专题04 阅读理解D篇 (解读+技巧+变式+模拟) -2025年1月“八省联考”英语真题完全解读与考后提升

2025年1月“八省联考”英语真题完全解读与考后提升 专题04 阅读理解D篇 (解读+技巧+词汇+变式+模拟) 解析版 目 录 原题呈现 1 答案解读 2 解题指导（说明文） 3 高考考情 3 语篇特点 4 解题策略 4 标题概括 5 2024真题 6 考点变式 8 词类转换 9 识词知意 9 高频词快 9 单句填空 10 题型变式 10 变式一：脑科学研究成果（3篇） 10 变式二：医学研究成果（3篇） 17 变式三：记忆力研究成果（2篇） 24 ( 原题呈现 ) 真题变式方向：真题解读，解题指导，词形转换，高频词快，脑科学研究，体育锻炼影响，运动健身与记忆 阅读理解关键词：说明文,人与自我, 新研究找到有助于学习的最佳运动时间,脑科学研究,体育锻炼影响 Want to learn a new language or get A’s in college exams? Previous studies have shown that exercise can help stimulate the areas of the brain that convert (转换) new information into long-term memory. A new study has taken this information one step further and found the best time when exercise can help maximize learning. Building upon past research that found exercise releases biochemicals that improve mental function, scientists at Radboud University and the University of Edinburgh conducted a study to determine when exercise was most beneficial to learning. Participants — 72 healthy male and female adults — were first asked to perform a computer test that challenged their visual and spatial learning. After the test, all of the subjects watched nature documentaries, but two-thirds of them also exercised. Half of the exercisers did circuit training on an exercise bike for 35 minutes immediately after the test. The other half did the same exercise but not until four hours after they had been tested. Two days later, all of the participants returned to the lab for a recall test, and they were connected to MRI (磁共振成像) machines to assess their brain activity. The participants who exercised four hours after taking the computer test were able to recall what they had learned most accurately. Their brainwaves also showed more consistent levels of activity, indicating that their brains were less taxed to remember what they had learned. According to this research, the best time to exercise to improve learning is four hours after studying. But why? That’s one question the researchers have yet to answer. Another question left unanswered is the level of exercise that might best improve learning. I’ve run enough marathons to prove the fact that my brain is anything but sharp during or after a tough workout. But the researchers noted that light workouts might not give the brain enough of a biochemical boost to improve learning. 32. What did the new study aim to explore? A. When exercise is best for learning. B. What biochemicals are good for health. C. How brainwaves should be measured. D. Which area of the brain is the most active. 33. What were all the participants asked to do during the experiment? A. Train on bicycles. B. Do mathematics exercises. C. Play computer games. D. Watch films about nature. 34. Why did the participants return to the lab two days later? A. To do a medical examination. B. To have their memory tested. C. To get their workouts recorded. D. To finish their previous tasks. 35. What might the author’s marathon running prove? A. The findings of the study are reliable. B. Long-distance runners are often smart. C. Studies on the marathon are not enough. D. Hard exercise may not sharpen the brain. ( 答案解析 ) 【答案】32. A 33. D 34. B 35. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新研究——锻炼可以帮助刺激大脑将新信息转化为长期记忆的区域，以及进行锻炼以最大程度提高学习的最佳时间。 32.细节理解题。根据第一段中“A new study has taken this information one step further and found the best time when exercise can help maximize learning.(一项新的研究更进一步，找到了锻炼有助于最大化学习效果的最佳时间)”可知，新研究旨在探索什么时候锻炼最有利于学习。故选A项。 33.细节理解题。根据第三段中“After the test, all of the subjects watched nature documentaries(测试后，所有受试者都观看了自然纪录片)”可知，实验要求所有受试者在实验过程中观看自然纪录片。故选D项。 34.细节理解题。根据第四段中“Two days later, all of the participants returned to the lab for a recall test(两天后，所有参与者返回实验室进行回忆测试)”可知，参与者两天后返回实验室是为了进行记忆测试。故选B项。 35. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“I’ve run enough marathons to prove the fact that my brain is anything but sharp during or after a tough workout.(我已经跑了足够多的马拉松来证明这样一个事实：在艰苦的锻炼过程中或之后，我的大脑一点也不敏锐)”可知，作者通过自己跑马拉松的经历证明，剧烈的锻炼可能不会使大脑变得敏锐。故选D项。 ( 解题指导 ) 高考阅读理解说明文满分技能 【高考考情】 年份 卷别 主题 话题 2025 2025八省联考卷 人与自我 新研究找到有助于学习的最佳运动时间 2024 2024新课标I卷 人与自然 人与自然 科学记录生物多样性 巴比伦微农场 2024新课标II卷 人与社会 人工智能安全发展 2024全国甲卷 人与社会 人与自然 医疗列车巡回服务 对猫的行为研究 2023 2023新课标I卷 人与社会 人与社会 极简生活方式 群体智慧效应 2023新课标II卷 人与社会 人与自然 纸质书籍和阅读 保护城市野生生态 2023全国甲卷 人与社会 人与自然 书评 保护灰熊新问题 2022 2022新课标I卷 人与社会 人与社会 改善老年人孤独项目 饮食影响语言发展 2022新课标II卷 人与自我 人与社会 体育锻炼有利于心脏 软件应对司机分神 2022全国甲卷 人与自然 凤头鹦鹉会识别形状 2020 2020全国I卷 人与自我 人与自我 人与自我 人与社会 人与自然 孩子玩智力玩具的研究 重新阅读的体会 竞走运动利与弊 影响食物摄入量因素 绿植能代替点灯吗 2020全国II卷 人与自然 妙用海狸鼠 2020全国III卷 人与自我 人类进化适应海洋生活 【语篇特点】 说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上看，说明文总体结构通常分为三个部分：说明对象、说明过程和归纳总结；从段落组织方式上分，常见的有以下五种结构：总分式结构(总→分→总；总→分；分→总)；并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立)；对照式结构(结构形式是“一正一反”)；递进式结构(文章各部分内容形成一层更进一层的形式)；连贯式结构(说明的各层次之间是按照事物发张过程来安排层次，前后互相承接)。 说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。 【解题策略】 1.快速浏览——整体把握说明对象 如果文章有标题那首先就要抓住文章的标题明确说明对象或是关注文章主题句、各段首末句明确说明对象；其次可抓住文章的结构归纳说明对象。一般说明文往往都会围绕一个主要问题或内容进行说明，而有的说明文则需要我们把小说明点归纳起来，构成全文的说明对象。 2.先题再文——精准定位重点解读 在对文章进行快速浏览之后，带着题干再读全文。阅读时做到有的放矢、有所侧重：明确说明对象、把握说明顺序、理清(段落间的)逻辑联系和把握作者态度。边读边将考查内容(主要是细节理解题和推理判断题)在原文中定位，然后重点解读定位的几个片段。 3.高效解读——破长难句解重难词 说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。如何高效解读关键在于破解长难句、解读重难词(包括生词和词块)的意义。 破解长难句：学会运用括号法分析长难句，把影响考生理解的各种从句、非谓语动词短语以及复杂介词短语括起来，从而达到“去枝叶，留主干”的目的，进而准确理解句子含义。 解读生词义：考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助解读生词义。例如可以利用原文中的“下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号(如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明)”等方法来解读生词义。另外考生要学会作出适当的放弃：无关大局的生僻词汇阅读中经常会遇到一些生词，如果这些生词对理解全文没有影响或影响不大就可略过。比如有许多较长的表示人名、地名等的专有名词，阅读时可一扫而过或干脆用其首字母代替，不必试图把整个专有名词解读出来。 【标题概括题】 一、说明文标题三大特点 1. 概括性：语言高度凝练而形式简短 2. 针对性：标题外延与文章内容相符 3. 醒目性：能够激发读者的阅读欲望 二、说明文选标题三大方法 1.主题段法 标题段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般来说第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题，知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句话或一个短语即是文章的标题。 2. 主题句法 解题的关键要抓住每段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。 3. 关键词法 任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即关键词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。 三、说明文选标题三大策略 1.正面肯定法 在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。 2.反面否定法 撇开原文，拿各个备选项去尝试用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除荒谬者。 3.排除干扰法 研究干扰项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、新奇性、概括性等。文章的标题应该新颖奇特，易激发读者的好奇心，吸引读者注意力。 四、说明文标题错误三大特征 1. 范围太宽泛 选项太过于宽泛，与文章内容相距甚远。 2. 范围太具体 选项死扣文章某一细节不适合用于标题。 3. 范围太偏颇 选项内容过于偏颇，明显偏离文章主旨。 五、说明文选标题三大关注点 1. 文章结构 “倒三角形▼”结构特点，首段最重要，越往后重要性越低。因此结合写作对象看首段和尾段，以首段为主是选好说明文类阅读理解题的基本功。 2. 选项规律 说明文选标题四个选项多采用二元法，两个比较接近正确答案甚至相反，干扰性强，两个往往和主题关联性较弱，容易排除。 3.做后反思 实践证明说明文最后一题往往是压轴题也是高频错题，因此保持做后反思是提高选标题能力的必然途径。 ( 2024新课标I卷 ) D In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places – and even species – that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. 34. What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records. C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. ( 答案解析 ) 【答案】32. B 33. C 34. C 35. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。 32.细节理解题。根据第一段“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. (今天，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可知，现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。 33.细节理解题。根据第二段“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? (这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗?)”和第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”可知，Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据，即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察数据。故选C。 34.细节理解题。根据第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”以及第五段“This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.( 这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。)”可知，导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的不当。故选C。 35.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image. (生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图像的身份。)”可知，Daru 建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。 ( 考点变式 ) 一、高频词类转换 1.maximum n. 最大量→___________vt. 最大限度地利用 2.benefit n.益处 →___________a. 有益的，有利的 3.document n. 文档→___________n. 纪实节目，纪录片 4.exercise v.锻炼 →___________n. 做运动的人 5.particpate v.参加→___________ n. 参加者 6.accurate a.精确的→___________ad. 精确地，准确地 7.consist v. 在于，存在于→___________a. 一贯的；持续的 8.rely vt.依赖 →___________a. 可靠的，可信赖的 9.sharp a. 锋利的→___________vt. 使变锋利 【参考答案】 1.maximize 2.beneficial 3.documentary 4.exerciser 5.particpant 6.accurately 7.consistent 8.reliable 9.sharpen 二、考纲识词知意 1 / 33 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1.previous a.___________ 2.stimulate vt.___________ 3.long-term a.___________ 4.release vt.___________ 5.biochemical n.___________ 6.mental a.___________ 7.visual a.___________ 8.spatial a.___________ 9.subject n.___________ 10.circuit n.___________ 11.assess vt.___________ 12.workout n.___________ 13.boost vt.___________ 14.long-distance a.___________ 【参考答案】 1.以前的2.刺激3.长期的4.释放5.生化物 6.思想上7. 视觉的，视力的8. 空间的，与空间有关的9. 话题；学科；主语；题材；实验对象；（批评、学习、调查的）对象10. 电路，回路；巡回活动，巡回地；环道，环线；巡回赛11.评估12.健身13. 使增长，推动14.长期的 三、高频词块默写 1.two days later ___________ 2.be connected to ___________ 3.leave sth. unanswered ___________ 4.anything but ___________ 5.be good for ___________ 【参考答案】 1.两天后2.连接上3.留下……没有回复4.决不5.对……有好处 四、真题单句填空 1.Previous ____________(study) have shown that exercise can help stimulate the areas of the brain that convert (转换) new information ___________ long-term memory. 2.A new study has taken this information one step ___________(far) and found the best time when exercise can help maximize learning. 3. ___________(build) upon past research that found exercise releases biochemicals that improve mental function, scientists conducted a study ___________(determine) when exercise was most ___________(benefit) to learning. 4.Participants — 72 healthy male and female adults — were first asked___________(perform) a computer test ___________ challenged their visual and spatial learning. 5.After the test, all of the ___________(subject) watched nature documentaries, but two-thirds of them also exercised. 6.Half of the exercisers did circuit training on an exercise bike for 35 minutes ___________(immediate) after the test. 7.The other half did the same exercise ___________ not until four hours after they had been tested. 8.Two days later, all of the participants returned to the lab for a recall test, and they ___________(connect) to MRI machines ___________(assess) their brain activity. 9.The participants who exercised four hours after taking the computer test were able to recall ___________ they had learned most ___________(accurate). 10.Their brainwaves also showed more consistent levels of activity, ___________(indicate) that their brains were less taxed to remember what they had learned. 11.According to this research, the best time ___________(exercise) to improve learning is four hours after studying. But why? 12.Another question ___________(leave) unanswered is the level of exercise that might best improve learning. 13.I’ve run enough marathons to prove the fact ___________ my brain is anything but sharp during or after a tough workout. 14.But the researchers noted that light workouts might not give the brain enough of a biochemical boost ___________(improve) learning. 【参考答案】 1. studies, into 2. further 3. Building, to determine, beneficial 4. to perform, that/which 5. subjects 6. immediately 7. but 8. were connected, to assess 9. what, accurately 10. Indicating 11. to exercise 12. left 13. that 14. to improve ( 名校好题速递 ) 题型变式一：脑科学研究成果 【01】（24-25高二上·山东日照·阶段练习）It goes without saying that hard physical labor wears you out, but what about hard mental labor? “Influential theories suggested that fatigue (疲惫) is a sort of illusion cooked up by the brain to make us stop whatever we are doing and turn to a more gratifying activity,” says Mathias Pessiglione of Pitié-Salpêtrière University in Paris, France. “But our findings show that cognitive work results in a true functional transformation — accumulation of toxic substances — so fatigue would indeed be a signal that makes us stop working but for a different purpose: to preserve the integrity of brain functioning.” Pessiglione and colleagues wanted to understand what mental fatigue really is. They used magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to monitor brain chemistry over the course of a workday. They studied two groups of people: those who needed to think hard and those who had relatively simple cognitive tasks. They saw signs of fatigue, only in the group doing hard mental work. Those in that group also exhibited in their choices a change toward options proposing rewards at short delay with minimal effort. Critically, they also had higher levels of glutamate (谷氨酸) in the brain’s prefrontal cortex (前额皮质). Together with earlier evidence, the scientists say it supports the hypothesis that glutamate accumulation makes further activation of the prefrontal cortex more costly, such that cognitive control is more difficult after a mentally tough workday. So, is there some way to overcome this limitation of our brain’s ability to think hard? “Not really, I’m afraid,” Pessiglione said. “I would employ good old recipes: rest and sleep! There is good evidence that glutamate is removed from the brain during sleep.” There may be other practical implications of the findings. For example, the researchers say, monitoring of prefrontal cortex could help to detect severe mental fatigue. Such an ability may help adjust work agendas to avoid burnout. Pessiglione also advises people to avoid making important decisions when they’re tired. 1．What does the underlined word “gratifying” in Paragraph 1 mean? A．Relaxing. B．Complex. C．Temporary. D．Rewarding. 2．What does the group performing hard mental work exhibit in the study? A．Fewer signs of mental fatigue. B．Greater motivation and effort. C．Higher efficiency in complex tasks. D．Stronger preference for immediate rewards. 3．What do we know about glutamate accumulation? A．It causes a sense of peaceful mind. B．It enhances brain function in a limited way. C．It signals the brain is emptying its mental energy. D．It decreases the cost of prefrontal cortex activation. 4．What is Pessiglione’s advice for those overwhelmed by mentally demanding tasks? A．Remove them from the work agenda. B．Reduce the complexity of all cognitive tasks. C．Schedule strategic breaks to allow for recovery. D．Apply technology to monitoring the brain activity. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了脑力疲惫是什么，脑力疲惫产生时大脑皮层里会发生哪些变化，以及应该采取哪些措施来应对脑力疲惫。 1．词句猜测题。根据画线词的上文“Influential theories suggested that fatigue (疲惫) is a sort of illusion cooked up by the brain to make us stop whatever we are doing and turn to (有影响力的理论认为，疲劳是大脑制造的一种错觉，让我们停止正在做的事情，转而去做)”可推知，疲劳状态下我们会转而去做更为轻松的事，从而缓解疲劳，画线词意思应该是“愉快的，轻松的”。A. Relaxing令人放松的；B. Complex复杂的；C. Temporary短暂的；D. Rewarding有意义的。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“They saw signs of fatigue, only in the group doing hard mental work. Those in that group also exhibited in their choices a change toward options proposing rewards at short delay with minimal effort. (他们看到了疲劳的迹象，只有在做艰苦脑力工作的那一组。这一组的人在他们的选择中也表现出了一种变化，即在最短的时间内以最小的努力获得奖励)”可知，在这项研究中，进行艰苦脑力劳动的那一组表现出更强烈的对即时奖励的偏好。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Together with earlier evidence, the scientists say it supports the hypothesis that glutamate accumulation makes further activation of the prefrontal cortex more costly, such that cognitive control is more difficult after a mentally tough workday. (结合之前的证据，科学家们说，这支持了一种假设，即谷氨酸的积累使进一步激活前额叶皮质的成本更高，因此在一个精神紧张的工作日后，认知控制更加困难)”可知，谷氨酸的积累会让认知控制更加困难，这意味着大脑的精神能量在耗尽。故选C项。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“So, is there some way to overcome this limitation of our brain’s ability to think hard? “Not really, I’m afraid,” Pessiglione said. “I would employ good old recipes: rest and sleep! There is good evidence that glutamate is removed from the brain during sleep.” (那么，有没有办法克服我们大脑努力思考能力的限制呢？“恐怕没有，”Pessiglione说。“我会采用古老的良方：休息和睡眠！有充分的证据表明，睡眠时大脑中的谷氨酸会被清除。”)”可知，Pessiglione建议通过休息和睡眠来克服大脑的这一局限性，也就是安排战略性的休息时间来恢复精力。故选C项。 【02】（24-25高三上·安徽合肥·阶段练习）A global study comparing 2,062 birds finds that, in highly variable environments, birds tend to have either larger or smaller brains relative to their body size. Birds with smaller brains tend to use ecological strategies that are not available to big-brained ones.     “The fact is that there are a great many species that do quite well with small brains,” said Trevor Fristoe, first author of the study from Washington University.       Previous studies had found general trends toward larger relative brain sizes at higher latitudes (纬度), where conditions are more variable. This new study is different because it looks at the full distribution of brain sizes across environments, allowing the researchers to test whether different sizes are over-or under-represented. They found that at higher latitudes, bird brains are significantly more likely to be either relatively large or relatively small compared to body size. What was going on here? Fristoe, born in Alaska, had a few ideas. He suggests that the Alaska  state bird, the ptarmigan (雷鸟), might be a typical example of the small-brained species. Lovable though it is, it’s not exactly known for its smarts. The ptarmigan can, however, feed on branches and willow leaves. “We find that small-brained species in these environments employ strategies that are unachievable  with a large brain. These species are able to live on readily available but difficult to digest resources such as needles of conifers (针叶树), or even branches. These foods can be found even during extreme winter conditions, but they are fibrous and require a large gut (肠道) to digest,” Fristoe said. “Gut tissue, like brain tissue, is energetically demanding, and limited budgets mean that it is challenging to maintain a lot of both.” “Brains are not evolving separately — they are part of a broader suite of adaptations that help creatures succeed in their lives,” said Carlos Botero, assistant professor of biology and co-author of the study. “Biologists, ourselves included, have historically believed that environmental variability drives the expansion of brain size. But when we take a broader view, we realize that other strategies also work — and remarkably, the alternative here involves making a brain actually smaller!” 1．How does Fristoe’ s research differ from previous studies? A．It arrives at a conflicting conclusion. B．It focuses on birds with smaller brains. C．It covers a wider range of brain sizes. D．It reveals birds’ evolving processes. 2．What do we know about the ptarmigan? A．It is considered fairly intelligent. B．It has a powerful digesting system. C．It has a relatively large body size. D．It has a selective feeding habit. 3．What can be inferred about smaller brains from Botero’s words? A．They are typical of independent evolution. B．They are a result of limited budgets. C．They are not for variable environments. D．They are an effective survival strategy. 4．what can be a suitable title for the text? A．The Smaller the Brain, the Smarter B．Big Brains: Adapt to Higher Latitudes C．Big Brains or Big Guts: Choose One D．Evolutions of Brain Size in Birds 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于鸟类大脑大小和智慧之间关系的研究，列举了研究人员对研究结果的看法。 1． 细节理解题。根据第三段“This new study is different because it looks at the full distribution of brain sizes across environments, allowing the researchers to test whether different sizes are over-or under-represented.(这项新研究的不同之处在于，它观察了不同环境下大脑大小的完整分布，使研究人员能够测试不同大小的大脑是被过度代表还是被低估了)”可知，弗里斯托的研究涵盖了更大范围的大脑大小。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“The ptarmigan can, however, feed on branches and willow leaves.(然而，雷鸟可以以树枝和柳叶为食)”以及第五段“These species are able to live on readily available but difficult to digest resources such as needles of conifers (针叶树), or even branches. These foods can be found even during extreme winter conditions, but they are fibrous and require a large gut (肠道) to digest,(这些物种能够生活在容易获得但难以消化的资源上，如针叶树的针叶，甚至树枝。即使在极端的冬季条件下也可以找到这些食物，但它们是纤维质的，需要大的肠道来消化)”可推知，雷鸟有强大的消化系统。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段““Brains are not evolving  separately — they are part of a broader suite of adaptations that help  creatures succeed in their lives,” said Carlos Botero, assistant  professor of biology and co-author of the study. “Biologists, ourselves  included, have historically believed that environmental variability  drives the expansion of brain size. But when we take a broader view, we  realize that other strategies also work — and remarkably, the  alternative here involves making a brain actually smaller!”(生物学助理教授、该研究的合著者卡洛斯·波特罗说：“大脑并不是单独进化的——它们是帮助生物在生活中取得成功的更广泛适应的一部分。”“生物学家，包括我们自己，一直认为环境的变化会导致大脑体积的扩大。但当我们从更广泛的角度来看时，我们意识到其他策略也起作用——值得注意的是，这里的替代方案涉及让大脑变得更小！”)”可知，Botero认为更小的大脑是一种有效的生存策略。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A global study comparing 2,062 birds finds that, in highly variable environments, birds tend to have either larger or smaller brains relative to their body size. Birds with smaller brains tend to use ecological strategies that are not available to big-brained ones.(一项比较2062只鸟类的全球研究发现，在高度可变的环境中，鸟类的大脑相对于其体型往往更大或更小。大脑较小的鸟类倾向于使用大脑较大的鸟类无法使用的生态策略)”以及下文可知，文章主要介绍了关于鸟类大脑大小和智慧之间关系的研究，列举了研究人员对研究结果的看法。由此可知，C选项Big Brains or Big Guts: Choose One(脑大还是智慧大：选择一个)适合作文章标题。故选C项。 【03】（24-25高三上·安徽·期中）Scientists have created a virtual brain network that can predict the behavior of individual neurons (神经元) in a living brain. The model is based on a fruit fly’s visual system, which offers scientists a way to quickly test ideas on a computer before investing weeks in experiments involving actual flies or other lab animals. The approach, described in the journal Nature, also suggests that power-hungry artificial intelligence systems like ChatGPT might consume much less energy if they used some of the computation strategies (计算策略) found in a living brain. A fruit fly brain is “small and energy efficient,” says Jakob Macke, a professor at the University of Tubingen and an author of the study. “It’s able to do so many computations. It’s able to fly, it’s able to walk, it’s able to detect predators, it’s able to survive-using just 100,000 neurons.” In contrast, AI systems typically require computers with billions of transistors (晶体管) Worldwide, they consume as much power as a small country. When scientists think about AI right now, the leading charge is to make these AI systems more power efficient. Borrowing strategies from the fruit fly brain might be one way to make that happen, he says. The virtual brain network was made possible by intense research on the composition and structure of the fruit fly brain. Much of this work was done by the team which has maps that show every neuron and every connection in the insect’s brain. These maps help create a computer model that can behave much like the fruit fly’s visual system. This system accounts for most of the animal’s brain. “Brains are so complex that I think the only way we are ever able to understand them is by building accurate models,” Macke says. Ultimately, the team produced a model that could predict how every neuron in the artificial network would respond to a particular video. Remarkably, the model also predicted the response of neurons in actual fruit flies that had seen the same videos in earlier studies. Future versions of the model are expected to extend beyond the visual system. and to include tasks beyond detecting motion. “We now have a plan for how to build whole-brain models of brains that do interesting computations,” Macke says. 1．What can a virtual brain network get scientists to guess? A．How the fly brain works after an experimental test. B．How neurons in animals’ brain function individually. C．How a fruit fly’s visual system comes into being. D．How scientists’ prediction can be passed quickly. 2．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Lowering AI systems’ energy consumption. B．Knowing strategies from the fruit fly brain C．Measuring ChatGPT’ computing accuracy. D．Evaluating the quantity of AI’s transistors. 3．How can building models help scientists know complex brains? A．Precisely and statistically. B．Ambiguously and abstractly. C．Accurately and theoretically. D．Directly and universally. 4．What is future versions of the model expected to be? A．AI-assisted Tools for whole-brain science. B．Complex systems for detecting motion. C．Wonderful videos recording neurons’ responses D．Multi-functional artificial networks. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍科学家创建的虚拟大脑网络这一科研成果，包括其基于果蝇视觉系统的创建原理、能够预测活体大脑中单个神经元行为的功能，以及阐述该成果对人工智能系统能耗问题的启发，最后还提及了该模型未来版本的拓展方向及其潜在影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Scientists have created a virtual brain network that can predict the behavior of individual neurons in a living brain. (科学家创造了一个虚拟大脑网络，该网络能够预测活体大脑中单个神经元的行为。)”可知，虚拟大脑网络能让科学家预测活体大脑中单个神经元的行为，也就是动物大脑中的神经元是如何单独发挥作用的，故选B项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“When scientists think about AI right now, the leading charge is to make these AI systems more power efficient. Borrowing strategies from the fruit fly brain might be one way to make that happen, he says. (当科学家们现在想到人工智能时，首要任务是使这些人工智能系统更加节能。他说，借鉴果蝇大脑的策略可能是实现这一目标的一种方法。)”可知，that指代的是降低人工智能系统的能源消耗，故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“These maps help create a computer model that can behave much like the fruit fly’s visual system. This system accounts for most of the animal’s brain. (这些地图有助于创建一个计算机模型，该模型的行为与果蝇的视觉系统非常相似。这个系统可以解释大部分的动物大脑。)”可知，该模型与果蝇的视觉系统非常相似，而且可以解释大部分的动物大脑行为，说明该模型可以直接地帮助科学家了解普遍动物的复杂的大脑行为。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Future versions of the model are expected to extend beyond the visual system. and to include tasks beyond detecting motion. ‘We now have a plan for how to build whole-brain models of brains that do interesting computations,’ Macke says (该模型的未来版本有望超越视觉系统。并包括探测运动以外的任务。“我们现在有一个计划，如何构建可以进行有趣计算的大脑全脑模型，”Macke说)”可知，该模型的未来版本有望超越视觉系统，并且包括除检测运动之外的其他任务，即成为全脑科学人工智能辅助工具。故选A项。 题型变式二：医学研究成果 【01】（24-25高二上·安徽马鞍山·阶段练习）People suffering from depression or anxiety may make themselves healthy again by doing nice things for others, new research shows. The study divided 122 people from central Ohio who had depression, anxiety or stress into three groups. The first two groups were asked to follow methods often used in cognitive behavioral therapy (认知行为疗法) (CBT) for depression: planning social activities or cognitive reappraisal (重新评价). The social activities group was instructed to plan social activities for two days a week. Another group was instructed to write a diary for at least two days each week that helped them recognize their negative ways of viewing stressful situations and change their views in a way that could reduce depression and anxiety. Members of the third group were instructed to perform three acts of kindness — big or small acts that benefit others or make others happy — a day, for two days out of the week. Research volunteers followed their instructions for five weeks, after which their mental states were recorded. The researchers then checked with the volunteers after another five weeks to see if the methods were still effective. The findings, published in the Journal of Positive Psychology, showed that people in all three groups showed an increase in life satisfaction and a reduction of depression and anxiety levels after the study. “Compared with social activities and cognitive reappraisal, acts of kindness make people feel more connected to other people,” said David Cregg, who led the study at the Ohio State University, “Social connection is one of the parts of life most strongly linked with well-being or happiness. Performing acts of kindness seems to be one of the best ways to create those connections.” The research also showed why performing acts of kindness worked so well: It helped people take their minds off what causes their own depression or anxiety. This finding suggests that one view many people have about people with depression may be wrong. “We often think that people with depression have enough to deal with, so we don’t want to burden them by asking them to help others. But these results run counter to that,” Cregg said. 1．What did the cognitive reappraisal group do in the study? A．They took medicine for depression or anxiety each day. B．They recorded how they reacted to stressful situations. C．They planned how to take part in various social activities. D．They performed some acts of kindness for other people. 2．What did the researchers find after ten weeks? A．The CBT produced unexpected effects. B．Volunteers loved social activities most. C．Their methods worked effectively on all volunteers. D．Kind acts and social activities had the same effects. 3．What is an advantage of performing acts of kindness? A．It suits people at all levels of depression. B．It is a simpler approach for most patients. C．It may cause fewer side effects. D．It may make people feel happy. 4．What does the underlined part “run counter to” in the last paragraph mean? A．Provide a base for. B．Are the opposite of. C．Have a similarity to. D．Are closely connected to. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍一项新的研究表明，患有抑郁症或焦虑症的人可以通过为他人做好事来恢复健康。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The first two groups were asked to follow methods often used in cognitive behavioral therapy (认知行为疗法) (CBT) for depression: planning social activities or cognitive reappraisal (重新评价).(前两组被要求采用认知行为疗法（CBT）治疗抑郁症的常用方法：计划社交活动或重新评估认知能力)”以及第三段中“The social activities group was instructed to plan social activities for two days a week. Another group was instructed to write a diary for at least two days each week that helped them recognize their negative ways of viewing stressful situations and change their views in a way that could reduce depression and anxiety.(社会活动组被要求每周计划两天的社会活动。另一组被要求每周至少写两天日记，帮助他们认识到自己看待压力情况的消极方式，并以一种可以减少抑郁和焦虑的方式改变他们的观点)”可知，在研究中认知重新评价小组记录他们对压力情况的反应。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Research volunteers followed their instructions for five weeks, after which their mental states were recorded. The researchers then checked with the volunteers after another five weeks to see if the methods were still effective. The findings, published in the Journal of Positive Psychology, showed that people in all three groups showed an increase in life satisfaction and a reduction of depression and anxiety levels after the study.(研究志愿者按照他们的指示进行了五周的研究，之后他们的精神状态被记录下来。五周后，研究人员对志愿者进行了检查，看看这些方法是否仍然有效。发表在《积极心理学杂志》上的研究结果显示，研究结束后，三组人的生活满意度都有所提高，抑郁和焦虑程度有所减轻)”可知，十周后研究人员发现他们的方法对所有志愿者都有效。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“act s of kindness make people feel more connected to other people(善意的行为让人感觉与他人的联系更紧密)”以及“Social connection is one of the parts of life most strongly linked with well-being or happiness. Performing acts of kindness seems to be one of the best ways to create those connections.(社会联系是生活中与幸福或快乐联系最紧密的部分之一。做好事似乎是建立这种联系的最好方式之一)”可知，做好事能与他人建立联系，而社会联系是生活中与幸福或快乐联系最紧密的部分之一；由此可知，做好事的好处是可以让人快乐。故选D。 4．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段中“This finding suggests that one view many people have about people with depression may be wrong.(这一发现表明，许多人对抑郁症患者的看法可能是错误的)”可知，研究结果表明，许多人对抑郁症患者的看法可能是错误的；由划线部分上文“We often think that people with depression have enough to deal with, so we don’t want to burden them by asking them to help others.(我们通常认为抑郁症患者有足够的事情要处理，所以我们不想让他们帮助别人来增加他们的负担。)”可知，划线词后代词that指代前文大家通常对抑郁症患者的看法，结合转折词“But”可推知此处指这些结果和许多人对抑郁症患者的看法相反，run counter to意为“与……相反”，故选B。 【02】（24-25高三上·重庆·阶段练习）A substance found in a fungus (真菌) that commonly disables and kills insects has been shown to block pathways critical for the growth of some cancers. Building on previous research, researchers from the University of Nottingham in the UK looked into the cancer-fighting abilities of cordycepin, a chemical produced by parasitic Cordyceps and Ophiocordyceps species (冬虫夏草真菌) to assist their infection of a living host’s body, often affecting the insect’s behavior before killing them. Advances in scientific techniques enabled cell signaling pathways, and protein production across a vast number of cells in order to figure out what cordycepin is doing. “It has become easier and less expensive to do these very large experiments, so we were able to examine thousands of genes at the same time,” says RNA biologist Cornelia de Moor. Through lab experiments on human tissue cultures and a genetic analysis of how cordycepin worked on these cells, the team found the chemical was transformed into a more active substance called cordycepin triphosphate, which is responsible for slowing down cell activity. The researchers found pathways often controlled by cancer cells to assist their spread throughout the human body. Although it’s not clear yet which molecules (分子) cordycepin triphosphate is targeting, the team did find that the chemical appeared to be working quickly. Further research is required to turn the findings into new cancer treatments, yet understanding how the molecule affects cell growth could set the foundations for new types of cancer drugs. Importantly, the precision with which cordycepin triphosphate operates means that it could overcome the challenge faced by many current treatments: trying to take our cancer cells without causing too much damage to healthy tissue. 1．What does the underlined word in paragraph 1 most likely mean? A．dependent B．protective C．beneficial D．weak 2．Which of the following best summarizes the role of cordycepin? A．It produces protein in a cheap and effective way. B．It enhances the signaling pathways for cancer cells. C．It directly works on cancer cells to slow down their activities. D．It turns into a substance that blocks signaling pathways. 3．What may researchers focus on in the future? A．Identifying the precise targeted molecules. B．Finding cheaper ways to produce cordycepin. C．Testing cordycepin triphosphate on insects. D．Studying how cancer cells damage healthy tissues. 4．What’s the main idea of the passage? A．A fungus’s substance was discovered to influence insects’ behavior. B．Researchers are using new technology to study gene expression. C．A substance from a fungus shows potential for cancer treatment. D．Scientists are developing a new drug that cures cancer with no side effects. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了从真菌中提取的一种化学物质cordycepin对于某些癌症生长的抑制作用。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段的“Building on previous research, researchers from the University of Nottingham in the UK looked into the cancer-fighting abilities of cordycepin, a chemical produced by parasitic Cordyceps and Ophiocordyceps species (冬虫夏草真菌) to assist their infection of a living host’s body, often affecting the insect’s behavior before killing them. (在先前研究的基础上，英国诺丁汉大学的研究人员研究了虫草素的抗癌能力，虫草素是一种由____冬虫夏草和冬虫夏草真菌产生的化学物质，有助于它们感染活宿主的身体，通常会在杀死它们之前影响昆虫的行为。)”可知，cordycepin是冬虫夏草真菌为了寄生而产生的一种化学物质，这种化学物质可以帮助寄生虫感染活体的身体，通常在杀死昆虫之前影响其行为，由此可知，parasitic Cordyceps的含义就是“寄生”冬虫夏草。故划线词意思为“寄生的，依靠的，依赖的”，故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Through lab experiments on human tissue cultures and a genetic analysis of how cordycepin worked on these cells, the team found the chemical was transformed into a more active substance called cordycepin triphosphate, which is responsible for slowing down cell activity. (通过对人体组织培养的实验和cordycepin对这些细胞作用机制的遗传分析，研究小组发现这种化学物质被转化为一种更活跃的物质，称为cordycepin triphosphate，它负责减缓细胞活动。)”可知，cordycepin被转化为一种更活跃的物质cordycepin triphosphate，负责减缓细胞活动，即cordycepin转化成一种能阻断信号通路的物质，故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Further research is required to turn the findings into new cancer treatments, yet understanding how the molecule affects cell growth could set the foundations for new types of cancer drugs. Importantly, the precision with which cordycepin triphosphate operates means that it could overcome the challenge faced by many current treatments: trying to take our cancer cells without causing too much damage to healthy tissue. (需要进一步的研究将这些发现转化为新的癌症治疗方法，然而，了解这种分子如何影响细胞生长可以为新型抗癌药物奠定基础。重要的是，cordycepin triphosphate作用的精确性意味着它可以克服许多当前治疗所面临的挑战：即在不对健康组织造成太大损害的情况下消除癌细胞。)”可知，研究人员还需要进一步研究如何将这一发现转化为新的癌症治疗方法，所以未来研究人员可能会关注识别精确的目标分子，故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段的“A substance found in a fungus (真菌) that commonly disables and kills insects has been shown to block pathways critical for the growth of some cancers. (一种在真菌中发现的通常会使昆虫致残和致死的物质已被证明可以阻断某些癌症生长的关键途径。)”可知，本文主要讲的是一种从真菌中发现的物质cordycepin，它被发现具有对抗某些癌症生长的能力，即“一种真菌物质显示出癌症治疗的潜力”，故选C项。 【03】（24-25高三上·河南·阶段练习）Thousands of people showed up to Washington Square Park in New York City on Sunday to take part in and observe what was promoted as a “Timothée Chalamet Lookalike Contest”. The resulting chaos, including a police presence and the appearance of the real Timothée himself, was documented extensively on social media, and many fought over who should have really won. Why is it that so many guys out there look strikingly like Timothée? Manel Esteller, a geneticist based at the Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute in Spain, tested the genetic similarities between the lookalikes shown in French-Canadian photographer François Brunelle’s pictures of lookalikes. Brunelle put Esteller in touch with the pairs of “twin strangers” from his photographs, who sent the researchers genetic samples in the form of mouth swabs (拭子). Esteller and his team spent four years collecting and analyzing the genetic data. Esteller’s conclusion was that the lookalikes shared the same variations of DNA and that their similarities in appearance and genome (基因组) were purely accidental. Esteller points out that there are only so many ways to put a human face together. By proving that people who look alike share certain genes, Esteller hopes to advance diagnostic (诊断的) science by using facial recognition to identify earlier rare genetic diseases in children. Another scientist Nancy Segal, a professor at the University of California mainly focuses on twins. Even though Segal has proved that personalities between lookalikes are far more dissimilar than personalities between twins, the “twin strangers” shared more features than similar faces. “If one was a smoker, the other was likely a smoker” and vice versa (反之亦然), Segal said, because addictive habits are a genetic quality, as is handedness and shortsightedness. Humans broadly tend to be attracted to people who look like themselves. “I think it tells us about human nature in the sense that we all long for similarity,” Segal says. “When young children have imaginary friends, they’re always like them.” Esteller heard that two of the lookalikes from one of Brunelle’s photos even became a couple and got married. 1．Why does the author mention the event in Washington Square Park? A．To introduce people’s interest in lookalikes. B．To emphasize the chaos of the competition. C．To show the popularity of Timothée Chalamet. D．To explain the rules of the well-known contest. 2．What’s the purpose of Manel Esteller’s research? A．To find different variations of DNA． B．To warn parents of kids’ mental health. C．To test the genetic similarities of strangers. D．To help diagnose children’s genetic diseases. 3．What did Nancy Segal find out in her study? A．“Twin strangers” share similar interests. B．Twins are dissimilar in personalities. C．“Twin strangers” share some qualities. D．Twins have the same addictive habits. 4．Why do humans feel attracted to their lookalikes? A．They want to have an imaginary equal. B．They are born with hunger for likeness. C．They have a strong desire for friendship. D．They are curious about their personality. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究人员们对长得极像的陌生人的研究结果。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Thousands of people showed up to Washington Square Park in New York City on Sunday to take part in and observe what was promoted as a “Timothée Chalamet Lookalike Contest”. The resulting chaos, including a police presence and the appearance of the real Timothée himself, was documented extensively on social media, and many fought over who should have really won. Why is it that so many guys out there look strikingly like Timothée? (成千上万的人周日聚集在纽约市的华盛顿广场公园，参与或观看了一场被宣传为“提莫西·夏拉梅相似者大赛”的活动。活动引发了混乱，包括警方到场和真正的提莫西本人的出现，并且在社交媒体上广泛记录下来，许多人争论谁应该真正获胜。为什么有这么多男性看起来非常像提莫西？)”可知，第一段提到公园里的大赛，主要是介绍人们对这类大赛很感兴趣，借此引出话题。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“By proving that people who look alike share certain genes, Esteller hopes to advance diagnostic (诊断的) science by using facial recognition to identify earlier rare genetic diseases in children. (通过证明长相相似的人共享某些基因，埃斯特勒希望推进诊断科学，利用面部识别技术来更早地在儿童中识别罕见的遗传疾病。)”可知，埃斯特勒的研究目的是识别、诊断孩子早期罕见基因疾病。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Even though Segal has proved that personalities between lookalikes are far more dissimilar than personalities between twins, the “twin strangers” shared more features than similar faces. (尽管西格尔已经证明了相似者之间的性格远不如双胞胎之间的性格相似，但“陌生人双胞胎”之间不仅有着类似的面容，还分享了更多的特征。)”可知，西格尔发现长得像的陌生人有一些共有的特征。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据第五段中“Humans broadly tend to be attracted to people who look like themselves. “I think it tells us about human nature in the sense that we all long for similarity,” Segal says. (人类普遍倾向于被那些看起来像自己的人所吸引。“我认为这告诉我们关于人性的一面，即我们都渴望相似性”，西格尔说。)”可知，人类天生渴望相似性。故选B。 题型变式三：记忆力研究成果 【01】（2024·浙江金华·一模）Last winter I enjoyed a brief adventure in Guatemala. Over a period of 12 days, I explored through the jungle to watch the sunrise and danced in the street during the holiday parade. But looking back on that trip, what I remember most vividly is a New Year’s Eve in Guatemala City, at a lifeless hotel. Rather than a countdown to midnight, I counted down the hours until my departure. Nothing special happened during that night. Rather, the big role this hotel plays in my memories can be explained by a psychological principle called the recency effect. “The recency effect helps to account for our tendency to remember the ending part of a sequence of events with far more clarity than the rest, ” said Dr. Mary Poffenroth, a biopsychologist. She says it arises from our short-term memory’s inability to hold on to more than a small amount of information at once. So while there is no magic formula to create lovely travel memories, employing the recency effect can turn a good trip into an unforgettable one. Dr. Stephanie, a Neuroscientist, says that while you can strategically set off the recency effect at a trip’s end, you may have multiple opportunities to create lasting memories all along the way by breaking it up into smaller chunks. Keep in mind that the recency effect can also backfire. “Ending an amazing trip with stressful flight delays, lost luggage or feeling unwell might be enough to overshadow the entire experience, resulting in remembering the trip as awful instead of joyful, ” Stephanie said. To avoid disproportionately (不成比例地)spotlighting the final days, Poffenroth has created a trick: She amplifies (增强) earlier days in a trip to keep her memories well-rounded. “I collect little bits that will remind me of that day: a subway ticket, a seashell, a cardboard drink with a pub’ s logo on it. ” Then, as she is packing on the last day, “I go through all my little found treasures and spend a few moments recalling each one, ” she said. “This gives me a sense of closure for that chapter of travel and makes the experience memorable. ” 1．How did the author feel about the New Year’s Eve in Guatemala City? A．It was boring. B．It was eventful. C．It was relaxing. D．It was cheerful. 2．What do we know about the recency effect from paragraph 2? A．It is based on a psychological principle. B．It is widely used to create lovely memories. C．It highlights the final part of a series of events. D．It makes up for the inability of short-term memory. 3．What does the underlined word “backfire” mean in paragraph 4? A．Be avoided to some extent. B．Be applied extensively. C．Produce undesirable consequences. D．Pose unexpected challenges. 4．According to Poffenroth, which of the following may help travelers have good memories? A．Share travel experiences. B．Recall the final days of a journey. C．Purchase as many souvenirs as possible. D．Purposely gather reminders of a journey. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了心理学中的近因效应原理，即人们倾向于更清晰地记住事件序列的结尾部分。作者通过自己的旅行经历，说明了运用近因效应可以让旅行变得更加难忘。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“But looking back on that trip, what I remember most vividly is a New Year's Eve in Guatemala City, at a lifeless hotel. Rather than a countdown to midnight, I counted down the hours until my departure.( 但回想起那次旅行，我印象最深刻的是在危地马拉城的一个新年前夜，在一家毫无生气的酒店里。我没有倒数午夜，而是倒数出发前的几个小时。)” 可知，作者对危地马拉城的那个新年夜感到无聊，因为他在倒数离开的时间而不是新年的到来。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“The recency effect helps to account for our tendency to remember the ending part of a sequence of events with far more clarity than the rest,(近因效应有助于解释为什么我们倾向于比其他部分更清楚地记住一系列事件的结束部分，)”，这句话说明近因效应强调了事件序列结尾部分的记忆清晰度高于其他部分。C选项“It highlights the final part of a series of events.(它突出了一系列事件的最后一部分。)”符合题意。故选C。 3．词义猜测题。根据第五段中划线词后面的内容“Ending an amazing trip with stressful flight delays, lost luggage or feeling unwell might be enough to overshadow the entire experience, resulting in remembering the trip as awful instead of joyful(以紧张的航班延误、行李丢失或感觉不适来结束一次美妙的旅行，可能足以给整个经历蒙上阴影，导致你对旅行的记忆是糟糕的，而不是快乐的。)”可知，如果旅行以令人紧张的航班延误、行李丢失或身体不适等不愉快的事情结束，可能会使整个旅行体验变得糟糕，从而记住的是糟糕的旅行而不是愉快的旅行。因此，此处强调首因效应有时候会产生不良的后果。故划线词“backfire”在这里的意思是“产生不良后果”，C选项“Produce undesirable consequences.(产生不良后果。)”与其为近义词。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Then, as she is packing on the last day, “I go through all my little found treasures and spend a few moments recalling each one, ” she said. “This gives me a sense of closure for that chapter of travel and makes the experience memorable. ”(然后，在最后一天收拾行李的时候，她说：“我会浏览我所有的小宝贝，花点时间回忆每一件。”“这给了我一种结束旅行的感觉，让我的经历变得难忘。”)”可知，Poffenroth认为故意收集旅行的纪念品，花时间浏览自己的旅游纪念品，能够让作者的经历变得难忘即可以帮助旅行者拥有良好的记忆。因此，选项D“Purposely gather reminders of a journey.(故意收集旅行的纪念品)”有助于游客们拥有美好的旅游记忆。故选D。 【02】（2024·山西·模拟预测）A team of scientists from the Center for Cognition and Sociality and the Data Science Group at the Institute for Basic Science (IBS) made an exciting discovery about how computers and human brains work similarly when remembering things. They found out that the way artificial intelligence (AI) models, like those in smart robots, store memories is a lot like how our brain’s memory center, called the hippocampus (海马体), does it. This part of the brain is really important for feelings and memories. Understanding how AI learns and keeps information is key to making it smarter. The scientists looked into how our brains learn and remember by focusing on a special process involving the NMDA receptor, a critical part of the hippocampus. This receptor works like a smart door in our brain that helps with learning and remembering. It opens when certain brain chemicals are present, allowing the cell to receive signals and create memories. A specific element, magnesium, acts like a guard, only letting substances in under the right conditions. Interestingly, the team found that Transformer, a type of AI model, uses a similar “guarding” method to manage its memory. They wondered if they could make the Transformer’s memory better by copying the brain’s process. By adjusting some settings in the Transformer to mimic (模拟、模仿) the brain’s memory door, they improved its ability to remember things long-term, just like adjusting magnesium levels can affect how well we remember stuff. This discovery is a big deal because it shows we can use what we know about the brain to make AI smarter. C． Justin LEE, a neuroscience (神经学) director at the institute, mentioned that this research was a big step forward for both AI and brain science. It opens up new ways to understand how the brain works and to create more advanced AI based on these insights. So, in simple terms, scientists have figured out that computers can learn and remember in ways that are surprisingly similar to us, which could help make them even smarter in the future. 1．What does the term “NMDA receptor” in paragraph 2 most likely refer to? A．A type of computer virus that attacks AI systems. B．A new technology for making computers run faster. C．A component in AI models that predicts future events. D．A part of the human brain involved in learning and memory. 2．What did the team discover about Transformer? A．It directly mimics the brain’s memory process. B．It is unaffected by changes in memory settings. C．It uses a special method to manage memory. D．It requires adjustments to enhance long-term memory. 3．What is the significance of the research findings according to C．Justin LEE? A．It is a new approach to memory organization. B．It is a crucial step in advancing AI and neuroscience. C．It is a method for improving short-term memory in AI. D．It is a breakthrough in understanding AI emotional processing. 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Exploring the NMDA receptor in the brain. B．Discussing implications of neuroscience for AI. C．Comparing computer and human memory processes. D．Discovering similarities between AI and human memory. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家发现人工智能记忆存储方式与人脑海马体相似，并通过模仿大脑记忆机制改进了AI模型的记忆能力，促进了AI与脑科学的发展。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“This receptor works like a smart door in our brain that helps with learning and remembering.(这种受体就像我们大脑中的一扇智能门，帮助我们学习和记忆)”可知，“NMDA receptor”是人脑中参与学习和记忆的一部分。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Interestingly, the team found that Transformer, a type of AI model, uses a similar “guarding” method to manage its memory.(有趣的是，研究小组发现，Transformer是一种人工智能模型，它使用类似的“保护”方法来管理内存)”可知，Transformer使用了一种类似于保护的特殊方法来管理其内存。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“C. Justin LEE, a neuroscience (神经学) director at the institute, mentioned that this research was a big step forward for both AI and brain science. (C. Justin LEE，该研究所的神经科学主任表示，这项研究对于人工智能和脑科学都是一个重大的进展)”可知，他认为这些研究发现的重要意义在于这项研究发现推进了AI和神经科学的关键步骤。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容及最后一段“So, in simple terms, scientists have figured out that computers can learn and remember in ways that are surprisingly similar to us, which could help make them even smarter in the future.(所以，简单来说，科学家们已经发现计算机能够以和我们惊人相似的方式学习和记忆，这可能有助于它们在未来变得更加智能。)”可知，整篇文章的中心思想是关于在人工智能和人类记忆之间发现的相似性，D选项“发现人工智能与人类记忆之间的相似之处”准确总结了文章的中心思想。故选D。 【03】（24-25高三上·湖南长沙·阶段练习）Have you ever walked into a room and forgotten why you went in there, or been about to speak but suddenly realized you had no idea what you were going to say? The human brain normally balances countless thoughts and actions, but sometimes, it seems to short-circuit. To figure out why, we have to look into what really happens when we forget what we were just thinking about. It’s important to know two different types of memory: long-term and working memory. Long-term memories are a broad category of memories that involve knowledge and experiences stored in the brain for extended periods. On the other hand, thoughts in working memory, whose certain characteristics are likely to explain why we forget, flash through the mind for only seconds at a time. First, working memory has very limited capacity. People can hold only about four to seven “chunks” of information—such as letters or phrases—in their working memory at a time. Rather than being aware of all of these “chunks” simultaneously (同时地), the brain bounces around from one idea to another, making it more likely that one gets neglected. Second, the brain quickly erases unimportant things from working memory to make room for new information. So unless those short-term memories are transferred into long-term memories, they’re soon gone from conscious thought. Because the brain isn’t actually capable of multitasking, it has to “juggle” different thoughts as our working memory rushes around to different ideas, which requires conscious effort and attention. If attention becomes focused on only one of those thoughts or is diverted somewhere new, the brain loses track of the earlier thoughts. And alcohol and aging may worsen the case. To stop forgetting things, it’s advised against multitasking. When you think you’re multitasking, you’re juggling, which makes forgetting more likely. Moreover, recreating the context can help, which means going back into the room you were before. Those context clues might give the brain the extra boost it needs to reach back a few seconds in working memory and regain the thought. 1．How did the author introduce the topic? A．By making contrasts. B．By listing numbers. C．By asking questions. D．By giving background information. 2．What do we know about memory? A．Memory can’t be restored if it disappears. B．Practicıng multitasking does good to working memory. C．Working memory cannot be transferred into long-term memory. D．People’s working memory capability varies with different life stages. 3．What does the underlined word “juggle” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Balance. B．Present. C．Master. D．Attain. 4．Which can be a suitable title for the text? A．Two types of memory B．Improving our memory C．What did I come in for? D．How does our memory work? 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要研究了我们的大脑是如何记忆的。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Have you ever walked into a room and forgotten why you went in there, or been about to speak but suddenly realized you had no idea what you were going to say? (你有没有过这样的经历：走进一个房间，却忘了自己为什么要进去？或者你有没有过这样的经历：刚想说话，却突然意识到自己不知道要说什么？)”可知，作者是通过问问题来引入话题的。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Because the brain isn’t actually capable of multitasking, it has to “juggle” different thoughts as our working memory rushes around to different ideas, which requires conscious effort and attention. If attention becomes focused on only one of those thoughts or is diverted somewhere new, the brain loses track of the earlier thoughts. And alcohol and aging may worsen the case. (因为大脑实际上不能同时处理多项任务，所以当我们的工作记忆快速传输不同的想法时，它必须“平衡”不同的想法，这需要有意识的努力和注意力。如果注意力只集中在其中一个想法上，或者转移到新的地方，大脑就会忘记之前的想法。酒精和衰老可能会使情况恶化。)”可知，人的工作记忆能力随着人生阶段的不同而不同。故选D项。 3．词句猜测题。划线词句后文“as our working memory rushes around to different ideas, which requires conscious effort and attention (当我们的工作记忆快速传输不同的想法时，这需要有意识的努力和注意力)”说明当我们的工作记忆快速涌现不同的想法时，大脑需要有意识的努力和注意力，来平衡不同的想法。从而推知划线词句“Because the brain isn’t actually capable of multitasking, it has to “juggle” different thoughts as our working memory rushes around to different ideas, which requires conscious effort and attention. (因为大脑实际上不能同时处理多项任务，所以当我们的工作记忆快速传输不同的想法时，它必须“juggle”不同的想法，这需要有意识的努力和注意力。)”其中划线词应为“平衡”的意思，与A项同义。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段“Have you ever walked into a room and forgotten why you went in there, or been about to speak but suddenly realized you had no idea what you were going to say? The human brain normally balances countless thoughts and actions, but sometimes, it seems to short-circuit. To figure out why, we have to look into what really happens when we forget what we were just thinking about. (你有没有过这样的经历：走进一个房间，却忘了自己为什么要进去？或者你有没有过这样的经历：刚想说话，却突然意识到自己不知道要说什么？人类的大脑通常会平衡无数的想法和行为，但有时它似乎会短路。为了找出原因，我们必须研究当我们忘记了我们刚刚在想的事情时到底发生了什么。)”可知，本篇文章主要研究了我们的大脑是如何记忆的，D项“我们的记忆是如何运作的？”能概括文章大意，为最佳题目。故选D项。 【04】（24-25高三上·安徽六安·阶段练习）Researchers Jayne Spiller and Camilla Gilmore at the Center for Mathematical Cognition, University of Loughborough, U.K., have investigated the intersection of sleep and mathematical memory. They investigated whether learning complex multiplication problems before sleep would benefit recall compared to learning them during wakefulness to understand how sleep affects the memory of mathematical facts, specifically multiplication tables. The study involved 77 adult participants aged 18 to 40 from the U.K. Each participant learned complex multiplication problems in two conditions: before sleep (sleep learning) and in the morning (wake learning). Participants completed online sessions where they learned new complex multiplication problems or were tested on previously learned material. Learning sessions included both untimed and timed trials. Participants had better recall in the sleep learning condition than in the wake learning condition, with a moderate effect size. Even when participants had varying learning abilities, the sleep learning condition showed a beneficial effect on recall. Mathematical proficiency of the participants, as measured by accuracy in simple multiplication problems, was associated with learning scores but not with the extent of sleep-related benefit for recall. The authors suggest that sleep conferred the additional benefit on recall compared with learning during the daytime, which possibly takes place due to a lack of continued external inputs. Asleep, the brain may be locking in the new learning because it has no other competition. In contrast, an awake brain may be confronted with conversations, the media reading or viewing and even other classes packed with learning material. This competition for memory encoding in the waking brain could be the cause of the memory differences seen in the study. 1．What does the underlined word “intersection” in paragraph 1 refer to? A．Combination. B．Connection. C．Selection. D．Similarity. 2．What can we learn from the article? A．Sleep after learning can improve the recall ability. B．Enough sleep can help children learn math efficiently. C．Sleep after learning can solve many difficult learning problems. D．Sleep has a positive effect on the recall of the multiplication problems. 3．Why does sleep have an added benefit to recall? A．Sleep positively affects the memory of mathematical facts. B．Learning during the daytime lacks continued external inputs. C．People can remember the multiplication tables accurately through sleep. D．The new learning has no other competitors, and it can be locked by the brain. 4．Where is this text probably taken from? A．A textbook. B．A book review. C．An academic magazine. D．A historical document. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了英国拉夫堡大学数学认知中心的研究员的一项实验。该实验主要研究在睡觉前学习复杂的乘法问题是否比在清醒时学习它们更有利于回忆，以了解睡眠如何影响数学事实的记忆，实验最终发现学习后的睡眠可以提高回忆能力。 1．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“They investigated whether learning complex multiplication problems before sleep would benefit recall compared to learning them during wakefulness to understand how sleep affects the memory of mathematical facts, specifically multiplication tables.(他们调查了在睡觉前学习复杂的乘法问题是否比在清醒时学习更有利于记忆，以了解睡眠是如何影响数学事实的记忆的，特别是乘法表)”可知，研究人员想要研究在睡觉前学习复杂的乘法问题是否比在清醒时学习更有利于记忆以了解睡眠如何影响数学事实的记忆。由此可知，他们是在探寻睡眠和数学记忆之间是否有一定的联系。故划线词intersection意思是“联系”，与B选项“Connection”意思相近。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Participants had better recall in the sleep learning condition than in the wake learning condition, with a moderate effect size. Even when participants had varying learning abilities, the sleep learning condition showed a beneficial effect on recall.(参与者在睡眠学习条件下的记忆效果优于清醒学习条件，且效应大小中等。即使参与者有不同的学习能力，睡眠学习条件对记忆也有有益的影响)”以及倒数第二段“The authors suggest that sleep conferred the additional benefit on recall compared with learning during the daytime, which possibly takes place due to a lack of continued external inputs.(作者认为，与白天学习相比，睡眠对记忆有额外的好处，这可能是由于缺乏持续的外部输入)”可知，学习后睡觉可以提高记忆能力。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Asleep, the brain may be locking in the new learning because it has no other competition. In contrast, an awake brain may be confronted with conversations, the media reading or viewing and even other classes packed with learning material.(在睡眠中，大脑可能会锁定新的学习内容，因为它没有其他竞争对手。相比之下，清醒的大脑可能会面对对话、媒体阅读或观看，甚至是其他充满学习材料的课程)”可知，睡眠对回忆有额外的好处，是因为新的学习没有其他竞争对手，可以被大脑锁定。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“Researchers Jayne Spiller and Camilla Gilmore at the Center for Mathematical Cognition, University of Loughborough, U.K., have investigated the intersection of sleep and mathematical memory. They investigated whether learning complex multiplication problems before sleep would benefit recall compared to learning them during wakefulness to understand how sleep affects the memory of mathematical facts, specifically multiplication tables.(英国拉夫堡大学数学认知中心的研究人员杰恩·斯皮勒和卡米拉·吉尔摩研究了睡眠和数学记忆的交集。他们调查了在睡觉前学习复杂的乘法问题是否比在清醒时学习更有利于记忆，以了解睡眠是如何影响数学事实的记忆的，特别是乘法表)”结合本文主要介绍了研究人员通过实验证实睡前学习能提高回忆能力，属于科普或学术文章，因此文章可能出自学术杂志。故选C。 10 / 33 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 2025年1月“八省联考”英语真题完全解读与考后提升 专题04 阅读理解D篇 (解读+技巧+词汇+变式+模拟) 原卷版 目 录 原题呈现 1 答案解读 3 解题指导（说明文） 3 高考考情 3 语篇特点 4 解题策略 4 标题概括 4 2024真题 6 考点变式 7 词类转换 7 识词知意 8 高频词快 9 单句填空 9 题型变式 9 变式一：脑科学研究成果（3篇） 9 变式二：医学研究成果（3篇） 13 变式三：记忆力研究成果（2篇） 17 ( 原题呈现 ) 真题变式方向：真题解读，解题指导，词形转换，高频词快，脑科学研究，体育锻炼影响，运动健身与记忆 阅读理解关键词：说明文,人与自我, 新研究找到有助于学习的最佳运动时间,脑科学研究,体育锻炼影响 Want to learn a new language or get A’s in college exams? Previous studies have shown that exercise can help stimulate the areas of the brain that convert (转换) new information into long-term memory. A new study has taken this information one step further and found the best time when exercise can help maximize learning. Building upon past research that found exercise releases biochemicals that improve mental function, scientists at Radboud University and the University of Edinburgh conducted a study to determine when exercise was most beneficial to learning. Participants — 72 healthy male and female adults — were first asked to perform a computer test that challenged their visual and spatial learning. After the test, all of the subjects watched nature documentaries, but two-thirds of them also exercised. Half of the exercisers did circuit training on an exercise bike for 35 minutes immediately after the test. The other half did the same exercise but not until four hours after they had been tested. Two days later, all of the participants returned to the lab for a recall test, and they were connected to MRI (磁共振成像) machines to assess their brain activity. The participants who exercised four hours after taking the computer test were able to recall what they had learned most accurately. Their brainwaves also showed more consistent levels of activity, indicating that their brains were less taxed to remember what they had learned. According to this research, the best time to exercise to improve learning is four hours after studying. But why? That’s one question the researchers have yet to answer. Another question left unanswered is the level of exercise that might best improve learning. I’ve run enough marathons to prove the fact that my brain is anything but sharp during or after a tough workout. But the researchers noted that light workouts might not give the brain enough of a biochemical boost to improve learning. 32. What did the new study aim to explore? A. When exercise is best for learning. B. What biochemicals are good for health. C. How brainwaves should be measured. D. Which area of the brain is the most active. 33. What were all the participants asked to do during the experiment? A. Train on bicycles. B. Do mathematics exercises. C. Play computer games. D. Watch films about nature. 34. Why did the participants return to the lab two days later? A. To do a medical examination. B. To have their memory tested. C. To get their workouts recorded. D. To finish their previous tasks. 35. What might the author’s marathon running prove? A. The findings of the study are reliable. B. Long-distance runners are often smart. C. Studies on the marathon are not enough. D. Hard exercise may not sharpen the brain. ( 答案解析 ) ( 解题指导 ) 高考阅读理解说明文满分技能 【高考考情】 年份 卷别 主题 话题 2025 2025八省联考卷 人与自我 新研究找到有助于学习的最佳运动时间 2024 2024新课标I卷 人与自然 人与自然 科学记录生物多样性 巴比伦微农场 2024新课标II卷 人与社会 人工智能安全发展 2024全国甲卷 人与社会 人与自然 医疗列车巡回服务 对猫的行为研究 2023 2023新课标I卷 人与社会 人与社会 极简生活方式 群体智慧效应 2023新课标II卷 人与社会 人与自然 纸质书籍和阅读 保护城市野生生态 2023全国甲卷 人与社会 人与自然 书评 保护灰熊新问题 2022 2022新课标I卷 人与社会 人与社会 改善老年人孤独项目 饮食影响语言发展 2022新课标II卷 人与自我 人与社会 体育锻炼有利于心脏 软件应对司机分神 2022全国甲卷 人与自然 凤头鹦鹉会识别形状 2020 2020全国I卷 人与自我 人与自我 人与自我 人与社会 人与自然 孩子玩智力玩具的研究 重新阅读的体会 竞走运动利与弊 影响食物摄入量因素 绿植能代替点灯吗 2020全国II卷 人与自然 妙用海狸鼠 2020全国III卷 人与自我 人类进化适应海洋生活 【语篇特点】 说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上看，说明文总体结构通常分为三个部分：说明对象、说明过程和归纳总结；从段落组织方式上分，常见的有以下五种结构：总分式结构(总→分→总；总→分；分→总)；并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立)；对照式结构(结构形式是“一正一反”)；递进式结构(文章各部分内容形成一层更进一层的形式)；连贯式结构(说明的各层次之间是按照事物发张过程来安排层次，前后互相承接)。 说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。 【解题策略】 1.快速浏览——整体把握说明对象 如果文章有标题那首先就要抓住文章的标题明确说明对象或是关注文章主题句、各段首末句明确说明对象；其次可抓住文章的结构归纳说明对象。一般说明文往往都会围绕一个主要问题或内容进行说明，而有的说明文则需要我们把小说明点归纳起来，构成全文的说明对象。 2.先题再文——精准定位重点解读 在对文章进行快速浏览之后，带着题干再读全文。阅读时做到有的放矢、有所侧重：明确说明对象、把握说明顺序、理清(段落间的)逻辑联系和把握作者态度。边读边将考查内容(主要是细节理解题和推理判断题)在原文中定位，然后重点解读定位的几个片段。 3.高效解读——破长难句解重难词 说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。如何高效解读关键在于破解长难句、解读重难词(包括生词和词块)的意义。 破解长难句：学会运用括号法分析长难句，把影响考生理解的各种从句、非谓语动词短语以及复杂介词短语括起来，从而达到“去枝叶，留主干”的目的，进而准确理解句子含义。 解读生词义：考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助解读生词义。例如可以利用原文中的“下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号(如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明)”等方法来解读生词义。另外考生要学会作出适当的放弃：无关大局的生僻词汇阅读中经常会遇到一些生词，如果这些生词对理解全文没有影响或影响不大就可略过。比如有许多较长的表示人名、地名等的专有名词，阅读时可一扫而过或干脆用其首字母代替，不必试图把整个专有名词解读出来。 【标题概括题】 一、说明文标题三大特点 1. 概括性：语言高度凝练而形式简短 2. 针对性：标题外延与文章内容相符 3. 醒目性：能够激发读者的阅读欲望 二、说明文选标题三大方法 1.主题段法 标题段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般来说第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题，知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句话或一个短语即是文章的标题。 2. 主题句法 解题的关键要抓住每段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。 3. 关键词法 任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即关键词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。 三、说明文选标题三大策略 1.正面肯定法 在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。 2.反面否定法 撇开原文，拿各个备选项去尝试用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除荒谬者。 3.排除干扰法 研究干扰项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、新奇性、概括性等。文章的标题应该新颖奇特，易激发读者的好奇心，吸引读者注意力。 四、说明文标题错误三大特征 1. 范围太宽泛 选项太过于宽泛，与文章内容相距甚远。 2. 范围太具体 选项死扣文章某一细节不适合用于标题。 3. 范围太偏颇 选项内容过于偏颇，明显偏离文章主旨。 五、说明文选标题三大关注点 1. 文章结构 “倒三角形▼”结构特点，首段最重要，越往后重要性越低。因此结合写作对象看首段和尾段，以首段为主是选好说明文类阅读理解题的基本功。 2. 选项规律 说明文选标题四个选项多采用二元法，两个比较接近正确答案甚至相反，干扰性强，两个往往和主题关联性较弱，容易排除。 3.做后反思 实践证明说明文最后一题往往是压轴题也是高频错题，因此保持做后反思是提高选标题能力的必然途径。 ( 2024新课标I卷 ) D In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places – and even species – that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. 34. What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records. C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. ( 答案解析 ) ( 考点变式 ) 一、高频词类转换 1.maximum n. 最大量→___________vt. 最大限度地利用 2.benefit n.益处 →___________a. 有益的，有利的 3.document n. 文档→___________n. 纪实节目，纪录片 4.exercise v.锻炼 →___________n. 做运动的人 5.particpate v.参加→___________ n. 参加者 6.accurate a.精确的→___________ad. 精确地，准确地 7.consist v. 在于，存在于→___________a. 一贯的；持续的 8.rely vt.依赖 →___________a. 可靠的，可信赖的 9.sharp a. 锋利的→___________vt. 使变锋利 二、考纲识词知意 1 / 22 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1.previous a.___________ 2.stimulate vt.___________ 3.long-term a.___________ 4.release vt.___________ 5.biochemical n.___________ 6.mental a.___________ 7.visual a.___________ 8.spatial a.___________ 9.subject n.___________ 10.circuit n.___________ 11.assess vt.___________ 12.workout n.___________ 13.boost vt.___________ 14.long-distance a.___________ 三、高频词块默写 1.two days later ___________ 2.be connected to ___________ 3.leave sth. unanswered ___________ 4.anything but ___________ 5.be good for ___________ 四、真题单句填空 1.Previous ____________(study) have shown that exercise can help stimulate the areas of the brain that convert (转换) new information ___________ long-term memory. 2.A new study has taken this information one step ___________(far) and found the best time when exercise can help maximize learning. 3. ___________(build) upon past research that found exercise releases biochemicals that improve mental function, scientists conducted a study ___________(determine) when exercise was most ___________(benefit) to learning. 4.Participants — 72 healthy male and female adults — were first asked___________(perform) a computer test ___________ challenged their visual and spatial learning. 5.After the test, all of the ___________(subject) watched nature documentaries, but two-thirds of them also exercised. 6.Half of the exercisers did circuit training on an exercise bike for 35 minutes ___________(immediate) after the test. 7.The other half did the same exercise ___________ not until four hours after they had been tested. 8.Two days later, all of the participants returned to the lab for a recall test, and they ___________(connect) to MRI machines ___________(assess) their brain activity. 9.The participants who exercised four hours after taking the computer test were able to recall ___________ they had learned most ___________(accurate). 10.Their brainwaves also showed more consistent levels of activity, ___________(indicate) that their brains were less taxed to remember what they had learned. 11.According to this research, the best time ___________(exercise) to improve learning is four hours after studying. But why? 12.Another question ___________(leave) unanswered is the level of exercise that might best improve learning. 13.I’ve run enough marathons to prove the fact ___________ my brain is anything but sharp during or after a tough workout. 14.But the researchers noted that light workouts might not give the brain enough of a biochemical boost ___________(improve) learning. ( 名校好题速递 ) 题型变式一：脑科学研究成果 【01】（24-25高二上·山东日照·阶段练习）It goes without saying that hard physical labor wears you out, but what about hard mental labor? “Influential theories suggested that fatigue (疲惫) is a sort of illusion cooked up by the brain to make us stop whatever we are doing and turn to a more gratifying activity,” says Mathias Pessiglione of Pitié-Salpêtrière University in Paris, France. “But our findings show that cognitive work results in a true functional transformation — accumulation of toxic substances — so fatigue would indeed be a signal that makes us stop working but for a different purpose: to preserve the integrity of brain functioning.” Pessiglione and colleagues wanted to understand what mental fatigue really is. They used magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to monitor brain chemistry over the course of a workday. They studied two groups of people: those who needed to think hard and those who had relatively simple cognitive tasks. They saw signs of fatigue, only in the group doing hard mental work. Those in that group also exhibited in their choices a change toward options proposing rewards at short delay with minimal effort. Critically, they also had higher levels of glutamate (谷氨酸) in the brain’s prefrontal cortex (前额皮质). Together with earlier evidence, the scientists say it supports the hypothesis that glutamate accumulation makes further activation of the prefrontal cortex more costly, such that cognitive control is more difficult after a mentally tough workday. So, is there some way to overcome this limitation of our brain’s ability to think hard? “Not really, I’m afraid,” Pessiglione said. “I would employ good old recipes: rest and sleep! There is good evidence that glutamate is removed from the brain during sleep.” There may be other practical implications of the findings. For example, the researchers say, monitoring of prefrontal cortex could help to detect severe mental fatigue. Such an ability may help adjust work agendas to avoid burnout. Pessiglione also advises people to avoid making important decisions when they’re tired. 1．What does the underlined word “gratifying” in Paragraph 1 mean? A．Relaxing. B．Complex. C．Temporary. D．Rewarding. 2．What does the group performing hard mental work exhibit in the study? A．Fewer signs of mental fatigue. B．Greater motivation and effort. C．Higher efficiency in complex tasks. D．Stronger preference for immediate rewards. 3．What do we know about glutamate accumulation? A．It causes a sense of peaceful mind. B．It enhances brain function in a limited way. C．It signals the brain is emptying its mental energy. D．It decreases the cost of prefrontal cortex activation. 4．What is Pessiglione’s advice for those overwhelmed by mentally demanding tasks? A．Remove them from the work agenda. B．Reduce the complexity of all cognitive tasks. C．Schedule strategic breaks to allow for recovery. D．Apply technology to monitoring the brain activity. 【02】（24-25高三上·安徽合肥·阶段练习）A global study comparing 2,062 birds finds that, in highly variable environments, birds tend to have either larger or smaller brains relative to their body size. Birds with smaller brains tend to use ecological strategies that are not available to big-brained ones.     “The fact is that there are a great many species that do quite well with small brains,” said Trevor Fristoe, first author of the study from Washington University.       Previous studies had found general trends toward larger relative brain sizes at higher latitudes (纬度), where conditions are more variable. This new study is different because it looks at the full distribution of brain sizes across environments, allowing the researchers to test whether different sizes are over-or under-represented. They found that at higher latitudes, bird brains are significantly more likely to be either relatively large or relatively small compared to body size. What was going on here? Fristoe, born in Alaska, had a few ideas. He suggests that the Alaska  state bird, the ptarmigan (雷鸟), might be a typical example of the small-brained species. Lovable though it is, it’s not exactly known for its smarts. The ptarmigan can, however, feed on branches and willow leaves. “We find that small-brained species in these environments employ strategies that are unachievable  with a large brain. These species are able to live on readily available but difficult to digest resources such as needles of conifers (针叶树), or even branches. These foods can be found even during extreme winter conditions, but they are fibrous and require a large gut (肠道) to digest,” Fristoe said. “Gut tissue, like brain tissue, is energetically demanding, and limited budgets mean that it is challenging to maintain a lot of both.” “Brains are not evolving separately — they are part of a broader suite of adaptations that help creatures succeed in their lives,” said Carlos Botero, assistant professor of biology and co-author of the study. “Biologists, ourselves included, have historically believed that environmental variability drives the expansion of brain size. But when we take a broader view, we realize that other strategies also work — and remarkably, the alternative here involves making a brain actually smaller!” 1．How does Fristoe’ s research differ from previous studies? A．It arrives at a conflicting conclusion. B．It focuses on birds with smaller brains. C．It covers a wider range of brain sizes. D．It reveals birds’ evolving processes. 2．What do we know about the ptarmigan? A．It is considered fairly intelligent. B．It has a powerful digesting system. C．It has a relatively large body size. D．It has a selective feeding habit. 3．What can be inferred about smaller brains from Botero’s words? A．They are typical of independent evolution. B．They are a result of limited budgets. C．They are not for variable environments. D．They are an effective survival strategy. 4．what can be a suitable title for the text? A．The Smaller the Brain, the Smarter B．Big Brains: Adapt to Higher Latitudes C．Big Brains or Big Guts: Choose One D．Evolutions of Brain Size in Birds 【03】（24-25高三上·安徽·期中）Scientists have created a virtual brain network that can predict the behavior of individual neurons (神经元) in a living brain. The model is based on a fruit fly’s visual system, which offers scientists a way to quickly test ideas on a computer before investing weeks in experiments involving actual flies or other lab animals. The approach, described in the journal Nature, also suggests that power-hungry artificial intelligence systems like ChatGPT might consume much less energy if they used some of the computation strategies (计算策略) found in a living brain. A fruit fly brain is “small and energy efficient,” says Jakob Macke, a professor at the University of Tubingen and an author of the study. “It’s able to do so many computations. It’s able to fly, it’s able to walk, it’s able to detect predators, it’s able to survive-using just 100,000 neurons.” In contrast, AI systems typically require computers with billions of transistors (晶体管) Worldwide, they consume as much power as a small country. When scientists think about AI right now, the leading charge is to make these AI systems more power efficient. Borrowing strategies from the fruit fly brain might be one way to make that happen, he says. The virtual brain network was made possible by intense research on the composition and structure of the fruit fly brain. Much of this work was done by the team which has maps that show every neuron and every connection in the insect’s brain. These maps help create a computer model that can behave much like the fruit fly’s visual system. This system accounts for most of the animal’s brain. “Brains are so complex that I think the only way we are ever able to understand them is by building accurate models,” Macke says. Ultimately, the team produced a model that could predict how every neuron in the artificial network would respond to a particular video. Remarkably, the model also predicted the response of neurons in actual fruit flies that had seen the same videos in earlier studies. Future versions of the model are expected to extend beyond the visual system. and to include tasks beyond detecting motion. “We now have a plan for how to build whole-brain models of brains that do interesting computations,” Macke says. 1．What can a virtual brain network get scientists to guess? A．How the fly brain works after an experimental test. B．How neurons in animals’ brain function individually. C．How a fruit fly’s visual system comes into being. D．How scientists’ prediction can be passed quickly. 2．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Lowering AI systems’ energy consumption. B．Knowing strategies from the fruit fly brain C．Measuring ChatGPT’ computing accuracy. D．Evaluating the quantity of AI’s transistors. 3．How can building models help scientists know complex brains? A．Precisely and statistically. B．Ambiguously and abstractly. C．Accurately and theoretically. D．Directly and universally. 4．What is future versions of the model expected to be? A．AI-assisted Tools for whole-brain science. B．Complex systems for detecting motion. C．Wonderful videos recording neurons’ responses D．Multi-functional artificial networks. 题型变式二：医学研究成果 【01】（24-25高二上·安徽马鞍山·阶段练习）People suffering from depression or anxiety may make themselves healthy again by doing nice things for others, new research shows. The study divided 122 people from central Ohio who had depression, anxiety or stress into three groups. The first two groups were asked to follow methods often used in cognitive behavioral therapy (认知行为疗法) (CBT) for depression: planning social activities or cognitive reappraisal (重新评价). The social activities group was instructed to plan social activities for two days a week. Another group was instructed to write a diary for at least two days each week that helped them recognize their negative ways of viewing stressful situations and change their views in a way that could reduce depression and anxiety. Members of the third group were instructed to perform three acts of kindness — big or small acts that benefit others or make others happy — a day, for two days out of the week. Research volunteers followed their instructions for five weeks, after which their mental states were recorded. The researchers then checked with the volunteers after another five weeks to see if the methods were still effective. The findings, published in the Journal of Positive Psychology, showed that people in all three groups showed an increase in life satisfaction and a reduction of depression and anxiety levels after the study. “Compared with social activities and cognitive reappraisal, acts of kindness make people feel more connected to other people,” said David Cregg, who led the study at the Ohio State University, “Social connection is one of the parts of life most strongly linked with well-being or happiness. Performing acts of kindness seems to be one of the best ways to create those connections.” The research also showed why performing acts of kindness worked so well: It helped people take their minds off what causes their own depression or anxiety. This finding suggests that one view many people have about people with depression may be wrong. “We often think that people with depression have enough to deal with, so we don’t want to burden them by asking them to help others. But these results run counter to that,” Cregg said. 1．What did the cognitive reappraisal group do in the study? A．They took medicine for depression or anxiety each day. B．They recorded how they reacted to stressful situations. C．They planned how to take part in various social activities. D．They performed some acts of kindness for other people. 2．What did the researchers find after ten weeks? A．The CBT produced unexpected effects. B．Volunteers loved social activities most. C．Their methods worked effectively on all volunteers. D．Kind acts and social activities had the same effects. 3．What is an advantage of performing acts of kindness? A．It suits people at all levels of depression. B．It is a simpler approach for most patients. C．It may cause fewer side effects. D．It may make people feel happy. 4．What does the underlined part “run counter to” in the last paragraph mean? A．Provide a base for. B．Are the opposite of. C．Have a similarity to. D．Are closely connected to. 【02】（24-25高三上·重庆·阶段练习）A substance found in a fungus (真菌) that commonly disables and kills insects has been shown to block pathways critical for the growth of some cancers. Building on previous research, researchers from the University of Nottingham in the UK looked into the cancer-fighting abilities of cordycepin, a chemical produced by parasitic Cordyceps and Ophiocordyceps species (冬虫夏草真菌) to assist their infection of a living host’s body, often affecting the insect’s behavior before killing them. Advances in scientific techniques enabled cell signaling pathways, and protein production across a vast number of cells in order to figure out what cordycepin is doing. “It has become easier and less expensive to do these very large experiments, so we were able to examine thousands of genes at the same time,” says RNA biologist Cornelia de Moor. Through lab experiments on human tissue cultures and a genetic analysis of how cordycepin worked on these cells, the team found the chemical was transformed into a more active substance called cordycepin triphosphate, which is responsible for slowing down cell activity. The researchers found pathways often controlled by cancer cells to assist their spread throughout the human body. Although it’s not clear yet which molecules (分子) cordycepin triphosphate is targeting, the team did find that the chemical appeared to be working quickly. Further research is required to turn the findings into new cancer treatments, yet understanding how the molecule affects cell growth could set the foundations for new types of cancer drugs. Importantly, the precision with which cordycepin triphosphate operates means that it could overcome the challenge faced by many current treatments: trying to take our cancer cells without causing too much damage to healthy tissue. 1．What does the underlined word in paragraph 1 most likely mean? A．dependent B．protective C．beneficial D．weak 2．Which of the following best summarizes the role of cordycepin? A．It produces protein in a cheap and effective way. B．It enhances the signaling pathways for cancer cells. C．It directly works on cancer cells to slow down their activities. D．It turns into a substance that blocks signaling pathways. 3．What may researchers focus on in the future? A．Identifying the precise targeted molecules. B．Finding cheaper ways to produce cordycepin. C．Testing cordycepin triphosphate on insects. D．Studying how cancer cells damage healthy tissues. 4．What’s the main idea of the passage? A．A fungus’s substance was discovered to influence insects’ behavior. B．Researchers are using new technology to study gene expression. C．A substance from a fungus shows potential for cancer treatment. D．Scientists are developing a new drug that cures cancer with no side effects. 【03】（24-25高三上·河南·阶段练习）Thousands of people showed up to Washington Square Park in New York City on Sunday to take part in and observe what was promoted as a “Timothée Chalamet Lookalike Contest”. The resulting chaos, including a police presence and the appearance of the real Timothée himself, was documented extensively on social media, and many fought over who should have really won. Why is it that so many guys out there look strikingly like Timothée? Manel Esteller, a geneticist based at the Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute in Spain, tested the genetic similarities between the lookalikes shown in French-Canadian photographer François Brunelle’s pictures of lookalikes. Brunelle put Esteller in touch with the pairs of “twin strangers” from his photographs, who sent the researchers genetic samples in the form of mouth swabs (拭子). Esteller and his team spent four years collecting and analyzing the genetic data. Esteller’s conclusion was that the lookalikes shared the same variations of DNA and that their similarities in appearance and genome (基因组) were purely accidental. Esteller points out that there are only so many ways to put a human face together. By proving that people who look alike share certain genes, Esteller hopes to advance diagnostic (诊断的) science by using facial recognition to identify earlier rare genetic diseases in children. Another scientist Nancy Segal, a professor at the University of California mainly focuses on twins. Even though Segal has proved that personalities between lookalikes are far more dissimilar than personalities between twins, the “twin strangers” shared more features than similar faces. “If one was a smoker, the other was likely a smoker” and vice versa (反之亦然), Segal said, because addictive habits are a genetic quality, as is handedness and shortsightedness. Humans broadly tend to be attracted to people who look like themselves. “I think it tells us about human nature in the sense that we all long for similarity,” Segal says. “When young children have imaginary friends, they’re always like them.” Esteller heard that two of the lookalikes from one of Brunelle’s photos even became a couple and got married. 1．Why does the author mention the event in Washington Square Park? A．To introduce people’s interest in lookalikes. B．To emphasize the chaos of the competition. C．To show the popularity of Timothée Chalamet. D．To explain the rules of the well-known contest. 2．What’s the purpose of Manel Esteller’s research? A．To find different variations of DNA． B．To warn parents of kids’ mental health. C．To test the genetic similarities of strangers. D．To help diagnose children’s genetic diseases. 3．What did Nancy Segal find out in her study? A．“Twin strangers” share similar interests. B．Twins are dissimilar in personalities. C．“Twin strangers” share some qualities. D．Twins have the same addictive habits. 4．Why do humans feel attracted to their lookalikes? A．They want to have an imaginary equal. B．They are born with hunger for likeness. C．They have a strong desire for friendship. D．They are curious about their personality. 题型变式三：记忆力研究成果 【01】（2024·浙江金华·一模）Last winter I enjoyed a brief adventure in Guatemala. Over a period of 12 days, I explored through the jungle to watch the sunrise and danced in the street during the holiday parade. But looking back on that trip, what I remember most vividly is a New Year’s Eve in Guatemala City, at a lifeless hotel. Rather than a countdown to midnight, I counted down the hours until my departure. Nothing special happened during that night. Rather, the big role this hotel plays in my memories can be explained by a psychological principle called the recency effect. “The recency effect helps to account for our tendency to remember the ending part of a sequence of events with far more clarity than the rest, ” said Dr. Mary Poffenroth, a biopsychologist. She says it arises from our short-term memory’s inability to hold on to more than a small amount of information at once. So while there is no magic formula to create lovely travel memories, employing the recency effect can turn a good trip into an unforgettable one. Dr. Stephanie, a Neuroscientist, says that while you can strategically set off the recency effect at a trip’s end, you may have multiple opportunities to create lasting memories all along the way by breaking it up into smaller chunks. Keep in mind that the recency effect can also backfire. “Ending an amazing trip with stressful flight delays, lost luggage or feeling unwell might be enough to overshadow the entire experience, resulting in remembering the trip as awful instead of joyful, ” Stephanie said. To avoid disproportionately (不成比例地)spotlighting the final days, Poffenroth has created a trick: She amplifies (增强) earlier days in a trip to keep her memories well-rounded. “I collect little bits that will remind me of that day: a subway ticket, a seashell, a cardboard drink with a pub’ s logo on it. ” Then, as she is packing on the last day, “I go through all my little found treasures and spend a few moments recalling each one, ” she said. “This gives me a sense of closure for that chapter of travel and makes the experience memorable. ” 1．How did the author feel about the New Year’s Eve in Guatemala City? A．It was boring. B．It was eventful. C．It was relaxing. D．It was cheerful. 2．What do we know about the recency effect from paragraph 2? A．It is based on a psychological principle. B．It is widely used to create lovely memories. C．It highlights the final part of a series of events. D．It makes up for the inability of short-term memory. 3．What does the underlined word “backfire” mean in paragraph 4? A．Be avoided to some extent. B．Be applied extensively. C．Produce undesirable consequences. D．Pose unexpected challenges. 4．According to Poffenroth, which of the following may help travelers have good memories? A．Share travel experiences. B．Recall the final days of a journey. C．Purchase as many souvenirs as possible. D．Purposely gather reminders of a journey. 【02】（2024·山西·模拟预测）A team of scientists from the Center for Cognition and Sociality and the Data Science Group at the Institute for Basic Science (IBS) made an exciting discovery about how computers and human brains work similarly when remembering things. They found out that the way artificial intelligence (AI) models, like those in smart robots, store memories is a lot like how our brain’s memory center, called the hippocampus (海马体), does it. This part of the brain is really important for feelings and memories. Understanding how AI learns and keeps information is key to making it smarter. The scientists looked into how our brains learn and remember by focusing on a special process involving the NMDA receptor, a critical part of the hippocampus. This receptor works like a smart door in our brain that helps with learning and remembering. It opens when certain brain chemicals are present, allowing the cell to receive signals and create memories. A specific element, magnesium, acts like a guard, only letting substances in under the right conditions. Interestingly, the team found that Transformer, a type of AI model, uses a similar “guarding” method to manage its memory. They wondered if they could make the Transformer’s memory better by copying the brain’s process. By adjusting some settings in the Transformer to mimic (模拟、模仿) the brain’s memory door, they improved its ability to remember things long-term, just like adjusting magnesium levels can affect how well we remember stuff. This discovery is a big deal because it shows we can use what we know about the brain to make AI smarter. C． Justin LEE, a neuroscience (神经学) director at the institute, mentioned that this research was a big step forward for both AI and brain science. It opens up new ways to understand how the brain works and to create more advanced AI based on these insights. So, in simple terms, scientists have figured out that computers can learn and remember in ways that are surprisingly similar to us, which could help make them even smarter in the future. 1．What does the term “NMDA receptor” in paragraph 2 most likely refer to? A．A type of computer virus that attacks AI systems. B．A new technology for making computers run faster. C．A component in AI models that predicts future events. D．A part of the human brain involved in learning and memory. 2．What did the team discover about Transformer? A．It directly mimics the brain’s memory process. B．It is unaffected by changes in memory settings. C．It uses a special method to manage memory. D．It requires adjustments to enhance long-term memory. 3．What is the significance of the research findings according to C．Justin LEE? A．It is a new approach to memory organization. B．It is a crucial step in advancing AI and neuroscience. C．It is a method for improving short-term memory in AI. D．It is a breakthrough in understanding AI emotional processing. 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Exploring the NMDA receptor in the brain. B．Discussing implications of neuroscience for AI. C．Comparing computer and human memory processes. D．Discovering similarities between AI and human memory. 【03】（24-25高三上·湖南长沙·阶段练习）Have you ever walked into a room and forgotten why you went in there, or been about to speak but suddenly realized you had no idea what you were going to say? The human brain normally balances countless thoughts and actions, but sometimes, it seems to short-circuit. To figure out why, we have to look into what really happens when we forget what we were just thinking about. It’s important to know two different types of memory: long-term and working memory. Long-term memories are a broad category of memories that involve knowledge and experiences stored in the brain for extended periods. On the other hand, thoughts in working memory, whose certain characteristics are likely to explain why we forget, flash through the mind for only seconds at a time. First, working memory has very limited capacity. People can hold only about four to seven “chunks” of information—such as letters or phrases—in their working memory at a time. Rather than being aware of all of these “chunks” simultaneously (同时地), the brain bounces around from one idea to another, making it more likely that one gets neglected. Second, the brain quickly erases unimportant things from working memory to make room for new information. So unless those short-term memories are transferred into long-term memories, they’re soon gone from conscious thought. Because the brain isn’t actually capable of multitasking, it has to “juggle” different thoughts as our working memory rushes around to different ideas, which requires conscious effort and attention. If attention becomes focused on only one of those thoughts or is diverted somewhere new, the brain loses track of the earlier thoughts. And alcohol and aging may worsen the case. To stop forgetting things, it’s advised against multitasking. When you think you’re multitasking, you’re juggling, which makes forgetting more likely. Moreover, recreating the context can help, which means going back into the room you were before. Those context clues might give the brain the extra boost it needs to reach back a few seconds in working memory and regain the thought. 1．How did the author introduce the topic? A．By making contrasts. B．By listing numbers. C．By asking questions. D．By giving background information. 2．What do we know about memory? A．Memory can’t be restored if it disappears. B．Practicıng multitasking does good to working memory. C．Working memory cannot be transferred into long-term memory. D．People’s working memory capability varies with different life stages. 3．What does the underlined word “juggle” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Balance. B．Present. C．Master. D．Attain. 4．Which can be a suitable title for the text? A．Two types of memory B．Improving our memory C．What did I come in for? D．How does our memory work? 【04】（24-25高三上·安徽六安·阶段练习）Researchers Jayne Spiller and Camilla Gilmore at the Center for Mathematical Cognition, University of Loughborough, U.K., have investigated the intersection of sleep and mathematical memory. They investigated whether learning complex multiplication problems before sleep would benefit recall compared to learning them during wakefulness to understand how sleep affects the memory of mathematical facts, specifically multiplication tables. The study involved 77 adult participants aged 18 to 40 from the U.K. Each participant learned complex multiplication problems in two conditions: before sleep (sleep learning) and in the morning (wake learning). Participants completed online sessions where they learned new complex multiplication problems or were tested on previously learned material. Learning sessions included both untimed and timed trials. Participants had better recall in the sleep learning condition than in the wake learning condition, with a moderate effect size. Even when participants had varying learning abilities, the sleep learning condition showed a beneficial effect on recall. Mathematical proficiency of the participants, as measured by accuracy in simple multiplication problems, was associated with learning scores but not with the extent of sleep-related benefit for recall. The authors suggest that sleep conferred the additional benefit on recall compared with learning during the daytime, which possibly takes place due to a lack of continued external inputs. Asleep, the brain may be locking in the new learning because it has no other competition. In contrast, an awake brain may be confronted with conversations, the media reading or viewing and even other classes packed with learning material. This competition for memory encoding in the waking brain could be the cause of the memory differences seen in the study. 1．What does the underlined word “intersection” in paragraph 1 refer to? A．Combination. B．Connection. C．Selection. D．Similarity. 2．What can we learn from the article? A．Sleep after learning can improve the recall ability. B．Enough sleep can help children learn math efficiently. C．Sleep after learning can solve many difficult learning problems. D．Sleep has a positive effect on the recall of the multiplication problems. 3．Why does sleep have an added benefit to recall? A．Sleep positively affects the memory of mathematical facts. B．Learning during the daytime lacks continued external inputs. C．People can remember the multiplication tables accurately through sleep. D．The new learning has no other competitors, and it can be locked by the brain. 4．Where is this text probably taken from? A．A textbook. B．A book review. C．An academic magazine. 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