内容正文:
英语
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第二部分 语法专题精讲练
专题二 名词
★专项提升 名词(短语)填空——针对完
成句子和短文填空
(完成句子:8年13考;短文填空:8年20考)
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【知识必备】名词的位置及其常见的句法功能
句法功能 位置 例句
作主语 句首 English is my favorite subject.
作宾语 动词后 She bought a new dress.
介词后 The kid is smiling at his mother.
作表语 系动词后 Thomas Edison was a great inventor.
作定语 名词前 We are discussing the population problem.
作同位语 名词(短语)或代词后 Mr. Wang, our English teacher, is very
knowledgeable.
作宾语补
足语 名词(短语)或代词后 She found him a very good pupil.
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考点精讲
名词(短语)填空主要在完成句子和短文填空中考查,考向包括:
▶完成句子:
①可数名词复数(8年5考);
②不可数名词(8年2考);
③名词短语(8年6考),主要考查“形容词+名词”,“名词+名词”只考过1次
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▶短文填空:
①可数名词→复数(8年7考);
②名词→名词所有格(每年1道);
③名词的词性转换,主要考查名词→形容词/相应形容词的反义词
(8年5考);
④名词原形。
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完成句子题需先根据英汉对比确定所填词是否为名词(短语),如果所
填词是名词(短语),则根据以下方法判定所填名词(短语)的正确形式。
短文填空题需先根据空格前后句子结构判断空格处是否填名词,如果
填名词,再根据句意选出所填名词,最后根据以下方法判定应填名词的哪
种正确形式。
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考向1 名词的数(8年14考)
1.判定方法
(1)判断所填名词是可数名词还是不可数名词
可数名词 不可数名词
①可数名词有单数和复数两种形
式,如:a desk, two desks;
②可数名词可以被冠词、基数词、
序数词、指示代词、many等词直接
修饰,如:an egg, three girls,
these singers; ①不可数名词没有复数形式,如:
beef, ice, peace;
②不可数名词不可以被不定冠词
(a/an)、基数词、序数词、指示代
词、many等词直接修饰;
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可数名词 不可数名词
③只修饰可数名词的修饰语:
a/an一个 this 这个
that那个 these这些
those那些 every/each每个
another另一个 many 许多
different不同的 few几乎没有
a few一些;几个
several 一些;几个 ③表示不可数名词的具体数量时,其
结构为:数词/不定冠词+表示计量的
词+of+不可数名词,如:a piece of
cake, two cups of coffee;
表示不可数名词的大概数量时,可在
不可数名词前加表示大概数量的限定
词,如:some water 一些水,much
time很多时间;
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可数名词 不可数名词
any other其他任何一个
a couple of两个;几个
a pair of一双
many a很多
quite a few很多
a (great/large) number of 很多 ④只修饰不可数名词的修饰语:
little很少;几乎没有
a little 有一点儿
much很多
a bit of 有一点儿
a good/great deal of很多
a large amount of大量的
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可数名词 不可数名词
既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的修饰语:
some/any一些 a lot of 很多 lots of很多
plenty of充足的 enough足够的
most 大多数的 hardly any几乎没有
the rest of 剩下的 all全部的;所有的
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注意
既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词(但含义不同)
名词 可数 不可数 名词 可数 不可数
chicken 小鸡 鸡肉 orange 橙子 橙汁
experience 经历 经验 paper 试卷;论文 纸
exercise 练习题 锻炼 radio 收音机 无线电广播
glass 玻璃杯 玻璃 room 房间 空间
iron 熨斗 铁 time 次数;倍数 时间
life 生命 生活 wood 树林 木头;木材
light 电灯 光;光线 work 作品 工作
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(2)判定可数名词用单数还是复数
▶填单数形式的判定方法
①a/an/this/that/every/each/another/either/one/序数词/any other+可数名词单数;
②可数名词单数+be 动词单数形式/谓语动词的单三形式;
③结合上下文语境或者句中对应的提示词,如:it, its;
④专有名词,如:the Great Wall;
⑤用于某些固定短语或搭配中,如:in a word。
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▶填复数形式的判定方法
①these/those/普通不定代词(many/some/few/a few/both/all/other等)/大于1
的基数词/one of(+形容词最高级)/ quite a few/ a pair of/ a couple of/
a (great/ large) number of/ different kinds of/ all kinds of+可数名词复
数;
②both/either/neither/all/ none of+可数名词复数;
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③可数名词复数+be 动词复数形式/动词原形;
④结合上下文语境或句中对应的提示词,如:them, their;
⑤可数名词复数+and/or+可数名词复数;
⑥通常用复数或只有复数形式的名词:chopsticks筷子,clothes衣服,
glasses眼镜,scissors剪刀,socks短袜,trousers裤子。
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拓展
几种特殊的复数形式的名词
①有些以-s结尾的名词通常只用作复数形式
clothes衣服 shorts短裤 pants裤子 trousers裤子 glasses眼镜 scissors剪刀
②有些复数形式的名词表示特别的意义
papers文件 manners礼貌;礼仪 goods货物 times时代
arms武器 conditions环境;情况
③有些名词在习惯用语中一定要用复数形式
make friends with…和……交朋友 shake hands with… 与……握手
④有些以-s结尾的名词不是复数
news新闻 maths数学 physics物理 politics政治
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2.变形方法
▶可数名词单数变复数的规则变化
构成方法 示例
一般情况,加-s star→________ gift→________
invention→__________
以字母s, x, sh, ch结尾的词,加-
es bus→________ box→________
watch→__________
特例:stomach→__________
stars
gifts
inventions
buses
boxes
watches
stomachs
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构成方法 示例
以字母f或fe结尾的词,变f或fe为
v,再加-es leaf→________ wife→________
knife→________ life→________
wolf→__________ shelf→__________
特例:roof→__________
belief→__________
leaves
wives
knives
lives
wolves
shelves
roofs
beliefs
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构成方法 示例
以辅音字母加y结尾的词,先变y
为i,再加-es country→__________
baby→________
story→________ city→__________
以元音字母加y结尾的词,加-s toy→__________
monkey→__________
countries
babies
stories
cities
toys
monkeys
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构成方法 示例
以o结尾的词,若表示有生命的加
-es,若表示无生命的加-s tomato→__________
hero→_______
potato→__________
photo→__________
piano→__________
radio→__________
zoo→__________
特例:bamboo→__________
tomatoes
heroes
potatoes
photos
pianos
radios
zoos
bamboos
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▶可数名词单数变复数的不规则变化
类别 示例
a→e型 man→__________
woman→__________
fireman→__________
fisherman→__________
men
women
firemen
fishermen
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类别 示例
a→e型 gentleman→__________
policeman→__________
policewoman→_____________
postman→__________
特例:human→__________
gentlemen
policemen
policewomen
postmen
humans
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类别 示例
oo→ee型 foot→________
tooth→________
特例:boot→__________
feet
teeth
boots
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类别 示例
“某国人”或“某洲人”变化口诀 ①中日永不变
Chinese→__________
Japanese→__________
②英法a变e
Englishman→__________
Frenchman→__________
Chinese
Japanese
Englishmen
Frenchmen
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类别 示例
“某国人”或“某洲人”变化口诀 ③其余s加后面
African→__________
American→__________
Asian→__________
Australian→__________
Canadian→__________
Africans
Americans
Asians
Australians
Canadians
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类别 示例
“某国人”或“某洲人”变化口诀 European→__________
German→__________
Indian→__________
Italian→__________
Korean→__________
Russian→__________
Europeans
Germans
Indians
Italians
Koreans
Russians
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类别 示例
单复数同形 deer→________
sheep→________
合成词:将主体词变为复数 passer-by→__________
toothbrush→____________
其他 mouse→__________
child→__________
deer
sheep
passers-by
toothbrushes
mice
children
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拓展
(1)名词作定语时,其单复数的变化情况如下:
①被man/woman修饰的名词变复数时,需将该名词和man/woman均变为复
数形式。如:
a man doctor→two men doctors
a woman teacher→two women teachers
②被其他名词修饰的名词变复数时,只需把被修饰的名词变为复数。如:
a girl student→two girl students
a birthday gift→two birthday gifts
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(2)集合名词常分为以下两类:
①形式为单数,但意义可以为单数或复数。如:family, team, group, class,
government, army, audience等。当它们作主语时,如果强调一个整体,谓
语动词用单数形式;如果强调集体中的每一个成员,谓语动词用复数形式。
②形式为单数,但意义永远为复数。如:people, police等。这类词只有单
数形式,但表示复数意义,不与a/an连用,可与the连用,谓语动词用复数
形式。
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考向2 名词变名词所有格(短文填空:每年1道)
1. 填名词所有格的判定方法
(1)空格处所填词和空格后的名词是一种所属关系;
(2)空格处所填词是表示时间、距离、国家等无生命的词,空格后是名词。
2. 名词所有格的构成
名词所有格共有三种形式:'s所有格;of所有格;双重所有格。具体
情况如下:
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(1)'s所有格
类别 构成方法 示例
单数名词 加's the boy's book
a day's work
China's capital
复数名词 不以-s结尾 加's Children's Day
以-s结尾 加' the girls' mom
two hours' drive
表示几个人共同拥有 在最后一个名词后加's Lucy and Lily's father
表示每个人各自拥有 在每个名词后加's Jenny's and Sara's
teachers
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注意
①表示诊所、某人的家、店铺、住宅、公共建筑等地名时,所有格后面
的名词常省略。如:
at Mary's 在玛丽家
②一些节日的表达用的是's所有格。如:
New Year's Day新年 Women's Day妇女节
Valentine's Day情人节 April Fools' Day愚人节
Mother's Day母亲节 Children's Day儿童节
Father's Day父亲节 Teachers' Day教师节
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(2)of所有格
of所有格的构成为:“名词+of+名词”,主要有以下两种用法:
①用于表示无生命事物的所属关系时,如:the owner of the schoolbag书包
的主人;
②用于表示有生命事物的所属关系时,特别是当这些所有者有较长的定语修
饰时,如:the name of the girl in red穿红衣服的女孩的名字。
注意
有生命的名词's所有格和of所有格可以互换。如:the girl's smile=the
smile of the girl这个女孩的微笑。
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(3)双重所有格
双重所有格主要表示整体中的一部分,有两种形式:
①of+名词's,如:a friend of my father's我父亲的一个朋友
②of+名词性物主代词,如:a book of mine我的一本书
注意
双重所有格和一般所有格的意义不同。如:
a photo of Mary's(照片属于玛丽,但照片上的人不一定是玛丽)
a photo of Mary(照片上的人是玛丽本人)
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考向3 名词的词性转换(8年5考)
类别1 名词变形容词
1.填形容词的判定方法
(1)所填词位于名词前作定语。如:
a beautiful girl一个漂亮的女孩
(2)所填词位于be动词后作表语,用以说明事物的性质或特征。如:
Today is sunny. 今天天气晴朗。
(3)所填词位于形容词短语中,其结构为:be动词+形容词+介词。如:
be proud of以……为傲
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(4)所填词位于感官动词look, sound, smell, taste, feel;或连系动词seem,
become, grow, get, turn, keep, remain之后。如:
It sounds nice. 听起来不错。
(5)所填词位于复合不定代词后作后置定语。如:
something good一些好的东西
(6)所填词位于定冠词the后表示一类人。如:
the old老人
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(7)所填词位于固定句型It is+adj.(+for/of sb.)+to do sth. 或
make/keep/leave+ sb./sth. +adj.中。如:
keep the floor clean保持地板干净
(8)所填词位于“形容词+and/or+形容词”结构中。如:
tall and thin又高又瘦
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2.常考名词变形容词的变形方法
①n.+-y
health→healthy snow→snowy
cloud→cloudy rain→rainy
wind→windy luck→lucky
salt→salty sleep→sleepy
wealth→wealthy
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注意:以下名词是双写末尾字母或去掉末尾字母e再加-y
fog→foggy fun→funny
sun→sunny ice→icy
noise→noisy(2023.65)
②n.+-ly
friend→friendly love→lovely
week→weekly month→monthly
year→yearly
注意:以下名词是把末尾字母y变为i再加-ly
day→daily
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③n.+-ful
use→useful peace→peaceful wonder→wonderful
care→careful cheer→cheerful color→colorful
harm→harmful help→helpful hope→hopeful
joy→joyful meaning→meaningful pain→painful
power→powerful shame→shameful
success→successful(2022.68)
注意:以下名词是把末尾字母y变为i再加-ful
beauty→beautiful
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④n.+-less
名词+后缀-less构成对应形容词的反义词。初中常见的如下:
end→endless 无尽的(8年2考:2023.70,2021.70)
care→careless 粗心大意的 doubt→doubtless 无疑的
harm→harmless无害的 help→helpless无助的
home→homeless无家可归的 hope→hopeless无希望的
job→jobless失业的 limit→limitless无限的
meaning→meaningless毫无意义的 use→useless无用的
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⑤n.+-al
education→educational environment→environmental
music→musical nation→national
person→personal tradition→traditional(2024.68)
注意:以下名词是去掉末尾字母e再加-al
culture→cultural nature→natural
centre→central
⑥n.+-ous
danger→dangerous humor→humorous
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⑦n.+-e(r)n
gold→golden wood→wooden
east→eastern west→western
south→southern north→northern
⑧以-ence/-ance结尾的名词,把-ence/-ance变成-ent/-ant
confidence→confident convenience→convenient
difference→different independence→independent
patience→patient silence→silent
importance→important
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⑨其他
pride→proud death→dead
fool→foolish height→high
hunger→hungry medicine→medical
science→scientific truth→true
注意
表示“国家”、“洲”的名词变为表示国籍、语言的形容词或名词
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① China(n.)中国
→Chinese(adj.)中国的;中国人的;汉语的
→Chinese(n.)中国人;汉语;语文
②Japan(n.)日本
→Japanese(adj.)日本的;日本人的;日语的
→Japanese(n.)日本人;日语
③Britain(=Great Britain)(n.)大不列颠;英国
→British(adj.)英国的;英国人的
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④England(n.)英格兰
→English(adj.)英格兰的;英语的
→English(n.)英语
→Englishman(n.)英格兰人
⑤Spain(n.)西班牙
→Spanish(adj.)西班牙的;西班牙人的;西班牙语的
→Spanish(n.)西班牙语
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⑥France(n.)法国
→French(adj.)法国的;法国人的;法语的
→French(n.)法语
→Frenchman(n.)法国人
⑦Germany(n.)德国
→German(adj.)德国的;德国人的;德语的
→German(n.)德国人;德语
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⑧Europe(n.)欧洲
→European(adj.)欧洲的;欧洲人的
→European(n.)欧洲人
⑨Africa(n.)非洲
→African(adj.)非洲的;非洲人的
→African(n.)非洲人
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⑩America(n.)美国;美洲
→American(adj.)美国的;美洲的
→American(n.)美国人;美洲人
⑪Asia(n.)亚洲
→Asian(adj.)亚洲的;亚洲人的
→Asian(n.)亚洲人
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⑫ Australia(n.)澳大利亚
→Australian(adj.)澳大利亚的;澳大利亚人的
→Australian(n.)澳大利亚人
⑬India(n.)印度
→Indian(adj.)印度的;印度人的
→Indian(n.)印度人
⑭Korea(n.)朝鲜;韩国
→Korean(adj.)朝鲜(人)的;韩国(人)的;朝鲜语的;韩语的
→Korean(n.)朝鲜人;韩国人;朝鲜语;韩语
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⑮Russia(n.)俄罗斯
→Russian(adj.)俄罗斯的;俄罗斯人的;俄语的
→Russian(n.)俄罗斯人;俄语
⑯Canada(n.)加拿大
→Canadian(adj.)加拿大的;加拿大人的
→Canadian(n.)加拿大人
⑰Italy(n.)意大利
→Italian(adj.)意大利的;意大利人的;意大利语的
→Italian(n.)意大利人;意大利语
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类别2 名词变名词
1.填名词的判定方法
(1)所填词的前面有名词所有格/形容词性物主代词/指示代词/不定代词/
限定词/冠词/数词/形容词作定语修饰;
(2)所填词位于动词或介词后作宾语;
(3)所填词位于系动词后作表语表示人或物;
(4)所填词位于句首作主语。
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2.初中常见的名词变名词
art→artist tour→tourist
violin→violinist piano→pianist
science→scientist music→musician
magic→magician birth→birthday
class→classmate friend→friendship
law→lawyer office→officer
poem→poet
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考向4 名词短语填空(8年7考)
针对名词短语填空,要注意所填名词是否可数以及其单复数形式。此
外,所填名词若是专有名词,则单词的首字母要大写。
近8年考查的名词短语如下:
1.形容词+名词(8年5考)
private/personal information私人信息(2022.60)
red cup/glass红色的杯子(2021.57)
big company大公司(2019.57)
warm smile温暖的微笑(2018.60)
social influence社会影响(2017.60)
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2.专有名词(2020.59)
Shaanxi History Museum陕西历史博物馆(2020.59)
【更多名词短语见《晨读册》P43】
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考点精练
Ⅰ.用方框中所给词的适当形式填空
Group 1
country end child German hour sun leaf advice nature policeman
1.Many foreigners visited our school last week, including three
__________ and four Americans.
2.It's about three _______ drive from my house to the village.
Germans
hours'
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3.Traditional Chinese medicine is becoming popular in different
__________ around the world.
4.My favorite season of the year is summer because of the summer
vacation and the ________ fun.
5.The first forest library in Shanghai makes it possible to enjoy reading
in the ________ environment.
6.When autumn comes, many _______ turn yellow. They are so beautiful.
countries
endless
natural
leaves
country end child German hour sun leaf advice nature policeman
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7.I'm glad to hear that these thieves were caught by some brave
__________ several days ago.
8.Tim gave me some _______ about how to improve my English.
9.Thanks to Project Hope, many poor _________ have received a good
education.
10.It's _______ today. The sunshine makes me feel warm.
policemen
advice
children
sunny
country end child German hour sun leaf advice nature policeman
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Group 2
luck friend success meaning danger person stomach photo hero south
11.School education offers chances for _________ development to help us
realize our dream.
12.I'm surprised to know that a cow has more than two __________.
13.Though pandas look really cute, we should remember they can
sometimes be ___________.
personal
stomachs
dangerous
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14.As long as those young men don't lose their heart, they will be
__________ one day.
15.Chinese people like red because they think it is a ______ color for
them.
16.Chinese soldiers are _______ around us. They should be remembered
and respected.
17.If you are _________ to others, you'll make many friends.
successful
lucky
heroes
friendly
luck friend success meaning danger person stomach photo hero south
60
18.The _________ states of the country are known for their warm
climate, rich cultural heritage and delicious barbecue dishes.
19.Last week, I went on a trip to Xi'an and I took many _______ there.
20.You should spend your spare time more wisely, instead of doing
____________ things.
southern
photos
meaningless
luck friend success meaning danger person stomach photo hero south
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Ⅱ.完成句子
Group 1
1.(2024《例析与指导》试卷示例一56题)我最喜欢的课后活动是游泳和
阅读。
My favorite after-school _________ are swimming and reading.
activities
2.(2024《例析与指导》试卷示例二56题)今天早上在去学校的路上,李
萍帮助了一位老大爷过马路。
Li Ping helped an old man cross the street _____________ on her way
to school.
this morning
62
3.这是一个与其他人讨论学习经验的好机会。
It's a good chance to discuss learning ___________ with others.
experience
4.如果你想成为一名优秀的舞者,你需要投入大量的时间和精力。
If you want to be a good ________, you need to put in much time and
effort.
dancer
5.我们期待中国能涌现出越来越多像屠呦呦和袁隆平这样的伟大科学家。
We expect that more and more _______________ like Tu Youyou and
Yuan Longping will appear in China.
great scientists
63
Group 2
6.(2024《例析与指导》试卷示例二59题)每个人都应当尽自己的努力来
减少空气污染。
Everyone should try their best to reduce air _________.
pollution
7.(2024《例析与指导》试卷示例三58题)我们正努力寻找一个和平的方
式来解决问题。
We are working hard to find a _____________________________ to
solve the problem.
peaceful way/ peaceful method
64
8.我最喜欢的一句格言是:“一个真正的朋友是向你伸出手,触动你心灵的
人。”
My favorite saying is, “A true _______ reaches for your hand and
touches your heart.”
friend
9.看!熊猫们互相玩耍时是多么可爱啊!
Look! How cute the ________ are when they are playing with each other!
pandas
10.粽子是端午节的主要传统食物。
Zongzi is the main ________________ during the Dragon Boat Festival.
traditional food
65
Group 3
11.(2024《例析与指导》试卷示例三56题)杭州是一座有魅力的城市,第
十九届亚运会成功在这里举办。
Hangzhou is an attractive _____ and the 19th Asian Games were held
successfully here.
city
12.[2024内江改编]作为学生,我们应该帮助父母做一些家务,比如打扫房
间和洗碗。
As students, we should help our parents to do some ___________, such
as cleaning the room and doing the dishes.
housework
66
13.他经常在那里帮忙照顾那些流浪猫和狗。
He often helps take care of those homeless _____ and dogs there.
cats
14.目前为止,华为所有产品使用的技术已在全球遥遥领先。
So far, the technology used in all the HUAWEI _________ has taken the
lead worldwide.
products
15.在西安,你可以吃到很多种美味的面条。
You can eat many kinds of _________________ in Xi'an.
delicious noodles
67
Ⅲ.短文填空
Passage 1[2024湖北改编]
team people Britain rubbish meaning minute year animal
environment importance
Do you believe picking up rubbish has become a world competition?
In November of 2023, the first Rubbish Collection World Cup was
held in Asia. 1._______ from 21 countries took part in it. According to
the rules, each team will have 60 2._________ to collect rubbish as
Teams
minutes
68
much as possible. Britain finally won the first prize. A 3.________ team
member said, “We hope more people around the world will pay attention
to 4.______________ problems.”
When Ken, the founder(创始人)of the competition, was
interviewed, he talked about how he came up with the idea. Several
5.______ ago, he found many sea 6.________ died after they ate the
rubbish in the sea. So he started to pick up 7.________ on his way to
the beach every morning.
British
environmental
years
animals
rubbish
team people Britain rubbish meaning minute year animal
environment importance
“Picking up a piece of rubbish may save a turtle's(海龟的)life. It's
also a good way to keep the beach clean.” he said. At the same time, he
also believed that changing 8._________ thoughts about rubbish was more
9.__________.
“Picking up rubbish is 10.___________ and helpful,” added Ken.
“Now, I am glad to hear that lots of people take part in it to protect our
environment.”
people's
important
meaningful
team people Britain rubbish meaning minute year animal
environment importance
Passage 2
day cloth love China use side people confidence fashion video
The horse-face skirt is a kind of traditional Chinese clothes,
which has folds(褶皱)on both 1.______. It looks very beautiful.
Many hanfu 2._______ began to spread the knowledge of the
sides
lovers
fashion
skirt in 2022. This helped more people learn about the traditional Chinese
clothes. “For us, wearing the skirt is not just for 3.________,” said Mao,
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one of the hanfu lovers. “It also shows the power of 4._________
culture.”
The skirt has got more attention since lots of young people wore the
skirts in their 5.______ life. Recently, many famous Chinese people even
have worn it to international events.
People in other countries like this skirt, too. Among the Chinese
foreign trade companies, Chinese 6._________ companies play a very
important role. They have got a lot of orders(订单) from abroad. A
report showed that many foreign 7.______ from more than ninety
Chinese
daily
clothing
users
day cloth love China use side people confidence fashion video
countries and regions shared their short 8._______ about the skirt! The
horse-face skirt has become one of the most popular traditional Chinese
clothes.
Besides the skirt, “new Chinese-style clothes” is also a hot topic.
These clothes add traditional Chinese elements(元素)to modern designs.
They have won many 9._________ hearts around the world. All of these
show that we are becoming more and more 10.__________ in our own
culture!
*The word “region” means a large area of land whose politics,
geography, or culture is different from other areas.
videos
people's
confident
day cloth love China use side people confidence fashion video
$$