09高中英语阅读理解能力提升人与自然之灾害防范类-备战2025年高考

09高中英语阅读理解能力提升人与自然之灾害防范类 目录 最新考情分析 解题技巧 典例解读 真题再现 最新考情分析 题材特点 选材广泛：文章选材涵盖地震、洪水、台风、海啸、森林火灾等各种自然灾害，涉及灾害的成因、危害、防范措施、灾后救援与重建等多个方面。如在人教版高中英语必修第一册 Unit 4就以自然灾害为主题，通过阅读文章让学生了解相关知识。 时代性强：会结合当下全球气候变化等热点话题，探讨其与自然灾害的联系，以及在新环境下灾害防范面临的新挑战和新机遇，引导学生关注现实问题。 文化多元：可能会选取不同国家和地区应对自然灾害的案例，体现不同文化背景下人们对灾害的认知、防范方式和应对策略的差异，培养学生的跨文化意识。 题型分布 细节理解题：占比较大，主要考查学生对文章中关于灾害具体信息的获取能力，如灾害发生的时间、地点、原因、造成的损失、防范措施的具体内容等。例如，要求学生从文中找出某种灾害的主要成因或特定防范措施的具体步骤。 主旨大意题：通常会要求学生概括文章关于自然灾害防范的主要内容、中心思想或作者的写作目的等，考查学生对文章整体的把握能力。 推理判断题：这类题型也较为常见，需要学生根据文章所提供的信息，推断灾害的发展趋势、人们未来的防范方向，或者作者对某种灾害防范措施的态度等，对学生的逻辑思维和推理能力要求较高。 词义猜测题：可能会出现一些与自然灾害相关的专业词汇或生僻词汇，让学生根据上下文语境猜测词义，如 “tsunami”“landslide” 等3。 能力要求 词汇积累：学生需要掌握大量与自然灾害、防范措施等相关的词汇和短语，如 “earthquake”“flood”“prevention”“emergency response” 等，同时要具备根据上下文推测词义的能力。 长难句分析：文章中可能会出现一些结构复杂的长难句，用来描述灾害的复杂情况或阐述专业的防范知识等，学生需要具备较强的句子分析能力，能够理清句子结构，准确理解句子含义。 信息整合：由于文章内容可能涉及多个方面的信息，学生要能够对分散在文中的各种信息进行筛选、整合和归纳，提取出关键信息，以便回答问题。 批判性思维：要求学生对文章中的观点、防范措施等进行分析和思考，能够判断其合理性，提出自己的见解，培养批判性思维能力。 命题趋势 跨学科融合：未来可能会加强与地理、环境科学等学科的融合，出现更多涉及自然灾害科学原理、地理环境与灾害关系等方面的内容，考查学生的综合知识运用能力。 强调实践应用：题目可能会更注重与实际生活的联系，要求学生运用文章中所学的灾害防范知识，解决实际生活中的问题，如制定家庭灾害防范计划、分析当地可能面临的灾害风险等。 文本形式多样化：除了传统的记叙文、说明文外，可能会出现新闻报道、研究报告、图表等多种文本形式，考查学生对不同文本类型的阅读和理解能力。 解题技巧 快速浏览掌握大意 浏览标题：标题往往是文章的核心概括，能让你快速了解文章大致方向。如标题 “Earthquake Prevention and Preparedness”，可看出是关于地震防范的内容。 扫读首尾段：首段一般会引出主题，尾段则常包含结论或对未来的展望。通过扫读，能把握文章的整体框架和作者的基本观点。 跳读关键句：每段的首句和尾句通常是该段的关键句，能传达段落的主要信息。快速跳读这些句子，有助于在短时间内了解文章的大致内容和结构。 精准定位细节理解 圈画关键词：阅读题干和选项，圈出其中的关键词，如人名、地名、时间、数字、关键动词等。然后在文章中快速定位这些关键词所在的段落和句子，找到与题目相关的信息。 注意同义替换：出题人往往会对文章中的原句进行同义替换来设置选项。所以要学会识别不同表达方式下的相同或相似意思。比如文章中说 “reduce the risk of flood”，选项中可能会写成 “decrease the possibility of flood”。 排除干扰项：常见的干扰项包括无中生有（选项内容在文章中未提及）、张冠李戴（把甲的特征或行为安到乙身上）、以偏概全（用部分情况代替整体情况）等。要仔细将选项与原文进行对比，排除这些干扰项。 推理判断深层理解 基于原文推理：推理判断题不能脱离原文凭空想象，要以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，进行合理的推测和判断。例如，文章中提到 “After the forest fire, many animals lost their habitats and had to move to other places.” 可推断出森林火灾对动物的生存环境造成了严重破坏。 把握作者意图：注意文章中的措辞、语气和情感色彩，体会作者的写作意图和态度。如果作者在描述某种灾害时，使用了大量强调危害的词汇，其意图可能是呼吁人们加强防范意识。 结合常识辅助：有些时候，结合自己已有的常识可以帮助我们更好地理解文章和进行推理判断。但要注意，常识只能作为辅助，最终还是要以文章内容为依据。 主旨归纳全面概括 综合各段大意：将每段的主要内容进行整合，提炼出文章的核心主题。不能只根据某一段或部分内容来确定主旨，要考虑文章的整体结构和内容。 留意高频词汇：文章中反复出现的词汇往往与主旨密切相关。例如，一篇关于台风防范的文章，“typhoon”“prevention” 等词可能会多次出现，这些高频词可以帮助我们确定文章的主旨方向。 辨析选项范围：主旨题的选项可能会存在范围过大或过小的情况。范围过大，会涵盖文章未涉及的内容；范围过小，又不能全面概括文章内容。要选择一个既能准确概括文章内容，又不过于宽泛或狭窄的选项。 典例解读 （一） （24-25高一上·河南新乡·期末）Southern California’s firefighters worked tirelessly on Saturday to put out a wildfire that has destroyed more than 100 buildings as strong winds calmed down and the weather was expected to stay good for the weekend. Evacuation orders were downgraded to warnings for people in several areas of Ventura County, where the mountain fire held at around 83 square kilometers and 21% of it was under control. Firefighters were aided by lighter winds, mild temperatures and low humidity (湿度), which let fuels dry out and burn off quickly, according to the National Weather Service. “We had a very successful day on the fire that broke out 3 days ago with the favorable (有利的) weather,” Ventura County Fire Department Battalion Chief Nick Cleary said on Saturday. “The fire got worse with the arrival of dry, warm and strong northeast Santa Ana winds, forcing thousands of people to evacuate and putting 3,500 buildings in danger around the community of Camarillo. More than100 buildings were destroyed and another 25 damaged,” fire officials said on Saturday after working teams fanned out to check the damage. It was reported that the damage would be at $2.4 million. Smoky air hung over the area and was expected to stay there for several days. Weather conditions would remain favorable on Sunday and Monday with low temperatures and an onshore light wind. Another round of northeast winds was expected on Tuesday, but humidity was expected to rise and winds were not expected to get as high as those that fanned the fire. The area northwest of Los Angeles has seen some of California’s most destructive fires over the years. The mountain fire burgeoned from less than 1.2 square kilometers to more than 41 square kilometers in little more than five hours on Wednesday, with winds topping 98 kph. The governor of California has announced a state of emergency in Ventura County. 1．What can we know about the fire in Ventura County? A．It wasn’t as strong as expected. B．It didn’t do much damage. C．It has been partly controlled. D．It has been completely put out. 2．When did the mountain fire start? A．On Sunday. B．On Saturday. C．On Wednesday. D．On Monday. 3．What does the underlined word “burgeoned” in the last paragraph mean? A．Stopped suddenly. B．Grew quickly. C．Appeared formally. D．Developed successfully. 4．What is the text? A．A news report. B．A short story. C．A work plan. D．A research article. （二） （24-25高一上·重庆·期末）Scientists say they’ve discovered an earthquake-like event that can happen during a hurricane or other storms. Researchers called it a “stormquake” after studying events caused by earthquakes on the sea floor during such storms. Strong energy from hurricanes and serious storms can create very large waves in the ocean. “These waves then interact in some places with solid earth under the sea to cause intense seismic (地震的) source activity,” said the leader researcher Fan, a professor at Florida State University, “The exciting part is that seismic sources caused by hurricanes can last for hours or even days.” The researchers found evidence (证据) of more than 10,000 stormquakes in coastal areas of the U.S. and Canada, which have happened around sea floors containing flat land and at lower depths. But it was not known until recently that such events even existed. This is mainly because scientists studying earthquakes had generally considered ocean-caused seismic waves as “background noise”. The research found major U.S. hurricanes had produced a lot of stormquakes. One example was Hurricane Bill in 2009 in the Atlantic Ocean, causing about 300 stormquakes as it moved north. But no such activity was recorded in areas along the U.S. East Coast. The team noted that even Hurricane Sandy, one of the biggest storms in U.S. history, did not cause a single stormquake. Fan says this suggests that stormquakes are strongly influenced by the physical shape of the seafloor’s surface and seafloor conditions. Fan added that there are still “lots of unknowns” about stormquakes. But he said discovering them “suggests we are reaching a new level of understanding seismic waves”. He hopes the discovery will lead to improved study methods for hurricanes, which in the past were mainly observed from satellites in the sky. “Now we are able to understand it - or at least track part of its route - through the solid earth as well,” he said. 5．What is the characteristic of a stormquake according to this passage? A．Being seasonal. B．Being unexpected. C．Being long-lasting. D．Being global. 6．Why were stormquakes unknown to science before? A．Because they were ignored by scientists. B．Because they were hardly seen on the Earth. C．Because they were similar to common earthquakes. D．Because they generally happened in deep sea floors. 7．What message is conveyed in Paragraph 4? A．All hurricanes don’t lead to stormquakes. B．Stormquakes happen more along the East Coast. C．Stormquakes influence the sea floor’s conditions. D．Stronger hurricanes produce bigger stormquakes. 8．What is the significance of the discovery? A．Helping to predict an earthquake more exactly. B．Offering a different view on hurricane researches. C．Suggesting the richness of the seismic wave field. D．Preventing possible hurricanes and lessening losses. （三） （24-25高一上·广东茂名·阶段练习）Everybody hates rats. But in the earthquake capitals of the world — Japan, Los Angeles, Turkey — rats will soon be man’s new best friends. What happens after an earthquake? We send in rescue dogs, why? Because they can smell people. Dogs save lives. They help rescuers to find living people. But dogs are big and they can’t get into small spaces. So now a new research project is using a smaller animal to save lives: the rat . How does it work? First, the rat is trained to smell people. when this happens, the rat’ brain gives a signal (信号). This is sent to a small radio on its back, and then the rescuers follow the radio signals. When the rat’ s brain activity jumps, the rescuers know that someone is alive. The rat has smelled that person. Although there are already robots which can do this job, rats are better. Christian Linster at Cornell university, New York, says,“ Robots, noses don’ t work well when there are other smells around. Rats are good at that.” Rats can also see in the dark. They are cheaper and quicker to train than dogs, and unlike robots, they don’t need electricity! The “rat project ” is not finished, but Julie Ryan of International Rescue Corps in Scotland says, “It would be fantastic. A rat could get into spaces we couldn’ t get to, and a rat would get out if it wasn’t safe.” Perhaps for the first time in history, people will be happy to see a rat in a building (but only after an earthquake, of course). 9．Why will rats become popular in the world earthquake capitals? A．They can get into small spaces. B．They can take the place of man’s rescue jobs. C．They can find food for survivors trapped in buildings. D．They can get the place of survivors trapped in buildings. 10．How can rescuers judge a person who is alive? A．By the noise made by the rat. B．By the rat’s unusual behaviour. C．By the signal sent by the radio on the rat. D．By the smell given off by the person trapped. 11．What do we know from the text? A．People are happy to see a rat in a building. B．The “rat project” has been completed already. C．People still use dogs and robots in rescue work. D．Rats have replaced dogs in searching for people. 12．What is the best title for the text? A．Rules in the Earthquake B．The Role Rats will play in the Earthquake C．Ways of Rescuing people D．The Reason for not using Dogs （四） （24-25高一上·黑龙江哈尔滨·期末）California saw a strong heatwave this year and it led to a series of wildfires. As husband, Joe, and two sons were trapped in the wildfire, wife and mother, Lisa Ebright, waited for their safe return. While Joe and his two sons, Dominic and David, were out camping on their Labor Day trip that had become a sort of family tradition, they were trapped in the area by the Creek Fire. When they first learned the wildfires spreading in their direction, Joe said no smoke could be seen in the surrounding areas. They decided to go to sleep and leave in the morning. In the meantime, the wildfires spread quickly throughout the night and in the morning, the family found that the area they were in was surrounded by thick smoke. Joe said to the reporters that, at that time, they didn’t know exactly how big the fire was nor its exact location. Because they had no way of communicating during that period, Lisa was up all night waiting for their return. Luckily, this family’s story ended happily with a reunion (团聚). However, the California wildfires are ongoing and millions of acres of land have already fallen victim to this disaster (灾难). The Creek Fire trapped hundreds of campers near the Mammoth Pool Reservoir. Joe explained that he was concerned about his wife, Lisa, waiting for their return without a way to communicate with them. He also said that they could not know how serious the wildfires were until they came back home, seeing on TV news reports and how the situation was affecting lots of families. 13．How were Joe and his two sons trapped by wildfires? A．They lived near mountains. B．They went out to put out fires. C．They went out for a family tradition. D．They caused a fire by accident when camping. 14．Why did Joe decide to sleep out when fires were coming in their direction? A．He didn’t know fires broke out. B．He lost his way in the evening. C．His wife told him it was safe. D．He thought it was safe then. 15．How did Joe know the fires were serious? A．By watching news reports. B．By seeing the fires himself. C．Through other campers. D．Through his wife. 16．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Joe escaped from fires bravely B．A family reunited after wildfires C．Wildfires affected many families D．Serious fires broke out in California 真题再现 （一） （2016·江苏·高考真题）El Nino, a Spanish term for “the Christ child”, was named by South American fisherman who noticed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas. El Nino sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round. The weather effects both good and bad, are felt in many places. Rich countries gain more from powerful Nino, on balance, than they lose. A study found that a strong Nino in 1997 helped American’s economy grow by 15 billion, partly because of better agricultural harvest, farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain. The total rise in agricultural in rich countries in growth than the fall in poor ones. But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames. A multi-year drought (干旱）in south-east Brazil is becoming worse. Though heavy rains brought about by El Nino may relieve the drought in California, they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters. The most recent powerful Nino, in 1997-98, killed around 21,000 people and caused damage worth $36 billion around the globe. But such Ninos come with months of warning, and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare. According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards. This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on reconstruction. Simple improvements to infrastructure (基础设施）can reduce the spread of disease. Better sewers (下水道）make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach. Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods. According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and co-authors, civil conflict is related to El Nino’s harmful effects—and the poorer the country, the stronger the link. Though the relationship may not be causal, helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people. Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nino, reducing their losses needs to be the priority. 17．What can we learn about El Nino in Paragraph 1? A．It is named after a South American fisherman. B．It takes place almost every year all over the world. C．It forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas. D．It sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean. 18．What may El Nino bring about to the countries affected? A．Agricultural harvests in rich countries fall. B．Droughts become more harmful than floods. C．Rich countries’ gains are greater than their losses. D．Poor countries suffer less from droughts economically. 19．The data provided by ODI in Paragraph 4 suggest that_________. A．more investment should go to risk reduction B．governments of poor countries need more aid C．victims of El Nino deserve more compensation D．recovery and reconstruction should come first 20．What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A．To introduce El Nino and its origin. B．To explain the consequences of El Nino. C．To show ways of fighting against El Nino. D．To urge people to prepare for El Nino. （二） （2009·辽宁·高考真题）A volcanic eruption in Iceland has sent ash across northern Europe. Airlines have stopped or changed the flights across the Atlantic Ocean, leaving hundreds of passengers stuck in airports. Grimsvom is one of the largest and most active volcanoes in Europe. What makes Grimsvom different is that it lies under a huge glacier (冰川) of ice up to 12 maters thick. The hot volcano heats up the ice above it, which then forms a layer (层) of water between the glacier and the volcano. This layer of water puts pressure on the volcano, keeping it stable. As the water flows out from under the glacier, the pressure lifts. The lava (岩浆) from the volcano then comes up to the surface. This is exactly what happened today. Now, airlines have to make changes to their flights so as not to fly through the clouds of volcanic ash. According to KLM, one of Europe’s biggest airlines, airplanes cannot go under the cloud or over it. Going through the cloud can result in ash getting stuck in the airplane’s engines, causing damage to the plane. The eruption has also caused problems for animals in Iceland. The volcano left ash and sharp. Glass-like rocks all over the countryside. Farmers are keeping their animals inside to stop them from eating ash-covered grass to the sharp object. 21．What makes Grimsvom different from other volcanoes? A．It is below ice. B．It lies under the sea. C．It is the largest volcano. D．It is lava affects the airlines. 22．What keeps Grimsvom still? A．The slow flow of water. B．The low water temperature. C．The thick glacier. D．The water pressure. 23．Which of the following is the result of the volcanic eruption? A．People stop traveling in Europe. B．Airlines suffer from the loss of planes. C．It becomes dangerous for animals to eat outside. D．Farmers have lost many of their animals. 24．This text is most probably taken from_____ A．a research paper. B．a newspaper report. C．a class presentation. D．a geography textbook. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 09高中英语阅读理解能力提升人与自然之灾害防范类 目录 最新考情分析 解题技巧 典例解读 真题再现 最新考情分析 题材特点 选材广泛：文章选材涵盖地震、洪水、台风、海啸、森林火灾等各种自然灾害，涉及灾害的成因、危害、防范措施、灾后救援与重建等多个方面。如在人教版高中英语必修第一册 Unit 4就以自然灾害为主题，通过阅读文章让学生了解相关知识。 时代性强：会结合当下全球气候变化等热点话题，探讨其与自然灾害的联系，以及在新环境下灾害防范面临的新挑战和新机遇，引导学生关注现实问题。 文化多元：可能会选取不同国家和地区应对自然灾害的案例，体现不同文化背景下人们对灾害的认知、防范方式和应对策略的差异，培养学生的跨文化意识。 题型分布 细节理解题：占比较大，主要考查学生对文章中关于灾害具体信息的获取能力，如灾害发生的时间、地点、原因、造成的损失、防范措施的具体内容等。例如，要求学生从文中找出某种灾害的主要成因或特定防范措施的具体步骤。 主旨大意题：通常会要求学生概括文章关于自然灾害防范的主要内容、中心思想或作者的写作目的等，考查学生对文章整体的把握能力。 推理判断题：这类题型也较为常见，需要学生根据文章所提供的信息，推断灾害的发展趋势、人们未来的防范方向，或者作者对某种灾害防范措施的态度等，对学生的逻辑思维和推理能力要求较高。 词义猜测题：可能会出现一些与自然灾害相关的专业词汇或生僻词汇，让学生根据上下文语境猜测词义，如 “tsunami”“landslide” 等3。 能力要求 词汇积累：学生需要掌握大量与自然灾害、防范措施等相关的词汇和短语，如 “earthquake”“flood”“prevention”“emergency response” 等，同时要具备根据上下文推测词义的能力。 长难句分析：文章中可能会出现一些结构复杂的长难句，用来描述灾害的复杂情况或阐述专业的防范知识等，学生需要具备较强的句子分析能力，能够理清句子结构，准确理解句子含义。 信息整合：由于文章内容可能涉及多个方面的信息，学生要能够对分散在文中的各种信息进行筛选、整合和归纳，提取出关键信息，以便回答问题。 批判性思维：要求学生对文章中的观点、防范措施等进行分析和思考，能够判断其合理性，提出自己的见解，培养批判性思维能力。 命题趋势 跨学科融合：未来可能会加强与地理、环境科学等学科的融合，出现更多涉及自然灾害科学原理、地理环境与灾害关系等方面的内容，考查学生的综合知识运用能力。 强调实践应用：题目可能会更注重与实际生活的联系，要求学生运用文章中所学的灾害防范知识，解决实际生活中的问题，如制定家庭灾害防范计划、分析当地可能面临的灾害风险等。 文本形式多样化：除了传统的记叙文、说明文外，可能会出现新闻报道、研究报告、图表等多种文本形式，考查学生对不同文本类型的阅读和理解能力。 解题技巧 快速浏览掌握大意 浏览标题：标题往往是文章的核心概括，能让你快速了解文章大致方向。如标题 “Earthquake Prevention and Preparedness”，可看出是关于地震防范的内容。 扫读首尾段：首段一般会引出主题，尾段则常包含结论或对未来的展望。通过扫读，能把握文章的整体框架和作者的基本观点。 跳读关键句：每段的首句和尾句通常是该段的关键句，能传达段落的主要信息。快速跳读这些句子，有助于在短时间内了解文章的大致内容和结构。 精准定位细节理解 圈画关键词：阅读题干和选项，圈出其中的关键词，如人名、地名、时间、数字、关键动词等。然后在文章中快速定位这些关键词所在的段落和句子，找到与题目相关的信息。 注意同义替换：出题人往往会对文章中的原句进行同义替换来设置选项。所以要学会识别不同表达方式下的相同或相似意思。比如文章中说 “reduce the risk of flood”，选项中可能会写成 “decrease the possibility of flood”。 排除干扰项：常见的干扰项包括无中生有（选项内容在文章中未提及）、张冠李戴（把甲的特征或行为安到乙身上）、以偏概全（用部分情况代替整体情况）等。要仔细将选项与原文进行对比，排除这些干扰项。 推理判断深层理解 基于原文推理：推理判断题不能脱离原文凭空想象，要以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，进行合理的推测和判断。例如，文章中提到 “After the forest fire, many animals lost their habitats and had to move to other places.” 可推断出森林火灾对动物的生存环境造成了严重破坏。 把握作者意图：注意文章中的措辞、语气和情感色彩，体会作者的写作意图和态度。如果作者在描述某种灾害时，使用了大量强调危害的词汇，其意图可能是呼吁人们加强防范意识。 结合常识辅助：有些时候，结合自己已有的常识可以帮助我们更好地理解文章和进行推理判断。但要注意，常识只能作为辅助，最终还是要以文章内容为依据。 主旨归纳全面概括 综合各段大意：将每段的主要内容进行整合，提炼出文章的核心主题。不能只根据某一段或部分内容来确定主旨，要考虑文章的整体结构和内容。 留意高频词汇：文章中反复出现的词汇往往与主旨密切相关。例如，一篇关于台风防范的文章，“typhoon”“prevention” 等词可能会多次出现，这些高频词可以帮助我们确定文章的主旨方向。 辨析选项范围：主旨题的选项可能会存在范围过大或过小的情况。范围过大，会涵盖文章未涉及的内容；范围过小，又不能全面概括文章内容。要选择一个既能准确概括文章内容，又不过于宽泛或狭窄的选项。 典例解读 （一） （24-25高一上·河南新乡·期末）Southern California’s firefighters worked tirelessly on Saturday to put out a wildfire that has destroyed more than 100 buildings as strong winds calmed down and the weather was expected to stay good for the weekend. Evacuation orders were downgraded to warnings for people in several areas of Ventura County, where the mountain fire held at around 83 square kilometers and 21% of it was under control. Firefighters were aided by lighter winds, mild temperatures and low humidity (湿度), which let fuels dry out and burn off quickly, according to the National Weather Service. “We had a very successful day on the fire that broke out 3 days ago with the favorable (有利的) weather,” Ventura County Fire Department Battalion Chief Nick Cleary said on Saturday. “The fire got worse with the arrival of dry, warm and strong northeast Santa Ana winds, forcing thousands of people to evacuate and putting 3,500 buildings in danger around the community of Camarillo. More than100 buildings were destroyed and another 25 damaged,” fire officials said on Saturday after working teams fanned out to check the damage. It was reported that the damage would be at $2.4 million. Smoky air hung over the area and was expected to stay there for several days. Weather conditions would remain favorable on Sunday and Monday with low temperatures and an onshore light wind. Another round of northeast winds was expected on Tuesday, but humidity was expected to rise and winds were not expected to get as high as those that fanned the fire. The area northwest of Los Angeles has seen some of California’s most destructive fires over the years. The mountain fire burgeoned from less than 1.2 square kilometers to more than 41 square kilometers in little more than five hours on Wednesday, with winds topping 98 kph. The governor of California has announced a state of emergency in Ventura County. 1．What can we know about the fire in Ventura County? A．It wasn’t as strong as expected. B．It didn’t do much damage. C．It has been partly controlled. D．It has been completely put out. 2．When did the mountain fire start? A．On Sunday. B．On Saturday. C．On Wednesday. D．On Monday. 3．What does the underlined word “burgeoned” in the last paragraph mean? A．Stopped suddenly. B．Grew quickly. C．Appeared formally. D．Developed successfully. 4．What is the text? A．A news report. B．A short story. C．A work plan. D．A research article. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了南加州的消防员在周末扑灭了一场摧毁一百多栋建筑的火灾。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Evacuation orders were downgraded to warnings for people in several areas of Ventura County, where the mountain fire held at around 83 square kilometers and 21% of it was under control.(文图拉县几个地区的疏散令被降级为警告，那里的山火面积约为83平方公里，21%的地区得到了控制)”可知，部分火势已得到控制。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第一段“Southern California’s firefighters worked tirelessly on Saturday to put out a wildfire that has destroyed more than 100 buildings as strong winds calmed down and the weather was expected to stay good for the weekend.(周六，南加州的消防队员不知疲倦地扑灭了一场野火，这场野火已经摧毁了100多座建筑，强风逐渐平息，预计周末天气将保持良好)”以及第二段““We had a very successful day on the fire that broke out 3 days ago with the favorable (有利的) weather,” Ventura County Fire Department Battalion Chief Nick Cleary said on Saturday.(文图拉县消防部门营长尼克·克利里周六表示：“我们在3天前爆发的大火中度过了非常成功的一天，天气很好。”)”可知，该火灾发生在三天前，即发生在周三。故选C。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“from less than 1.2 square kilometers to more than 41 square kilometers in little more than five hours(在5个多小时内从不足1.2平方公里扩大到超过41平方公里)”可知，五个多小时的时间里，火灾面积从不到1.2平方公里猛增到41平方公里以上。由此可知，划线词burgeoned意为“迅速发展”。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“Southern California’s firefighters worked tirelessly on Saturday to put out a wildfire that has destroyed more than 100 buildings as strong winds calmed down and the weather was expected to stay good for the weekend.(周六，南加州的消防队员不知疲倦地扑灭了一场野火，这场野火已经摧毁了100多座建筑，强风逐渐平息，预计周末天气将保持良好)”结合下文对火势控制、起火时间、影响范围等的具体介绍推知，本文属于新闻报道。故选A。 （二） （24-25高一上·重庆·期末）Scientists say they’ve discovered an earthquake-like event that can happen during a hurricane or other storms. Researchers called it a “stormquake” after studying events caused by earthquakes on the sea floor during such storms. Strong energy from hurricanes and serious storms can create very large waves in the ocean. “These waves then interact in some places with solid earth under the sea to cause intense seismic (地震的) source activity,” said the leader researcher Fan, a professor at Florida State University, “The exciting part is that seismic sources caused by hurricanes can last for hours or even days.” The researchers found evidence (证据) of more than 10,000 stormquakes in coastal areas of the U.S. and Canada, which have happened around sea floors containing flat land and at lower depths. But it was not known until recently that such events even existed. This is mainly because scientists studying earthquakes had generally considered ocean-caused seismic waves as “background noise”. The research found major U.S. hurricanes had produced a lot of stormquakes. One example was Hurricane Bill in 2009 in the Atlantic Ocean, causing about 300 stormquakes as it moved north. But no such activity was recorded in areas along the U.S. East Coast. The team noted that even Hurricane Sandy, one of the biggest storms in U.S. history, did not cause a single stormquake. Fan says this suggests that stormquakes are strongly influenced by the physical shape of the seafloor’s surface and seafloor conditions. Fan added that there are still “lots of unknowns” about stormquakes. But he said discovering them “suggests we are reaching a new level of understanding seismic waves”. He hopes the discovery will lead to improved study methods for hurricanes, which in the past were mainly observed from satellites in the sky. “Now we are able to understand it - or at least track part of its route - through the solid earth as well,” he said. 5．What is the characteristic of a stormquake according to this passage? A．Being seasonal. B．Being unexpected. C．Being long-lasting. D．Being global. 6．Why were stormquakes unknown to science before? A．Because they were ignored by scientists. B．Because they were hardly seen on the Earth. C．Because they were similar to common earthquakes. D．Because they generally happened in deep sea floors. 7．What message is conveyed in Paragraph 4? A．All hurricanes don’t lead to stormquakes. B．Stormquakes happen more along the East Coast. C．Stormquakes influence the sea floor’s conditions. D．Stronger hurricanes produce bigger stormquakes. 8．What is the significance of the discovery? A．Helping to predict an earthquake more exactly. B．Offering a different view on hurricane researches. C．Suggesting the richness of the seismic wave field. D．Preventing possible hurricanes and lessening losses. 【答案】5．C 6．A 7．A 8．B 【导语】本文是篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种类似地震的自然现象——“风暴地震”，介绍了其形成过程、特点和影响其形成的条件，这一发现有助于改进飓风研究方法。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段“The exciting part is that seismic sources caused by hurricanes can last for hours or even days. (令人兴奋的是，飓风引起的震源可以持续数小时甚至数天。)”可知，风暴地震的显著特征是持续时间长。故选C。 6．推理判断题。根据第三段中“This is mainly because scientists studying earthquakes have generally considered ocean-caused seismic waves as ‘background noise’. (这主要是因为研究地震的科学家通常认为海洋地震波是‘背景噪音’。)”可知，以前的科学对风暴地震一无所知，是因为他们曾经被科学家当成“背景噪音”忽视了。故选A。 7．细节理解题。根据第四段中“The team noted that even Hurricane Sandy, one of the most costly storms in U.S. history, did not cause a single stormquake. Fan says this suggests that stormquakes are strongly influenced by the physical shape of the seafloor’s surface and seafloor conditions. (研究小组指出，即使是飓风桑迪，美国历史上最严重的风暴之一，也没有造成风暴地震。Fan说，这说明风暴地震的形成受海底表面物理形状和海底条件的影响很大。)”可推知，并不是所有的飓风都带来风暴地震。故选A。 8．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“He hopes the discovery will lead to improved study methods for hurricanes, which in the past have mainly been observed from satellites in the sky. (他希望这一发现将有助于改进研究飓风的方法，过去主要是通过空中卫星观测飓风。)”可知，这个发现的意义是为研究飓风提供了另一个角度。故选B。 （三） （24-25高一上·广东茂名·阶段练习）Everybody hates rats. But in the earthquake capitals of the world — Japan, Los Angeles, Turkey — rats will soon be man’s new best friends. What happens after an earthquake? We send in rescue dogs, why? Because they can smell people. Dogs save lives. They help rescuers to find living people. But dogs are big and they can’t get into small spaces. So now a new research project is using a smaller animal to save lives: the rat . How does it work? First, the rat is trained to smell people. when this happens, the rat’ brain gives a signal (信号). This is sent to a small radio on its back, and then the rescuers follow the radio signals. When the rat’ s brain activity jumps, the rescuers know that someone is alive. The rat has smelled that person. Although there are already robots which can do this job, rats are better. Christian Linster at Cornell university, New York, says,“ Robots, noses don’ t work well when there are other smells around. Rats are good at that.” Rats can also see in the dark. They are cheaper and quicker to train than dogs, and unlike robots, they don’t need electricity! The “rat project ” is not finished, but Julie Ryan of International Rescue Corps in Scotland says, “It would be fantastic. A rat could get into spaces we couldn’ t get to, and a rat would get out if it wasn’t safe.” Perhaps for the first time in history, people will be happy to see a rat in a building (but only after an earthquake, of course). 9．Why will rats become popular in the world earthquake capitals? A．They can get into small spaces. B．They can take the place of man’s rescue jobs. C．They can find food for survivors trapped in buildings. D．They can get the place of survivors trapped in buildings. 10．How can rescuers judge a person who is alive? A．By the noise made by the rat. B．By the rat’s unusual behaviour. C．By the signal sent by the radio on the rat. D．By the smell given off by the person trapped. 11．What do we know from the text? A．People are happy to see a rat in a building. B．The “rat project” has been completed already. C．People still use dogs and robots in rescue work. D．Rats have replaced dogs in searching for people. 12．What is the best title for the text? A．Rules in the Earthquake B．The Role Rats will play in the Earthquake C．Ways of Rescuing people D．The Reason for not using Dogs 【答案】9．D 10．C 11．C 12．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了老鼠未来能在地震中所扮演的角色。 9．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“But in the earthquake capitals of the world — Japan, Los Angeles, Turkey — rats will soon be man’s new best friends.(但在世界地震之都——日本、洛杉矶，土耳其——将很快成为人类最好的新朋友)”和第二段“Dogs save lives. They help rescuers to find living people. But dogs are big and they can’t get into small spaces. So now a new research project is using a smaller animal to save lives: the rat.(狗能拯救生命。它们帮助救援人员找到活着的人。但是狗很大，它们无法进入狭小的空间。因此，现在一项新的研究项目正在使用一种较小的动物来拯救生命：老鼠)”可知，在世界地震之都，老鼠将变得受欢迎，因为它们可以找到被困在建筑物中的幸存者的位置。故选D。 10．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“This is sent to a small radio on its back, and then the rescuers follow the radio signals. When the rat’s brain activity jumps, the rescuers know that someone is alive.(这些信号被发送到它背上的一个小型无线电设备上，然后救援人员就能追踪无线电信号。当老鼠的大脑活动跳跃时，救援人员就知道有人还活着)”可知，救援人员可以通过老鼠身上的无线电信号来判断一个人是否还活着。故选C。 11．推理判断题。 根据文章第二段“What happens after an earthquake? We send in rescue dogs, why? Because they can smell people. Dogs save lives.(地震后会发生什么？我们派出搜救犬，为什么？因为它们能闻到人的味道。狗能拯救生命)”和文章倒数第二段“Although there are already robots which can do this job, rats are better.(虽然已经有机器人可以做这项工作，但老鼠做得更好)”可推知，人们在救援工作中仍然使用狗和机器人。故选C。 12．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“But in the earthquake capitals of the world — Japan, Los Angeles, Turkey — rats will soon be man’s new best friends.(但在世界地震之都——日本、洛杉矶，土耳其——将很快成为人类最好的新朋友)”和下文可知，这篇文章阐述的是关于老鼠未来能在地震中所扮演的角色。B项“老鼠在地震中扮演的角色”为最佳标题，故选B。 （四） （24-25高一上·黑龙江哈尔滨·期末）California saw a strong heatwave this year and it led to a series of wildfires. As husband, Joe, and two sons were trapped in the wildfire, wife and mother, Lisa Ebright, waited for their safe return. While Joe and his two sons, Dominic and David, were out camping on their Labor Day trip that had become a sort of family tradition, they were trapped in the area by the Creek Fire. When they first learned the wildfires spreading in their direction, Joe said no smoke could be seen in the surrounding areas. They decided to go to sleep and leave in the morning. In the meantime, the wildfires spread quickly throughout the night and in the morning, the family found that the area they were in was surrounded by thick smoke. Joe said to the reporters that, at that time, they didn’t know exactly how big the fire was nor its exact location. Because they had no way of communicating during that period, Lisa was up all night waiting for their return. Luckily, this family’s story ended happily with a reunion (团聚). However, the California wildfires are ongoing and millions of acres of land have already fallen victim to this disaster (灾难). The Creek Fire trapped hundreds of campers near the Mammoth Pool Reservoir. Joe explained that he was concerned about his wife, Lisa, waiting for their return without a way to communicate with them. He also said that they could not know how serious the wildfires were until they came back home, seeing on TV news reports and how the situation was affecting lots of families. 13．How were Joe and his two sons trapped by wildfires? A．They lived near mountains. B．They went out to put out fires. C．They went out for a family tradition. D．They caused a fire by accident when camping. 14．Why did Joe decide to sleep out when fires were coming in their direction? A．He didn’t know fires broke out. B．He lost his way in the evening. C．His wife told him it was safe. D．He thought it was safe then. 15．How did Joe know the fires were serious? A．By watching news reports. B．By seeing the fires himself. C．Through other campers. D．Through his wife. 16．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Joe escaped from fires bravely B．A family reunited after wildfires C．Wildfires affected many families D．Serious fires broke out in California 【答案】13．C 14．D 15．A 16．B 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道，主要讲述的是加利福尼亚州遭遇强烈热浪引发的一系列野火事件，其中重点描述了一个家庭——丈夫Joe和他的两个儿子在劳动节露营时遭遇Creek Fire被困，而妻子Lisa则焦急等待他们平安归来的故事。 13．细节理解题。根据第二段“While Joe and his two sons, Dominic and David, were out camping on their Labor Day trip that had become a sort of family tradition, they were trapped in the area by the Creek Fire.(在劳动节假期，Joe带着两个儿子外出露营，这本是他们家的一种传统。然而，他们却遭遇了Creek Fire，被困在了当地。)”可知，Joe和他的两个儿子是参加家庭传统活动时被野火困住了。故选C。 14．细节理解题。根据第二段“When they first learned the wildfires spreading in their direction, Joe said no smoke could be seen in the surrounding areas. They decided to go to sleep and leave in the morning.(当他们第一次得知野火向他们的方向蔓延时，Joe说周围地区没有看到烟雾。他们决定先睡一觉，明早再走。)”可知，当大火朝他们的方向逼近时，Joe决定先睡一觉，是因为他觉得那是安全的。故选D。 15．细节理解题。根据最后一段“He also said that they could not know how serious the wildfires were until they came back home, seeing on TV news reports and how the situation was affecting lots of families.(他还说，他们直到回家后在电视新闻报道中看到野火的严重情况，以及这场灾难给许多家庭带来的影响，才意识到火势的严峻。)”可知，Joe通过看新闻报道知道火灾很严重。故选A。 16．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“As husband, Joe, and two sons were trapped in the wildfire, wife and mother, Lisa Ebright, waited for their safe return.(当丈夫乔和两个儿子被困在大火中时，妻子和母亲Lisa Ebright等待着他们的安全归来。)”和最后一段“Luckily, this family’s story ended happily with a reunion (团聚).(幸运的是，这个家庭的故事以团圆而圆满结束。)”可知，本文主要讲的是加利福尼亚州遭遇强烈热浪引发的一系列野火事件，其中重点描述了一个家庭——丈夫Joe和他的两个儿子在劳动节露营时遭遇Creek Fire被困，而妻子Lisa则焦急等待他们平安归来的故事，因此最恰当的标题是B选项“A family reunited after wildfires(一个家庭在野火后团聚)”。故选B。 真题再现 （一） （2016·江苏·高考真题）El Nino, a Spanish term for “the Christ child”, was named by South American fisherman who noticed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas. El Nino sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round. The weather effects both good and bad, are felt in many places. Rich countries gain more from powerful Nino, on balance, than they lose. A study found that a strong Nino in 1997 helped American’s economy grow by 15 billion, partly because of better agricultural harvest, farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain. The total rise in agricultural in rich countries in growth than the fall in poor ones. But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames. A multi-year drought (干旱）in south-east Brazil is becoming worse. Though heavy rains brought about by El Nino may relieve the drought in California, they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters. The most recent powerful Nino, in 1997-98, killed around 21,000 people and caused damage worth $36 billion around the globe. But such Ninos come with months of warning, and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare. According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards. This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on reconstruction. Simple improvements to infrastructure (基础设施）can reduce the spread of disease. Better sewers (下水道）make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach. Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods. According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and co-authors, civil conflict is related to El Nino’s harmful effects—and the poorer the country, the stronger the link. Though the relationship may not be causal, helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people. Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nino, reducing their losses needs to be the priority. 17．What can we learn about El Nino in Paragraph 1? A．It is named after a South American fisherman. B．It takes place almost every year all over the world. C．It forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas. D．It sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean. 18．What may El Nino bring about to the countries affected? A．Agricultural harvests in rich countries fall. B．Droughts become more harmful than floods. C．Rich countries’ gains are greater than their losses. D．Poor countries suffer less from droughts economically. 19．The data provided by ODI in Paragraph 4 suggest that_________. A．more investment should go to risk reduction B．governments of poor countries need more aid C．victims of El Nino deserve more compensation D．recovery and reconstruction should come first 20．What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A．To introduce El Nino and its origin. B．To explain the consequences of El Nino. C．To show ways of fighting against El Nino. D．To urge people to prepare for El Nino. 【答案】17．D 18．C 19．A 20．D 【分析】试题分析：本文介绍了厄尔尼诺现象对地球的影响，并告诉我们政府应该做更多的投资预防厄尔尼诺的危害而不是在出现问题以后进行重新补救和恢复。 17．D 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句El Nino sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.可知厄尔尼诺现象见证了海洋中水流方向的变化。故D正确。 18．C 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句Rich countries gain more from powerful Nino, on balance, than they lose.可知富有国家从厄尔尼诺现象中得到的好处多于它带来的损失。C项正确。 19．A 推理判断题。根据第四段第三句According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards.故A项正确。 20．D 主旨大意题。根据最后一句＂Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nino, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.＂各国政府要把减少损失放在优先的位置。也就是说我们要事先做好准备。故D项正确。 【名师点睛】第4小题属于阅读理解中的目的意图题。作者在描述事实或传递信息时,不管他的意图是什么,其观点和态度都不可避免地在文章中反映出来｡常见的涉及到作者态度的词有褒义类词（approving, positive, optimistic,等），贬义类词(critical, pessimistic, doubtful, questioning)和中性类词(indifferent, serious, objective, concerned, neutral)。这就要求考生在阅读时应特别注意文章的措辞,尤其注意那些表达感情色彩的形容词如improving, encouraging, disappointing, ignore等，以及作者对人物语言､行为和思想的描写,从中领悟作者的写作意图和态度｡ 本文最后一句Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nino, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.既然最贫穷的国家最不可能从厄尔尼诺这样的灾难中得到弥补，那么我们要把减少损失放在首要位置。从本句的措辞中可以看出本文正是要敦促我们要为可能发生的厄尔尼诺做好准备。 （二） （2009·辽宁·高考真题）A volcanic eruption in Iceland has sent ash across northern Europe. Airlines have stopped or changed the flights across the Atlantic Ocean, leaving hundreds of passengers stuck in airports. Grimsvom is one of the largest and most active volcanoes in Europe. What makes Grimsvom different is that it lies under a huge glacier (冰川) of ice up to 12 maters thick. The hot volcano heats up the ice above it, which then forms a layer (层) of water between the glacier and the volcano. This layer of water puts pressure on the volcano, keeping it stable. As the water flows out from under the glacier, the pressure lifts. The lava (岩浆) from the volcano then comes up to the surface. This is exactly what happened today. Now, airlines have to make changes to their flights so as not to fly through the clouds of volcanic ash. According to KLM, one of Europe’s biggest airlines, airplanes cannot go under the cloud or over it. Going through the cloud can result in ash getting stuck in the airplane’s engines, causing damage to the plane. The eruption has also caused problems for animals in Iceland. The volcano left ash and sharp. Glass-like rocks all over the countryside. Farmers are keeping their animals inside to stop them from eating ash-covered grass to the sharp object. 21．What makes Grimsvom different from other volcanoes? A．It is below ice. B．It lies under the sea. C．It is the largest volcano. D．It is lava affects the airlines. 22．What keeps Grimsvom still? A．The slow flow of water. B．The low water temperature. C．The thick glacier. D．The water pressure. 23．Which of the following is the result of the volcanic eruption? A．People stop traveling in Europe. B．Airlines suffer from the loss of planes. C．It becomes dangerous for animals to eat outside. D．Farmers have lost many of their animals. 24．This text is most probably taken from_____ A．a research paper. B．a newspaper report. C．a class presentation. D．a geography textbook. 【答案】21．A 22．D 23．C 24．B 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道，主要讲的是冰岛的Grimsvom火山喷发将火山灰喷向整个北欧。航空公司停飞或更改了跨越大西洋的航班，导致数百名乘客滞留在机场。 21．细节理解题。由第二段“What makes Grimsvom different is that it lies under a huge glacier (冰川) of ice up to 12 maters thick.(格里姆斯姆的不同之处在于它位于一个高达12米厚的巨大冰川之下)”可知，使格林姆火山不同于其他火山的地方是它在冰川之下。故选A。 22．细节理解题。由第二段的“This layer of water puts pressure on the volcano, keeping it stable.(这层水给火山施加压力，使其保持稳定)”可知，水的压力让它稳定，故选D。 23．细节理解题。由最后一段的“Farmers are keeping their animals inside to stop them from eating ash-covered grass to the sharp object.(农民们把他们的牲畜关在室内，以防止它们吃覆盖着灰烬的草或碰到锋利的物体)”可知，火山爆发的结果是动物在外面吃东西变得很危险。故选C。 24．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“A volcanic eruption in Iceland has sent ash across northern Europe. Airlines have stopped or changed the flights across the Atlantic Ocean, leaving hundreds of passengers stuck in airports.(冰岛的一次火山喷发将火山灰喷向整个北欧。航空公司停飞或更改了跨越大西洋的航班，导致数百名乘客滞留在机场)”及第二段的“This is exactly what happened today.(这就是今天发生的事情)”可知，本文在讲述今天所发生的事情。由此推知，本文很可能来自一篇新闻报道。故选B。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$