10高中英语阅读理解能力提升人与自然之宇宙探索类-备战2025年高考

10高中英语阅读理解能力提升人与自然之宇宙探索类 目录 最新考情分析 解题技巧 典例解读 真题再现 最新考情分析 话题选材 科技前沿探索：聚焦于最新的太空探索项目、天文观测发现等。比如介绍詹姆斯・韦伯太空望远镜的观测成果，发现了遥远星系的新特征，或是报道火星探测任务中关于火星地质、气候等方面的新发现。 宇宙科学理论：涉及一些基础的宇宙科学理论知识，如大爆炸理论、黑洞理论等的科普性文章，帮助学生了解宇宙的起源和演化等宏观概念。 人类太空活动：讲述人类在太空探索中的活动，如宇航员在国际空间站的工作和生活、太空探索对人类社会发展的意义等内容，培养学生对太空探索事业的认知和兴趣。 语篇类型 说明文：是最常见的语篇类型，用于介绍宇宙探索的相关知识、技术、成果等。例如介绍某种新型航天探测器的功能和工作原理，会详细说明其构造、搭载的仪器以及在太空探索中的作用。 记叙文：可能会讲述宇航员的太空探索经历，或是以历史事件为背景，描述人类在某个关键太空探索阶段的故事，如阿波罗登月计划中宇航员的冒险历程等，通过具体的事件和人物来传递宇宙探索的精神和意义1。 议论文：针对宇宙探索的某一话题展开讨论，如探讨太空探索的成本与收益、人类是否应该加大对宇宙探索的投入等，引导学生从不同角度思考宇宙探索的价值和意义。 命题特点 细节理解题：要求学生准确获取文中关于宇宙探索的具体信息，如某个太空探测器的发射时间、任务目标，或者某种宇宙现象的特征等。 推理判断题：根据文章内容进行推理和判断，比如根据对某一星球的探测数据，推断该星球是否存在生命的可能性；或者根据当前太空探索的趋势，推测未来太空探索的方向4。 词义猜测题：考查学生根据上下文猜测与宇宙探索相关的专业词汇或短语的能力，如 “black hole”“cosmic ray” 等词汇在特定语境中的含义。 主旨大意题：要求学生概括文章的中心思想，如总结某篇关于火星探索的文章主要讲述了哪些方面的内容，是火星的环境特点、探索过程还是探索的意义等。 能力要求 词汇储备：需要学生掌握大量与宇宙探索相关的专业词汇和短语，如 astronaut（宇航员）、rocket（火箭）、orbit（轨道）等3。 长难句分析：能够理解复杂的句子结构，宇宙探索类文章中常常会出现包含多个从句、复杂修饰成分的长难句，用来准确描述科学现象和原理4。 逻辑推理：具备较强的逻辑推理能力，能够根据文章中给出的信息，进行合理的推理和判断，理解文章背后的深层含义。 背景知识：对宇宙探索的基本背景知识有一定的了解，如太阳系的构成、太空探索的历史等，有助于更好地理解文章内容。 解题技巧 词汇积累 专业词汇：宇宙探索类文章涉及大量专业词汇，如 astronomy（天文学）、galaxy（星系）、planet（行星）、gravity（重力）等。平时要注重积累这类词汇，可以通过制作单词卡片、利用词汇 APP 等方式加强记忆。 派生词和合成词：了解一些常见的词缀和词根，有助于猜测生词的意思。比如，astro - 表示 “星，天体”，所以 astronaut（宇航员）、astrophysics（天体物理学）等词汇就容易理解了。 背景知识储备 阅读科普书籍和文章：阅读《时间简史》《万物简史》等科普书籍，或者浏览科学杂志网站如《科学美国人》（Scientific American）、《自然》（Nature）等，了解宇宙探索领域的最新动态和基本概念，如黑洞、暗物质、宇宙大爆炸理论等。 观看纪录片：观看《宇宙的构造》《行星》等纪录片，直观地了解宇宙的奥秘和探索过程，有助于增强对相关文章的理解。 阅读技巧培养 快速浏览：先快速浏览文章标题、首尾段和每段的首句，了解文章的主旨大意和结构框架。比如，如果标题是 “Exploring the Mysterious Universe”，可以大致知道文章是关于宇宙探索的；再通过首尾段和段首句，能进一步明确文章是侧重于介绍新的探索技术、发现的新天体还是宇宙探索的意义等。 精读关键句：对于文章中的长难句、含有重要观点或数据的句子要进行精读。可以通过分析句子结构，找出主谓宾等关键成分，理解句子的核心意思。例如，“Scientists have recently discovered a new planet that may have the potential to support life, which has excited the whole scientific community.” 通过分析可知，句子的核心是科学家发现了一颗可能有生命存在潜力的新行星，这一发现令科学界兴奋。 标记重点：阅读过程中，将关键信息如时间、地点、人物、事件、新的发现或理论等标记出来，方便答题时快速定位。 答题策略 细节理解题：根据题干中的关键词，如人名、地名、专业术语等，在文章中快速定位相关信息，仔细比对选项与原文的表述是否一致，注意一些细微的差别，如程度、范围等。 主旨大意题：从文章的整体内容出发，综合各段的主要内容，提炼出文章的中心思想。一般来说，文章的首尾段会有比较明确的主旨表述，但也要注意有些文章需要自己总结归纳。选项如果过于片面或过于宽泛，一般都不是正确答案。 推理判断题：这类题目需要根据文章中的信息进行合理的推断，但不能过度推理。要依据原文的逻辑和事实，从作者的角度去思考问题。比如，文章中提到某种新的太空探测器正在研发中，可能会问由此可以推断出什么，正确答案可能是未来太空探索在某些方面可能会取得新进展等。 词义猜测题：结合上下文语境来猜测生词的意思。可以通过分析句子的逻辑关系，如因果、对比、并列等，以及利用文中的解释、举例等来推测词义。如果一个词后面跟着 “such as”，那么后面所举的例子往往能帮助理解这个词的含义。 典例分析 （一） （24-25高二上·湖南常德·期末）Every six-year-old wants to be an astronaut. This career goal is right up there with firefighter, detective, cowboy and ballet dancer. Before long, though, most recognize that they do not meet, and will in fact never meet the non-negotiable physical standards for the job. In fact, survival chances for any long-term mission will be greatly improved by loosening the restrictions until all people, regardless of disability, are able to be astronauts. Here we will use the example of a totally blind astronaut. On a spacewalk in 2001, Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield was temporarily blinded by a combination of soap and tears inside his helmet. The real problem was not that he was unable to see, but it was that the current spacesuit design forces astronauts to over-rely on hand-eye cooperation to the exclusion of other useful sensory information. For blind astronauts, the priority would be to design suits with better flexibility and increased touch feedback, so the hands could be used more easily to explore and control tools. Generally speaking, in a serious accident, the first thing to go might be the lights! This often means that the first thing a sighted astronaut must do for security is ensure visual access to the environment. He hunts for a flashlight, and if emergency lighting comes on, his eyes take a moment to adjust. Meanwhile, the blind astronaut is already heading toward the source of the problem. In the fire aboard the Russian Mir space station in 1997, the crew struggled as smoke blocked their view. The blind astronaut, while still affected by the lack of good air, would not be bothered by either dull lighting or heavy smoke. She would accurately direct the fire extinguisher at the source of heat and noise. Furthermore, a blind astronaut won’t feel the sickness caused by the lack of a visual horizon nor be lost by the frightening view during space walks. Similarly, there would be little reason to worry about the damage microgravity does to vision as fluid accumulates in the eye. So as a space observer, I strongly believe spaceflight can be made safer with a blind crewmate aboard. 1．What does the author imply in the first paragraph about being an astronaut? A．The dream to be an astronaut fades with age. B．Astronauts should be physically perfect. C．One with disability can also be an astronaut. D．Physical standards are not important. 2．What’s the real problem during Chris Hadfield’s spacewalk? A．He depended too much on his eyesight. B．He ignored other sensory information. C．He was unable to see anything in space. D．He was influenced by tears in his helmet. 3．The author mentions the fire aboard the Russian Mir space station to show blind astronauts __________. A．are better than common astronauts B．may have quicker reaction to danger C．can put things into their correct place D．are good at using fire extinguishers 4．What is the main idea of Paragraph 4? A．The future of spaceflight. B．The dilemma of spaceflight. C．The blind astronauts’ prospects. D．The blind astronauts’ advantages. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要谈论了残疾人（盲人）也能成为宇航员的优势。 1．推理判断题。由文章第一段中“In fact, survival chances for any long-term mission will be greatly improved by loosening the restrictions until all people, regardless of disability, are able to be astronauts. (事实上，通过放宽限制，直到所有人，无论是否残疾，都能成为宇航员，任何长期任务的生存机会都会大大提高。)”可知，作者在第一段暗示了残疾人也可以成为宇航员。故选C。 2．细节理解题。由文章第二段中“On a spacewalk in 2001, Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield was temporarily blinded by a combination of soap and tears inside his helmet. The real problem was not that he was unable to see, but it was that the current spacesuit design forces astronauts to over-rely on hand-eye cooperation to the exclusion of other useful sensory information. (在2001年的一次太空行走中，加拿大宇航员Chris Hadfield被头盔内的肥皂和泪水暂时弄瞎了眼睛。真正的问题不是他看不见，而是目前的宇航服设计迫使宇航员过度依赖手眼合作，排除了其他有用的感官信息。)”可知，Chris Hadfield太空行走时真正的问题是过于依赖视力，而忽视了其他有用的感官信息。故选A。 3．推理判断题。由文章第三段中“Meanwhile, the blind astronaut is already heading toward the source of the problem. In the fire aboard the Russian Mir space station in 1997, the crew struggled as smoke blocked their view. The blind astronaut, while still affected by the lack of good air, would not be bothered by either dull lighting or heavy smoke. She would accurately direct the fire extinguisher at the source of heat and noise. (与此同时，这位盲人宇航员已经朝着问题的根源前进。1997年，在俄罗斯和平号空间站发生火灾时，由于烟雾阻挡了他们的视线，机组人员奋力挣扎。盲人宇航员虽然仍然受到缺乏良好空气的影响，但不会被昏暗的灯光或浓烟所困扰。她会准确地将灭火器对准热源和噪音源。)”可知，作者提到俄罗斯和平号空间站的火灾是为了表明盲人宇航员对危险的反应可能更快。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。由文章第四段“Furthermore, a blind astronaut won’t feel the sickness caused by the lack of a visual horizon nor be lost by the frightening view during space walks. Similarly, there would be little reason to worry about the damage microgravity does to vision as fluid accumulates in the eye. So as a space observer, I strongly believe spaceflight can be made safer with a blind crewmate aboard. (此外，盲人宇航员不会因为缺乏视野而感到恶心，也不会因为太空行走时的可怕景色而迷失方向。同样，也没有理由担心微重力对眼睛中液体积聚造成的视力损害。因此，作为一名太空观察者，我坚信有一名盲人机组人员在太空飞行时会更安全。)”可知，本段主要讲述了盲人宇航员的优势。故选D。 （二） （24-25高二上·湖南长沙·期末）Astronomers have discovered a six-pack of planets, formed at least 4 billion years ago and remarkably unchanged since, orbiting a nearby sun-like star. The new planets could provide a breakthrough in the understanding of how planets form and why there are so many between the sizes of Earth and Neptune (海王星) , a kind known as “sub Neptunes” that is strikingly common in our galaxy (银河系) . These newfound worlds are hot, full of gas and unlikely to be pleasant places to visit. Their cozy orbits around the parent star mean they are not in what scientists consider the “habitable zone” of a planetary system. Therefore, the hunt for Earth 2.0 goes on. But what makes these planets unusual, in addition to their large number, is that they are locked into a resonance (共振) with one another as they orbit the star. One planet, for example, will make precisely three orbits while a neighbouring planet makes two. “This resonance is very rate in nature,” lead author Rafael Luque of the University of Chicago said in a webinar Tuesday with reporters. This reminder that mathematics controls the universe comes with another implication, which is that these six planets have been in a stable, predictable, two-by-three orbital pattern since they were formed at least 4 billion years ago. Most planetary systems, including our own, aren’t like that. The resonant orbits of these planets are consistent with the idea that this system has not suffered any major disturbance — for instance, the impact of disasters, or the close passing of another star — for billions of years. In this case, the planets formed with their parent star from a cloud of gas and dust and relatively quickly found their resonant orbits. And then nothing exciting happened to change that. This unusual orbital pattern is clear in the title of the new paper: “A resonant sub-Neptune passing the bright star HD 110067.” “Occasionally, nature reveals an absolute treasure,” Sara Seager, s professor of planetary science at MIT and a co-author of the new paper, said in an email. “HD 110067 is an immediate astronomical discovery — offering a key system to help unlock some mysteries of planet formation and evolution.” 5．Why should the hunt for Earth 2.0 go on according to the passage? A．The new-found planets are “sub Neptunes” that are too big. B．The new-found planets are orbiting a star different from the sun. C．The new-found planets are not suitable for human beings to live on. D．The new-found planets formed at least 4 billion years ago and changed significantly. 6．Which of the following is not the special aspect of these six planets? A．Their two-by-three orbital pattern. B．Their being controlled by mathematics. C．Their not having suffered great disturbance. D．Their being stable and unchanged since they were formed. 7．Why did the new-found planets form this two-by-three orbital pattern? A．A cloud of gas and dust found their orbit quickly. B．Their parent star formed before a disastrous impact. C．Another star passed the planets for billions of years. D．The whole planet set was not disturbed from the beginning. 8．What is the best title for the article? A．The Search for Earth 2.0 Continues B．Resonant Planets Don’t Welcome Humans C．The Discovery of “sub Neptunes” in Universe D．Unlocking the Mysteries of Planet Formation with HD 110067 【答案】5．C 6．B 7．D 8．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了科学家们发现了由六颗行星组成的绕恒星HD 110067 旋转的有独特轨道的行星系，给帮助解开行星形成和发展的秘密提供了重要的系统。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Their cozy orbits around the parent star mean they are not in what scientists consider the “habitable zone” of a planetary system. Therefore, the hunt for Earth 2.0 goes on.( 它们围绕母恒星的舒适轨道意味着它们不在科学家认为的行星系统的“宜居带”内。因此，寻找地球2.0的工作仍在继续)”可知，人类将继续找寻找地球2.0是因为新发现的行星不适合人类居住。故选C项。 6．细节理解题。根据第四段“This reminder that mathematics controls the universe comes with another implication, which is that these six planets have been in a stable, predictable, two-by-three orbital pattern since they were formed at least 4 billion years ago. Most planetary systems, including our own, aren’t like that.( 数学控制宇宙的提醒还有另一个含义，即这六颗行星自至少40亿年前形成以来，一直处于稳定、可预测的2乘3轨道模式中。大多数行星系统，包括我们自己的，都不是这样的)”和第五段中“The resonant orbits of these planets are consistent with the idea that this system has not suffered any major disturbance—for instance, the impact of disasters, or the close passing of another star—for billions of years.( 这些行星的共振轨道与这个系统数十亿年来没有遭受任何重大干扰的想法是一致的，比如，灾难的影响，或者另一颗恒星的近距离经过)”可知，这个行星系的轨道自他们形成以来都是稳定的2*3轨道模式，大多数行星系都不是这样，并且这种共振轨道与它们没有遭受过大的灾难或破坏是相符合的。所以只有B选项中的数学控制宇宙并非其特点。故选B项。 7．细节理解题。根据第五段“The resonant orbits of these planets are consistent with the idea that this system has not suffered any major disturbance—for instance, the impact of disasters, or the close passing of another star—for billions of years. In this case, the planets formed with their parent star from a cloud of gas and dust and relatively quickly found their resonant orbits. And then nothing exciting happened to change that.( 这些行星的共振轨道与这个系统数十亿年来没有遭受任何重大干扰的想法是一致的，比如，灾难的影响，或者另一颗恒星的近距离经过。在这种情况下，行星与母恒星一起从气体和尘埃云中形成，并相对较快地找到了它们的共振轨道。然后没有什么令人兴奋的事情发生来改变这一点)”可知，新发现的行星会形成这种2*3的轨道模式是因为整个行星群从一开始就没有受到干扰。故选D项。 8．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及最后一段中““HD 110067 is an immediate astronomical discovery—offering a key system to help unlock some mysteries of planet formation and evolution.”(“HD 110067是一个即时的天文发现，它提供了一个关键系统，可以帮助解开行星形成和演化的一些谜团。”)”可知，本篇文章主要讲到了科学家们发现了由六颗行星组成的绕恒星HD 110067 旋转的有独特轨道的行星系，给帮助解开行星形成和发展的秘密提供了重要的系统。故这篇文章最好的标题是D项“用HD 110067解开行星形成之谜”。故选D项。 （三） （2024·全国·一模）ASTRONAUTS, set your watches. Time on the surface of the moon has been calculated to tick at a rate of 57 millionths of a second a day faster than it does on Earth, a difference that could be crucial to lunar exploration. Later this decade, NASA hopes to return humans to the moon for the first time in more than 50 years. “We’re looking at a sustained presence on the moon,” says Cheryl Gramling at NASA．“Infrastructure on Earth such as GPS provides time down to the nanosecond(十亿分之一秒)level. If you’re trying to navigate or land on the moon, and avoid dangerous areas, then that precision matters.” To tackle this issue, NASA was recently tasked by the White House to create a Coordinated Lunar Time for the moon by the end of 2026. Slava Turyshev at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California and his colleagues were already working on the problem, and now have an answer. “Somebody needed to sit down and work out the maths,” he says. Time ticks faster on the moon because its gravity is one-sixth that of Earth’s, a result of time dilation. Turyshev and his team have calculated the flow of time on Earth and the moon in reference to the centre of the solar system, known as its barycentre, which moves depending on the position of the planets relative to the sun. Their calculations show that time on the moon’s surface ticks 57.5 microseconds per Earth day (0.0000575 seconds) faster than it does on Earth’s surface, so over 50 years, an astronaut on the moon would be about a second older than if they had stayed on Earth. Previous results for calculating lunar time have arrived at a similar number. In February, a study calculated that time on the moon’s surface ticked 56 microseconds faster than on Earth, based on the orbits of the two bodies. Performing multiple calculations will help create an accurate time zone, says Gramling. Defining moon time will also require us to set a “zero day” date on which we begin tracking lunar seconds compared with Earth. 9．What is the main purpose of Paragraph 1? A．To make comparisons. B．To provide an example. C．To introduce the topic. D．To demonstrate a method. 10．Why is the difference in time between the moon and Earth crucial for lunar exploration? A．It influences the orbits of the moon around Earth. B．It determines the length of astronauts’ stays on the moon. C．It affects the accuracy of navigation and landing on the moon. D．It changes the gravitational pull experienced on the moon’s surface. 11．What is the main reason for time ticking faster on the moon compared to Earth? A．The moon’s closer distance to the sun. B．The faster rotational speed of the moon. C．The lack of an atmospheric layer on the moon. D．The moon’s gravity being smaller than Earth’s. 12．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．NASA has created an accurate time zone on the moon. B．NASA has had different results about the time on the moon. C．NASA has set a starting point to define the time on the moon. D．NASA has tried several times to calculate the time on the moon. 【答案】9．C 10．C 11．D 12．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了月球上时间流速比地球稍快这一现象以及相关机构的研究现状。 9．推理判断题。由文章第一段“ASTRONAUTS, set your watches. Time on the surface of the moon has been calculated to tick at a rate of 57 millionths of a second a day faster than it does on Earth, a difference that could be crucial to lunar exploration.(宇航员们，把手表调好。据计算，月球表面的时间比地球上的时间快5700万分之一秒，这一差异可能对月球探索至关重要。)”以及下文可知，第一段的主要目的是介绍主题，即月球上时间流速比地球稍快。故选C项。 10．细节理解题。由文章第二段“If you’re trying to navigate or land on the moon, and avoid dangerous areas, then that precision matters.(如果你试图在月球上导航或着陆，并避开危险区域，那么精度很重要。)”可知，月球和地球之间的时差将会影响着月球导航和着陆的准确性。故选C项。 11．细节理解题。由文章第三段“Time ticks faster on the moon because its gravity is one-sixth that of Earth’s, a result of time dilation.(月球上的时间过得更快，因为它的引力是地球引力的六分之一，这是时间膨胀的结果。)”可知，月球上的时间比地球快的主要原因是月球的引力比地球小。故选D项。 12．推理判断题。由文章最后一段“Previous results for calculating lunar time have arrived at a similar number. (之前计算月球时间的结果也得出了类似的数字。)”和“Performing multiple calculations will help create an accurate time zone, says Gramling. (Gramling说，执行多次计算将有助于创建一个准确的时区。)”可推知，美国国家航空航天局已经多次尝试计算月球上的时间。故选D项。 （四） （24-25高二上·江苏淮安·期中）A new study suggests water may have existed on Mars much more recently than past evidence (证据) has shown. The research is based on data collected by the Chinese rover, Zhurong, which arrived on the planet in 2021. Today, Mars has a cold, desert climate. But past studies have provided evidence that ancient Mars had large amounts of water. A study suggested that 4.3 billion years ago, Mars likely had an ocean covering nearly half of the planet’s northern hemisphere There are different theories for what caused large amounts of water to disappear from Mars. The most likely explanation is that the liquid escaped when the planet’s air thinned over time. This turned the surface into a frozen desert about 3 billion years ago. In the new study, the Chinese rover observed salt-rich sand dunes (沙丘) on the surface. The dunes contained breaks and small hills, which provide evidence that the land had frozen and then melted (融化). The melting could have happened as recently as a few hundred thousand years ago, the study said. The researchers believed the dunes were likely formed sometime after 1.4 million to 400,000 years ago, possibly even more recently. Conditions during that period were likely similar to how things are on Mars today. The researchers said small openings filled with salty water were created by melting frost or snow. The team ruled out wind as a cause, as well as frost made of carbon dioxide, which makes up most of the Martian atmosphere. “The rover has now provided evidence that there may be a wider distribution of this process on Mars than previously identified,” said Dr Mary Bourke from Trinity College Dublin. She added that although the evidence suggests small amounts of water, it could still be important in identifying environments that could support life. 13．What can we infer about the lost water on Mars from Paragraph 3? A．It is buried in a frozen desert. B．It is blown away gradually. C．It still remains underground. D．It disappeared into space. 14．What evidence of surface water was found by Chinese researchers? A．The frost made from carbon dioxide. B．Some sand dunes being rich in salt. C．Melted frost and snow. D．Thin air on Mars. 15．How does Mary think the new finding helps scientists with the research on Mars? A．To find areas suitable for life. B．To measure the role of wind. C．To study the frozen and melted areas. D．To figure out the history of dunes. 16．What can be the best title for the text? A．Water Is Actually More Widespread on Mars. B．There Used to Be Rich Water on Mars. C．Chinese Rover Makes a New Discovery on Mars. D．Chinese Rover Finds Water on Mars. 【答案】13．D 14．B 15．A 16．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了中国火星探测器祝融号的新发现，即火星表面存在含盐的沙丘，这些沙丘的形成可能与近期火星表面的水活动有关，为火星上水的存在提供了新的证据。 13．推理判断题。根据文章第三段提到“The most likely explanation is that the liquid escaped when the planet’s air thinned over time.(最有可能的解释是，随着火星大气层随着时间的推移而变薄，这些液体逃逸了。)”可知，火星上曾经存在的大量水最有可能的解释是随着火星大气层的逐渐变薄，水以液体的形式逃逸到了太空中。故选D。 14．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“In the new study, the Chinese rover observed salt-rich sand dunes on the surface. The dunes contained breaks and small hills, which provide evidence that the land had frozen and then melted.(在这项新研究中，中国的火星车观察到火星表面富含盐的沙丘。这些沙丘有裂缝和小山丘，这提供了这片土地曾经冻结然后又融化的证据。)”可知，中国研究人员发现的证据是一些富含盐的沙丘。故选B。 15．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“She added that although the evidence suggests small amounts of water, it could still be important in identifying environments that could support life.(她补充说，尽管证据表明水量很少，但它对于确定可能支持生命存在的环境仍然很重要。)”可知，玛丽认为这一新发现有助于科学家找到可能适合生命存在的区域。故选A。 16．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了中国火星探测器祝融号的新发现，即火星表面存在含盐的沙丘，这些沙丘的形成可能与近期火星表面的水活动有关，为火星上水的存在提供了新的证据，所以选项C“中国火星车在火星上有新发现”能够概括文章主旨，适合作为本文标题。故选C。 真题再现 （一） （2012·辽宁·高考真题）Astronauts on shorter shuttle missions (使命) often work very long days. Tasks are scheduled (安排) so tightly that break times are often used to finish the day’s work. This type of schedule is far too demanding for long missions on the International Space Station (ISS). ISS crewmembers usually live in space for at least a quarter of a year. They work five days on and two days off to mimic the normal way they do things on Earth as much as possible. Weekends give the crew valuable time to rest and do a few hours of housework. They can communicate with family and friends by email, internet phone and through private video conferences. While astronauts cannot go to a baseball game or a movie in orbit, there are many familiar activities that they can still enjoy. Before a mission, the family and friends of each ISS crewmember put together a collection of family photos, messages, videos and reading material for the astronauts to look at when they will be floating 370 kilometers above the Earth.  During their mission, the crew also receives care packages with CDs, books, magazines, photos and letters. And as from early 2010, the internet became available on the ISS , giving astronauts the chance to do some “web surfing (冲浪)” in their personal time. Besides relaxing with these more common entertainments, astronauts can simply enjoy the experience of living in space. Many astronauts say that one of the most relaxing things to do in space is to look out the window and stare at the universe and the Earth’s vast land mass and oceans. 17．What does the word “mimic” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Find. B．Copy. C．Change. D．Lose. 18．Which of the following best describes the families of the astronauts on the ISS ? A．They are caring and thoughtful. B．They are patient and annoyed. C．They are impatient and annoyed. D．They are excited and curious. 19．In the final paragraph, the author shows that astronauts . A．get more pleasure in space than on the Earth B．find living in space a bit boring and tiring C．regard space life as common D．love to see the Earth from space 20．The passage mainly discusses how astronauts . A．work for longer missions in space B．connect with people on the Earth C．observe the Earth from space D．spend their free time in space 【答案】17．B 18．A 19．D 20．D 【分析】这是一篇说明文。本文向我们介绍了宇航员在太空中是如何打发他们的空闲时间的。 17．词句猜测题。由第一段中的“They work five days on and two days off to mimic the normal way they do things on Earth as much as possible. (他们工作五天，休息两天，尽可能mimic他们在地球上的正常工作方式)”可知，“宇航员工作五天，休息两天”和在地球上的工作时间一致，所以这样做的目的是尽可能地模仿地球上的正常生活，mimic在此处意为“Copy (模仿)”。故选B。 18．推理判断题。由第二段中的“Before a mission, the family and friends of each ISS crewmember put together a collection of family photos, messages, videos and reading material for the astronauts to look at when they will be floating 370 kilometers above the Earth. (在执行任务之前，国际空间站每名机组人员的家人和朋友都会收集家庭照片、信息、视频和阅读材料，供宇航员在离地球370公里的高空漂浮时观看)”可知，宇航员的家人会收集家庭照片、信息、视频和阅读材料，供宇航员在太空观看，所以宇航员的家人是体贴的，考虑周到的。故选A。 19．细节理解题。由最后一段“Many astronauts say that one of the most relaxing things to do in space is to look out the window and stare at the universe and the Earth’s vast land mass and oceans. (许多宇航员说，在太空中最放松的事情之一就是看着窗外，凝视着宇宙和地球广阔的陆地和海洋)”可知，宇航员喜欢在太空看地球。故选D。 20．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要向我们介绍了宇航员在太空中是如何打发他们的空闲时间的，D项“在太空中度过他们的空闲时间”符合文意。故选D。 （二） （2024·北京·高考真题）The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation — a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation? ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise. 21．What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? A．Make an assumption. B．Illustrate an argument. C．Give a suggestion. D．Justify a comparison. 22．What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Accepted by. B．Determined by. C．Awakened by. D．Discovered by. 23．As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________. A．appreciative B．doubtful C．unconcerned D．disapproving 24．It is implied in this passage that we should _________. A．compare the current models with the previous ones B．continue exploring the classical models in history C．stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D．turn simulations of the universe into realities up. 【答案】21．C 22．B 23．A 24．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了哲学家对于宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作者对于宇宙争论的看法。 21．推理判断题。根据第一段“Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge.(搜索“模拟假说”这一术语会得到许多关于宇宙是否是计算机模拟的争论结果——一些科学家实际上认真对待这个概念。不幸的是，这不是一个科学问题。我们可能永远都不知道这是不是真的。相反，我们可以利用这个想法来推进科学知识)”可知，作者对于模拟假说提出质疑，是为了提出自己的建议，建议使用这一想法来推进科学知识。故选C项。 22．词句猜测题。根据第二段“If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box.(如果经验不能揭示现实，推理也不会揭示现实，因为它依赖于contingent on我们的社会、文化和心理历史的概念和词语)”可知，句中that引导限制性定语从句，指代先行词concepts and words，且结合常识，概念和词语取决于我们的社会、文化和心理历史，推测划线短语表示“取决于”，与determined by意义相近。故选B项。 23．推理判断题。根据第二段“The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. (18世纪的哲学家康德认为，宇宙最终由不可知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他说，我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感知方面发挥着必要的作用)”以及第三段“So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation.(因此，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永远不会知道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中)”可知，作者引用康德的观点，并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构建自己的论述，由此可知，作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度。故选A项。 24．推理判断题。根据第四段“There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. (争论宇宙是否是一个时钟、一组粒子还是计算输出的产物是没有意义的。所有这些模型都是处理未知事物和发现事物的工具。我们拥有的工具越多，我们就能变得越有效、越有洞察力)”以及第五段“It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise.(可以想象，与之前构建科学模型的过程相比，开发基于“计算机模拟”隐喻的模型也将是一项非常有益的工作)”可知，作者认为争论宇宙是否是虚拟的，这是没有意义的，我们应该停止争论宇宙是否为模拟，而应该着手于将其作为一个模型来探索和理解，这样会更有助于科学的进步。故选C项。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 10高中英语阅读理解能力提升人与自然之宇宙探索类 目录 最新考情分析 解题技巧 典例解读 真题再现 最新考情分析 话题选材 科技前沿探索：聚焦于最新的太空探索项目、天文观测发现等。比如介绍詹姆斯・韦伯太空望远镜的观测成果，发现了遥远星系的新特征，或是报道火星探测任务中关于火星地质、气候等方面的新发现。 宇宙科学理论：涉及一些基础的宇宙科学理论知识，如大爆炸理论、黑洞理论等的科普性文章，帮助学生了解宇宙的起源和演化等宏观概念。 人类太空活动：讲述人类在太空探索中的活动，如宇航员在国际空间站的工作和生活、太空探索对人类社会发展的意义等内容，培养学生对太空探索事业的认知和兴趣。 语篇类型 说明文：是最常见的语篇类型，用于介绍宇宙探索的相关知识、技术、成果等。例如介绍某种新型航天探测器的功能和工作原理，会详细说明其构造、搭载的仪器以及在太空探索中的作用。 记叙文：可能会讲述宇航员的太空探索经历，或是以历史事件为背景，描述人类在某个关键太空探索阶段的故事，如阿波罗登月计划中宇航员的冒险历程等，通过具体的事件和人物来传递宇宙探索的精神和意义1。 议论文：针对宇宙探索的某一话题展开讨论，如探讨太空探索的成本与收益、人类是否应该加大对宇宙探索的投入等，引导学生从不同角度思考宇宙探索的价值和意义。 命题特点 细节理解题：要求学生准确获取文中关于宇宙探索的具体信息，如某个太空探测器的发射时间、任务目标，或者某种宇宙现象的特征等。 推理判断题：根据文章内容进行推理和判断，比如根据对某一星球的探测数据，推断该星球是否存在生命的可能性；或者根据当前太空探索的趋势，推测未来太空探索的方向4。 词义猜测题：考查学生根据上下文猜测与宇宙探索相关的专业词汇或短语的能力，如 “black hole”“cosmic ray” 等词汇在特定语境中的含义。 主旨大意题：要求学生概括文章的中心思想，如总结某篇关于火星探索的文章主要讲述了哪些方面的内容，是火星的环境特点、探索过程还是探索的意义等。 能力要求 词汇储备：需要学生掌握大量与宇宙探索相关的专业词汇和短语，如 astronaut（宇航员）、rocket（火箭）、orbit（轨道）等3。 长难句分析：能够理解复杂的句子结构，宇宙探索类文章中常常会出现包含多个从句、复杂修饰成分的长难句，用来准确描述科学现象和原理4。 逻辑推理：具备较强的逻辑推理能力，能够根据文章中给出的信息，进行合理的推理和判断，理解文章背后的深层含义。 背景知识：对宇宙探索的基本背景知识有一定的了解，如太阳系的构成、太空探索的历史等，有助于更好地理解文章内容。 解题技巧 词汇积累 专业词汇：宇宙探索类文章涉及大量专业词汇，如 astronomy（天文学）、galaxy（星系）、planet（行星）、gravity（重力）等。平时要注重积累这类词汇，可以通过制作单词卡片、利用词汇 APP 等方式加强记忆。 派生词和合成词：了解一些常见的词缀和词根，有助于猜测生词的意思。比如，astro - 表示 “星，天体”，所以 astronaut（宇航员）、astrophysics（天体物理学）等词汇就容易理解了。 背景知识储备 阅读科普书籍和文章：阅读《时间简史》《万物简史》等科普书籍，或者浏览科学杂志网站如《科学美国人》（Scientific American）、《自然》（Nature）等，了解宇宙探索领域的最新动态和基本概念，如黑洞、暗物质、宇宙大爆炸理论等。 观看纪录片：观看《宇宙的构造》《行星》等纪录片，直观地了解宇宙的奥秘和探索过程，有助于增强对相关文章的理解。 阅读技巧培养 快速浏览：先快速浏览文章标题、首尾段和每段的首句，了解文章的主旨大意和结构框架。比如，如果标题是 “Exploring the Mysterious Universe”，可以大致知道文章是关于宇宙探索的；再通过首尾段和段首句，能进一步明确文章是侧重于介绍新的探索技术、发现的新天体还是宇宙探索的意义等。 精读关键句：对于文章中的长难句、含有重要观点或数据的句子要进行精读。可以通过分析句子结构，找出主谓宾等关键成分，理解句子的核心意思。例如，“Scientists have recently discovered a new planet that may have the potential to support life, which has excited the whole scientific community.” 通过分析可知，句子的核心是科学家发现了一颗可能有生命存在潜力的新行星，这一发现令科学界兴奋。 标记重点：阅读过程中，将关键信息如时间、地点、人物、事件、新的发现或理论等标记出来，方便答题时快速定位。 答题策略 细节理解题：根据题干中的关键词，如人名、地名、专业术语等，在文章中快速定位相关信息，仔细比对选项与原文的表述是否一致，注意一些细微的差别，如程度、范围等。 主旨大意题：从文章的整体内容出发，综合各段的主要内容，提炼出文章的中心思想。一般来说，文章的首尾段会有比较明确的主旨表述，但也要注意有些文章需要自己总结归纳。选项如果过于片面或过于宽泛，一般都不是正确答案。 推理判断题：这类题目需要根据文章中的信息进行合理的推断，但不能过度推理。要依据原文的逻辑和事实，从作者的角度去思考问题。比如，文章中提到某种新的太空探测器正在研发中，可能会问由此可以推断出什么，正确答案可能是未来太空探索在某些方面可能会取得新进展等。 词义猜测题：结合上下文语境来猜测生词的意思。可以通过分析句子的逻辑关系，如因果、对比、并列等，以及利用文中的解释、举例等来推测词义。如果一个词后面跟着 “such as”，那么后面所举的例子往往能帮助理解这个词的含义。 典例分析 （一） （24-25高二上·湖南常德·期末）Every six-year-old wants to be an astronaut. This career goal is right up there with firefighter, detective, cowboy and ballet dancer. Before long, though, most recognize that they do not meet, and will in fact never meet the non-negotiable physical standards for the job. In fact, survival chances for any long-term mission will be greatly improved by loosening the restrictions until all people, regardless of disability, are able to be astronauts. Here we will use the example of a totally blind astronaut. On a spacewalk in 2001, Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield was temporarily blinded by a combination of soap and tears inside his helmet. The real problem was not that he was unable to see, but it was that the current spacesuit design forces astronauts to over-rely on hand-eye cooperation to the exclusion of other useful sensory information. For blind astronauts, the priority would be to design suits with better flexibility and increased touch feedback, so the hands could be used more easily to explore and control tools. Generally speaking, in a serious accident, the first thing to go might be the lights! This often means that the first thing a sighted astronaut must do for security is ensure visual access to the environment. He hunts for a flashlight, and if emergency lighting comes on, his eyes take a moment to adjust. Meanwhile, the blind astronaut is already heading toward the source of the problem. In the fire aboard the Russian Mir space station in 1997, the crew struggled as smoke blocked their view. The blind astronaut, while still affected by the lack of good air, would not be bothered by either dull lighting or heavy smoke. She would accurately direct the fire extinguisher at the source of heat and noise. Furthermore, a blind astronaut won’t feel the sickness caused by the lack of a visual horizon nor be lost by the frightening view during space walks. Similarly, there would be little reason to worry about the damage microgravity does to vision as fluid accumulates in the eye. So as a space observer, I strongly believe spaceflight can be made safer with a blind crewmate aboard. 1．What does the author imply in the first paragraph about being an astronaut? A．The dream to be an astronaut fades with age. B．Astronauts should be physically perfect. C．One with disability can also be an astronaut. D．Physical standards are not important. 2．What’s the real problem during Chris Hadfield’s spacewalk? A．He depended too much on his eyesight. B．He ignored other sensory information. C．He was unable to see anything in space. D．He was influenced by tears in his helmet. 3．The author mentions the fire aboard the Russian Mir space station to show blind astronauts __________. A．are better than common astronauts B．may have quicker reaction to danger C．can put things into their correct place D．are good at using fire extinguishers 4．What is the main idea of Paragraph 4? A．The future of spaceflight. B．The dilemma of spaceflight. C．The blind astronauts’ prospects. D．The blind astronauts’ advantages. （二） （24-25高二上·湖南长沙·期末）Astronomers have discovered a six-pack of planets, formed at least 4 billion years ago and remarkably unchanged since, orbiting a nearby sun-like star. The new planets could provide a breakthrough in the understanding of how planets form and why there are so many between the sizes of Earth and Neptune (海王星) , a kind known as “sub Neptunes” that is strikingly common in our galaxy (银河系) . These newfound worlds are hot, full of gas and unlikely to be pleasant places to visit. Their cozy orbits around the parent star mean they are not in what scientists consider the “habitable zone” of a planetary system. Therefore, the hunt for Earth 2.0 goes on. But what makes these planets unusual, in addition to their large number, is that they are locked into a resonance (共振) with one another as they orbit the star. One planet, for example, will make precisely three orbits while a neighbouring planet makes two. “This resonance is very rate in nature,” lead author Rafael Luque of the University of Chicago said in a webinar Tuesday with reporters. This reminder that mathematics controls the universe comes with another implication, which is that these six planets have been in a stable, predictable, two-by-three orbital pattern since they were formed at least 4 billion years ago. Most planetary systems, including our own, aren’t like that. The resonant orbits of these planets are consistent with the idea that this system has not suffered any major disturbance — for instance, the impact of disasters, or the close passing of another star — for billions of years. In this case, the planets formed with their parent star from a cloud of gas and dust and relatively quickly found their resonant orbits. And then nothing exciting happened to change that. This unusual orbital pattern is clear in the title of the new paper: “A resonant sub-Neptune passing the bright star HD 110067.” “Occasionally, nature reveals an absolute treasure,” Sara Seager, s professor of planetary science at MIT and a co-author of the new paper, said in an email. “HD 110067 is an immediate astronomical discovery — offering a key system to help unlock some mysteries of planet formation and evolution.” 5．Why should the hunt for Earth 2.0 go on according to the passage? A．The new-found planets are “sub Neptunes” that are too big. B．The new-found planets are orbiting a star different from the sun. C．The new-found planets are not suitable for human beings to live on. D．The new-found planets formed at least 4 billion years ago and changed significantly. 6．Which of the following is not the special aspect of these six planets? A．Their two-by-three orbital pattern. B．Their being controlled by mathematics. C．Their not having suffered great disturbance. D．Their being stable and unchanged since they were formed. 7．Why did the new-found planets form this two-by-three orbital pattern? A．A cloud of gas and dust found their orbit quickly. B．Their parent star formed before a disastrous impact. C．Another star passed the planets for billions of years. D．The whole planet set was not disturbed from the beginning. 8．What is the best title for the article? A．The Search for Earth 2.0 Continues B．Resonant Planets Don’t Welcome Humans C．The Discovery of “sub Neptunes” in Universe D．Unlocking the Mysteries of Planet Formation with HD 110067 （三） （2024·全国·一模）ASTRONAUTS, set your watches. Time on the surface of the moon has been calculated to tick at a rate of 57 millionths of a second a day faster than it does on Earth, a difference that could be crucial to lunar exploration. Later this decade, NASA hopes to return humans to the moon for the first time in more than 50 years. “We’re looking at a sustained presence on the moon,” says Cheryl Gramling at NASA．“Infrastructure on Earth such as GPS provides time down to the nanosecond(十亿分之一秒)level. If you’re trying to navigate or land on the moon, and avoid dangerous areas, then that precision matters.” To tackle this issue, NASA was recently tasked by the White House to create a Coordinated Lunar Time for the moon by the end of 2026. Slava Turyshev at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California and his colleagues were already working on the problem, and now have an answer. “Somebody needed to sit down and work out the maths,” he says. Time ticks faster on the moon because its gravity is one-sixth that of Earth’s, a result of time dilation. Turyshev and his team have calculated the flow of time on Earth and the moon in reference to the centre of the solar system, known as its barycentre, which moves depending on the position of the planets relative to the sun. Their calculations show that time on the moon’s surface ticks 57.5 microseconds per Earth day (0.0000575 seconds) faster than it does on Earth’s surface, so over 50 years, an astronaut on the moon would be about a second older than if they had stayed on Earth. Previous results for calculating lunar time have arrived at a similar number. In February, a study calculated that time on the moon’s surface ticked 56 microseconds faster than on Earth, based on the orbits of the two bodies. Performing multiple calculations will help create an accurate time zone, says Gramling. Defining moon time will also require us to set a “zero day” date on which we begin tracking lunar seconds compared with Earth. 9．What is the main purpose of Paragraph 1? A．To make comparisons. B．To provide an example. C．To introduce the topic. D．To demonstrate a method. 10．Why is the difference in time between the moon and Earth crucial for lunar exploration? A．It influences the orbits of the moon around Earth. B．It determines the length of astronauts’ stays on the moon. C．It affects the accuracy of navigation and landing on the moon. D．It changes the gravitational pull experienced on the moon’s surface. 11．What is the main reason for time ticking faster on the moon compared to Earth? A．The moon’s closer distance to the sun. B．The faster rotational speed of the moon. C．The lack of an atmospheric layer on the moon. D．The moon’s gravity being smaller than Earth’s. 12．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．NASA has created an accurate time zone on the moon. B．NASA has had different results about the time on the moon. C．NASA has set a starting point to define the time on the moon. D．NASA has tried several times to calculate the time on the moon. （四） （24-25高二上·江苏淮安·期中）A new study suggests water may have existed on Mars much more recently than past evidence (证据) has shown. The research is based on data collected by the Chinese rover, Zhurong, which arrived on the planet in 2021. Today, Mars has a cold, desert climate. But past studies have provided evidence that ancient Mars had large amounts of water. A study suggested that 4.3 billion years ago, Mars likely had an ocean covering nearly half of the planet’s northern hemisphere There are different theories for what caused large amounts of water to disappear from Mars. The most likely explanation is that the liquid escaped when the planet’s air thinned over time. This turned the surface into a frozen desert about 3 billion years ago. In the new study, the Chinese rover observed salt-rich sand dunes (沙丘) on the surface. The dunes contained breaks and small hills, which provide evidence that the land had frozen and then melted (融化). The melting could have happened as recently as a few hundred thousand years ago, the study said. The researchers believed the dunes were likely formed sometime after 1.4 million to 400,000 years ago, possibly even more recently. Conditions during that period were likely similar to how things are on Mars today. The researchers said small openings filled with salty water were created by melting frost or snow. The team ruled out wind as a cause, as well as frost made of carbon dioxide, which makes up most of the Martian atmosphere. “The rover has now provided evidence that there may be a wider distribution of this process on Mars than previously identified,” said Dr Mary Bourke from Trinity College Dublin. She added that although the evidence suggests small amounts of water, it could still be important in identifying environments that could support life. 13．What can we infer about the lost water on Mars from Paragraph 3? A．It is buried in a frozen desert. B．It is blown away gradually. C．It still remains underground. D．It disappeared into space. 14．What evidence of surface water was found by Chinese researchers? A．The frost made from carbon dioxide. B．Some sand dunes being rich in salt. C．Melted frost and snow. D．Thin air on Mars. 15．How does Mary think the new finding helps scientists with the research on Mars? A．To find areas suitable for life. B．To measure the role of wind. C．To study the frozen and melted areas. D．To figure out the history of dunes. 16．What can be the best title for the text? A．Water Is Actually More Widespread on Mars. B．There Used to Be Rich Water on Mars. C．Chinese Rover Makes a New Discovery on Mars. D．Chinese Rover Finds Water on Mars. 真题再现 （一） （2012·辽宁·高考真题）Astronauts on shorter shuttle missions (使命) often work very long days. Tasks are scheduled (安排) so tightly that break times are often used to finish the day’s work. This type of schedule is far too demanding for long missions on the International Space Station (ISS). ISS crewmembers usually live in space for at least a quarter of a year. They work five days on and two days off to mimic the normal way they do things on Earth as much as possible. Weekends give the crew valuable time to rest and do a few hours of housework. They can communicate with family and friends by email, internet phone and through private video conferences. While astronauts cannot go to a baseball game or a movie in orbit, there are many familiar activities that they can still enjoy. Before a mission, the family and friends of each ISS crewmember put together a collection of family photos, messages, videos and reading material for the astronauts to look at when they will be floating 370 kilometers above the Earth.  During their mission, the crew also receives care packages with CDs, books, magazines, photos and letters. And as from early 2010, the internet became available on the ISS , giving astronauts the chance to do some “web surfing (冲浪)” in their personal time. Besides relaxing with these more common entertainments, astronauts can simply enjoy the experience of living in space. Many astronauts say that one of the most relaxing things to do in space is to look out the window and stare at the universe and the Earth’s vast land mass and oceans. 17．What does the word “mimic” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Find. B．Copy. C．Change. D．Lose. 18．Which of the following best describes the families of the astronauts on the ISS ? A．They are caring and thoughtful. B．They are patient and annoyed. C．They are impatient and annoyed. D．They are excited and curious. 19．In the final paragraph, the author shows that astronauts . A．get more pleasure in space than on the Earth B．find living in space a bit boring and tiring C．regard space life as common D．love to see the Earth from space 20．The passage mainly discusses how astronauts . A．work for longer missions in space B．connect with people on the Earth C．observe the Earth from space D．spend their free time in space （二） （2024·北京·高考真题）The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation — a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation? ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise. 21．What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? A．Make an assumption. B．Illustrate an argument. C．Give a suggestion. D．Justify a comparison. 22．What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Accepted by. B．Determined by. C．Awakened by. D．Discovered by. 23．As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________. A．appreciative B．doubtful C．unconcerned D．disapproving 24．It is implied in this passage that we should _________. A．compare the current models with the previous ones B．continue exploring the classical models in history C．stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D．turn simulations of the universe into realities up. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$