31．B 32．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中。 30．推理判断题。根据第一段“Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. (在这里，规范是不成文的，很少明确表达，但被很好地理解和铭记。不赞成不诚实和暴力行为；领导、婚姻以及与其他群体的互动都受到传统的松散控制。冲突往往通过音乐斗争来解决。因为愤怒的争论会导致混乱，所以强烈反对。在无情的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之高，因纽特人对待道德的务实态度很有道理)”可知，因纽特人的生活中，规范是不成文的，因纽特人的道德准则是以社会传统为基础的。故选C项。 31．细节理解题。根据第二段“These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving.(这些普遍规范远远早于任何道德化宗教或成文法律的概念。相反，它们植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制)”可知，普遍的道德规范植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制，即人类的基本需求导致普遍的道德规范形成。故选B项。 32．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans.(弗朗兹·博厄斯对19世纪因纽特人生活的描述说明了早期人类可能的道德准则)”以及文章内容可知，本文围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，主要介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中，所以“道德的起源”适合作为文章标题。故选D项。 （五） （2024·全国甲卷·高考真题）Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help,  scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed. Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like. Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it! 33．What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph? A．It's a survival skill. B．It's taught by mother cats. C．It's hard to interpret. D．It's getting louder with age. 34．How does a pet cat assess different situations? A．By listening for sounds. B．By touching familiar objects. C．By checking on smells. D．By communicating with other cats. 35．Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3? A．Perform appropriately. B．Move faster. C．Act strangely. D．Do better. 36．What is a suitable title for the text? A．Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B．Understanding Your Cat's Behavior C．Have Fun with Your Cat D．How to Keep Your Cat Healthy 【答案】33．A 34．C 35．D 36．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了猫通过叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物来表达需求、评估环境和展示爱意。 33．细节理解题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. (动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。例如，几乎所有的动物都有独特的声音，它们依靠这些声音来寻求帮助，吓跑危险的动物或寻找庇护。)”和“Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother’s attention and be fed. (猫宝宝一出生就开始喵喵叫，喵喵叫是为了引起妈妈的注意和被喂食。)”可知，猫叫声是一种生存技能。故选A。 34．细节理解题。根据第二段“Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. (猫有许多敏锐的感官，但它们的嗅觉令人印象深刻。它们用鼻子来评估周围的环境，寻找任何危险的迹象。)”可知，宠物猫通过检查气味来评估不同情况。故选C。 35．词句猜测题。根据第三段划线词前半句“Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, (狗以其令人印象深刻的抓取习惯而闻名)”和后句“Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. (许多猫会在外面随意找到一些东西，并把它们带给主人。)”可知，狗以取回东西而闻名，但猫可以从外边找到东西带回来，因此在这一行为上更上一层楼。短语take ... up a notch是用来形容猫在带回东西这一行为上做得更好或更出色。故选D。 36．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways.( 动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。)”及全文可知，文章都在介绍和解释猫的各种行为方式，包括叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物的习惯，以及这些行为背后的原因和意义。所以“Understanding Your Cat’s Behavior(了解你的猫的行为)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选B。 （六） （2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·高考真题）We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 37．What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1? A．It guarantees the variety of food. B．It requires day-to-day care. C．It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D．It relies on farmer’s markets. 38．What information does the convenient app offer? A．Real-time weather changes. B．Current condition of the plants. C．Chemical pollutants in the soil. D．Availability of pre-seeded pods. 39．What can be concluded about BMF employees? A．They have a great passion for sports. B．They are devoted to community service. C．They are fond of sharing daily experiences. D．They have a strong environmental awareness. 40．What does the text mainly talk about? A．BMF’s major strengths. B．BMF’s general management. C．BMF’s global influence. D．BMF’s technical standards. 【答案】37．C 38．B 39．D 40．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。 37．细节理解题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”可知，巴比伦微型农场（BMF）进一步缩短了从农场到餐桌的距离。故选C。 38．细节理解题。根据第三段“Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. (此外，还有一个便捷的应用程序，可以实时提供增长数据)”可知，这个便捷的应用程序提供了植物生长的实时数据。故选B。 39．推理判断题。根据最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，BMF员工具有强烈的环保意识。故选D。 40．主旨大意题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”、第三段“By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. (通过云连接，对BMF进行远程监控。此外，还有一个方便的应用程序可以实时提供不断增长的数据。由于该系统是自动化的，因此大大减少了种植植物所需的水量。该系统不是给一排排土壤浇水，而是为每株植物提供合适的水量)”以及最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。故选A。 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$